1. A cell must continuously sort useful materials from its waste products and then remove or recycle the waste. One way a cell does this is to first put tiny tags on proteins that are no longer needed. These tags, which are small polypeptide chains 76 amino acids long, are called ubiquitin.

2. Ubiquitin tags direct proteins to compartments of the cell called proteasomes. Within each proteasome, ubiquitin-tagged proteins are deconstructed into their component amino acids. These pieces can be repurposed to build new proteins.

3. Sometimes organs stop processing waste effectively, allowing the waste to pile up and contributing to many diseases. Alzheimer's disease, for example, includes piles of waste proteins in the brain called tangles, while Parkinson's disease involves the accumulation of recyclable material into Lewy bodies. Mallory bodies are piles of waste proteins common in liver disease. These piles, known generically as inclusions, can be identified under the microscope because they are covered in tiny ubiquitin tags.

4. A problem in the breakdown of ubiquitin-tagged proteins may be one cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. In this disease, a protein called ataxin-1 has an abnormal genetic mutation, and ubiquitin is able to attach to the mutant protein. Scientists believe that the mutated protein cannot be chopped up by the proteasome because of its shape, so ubiquitin-tagged ataxin-1 starts to accumulate, which leads to cell death. The cells most affected by this genetic mutation are neurons in a part of the brain associated with motor control and the spinal cord. So, a person with mutant ataxin-1 progressively loses muscle control as these cells die.


Which phrase describes the purpose of ubiguitin

A. to tag waste proteins for recycling in the proteasomes

B. to create small polypeptide chains that are 76 amino acids long

C. to create inclusions that can be identified under the microscope

D. to attach to mutant proteins so that they can accumulate In the cell


If proteins contain mutations, the proteins often do not maintain the proper shape and are unable to perform their functions. Properly functioning proteins are essential to maintaining healthy organisms.

Which statement describes the overall consequence of proteins containing mutations like those described in the passage?

A. Wastes will build up and will be reassembled to build new proteins.

B. Wastes will build up, and Mallory bodies will accumulate in the liver.

C. Wastes will build up in cells and will eventually be excreted from each cell.

D. Wastes will build up in vital organs, and the organism will experience disease.


Why do individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia experience loss of muscle control, even though the ataxin-1 protein builds up only In the brain and spinal cord?

A. Inclusions can build up in all body systems and can cause debilitating effects.

B. Genetic mutations in the ataxin-1 protein cause muscular proteins to change shape.

C. When the ubiquitin tagging system does not work effectively, cellular waste can build up in the muscles.

D. The neurons affected by the ataxin-1 protein buildup are in a region of the brain that manages muscle control.

The entropy of the given reactions increases (S° > 0):

Entropy measure how disordered a system is. It a measure of how dispersed or random the total energy of a system is. The symbol for entropy is S.

A system in which entropy increases is one in which S° > 0.

The entropy of a system decreases when S° < 0.

Entropy of a system increases (S° > 0) if any change results in an increase in temperature, increase in number of molecules, or an increase in volume.

Considering the given systems, the entropy changes is as follows:

In conclusion, an increase in volume and moles of substances results in entropy increase.

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Answer:

Molar mass = 30.026 g/mol

Explanation:

Let Molar mass be mm

mm of CH2O = 12.01 + 2(1.008) + 16.00

= 12.01 + 2.016 + 16.00 = 30.026 g/mol

The major product from the above organic reaction is I

In this reaction, methoxy ethane undergoes addition reaction with hydrogen bromide, Markownikoff's rule being involved in the reaction.

Organic compounds are the compounds which contains carbon and hydrogen.

Generally, organic compounds are characterized by the following:

Below are some classes of organic compounds:

So therefore, the major product from the the above organic reaction is IV

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No, the mass does not change.

Freezing is a change in physical state, not a chemical reaction. No matter is added or taken away.

As water transitions to ice, no molecules are lost; it is boiling so it is not turning into a gas. There is a very, very small amount of mass lost in the form of energy as the water loses it's heat, but this amount of mass is so insignificant it practically can't be measured. In other words, it's negligible.

As we know that the equivalency point of moles of added base will be equal to the moles of original acid, this allows to determine the number of moles of original acid.

At the equivalency point the moles of added base will be equal to the moles of original acid, this allows the determination of the number of moles of original acid. This can be combined with the original volume of the analyte solution in order to determine its concentration.

So we can conclude that at the equivalence point the moles of added base will be equal to the moles of original acid, this allows the determination of the number of moles of original acid.

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The specific heat of the metal, given the data from the question is 0.60 J/gºC

The following data were obtained from the question:

The specific heat capacity of the sample of gold can be obtained as follow:

According to the law of conservation of energy, we have:

Heat loss = Heat gain

MC(T –Tₑ) = MᵥᵥC(Tₑ – Tᵥᵥ)

74 × C(94 – 32) = 120 × 4.184 (32 – 26.5)

C × 4588 = 2761.44

Divide both side by 4588

C = 2761.44 / 4588

C = 0.60 J/gºC

Thus, the specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.60 J/gºC

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If a reactant is oxidized, another reactant must be reduced (option D).

Redox reaction also known as oxidation-reduction reaction relates to any reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

This means that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained at the same time.

The substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction is called reducing agent while the substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction is called oxidizing agent.

Therefore, if a reactant is oxidized, another reactant must be reduced.

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Answer:

they're both completely different games

Explanation:

Answer: uh.. tricky

Explanation:

Answer: [tex]\Large\boxed{m=8.5~g}[/tex]

Rounded to the nearest 2 significant figures

Explanation:

Given information

Volume of Solution = 417 mL

Molarity of Solution = 0.327 M (mol / L)

Given molecular weight

Mg (Magnesium) = 24 g / mol

F (Flourine) = 19 g / mol

Total Weight (MgF₂) = 24 + 2 × 19 = 62 g /mol

Given formula

m = V × M × n

Convert the unit of volume to Liter

1 L = 1000 mL

417 mL = 417 / 1000 = 0.417 L

Substitute values into the given formula

m = (0.417) × (0.327) × (62)

Simplify by multiplication

m = 136.359 × 62

[tex]\Large\boxed{m=8.5~g}[/tex]

Hope this helps!! :)

Please let me know if you have any questions

Answer:

62.6

Explanation:

formula = (°C x 9/5) + 32

(17°C x 9/5) + 32

30.6 + 32

62.6

Mn(s) metal will spontaneously react with Zn²⁺(aq), but will not

spontaneously react with Mg²⁺ (aq)

The Eo value of an electrochemical cell determines its spontaneity. Positive Eo electrochemical cells are spontaneous, and vice versa.

The relevant Eo of the half-cell in this instance are as follows for Mn(s) metal

Zn2+/Zn = -0.763v for Eo

2.37v for Eo Mg2+/Mg.

Mn2+/Mn = -1.18v for Eo.

Consequently, the equation for an Eo cell (with Zn as one of the half-cells) is: Eo Zn2+/Zn - Eo Mn2+/Mn = -0.763 - (-1.18) = 0.417v.

On the other hand, the equation for an Eo cell (with Mg as one of the half-cells) is: Eo Mg2+/Zn - Eo Mn2+/Mn = -2.37 - (-1.18) = -1.19v.

As a result, Mn(s) metal will spontaneously react with Zn2+(aq), but not with Mg2+ (aq)

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

Of course increasing the pressure will reduce the volume

P1V1 = P2V2

P1V1/P2 = V2     WHEN P2 = 2 P1----multiply both sides by 1/2

P1 V1 / 2P1 = 1/2 V2    <===== 1/2 the original

Answer:

1.) aqueous lithium sulfate + aqueous calcium iodide ---> aqueous lithium iodide + solid calcium sulfate

2.) Li₂SO₄ (aq) + CaI₂ (aq) ------> 2 LiI (aq) + CaSO₄ (s)

Explanation:

This appears to be a double-displacement reaction. In these reactions, the cation of one compound swaps with the cation of another.

Therefore, lithium swaps with calcium. The new products are lithium iodide (LiI) and calcium sulfate (CaSO₄). Lithium iodide is soluble in water, whereas calcium sulfate is generally not.

The word equation (including the states of matter):

aqueous lithium sulfate + aqueous calcium iodide ---> aqueous lithium iodide + solid calcium sulfate

An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides of a reaction. If these amounts are unequal, you can add coefficients to modify the quantities of particular molecules.

The unbalanced equation:

Li₂SO₄ (aq) + CaI₂ (aq) ------> LiI (aq) + CaSO₄ (s)

Reactants: 2 lithium, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen, 1 calcium, 2 iodine

Products: 1 lithium, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen, 1 calcium, 1 iodine

The balanced equation:

Li₂SO₄ (aq) + CaI₂ (aq) ------> 2 LiI (aq) + CaSO₄ (s)

Reactants: 2 lithium, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen, 1 calcium, 2 iodine

Products: 2 lithium, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen, 1 calcium, 2 iodine

Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 6.61×10⁻⁵ M.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

In this case you know that the hydrogen ion concentration is 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M, this is, [H⁺]= 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M.

Replacing in the definition of pH:

pH= - log (1.5×10⁻¹⁰ M)

Solving:

pH=  9.82

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pOH can be calculated as:

pOH + 9.82= 14

Solving:

pOH= 14 - 9.82

pOH= 4.18

Replacing in the definition of pOH, the concentration of hydroxide ion is obtained:

- log [OH⁻]= 4.18

Solving:

[OH⁻]= 10⁻⁴ ¹⁸

[OH⁻]= 6.61×10⁻⁵ M

In summary, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 6.61×10⁻⁵ M.

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Nuclear reactions include a change in the nucleus of an atom, which typically results in the production of a new element. Contrarily, chemical reactions only require the rearrangement of electrons and do not affect the nuclei; rather, they entail changes in bonding.

What is a nuclear reaction & a chemical reaction?

Therefore it is concluded that option (B) is correct.

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Answer:

NH4

Explanation:

its an acid duhhhhhhhhh

The directions that are likely to result in a warmer earth are the directions 3, 5 and 6.

The term global warming has to do with the gradual rise in the temperature of the earth as a result of the re-radiation of infrared rays back to the earth. We know that greenhouse gases are able to trap the infrared rays from the sun and reradiate same to the surface of the earth and this ultimately leads to a warmer earth.

As such, if we look at the image closely, we can see that there is a reradiation of the rays to the earth in the directions 3, 5 and 6. It then follows that the directions that are likely to result in a warmer earth are the directions 3, 5 and 6.

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The balanced equation for the following redox reaction using the oxidation number method is as follows:

2K + 2I− + Cl 2 → I2 +2Cl− +2K+

A redox reaction in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which some of the atoms have their oxidation number changed.

According to this question, the following balanced chemical equation is given:

Cl2 (g) + KI (aq) → I2 (s) + KCl (aq)

The oxidation number of the ions in a redox reaction changes, and in this case, the ionic reaction is as follows:

2K + 2I− + Cl 2 → I2 + 2Cl− +2K+

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 1.25 grams of H₂ (option A) are formed if you start with 2.5 moles of Magnesium and an excess of Hydrochloric Acid.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

Mg + 2 HCl  → MgCl₂ + H₂

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 2 moles of Mg form 1 mole of H₂, 2.5 moles of Mg form how many moles of H₂?

[tex]moles of H_{2} =\frac{2.5 moles of Mgx1 mole of H_{2} }{2 moles of Mg}[/tex]

moles of H₂= 1.25 moles

Finally, 1.25 grams of H₂ (option A) are formed if you start with 2.5 moles of Magnesium and an excess of Hydrochloric Acid.

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Answer:

1187   ( four   S.D. )

Explanation:

(433.621 - 333.9) × 11.900         333.9 has only 4 S.D.      answer should only have 4 S.D

= 1186.6799 = ~  1187     with 4 Significant Digits

Answer:

neutral

Explanation:

dss

From the calculation, the equilibrium constant is obtained as 3. Option A

The term equilibrium constant shows the extent to which we could see the conversion of the reactants to products in a reaction system. Now we know that the equilibrium constant can be obtained by the use of the formula;

K = [H2] [I2]/[HI]^2

Now we have that at equilibrium;

[H2]  = 0.5 M

[I2] = 1.5 M

[HI] = 0.5M

It then follows that;

K = 1.5 * 0.5/( 0.5)^2

K = 3

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The enthalpy change of the reaction is -44.79 kJ/mol.

We can define the enthalpy change as the energy that is given out or taken in in a reaction. it can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of species by the use of the relation;

ΔH = ∑Enthalpy of formation of products -  ∑Enthalpy of formation of reactants

ΔHfC2H4(g) = +52kJ/mol

ΔHf H2O(g) = - 241.82 kJ/mol

ΔHf CH3CH2OH(g)= -234.61 kJ/mol

ΔHrxn  = (-234.61) - [52 + (- 241.82 )]

ΔHrxn  = (-234.61) - (-189.82)

ΔHrxn  = -44.79 kJ/mol

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pKa value =4.76Ka

=1.73×10 −5 !!    PH=4−PKa=14−4.76=9.24 for a weak monoprotic acid is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. It requires 50.0 mL of the NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point. After 25.0 mL of the base is added, the pH of the solution is 3.52.

One way to describe an acid's potency is by its pKa value. The acid dissociation constant, or pKa, is the negative log of the pKa value. A stronger acid is indicated by a lower pKa value. In other words, a lower value means that the acid dissociates in water more completely.

The logarithm of Ka's negative value is denoted as pKa. The logarithmic inverse of the H+ concentration is pH. Acidity indication. An acid's pKa value tells you if it's a strong acid or a weak acid. The pH scale shows how acidic or alkaline a system is.

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Answer:doesn't  one more. chlorine.  one fewer.   hydrogen

Explanation:

Jon's equation does support his claim that matter is conserved during the chemical reaction because the reactants contain the same number of atoms compared to the products.

In a balanced chemical equation, the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants must be equal to the total number of atoms of the same element in the products.

This is known as the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

As long as the equation is balanced, showing the same number of atoms on both sides, it confirms that matter is conserved throughout the reaction, supporting Jon's claim.

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Answer:

B. 2

I hope this helps.

Explanation:

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Considering the definition of empirical and molecular formula, the pair C₆H₆ and C₃H₃ shares the same empirical formula.

The empirical formula is the simplest expression to represent a chemical compound, and indicates the elements that are present and the minimum proportion in whole numbers between its atoms. This formula is also known as the “minimum formula”.

That is, the empirical formula is the expression of the simplest ratio between the atoms of a chemical compound and indicates the different elements that make up the molecule and the relationship between them. But it does not indicate the actual formula of the compound.

The molecular formula is the actual formula of the molecule, it tells us the types of atoms and the number of each type that participate in the formation of the molecule.

In this case, the pair C₆H₆ and C₃H₃ shares the same empirical formula. In the first case, the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms is 6:6 or 1:1, while in the second case said ratio is 3:3 or 1:1. Therefore, the relationship is the same, so they have the same empirical formula.

In summary, the pair C₆H₆ and C₃H₃ shares the same empirical formula.

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Answer:

B.) their electrons are assigned to the s and p orbitals only

Explanation:

Once you get to the fourth row on the periodic table, the transition metals are introduced. The transition metals are located in the d-block and their electrons fill up d orbitals. When an element in the p-block (the right side of the table) is in one of these rows, the d-block has to fill up first.

From the stoichiometry of the reaction, the volume of the steam produced is 82.9 L

The term combustion is the term that is used to describe the kind of reaction that occurs when a substance is being burnt in oxygen. It is an oxidation reaction and the octane is burnt to produce carbon dioxide and steam.

We can try to write down the equation of the reaction as follows;

2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) ------> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)

Now 1 mole of octane gas occupies 22.4 L

x moles of octane gas occupies 9.1 L

x = 9.1 L  *  1 mole /22.4 L

x = 0.41 moles

Now;

2 mole of octane gas produces 18 moles of steam

0.41 moles of octane gas produces  0.41 moles  * 18 moles/2 mole

= 3.7 moles

1 mole of steam occupies 22.4 L

3.7 moles of steam occupies 3.7 moles *  22.4 L/1 mole

= 82.9 L

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Answer:

2.56 moles

Explanation:

7.2 M is 7.2 moles/L

356 mL = .356 Liters

x moles / .356 Liters = 7.2 M (moles/L)

x = .356 * 7.2 = 2.5632 moles