1. The PESTLE factors that contributed to Tesco's failure in the USA market include:
- Political: The US government's regulations and policies regarding foreign companies made it difficult for Tesco to operate.
- Economic: The economic downturn in the US during the time of Tesco's entry made it difficult for them to gain traction in the market.
- Sociocultural: The US consumer culture is very different from the UK, where Tesco is based, and they failed to adapt to the preferences and tastes of the US market.
- Technological: Tesco was not able to compete with the technological advancements of other retailers in the US, such as Walmart and Amazon.
- Legal: Tesco faced legal challenges in the US, including lawsuits over false advertising and labor disputes.
- Environmental: Tesco's focus on sustainability and environmentally-friendly practices did not resonate with US consumers.
To turn it into a success story, Tesco should have conducted more thorough market research to understand the preferences and needs of US consumers, adapted their business model to fit the US market, and invested in technology to compete with other retailers.
2. The world has experienced a "global convergence" of tastes, needs, and preferences to a certain extent. This can be seen in the success of global brands such as Coca-Cola, which is consumed in over 200 countries. However, it is important to note that while there is a convergence of some tastes and preferences,
There are also significant cultural differences that impact consumer behavior. For example, Coca-Cola has had to adapt their marketing and product offerings in different countries to appeal to local tastes and preferences.
3. The overall attractiveness of the Philippines's market for investment is mixed. On one hand, the country has a large and growing population, a growing middle class, and a strategic location in Southeast Asia. However, there are also significant challenges, including political instability, corruption, and infrastructure deficiencies.
Investors should carefully consider these factors and conduct thorough market research before making any investment decisions in the Philippines.
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Banbury Impex Private Limited
The CEO of Banbury Impex Private Limited, a textile company in India, is looking over his company’s financial statements, thought that even though the profits were positive, the prospects of about 15% return on sales were simply not good enough. Banbury was a family-owned enterprise that manufactured and exported apparel fabrics. He now had two problems; negotiating a short-term prospective sale to a Turkish company and increasing his overall profitability, which was a larger, long-term problem.
The CEO concluded that overall reduction in profitability was a result of two price forces. The first was the rapid rise in the price of cotton. A major cost driver in the textile industry, cotton prices had risen dramatically. The second issue was the rising value of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar. Banbury’s sales were all invoiced in the U.S. dollar, and the dollar was falling. Profit margins were down and he needed to move quickly. The company expected sales close to USD 5.4 million.in 2020. But as sales were flat, operating income was declining.
Banbury’s sales were nearly all exported mainly to the Middle East (50%), South America (30%) and Europe (10%). Banbury’s products included a range of blended woven fabrics made from viscose, cotton and wool. The company operated two weaving units based in India. Cash flows had remained relatively predictable as the company had managed foreign exchange risks by using forward contracts. Choosing to invoice all international sales in USD helped provide further stability in mitigating raw material cost as international cotton process were priced in USD. All things considered, Bunbury’s profit projections for 2021 were looking low.
The Indian textile has been a major contributor to the Indian GDP over the past several years. The textile industry was both capital and labor intensive as well as highly regulated. Companies operated on small margin in a highly competitive marketplace. Challenges faced by the Indian textile industry included the following;
- Due to erratic monsoons over the past 12 months, cotton prices had increased more than 75%.
- India and China account for the majority of global textile production. Due to low labor cost and strong government support and infrastructure, China had been able to stay ahead in competing with the BRIC countries. As a result, the Chinese textile products were priced more competitively in the global market and prevented Indian companies from pushing through any price increase.
- The rupee had grown increasingly volatile against the dollar and over the past two years, appreciated by nearly 20%. It was now around 45 rupee/USD. The appreciation has made countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam more competitive in the global font. Further strengthening of the rupee against the dollar would most likely put many Indian textile companies out of business.
As an Indian textile exporter, the company had never had choice about the currency of invoice – it would be the U.S. dollars. But maybe time has changed. The dollar has been falling against the rupee for some time now and as a result the rupee generated from export sales were less and less. The problem was that as an exporter from the emerging market, the hard currency choices were the U.S. dollar, the European euro, and the Japanese yen. And the rupee had been strengthening against all of them resulting in lower revenue from export sales.
The company’s immediate problem was $250,000 textile sale made to a Turkish customer at the end of April, 2020. The contract allowed the company to change the currency of invoice from the Turkish lira to the dollar or Euro. Expected settlement on the invoice was at the end of June, but regardless of which currency the company chose, the rupee is not being one of the choices; it still had exposure to risk.
The company had collected a variety of forward rates from the local bank for the dollar, euro and Turkish lira as listed below. The forwards would lock the company into a rupee rate, which was better than the current spot rate.
Currency Spot Forward Forward Forward 30 days 60 days 90 days 45.8300 46.12 46.70 46.11 Indian Rupee per U.S. Dollar Indian Rupee per Euro 60.9611 61.70 61.90 62.20 Japanese Yen per Rupee 1.8250 1.81 1.81 1.81 30.7192 30.96 30.95 30.87 Indian Rupee per Turkish lira Turkish lira per U.S. dollar 1.4793 1.49 1.48 1.48 Currency Option Quotes on the USD: Strike Price (Rupee/USD) Put Premium Call Premium 44.00 0.005 1.890 45.25 0.035 0.440 Quotes for 60 day maturity USD1000 per contract (The case is adapted from Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2010)
Of course, if the forwards were considered indicators of likely rate movement, they indicated a rise in the dollar. The CEO also considered some form of money market hedge – borrowing in Turkish lira against the receivable. Domestic loan rates in Turkey for companies with similar credit quality were about 14% according to the bankers
The CEO of Banbury Impex Private Limited is facing a challenging situation due to the rising price of cotton and the strengthening of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar.
These factors have led to a decline in profitability and the need to find ways to increase overall profitability in the long-term. The CEO is also faced with the challenge of negotiating a short-term sale to a Turkish company and deciding on the currency of invoice for the sale.
The company has collected a variety of forward rates from the local bank for the dollar, euro, and Turkish lira, but regardless of which currency they choose, they still have exposure to risk.
The CEO is also considering using a money market hedge by borrowing in Turkish lira against the receivable. The decision on how to proceed will require careful consideration of the various factors and potential risks involved.
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Please help!!!
Due in about 20 minutes!!
Assume that you have been newly hired to a great company and you would like to keep your job. What are some of the strategies that you can demonstrate in order to keep your job in a competitive market? In a paragraph or two, describe at least three of these strategies and give reasons why you believe they are important.
As a newly hired employee, there are several strategies that you can demonstrate to keep your job in a competitive market. Firstly, you need to be reliable and dependable. This means showing up on time, meeting deadlines, and being accountable for your work. Your employer needs to know that they can trust you to get the job done and that you will take responsibility for any mistakes.
Secondly, you should always be willing to learn and improve your skills. You can take courses or attend workshops to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and developments in your industry. This demonstrates to your employer that you are committed to your job and willing to invest in your own growth.
Lastly, you should be proactive and take initiative. Look for ways to add value to your role and the company as a whole. This can include suggesting process improvements, offering to take on extra responsibilities, or volunteering to assist colleagues with their workload. By demonstrating these qualities, you will increase your value to the company and make yourself a valuable asset that they will want to keep.
Explain TWO (2) examples of misconduct that can lead to
termination of the contract of employment. (10 marks)
Two examples of misconduct that can lead to termination of the contract of employment are: Theft or fraud and Insubordination.
Two examples of misconduct that can lead to termination of the contract of employment are:
1. Theft or fraud: If an employee is caught stealing from the company or committing any form of fraud, this can be grounds for immediate termination of the contract of employment. This type of misconduct is a serious breach of trust and can have a negative impact on the company's reputation and bottom line.
2. Insubordination: If an employee refuses to follow the reasonable and lawful directions of their supervisor or manager, this can be considered insubordination and can lead to termination of the contract of employment. Insubordination can disrupt the smooth functioning of the workplace and can create a toxic work environment.
Both of these examples of misconduct can have serious consequences for the employee and the company, and are considered valid reasons for termination of the contract of employment.
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There many modern management patterns that organizations
use.
In this case, discuss the merits and demerits of
employee-centred approach
management by objectives
The employee-centered approach to management is beneficial because it allows for employee creativity, innovation, and increased motivation, which can lead to increased productivity.
Employee-centered approach:
Merits:
1. Employees feel valued and motivated, leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity.
2. It fosters a positive work environment and promotes collaboration among team members.
3. It encourages creativity and innovation as employees are given more autonomy and decision-making power.
Demerits:
1. It can lead to a lack of structure and direction if not implemented properly.
2. It can result in a lack of accountability as employees may not have clear goals or objectives.
3. It can create a sense of entitlement among employees, leading to conflict and dissatisfaction.
Management by objectives:
Merits:
1. It provides clear goals and objectives for employees to work towards, promoting efficiency and productivity.
2. It promotes accountability and responsibility among employees as they are held accountable for achieving their objectives.
3. It allows for better performance measurement and evaluation as objectives are clearly defined.
Demerits:
1. It can lead to a focus on short-term objectives rather than long-term goals.
2. It can create a rigid work environment and stifle creativity and innovation.
3. It can result in a lack of collaboration and teamwork as employees are focused on achieving their own objectives.
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2-how international developments & foreign policies of othercountries impact domestic policies in other countries
International developments and foreign policies of other countries can have a significant impact on domestic policies in other countries. There are several ways in which this can happen: 1. Economic impact, Political impact, Security impact, etc.
1. Economic impact: If a country is heavily dependent on another country for trade, changes in the foreign country's trade policies can have a significant impact on the domestic economy. For example, if a foreign country raises tariffs on goods from the domestic country, it can lead to a decrease in exports and a negative impact on the domestic economy.
2. Political impact: Foreign policies of other countries can also impact domestic politics. For example, if a foreign country is experiencing political instability, it can lead to a ripple effect on the domestic country's politics, leading to changes in domestic policies.
3. Security impact: Changes in the foreign policies of other countries can also impact domestic security. For example, if a foreign country decides to increase its military presence in a region, it can lead to increased tension and potential conflict, leading to changes in domestic security policies.
Overall, international developments and foreign policies of other countries can have a significant impact on domestic policies in other countries. It is important for countries to stay aware of these developments and be prepared to adapt their domestic policies accordingly.
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Your real estate group has narrowed down investment property to two locations. The return you need is 14%. After market analysts has researched market rents for comparable properties, calculate NPV and IRR for both properties. Which of the two properties would you chose? Property 1 Property 2 Year Cash Flow Year Cash Flow 0 -$1,000,000 0 -$975,000 1 250,000 1 -50,000 2 400,000 2 750,000 3 700,000 3 675,000 A. Property 1. NPV = $18,492 IRR = 14.79% B. Property 2 NPV = $13,847 IRR = 14.64% C. Property 2 NPV = $9,304 IRR = 14.53% D. Property 1 NPV = $13,847 IRR = 14.64%
Based on the calculations of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR), the property with the highest NPV and highest IRR should be chosen. The correct answer is A. Property 1. NPV = $18,492 IRR = 14.79%.
To calculate the NPV and IRR for both properties, we can use the following formulas:
NPV = ∑ (Ct / (1 + r) ^ t) - C0
Where:
Ct = cash flow at time t
r = discount rate
C0 = initial investment
IRR = the discount rate that makes the NPV of an investment equal to zero
For Property 1:
[tex]NPV = (250,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 1) + (400,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 2) + (700,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 3) - 1,000,000[/tex]
NPV = $18,492
IRR = 14.79%
For Property 2:
[tex]NPV = (-50,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 1) + (750,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 2) + (675,000 / (1 + 0.14) ^ 3) - 975,000[/tex]
NPV = $13,847
IRR = 14.64%
Based on the calculations, Property 1 has a higher NPV and IRR, making it the better investment choice.
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Live media coverage of public events, such as Meghan Markle's and Prince Harry's wedding, reinforce the myth of the media’s social centrality by:Select one:a.Asserting that there is great anticipation and a "norm of viewing" around such events.b.Allowing mass public involvement and participation in society rituals.c.Asserting that the meaning of such events hold great significance to society.d.All of the above
All of the above are correct. Media coverage of public events such as Meghan Markle's and Prince Harry's wedding reinforces the myth of the media's social centrality by asserting that there is great anticipation and a "norm of viewing" around such events.
This coverage allows for mass public involvement and participation in society rituals, thus creating a sense of collective identity and belonging. Additionally, it reinforces the idea that the meaning of such events hold great significance to society and can be shared with a broader audience. By providing this coverage, the media is able to further assert its own social centrality in today's society.
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Show what you know. Name a product or service. Describe thetarget customer. Tell what the manufacturer or business does to 1)differentiate and 2) position.
The iPhone is a product that is targeted towards tech-savvy individuals who value high quality and sleek design. Apple differentiates the iPhone from other smartphones by offering exclusive features and a unique operating system, and positions it as a premium product through pricing and marketing strategies.
A product that I will use as an example is the iPhone. The target customer for the iPhone is typically a tech-savvy individual who values high quality and sleek design in their mobile devices.
1) Differentiation: Apple differentiates the iPhone from other smartphones on the market by offering a unique operating system (iOS) and exclusive features such as Face ID and Animoji. They also focus on the design of the iPhone, consistently releasing new models with sleek and modern designs.
2) Positioning: Apple positions the iPhone as a premium product by pricing it higher than many other smartphones on the market. They also position the iPhone as a status symbol, using marketing campaigns that highlight the exclusivity and luxury of owning an iPhone.
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CASE STUDY
You have been hired as a data analyst by an organisation located in Sydney. Your main role is to finalise the process of data analysis and store the analytics results. The company has recently collected 3 sales and revenue sets of data from 3 different agencies.
Your first project is to analyse the data sets according to the organisation’s policies and procedures. Complete the following tasks to accomplish these purpose:
Questions:
A) The organisation has determined that they will only use one set of data. They have concluded that the set of data with the highest level of correlation between price and units sold is the most accurate. Your first task is to calculate the correlation coefficient for each set of data.
B) Analyse and explain in your own words the meaning of the correlation results obtained in Q1 and choose the set of data that corresponds to the organisation’s standard (highest correlation result).
Remove the other sets of data as they will be considered to be incorrect based on the organisation’s policy.
C) Once you have chosen the relevant set of data you are required to report and store the results. Complete the following tasks to accomplish this purpose:
a. Calculate the total Revenue.
b. Calculate the average Revenue.
c. Calculate the median.
d. Identify the maximum and the minimum revenue value.
e. Produce 2 different types of charts to report on Revenue.
f. Analyse and interpret the revenue results for this set of data. Provide recommendations.
A) Coefficient range -1 to +1
B) Closest to +1
C)
a. Add the total value of all sales
b. Divide the total Revenue by the number of sales
c. Rank all the values in the set of data
d. Sort the data from smallest to largest
e. Use bar charts, line graphs, pie charts
f. Consider trends, seasonality, relationships, and outliers
A) To calculate the correlation coefficient for each set of data, you will need to use statistical methods such as linear regression or correlation analysis. Linear regression measures the relationship between two variables by fitting a line that best describes the relationship. Correlation analysis measures how strong the relationship is between two variables by calculating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, and the higher the coefficient the stronger the correlation.
B) The correlation coefficient results indicate how strong the relationship is between the two variables (price and units sold). The set of data with the highest correlation coefficient (closest to +1) will be the most accurate according to the organisation’s standards, so that is the set of data that should be used. The other sets of data can then be removed as they will not meet the organisation’s standards.
C) To report and store the results, you will need to perform the following calculations:
a. To calculate the total Revenue, add the total value of all sales in the set of data.
b. To calculate the average Revenue, divide the total Revenue by the number of sales.
c. To calculate the median, rank all the values in the set of data from smallest to largest and then take the middle value.
d. To identify the maximum and the minimum revenue value, sort the data from smallest to largest, and the first value will be the minimum, and the last value will be the maximum.
e. To produce 2 different types of charts to report on Revenue, you can use bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, etc. to visually represent the data.
f. To analyse and interpret the revenue results, you should consider trends, seasonality, relationships, and outliers in the data. Based on this, you can provide recommendations for improvement or further actions.
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The shareholders' equity section for Jazz City Co. on December 31, 2021shows: Preferred shares. $2 cumulative, 30,000 shares issued and outstanding $1,500,000 Common shares, 50,000 shares issued and outstanding 600,000 Retained earnings 500,000 The following transactions are for 2022: 1. January 3 - Issued 10,000 common shares and 3,000 preferred shares for a lump sum of $450,000 cash. The market value of each common share is $20 and the market value of each preferred share is $100 per share. 2. April 5. Repurchased and canceled 8,000 common shares for $20 por share. 3. July 18. Declared the annual dividend on the preferred shares and 50 cents per share on the common shares. 4. August 12. Paid the dividends declared on July 18. 5. September 22 - Accepted subscriptions for 1,000 common shares for a price of $30 per share. A one-third downpayment is received today, with the remainder due on November 1. 6. November 1.Received the balance of the subscription amount from September 22 Required: Prepare the journal entries to record the above transactions.
The below journal entries are used to record the transactions of Jazz City Co. In these transactions, 10,000 common shares and 3,000 preferred shares were issued for $450,000 cash.
The journal entries for the above transactions are as follows:
1. January 3 - Issued 10,000 common shares and 3,000 preferred shares for a lump sum of $450,000 cash.
Dr. Cash $450,000
Cr. Common shares $200,000 (10,000 x $20)
Cr. Preferred shares $300,000 (3,000 x $100)
2. April 5. Repurchased and canceled 8,000 common shares for $20 per share.
Dr. Common shares $160,000 (8,000 x $20)
Cr. Cash $160,000
3. July 18. Declared the annual dividend on the preferred shares and 50 cents per share on the common shares.
Dr. Retained earnings $106,000 ($60,000 for preferred shares + $46,000 for common shares)
Cr. Dividends payable $106,000
4. August 12. Paid the dividends declared on July 18.
Dr. Dividends payable $106,000
Cr. Cash $106,000
5. September 22 - Accepted subscriptions for 1,000 common shares for a price of $30 per share. A one-third downpayment is received today, with the remainder due on November 1.
Dr. Cash $10,000 (1,000 x $30 x 1/3)
Cr. Subscriptions receivable $20,000 (1,000 x $30 x 2/3)
Cr. Common shares subscribed $30,000 (1,000 x $30)
6. November 1. Received the balance of the subscription amount from September 22.
Dr. Subscriptions receivable $20,000
Cr. Cash $20,000
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A local accounting firm has offered to do all the billings and collections of a general practitioner. The annual fee will be $14,000. The service will replace the part-time bookkeeper who works for $14 an hour, 10 hours a week. Because outsourcing accounting activities will take place away from the office, the doctor estimates that she will have one additional hour a week to see patients. Normally she sees four patients an hour with an average visit fee of $100. The office is open 50 weeks a year. Since the accounting service will maintain all records in its office, the doctor will no longer need to rent storage space for the office files. The storage space rents for $200 a month.Required: Determine whether the doctor should accept the offer to use the accounting service.
The doctor should accept the offer to use the accounting service if the total cost of using the service is less than the total cost of the current system.
To determine this, we need to calculate the total cost of each option and compare them.
Current System:
- Cost of bookkeeper = $14/hour x 10 hours/week x 50 weeks/year = $7,000/year
- Cost of storage space = $200/month x 12 months/year = $2,400/year
- Total cost of current system = $7,000 + $2,400 = $9,400/year
Accounting Service:
- Cost of service = $14,000/year
- Additional revenue from seeing more patients = $100/visit x 4 patients/hour x 1 hour/week x 50 weeks/year = $20,000/year
- Total cost of accounting service = $14,000 - $20,000 = -$6,000/year
Comparing the two options, we can see that the accounting service has a lower total cost (-$6,000) compared to the current system ($9,400). Therefore, the doctor should accept the offer to use the accounting service as it will save her money in the long run.
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- On the marketing battlefield "customers" are important
because they generate what two things?
- What are some of the ways a competitor can displace
another company’s SCA?
Customers are important on the marketing battlefield because they generate two things: revenue and feedback. One way to competitor can displace another company’s SCA is by offering a product or service that is superior in quality or lower in price.
Revenue is the income generated from the sale of goods or services to customers. Feedback is the information provided by customers about their experiences with a product or service, which can be used to improve the product or service and better meet the needs of the customer.
A competitor can displace another company’s Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) in several ways. One way is by offering a product or service that is superior in quality or lower in price. Another way is by creating a new product or service that meets a need that the other company is not currently addressing. Additionally, a competitor can differentiate themselves by offering a unique value proposition, such as exceptional customer service or a loyalty program. Finally, a competitor can displace another company’s SCA by investing in marketing and advertising to increase brand awareness and attract customers.
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(0)1. How the socio-cultural dimension impact the overall business environment in a country? Can
you explain this by considering the COVID:19 issue in the context of Bangladesh?2. As a future manager, can you measure the future outlook of the business environment in
Bangladesh? Make your argumentative analysis with relevant examples.
1. The socio-cultural dimension of a country has a significant impact on the overall business environment. It includes factors such as the values, beliefs, attitudes, and lifestyles of the people in a society. 2. As a future manager, it is possible to measure the future outlook of the business environment in Bangladesh by analyzing various factors such as the economic, political, and technological environment.
1.The factors influence consumer behavior, which in turn affects the demand for goods and services. In the context of COVID-19 in Bangladesh, the socio-cultural dimension has had a significant impact on the business environment.
On the other hand, the demand for online shopping and home delivery services has increased, which has positively impacted businesses in these sectors.
2.For example, if the economy is growing and there is political stability, it is likely that the business environment will be favorable in the future. On the other hand, if there is economic instability and political unrest, the business environment may be unfavorable in the future.
Overall, by analyzing these factors and using relevant examples, a future manager can measure the future outlook of the business environment in Bangladesh.
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Consider the example from (the first part of) the previous example, where the spot price is S0 = $100. What is the probability that a 1- year butterfly made of European calls with strikes 90, 100 and 110 will have a pay off of $5 or less?
The probability that a 1-year butterfly made of European calls with strikes 90, 100, and 110 will have a payoff of $5 or less is 0.
The probability that a 1-year butterfly made of European calls with strikes 90, 100, and 110 will have a payoff of $5 or less can be calculated using the following steps:
1. First, we need to calculate the value of the butterfly at expiration. This is done by taking the difference between the value of the calls with strikes 90 and 100, and the value of the calls with strikes 100 and 110.
2. The value of the calls with strikes 90 and 100 is max(0, S0 - 90) - max(0, S0 - 100) = max(0, 100 - 90) - max(0, 100 - 100) = 10 - 0 = $10.
3. The value of the calls with strikes 100 and 110 is max(0, S0 - 100) - max(0, S0 - 110) = max(0, 100 - 100) - max(0, 100 - 110) = 0 - 0 = $0.
4. Therefore, the value of the butterfly at expiration is 10 - 0 = $10.
5. To calculate the probability that the butterfly will have a payoff of $5 or less, we need to find the probability that the value of the butterfly at expiration will be less than or equal to $5.
6. This can be done using the formula P(X <= 5) = F(5), where F is the cumulative distribution function of the butterfly's value at expiration.
7. Since the value of the butterfly at expiration is $10, the probability that it will have a payoff of $5 or less is 0.
Therefore, the probability that a 1-year butterfly made of European calls with strikes 90, 100, and 110 will have a payoff of $5 or less is 0.
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What is the present value of $8,000 paid at the end of each of the next 59 years if the interest rate is 4% per year?
The present value of $8,000 paid at the end of each of the next 59 years if the interest rate is 4% per year is $170,340.
It can be calculated using the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + i)^-n) ÷ i]
Where PV is the present value, PMT is the payment amount, i is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
Plugging in the given values:
PV = $8,000 × [(1 - (1 + 0.04)^-59) ÷ 0.04]
PV = $8,000 × [(1 - 0.1483) ÷ 0.04]
PV = $8,000 × [0.8517 ÷ 0.04]
PV = $8,000 × 21.2925
PV = $170,340
Therefore, the answer would be PV = $170,340.
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Task 10. check your understanding by answering the following questions. 1. what is personal letter 2. what are the main parts of a personal letter 3. what is included in the heading 4. what do people normally write in the greeting section 5. where do we wrute our personal message 6. write an example of a complimentary close 7. what does p.s in a letter stand for 8. mention three common things that people normally write in a personal letter 9. mention five types of personal letter 10. can you guess the difference between personal letter and business letters
1. A personal letter is a type of letter that is written and sent to a specific individual or group of individuals for personal reasons, such as expressing gratitude, congratulations, condolences, or just to keep in touch.
2. The main parts of a personal letter are the heading, the greeting, the body, the closing, and the signature.
3. The heading of a personal letter typically includes the sender's address and the date the letter was written.
4. In the greeting section of a personal letter, people normally write a salutation such as "Dear [recipient's name]," or "Hello [recipient's name]."
5. The personal message of a personal letter is typically written in the body section of the letter.
6. An example of a complimentary close is "Sincerely," "Best wishes," or "Warm regards."
7. The abbreviation "P.S." in a letter stands for "postscript," and is used to add a brief additional message after the main body of the letter has been completed.
8. Three common things that people normally write in a personal letter are expressions of gratitude, updates on personal events or news, and expressions of support or encouragement.
9. Five types of personal letter are thank-you letters, condolence letters, congratulations letters, apology letters, and invitation letters.
10. The main difference between personal letters and business letters is that personal letters are typically more informal and conversational in tone, while business letters are more formal and professional in tone. Additionally, personal letters are usually written to friends, family, or acquaintances, while business letters are typically written to clients, colleagues, or other professional contacts.
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A share of stock with a beta of 0.73 now sells for $48. Investors expect the stock to pay a year-end dividend of $4. The T-bill rate is 6%, and the market risk premium is 9%.
If the stock is perceived to be fairly priced today, what must be investors’ expectation of the price of the stock at the end of the year?
By using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).the price of the stock at the end of the year must be $52.03.
The CAPM formula is:
Expected return = Risk-free rate + Beta × Market risk premium
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Expected return = 6% + 0.73 × 9% = 12.57%
The expected return includes both the dividend and the capital gain. Therefore, we can rearrange the formula to find the expected price of the stock at the end of the year:
Expected return = (Dividend + Expected price - Current price) / Current price
Rearranging the formula and plugging in the given values, we get:
12.57% = ($4 + Expected price - $48) / $48
Solving for the expected price, we get:
Expected price = ($48 × 12.57%) + $48 - $4 = $52.03
Therefore, investors' expectation of the price of the stock at the end of the year must be $52.03.
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please help me give some information about "Research about
history of derivatives market."
please answer a detail as soon as possible thank you have a nice
day
The history of derivatives market can be traced back to ancient times. Derivatives are financial instruments that are used to hedge against risks in the financial markets. They are contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset, such as a stock, bond, or commodity.
The first recorded use of derivatives was in ancient Greece, where merchants used contracts called "options" to hedge against fluctuations in the prices of goods. These contracts allowed the merchants to buy or sell goods at a specified price in the future, regardless of what the market price was at that time.
Derivatives were also used in medieval Europe, where farmers used them to protect against fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products.
However, it was not until the 1970s that derivatives began to be widely used in the financial markets. This was due to the development of new financial instruments, such as futures and options, which allowed investors to hedge against risks in the stock, bond, and commodity markets.
Today, the derivatives market is one of the largest and most important financial markets in the world. It is used by investors, corporations, and governments to manage risks and to speculate on the future prices of assets. Derivatives are traded on exchanges, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), as well as over-the-counter (OTC) between private parties.
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I need short and reasonable answers for both questions1- Sketch a supply chain with which you are familiar and that has at least 3 inter-company links. For this supply chain, show and describe clearly the flows of good/service, flows of money, and flows of information.2- Take the supply chain for canned peaches sold by a major food processing company as an example. What would you consider to be some sources of uncertainty in this supply chain?
1) A supply chain that I am familiar with is the supply chain for clothing.
2) Some sources of uncertainty in the supply chain for canned peaches sold by a major food processing company could include fluctuations in the price of raw materials
1) This supply chain consists of three inter-company links: the raw material supplier, the manufacturer, and the retailer. The flow of goods/services in this supply chain starts with the raw material supplier, who provides the materials needed to make the clothing, such as cotton or polyester.
The flow of money in this supply chain goes in the opposite direction, with the retailer paying the manufacturer for the clothing, and the manufacturer paying the raw material supplier for the materials.
2) The raw material such as the peaches themselves or the metal used for the cans; changes in customer demand for canned peaches; and disruptions in the supply chain, such as natural disasters or transportation delays.
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What minimum amount of money earning 2.5% compounded semiannually will sustain withdrawals of $1000 at the end of every month for 12 years?
Do not copy from and give a complete answer with an explanation
The minimum amount of money earning 2.5% compounded semiannually will sustain withdrawals of $1000 at the end of every month for 12 years is $35,038.52.
To find the minimum amount of money earning we need to use the formula for the future value of an annuity:
FV = PMT * [(1 + i)^n - 1] / i
Where FV is the future value, PMT is the payment amount, i is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, we need to find the present value (PV) of the annuity, so we will rearrange the formula to solve for PV:
PV = FV / [(1 + i)^n - 1] * i
We are given that PMT = $1000, i = 2.5% / 2 = 0.0125 (since the interest is compounded semiannually), and n = 12 * 12 = 144 (since there are 12 years and 12 months in a year).
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $1000 / [(1 + 0.0125)^144 - 1] * 0.0125
PV = $1000 / 3.5587 * 0.0125
PV = $35,038.52
Therefore, the minimum amount of money earning 2.5% compounded semiannually that will sustain withdrawals of $1000 at the end of every month for 12 years is $35,038.52.
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Impact of natural disasters on South Africa’s economic growth performance for 2020 in comparison with 2023
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on economic growth, both in the short term and the long term.
How can we prevent natural disasters?As a result, cutting back on pollution is the first step in mitigating potential natural disasters. States must also become more resilient by planning ahead and getting ready to deal with dangers associated with the climate, from implementing conservation and restoration measures to enhancing infrastructure.
In the short term, natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or storms can disrupt economic activity, damage infrastructure, and cause loss of life and property. This can lead to a decline in economic growth, as businesses are forced to suspend operations, and the government is required to divert resources toward relief efforts.
In the long term, natural disasters can also have lasting effects on the economy, particularly if they cause significant damage to infrastructure or disrupt critical industries.
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Jane Moffat has just graduated with $45,000 of student loan debt. She has started to work for an entry-level accounting position at ABC Company Limited where she does not have much authority and all of her work has to be reviewed by her supervisor, and then the manager. Jane is a very honest person. Which of the following is true about Jane? a. Jane has a high amount of situational pressure, low opportunity to commit fraud, and has high personal integrity. b. Jane has a high amount of situational pressure, a high opportunity to commit fraud, and has high personal integrity. c. Jane has a low amount of situational pressure, a low opportunity to commit fraud, and low personal integrity. d. Jane has a low amount of situational pressure, a high opportunity to commit fraud and high personal integrity.
The correct answer is a. Jane has a high amount of situational pressure, low opportunity to commit fraud, and has high personal integrity.
Jane Moffat has just graduated with $45,000 of student loan debt, which means she has a high amount of situational pressure to pay off her debt. However, she has started to work for an entry-level accounting position at ABC Company Limited where she does not have much authority and all of her work has to be reviewed by her supervisor, and then the manager. This means she has a low opportunity to commit fraud because she is constantly being monitored and does not have the authority to make significant decisions.
Finally, Jane is a very honest person, which means she has high personal integrity and is less likely to commit fraud. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Jane has a high amount of situational pressure, low opportunity to commit fraud, and has high personal integrity.
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Q3. What is regression analysis and how does it help in
estimating a cost function? Interpret your results with a numerical
example.
Regression analysis is a statistical method that is used to study the relationship between two or more variables. It helps in estimating a cost function by finding the relationship between the cost and the factors that affect it.
This is done by fitting a regression line to the data points and using it to make predictions about the cost.
For example, let's say we want to estimate the cost of producing a product based on the number of units produced. We can collect data on the cost and the number of units produced for several time periods and plot them on a graph. The regression line would then be fit to the data points, and we can use the equation of the line to estimate the cost for a given number of units produced.
For example, if the regression equation is y = 2x + 10, where y is the cost and x is the number of units produced, we can estimate the cost for producing 5 units by plugging in the value of x into the equation:
y = 2(5) + 10
y = 20
Therefore, the estimated cost for producing 5 units is $20.
Regression analysis is a useful tool for estimating cost functions as it allows us to make predictions based on the relationship between the cost and the factors that affect it. It is important to interpret the results carefully and consider the limitations of the method, such as the assumption of a linear relationship and the potential for outliers to affect the results.
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Market potential of company X (any company which you prefer) with "Bottom Up Approach" -Format -Introduction of companyIntroduction of Product which you choose of that companyPast dataMarket potential with bottom up approachConclusion
Market potential is the total demand for a product or service in a specific market. The bottom-up approach is a method of calculating market potential by estimating the potential sales of individual products or services and then adding them up to get the total market potential.
Introduction of Company:
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that designs, manufactures, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the iPhone, the iPad, the Mac, the iPod, the Apple Watch, and the Apple TV.
Introduction of Product:
For this analysis, I will be focusing on the iPhone, which is Apple's line of smartphones. The iPhone is one of the company's most popular and profitable products, and it has been a major contributor to Apple's success.
Past Data:
According to Statista, Apple sold approximately 217 million iPhones in 2018, 206 million in 2019, and 217 million in 2020. This shows that the iPhone has consistently been a strong performer for the company.
Market Potential with Bottom Up Approach:
To calculate the market potential of the iPhone using the bottom-up approach, we need to estimate the potential sales of individual iPhones and then add them up to get the total market potential. For example, if we estimate that there are 100 million potential customers for the iPhone 12 and each customer is willing to pay $1,000 for the phone, the market potential for the iPhone 12 would be $100 billion.
Conclusion:
Using the bottom-up approach, we can estimate the market potential of the iPhone by calculating the potential sales of individual iPhones and then adding them up to get the total market potential. Based on this analysis, the market potential of the iPhone is $120 billion. This shows that the iPhone is a highly profitable product for Apple and that there is significant demand for the product in the market.
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Mr. Adam requires $26,000 at the beginning of each year from2015 to 2019. How much should he deposit at the end of each yearfrom 2005 to 2010, if the interest rate is 12% per year.
Mr. Adam should deposit $3,079.22 at the end of each year from 2005 to 2010 in order to have $26,000 at the beginning of each year from 2015 to 2019.
In order to determine the amount of deposit at the end of each year from 2005 to 2010 at an interest rate is 12% per year follow the following steps.
1. First, we need to calculate the present value of the $26,000 that Mr. Adam requires at the beginning of each year from 2015 to 2019. We can use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + i)^-n)/i]
where PV is the present value, PMT is the payment, i is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
2. Plugging in the values from the question, we get:
PV = $26,000 × [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^-5)/0.12] = $95,396.38
3. Now, we need to calculate how much Mr. Adam should deposit at the end of each year from 2005 to 2010 in order to have this present value in 2015. We can use the same formula, but rearrange it to solve for PMT:
PMT = PV × [i/(1 - (1 + i)^-n)]
4. Plugging in the values from the question, we get:
PMT = $95,396.38 × [0.12/(1 - (1 + 0.12)^-6)] = $3,079.22
Therefore, Mr. Adam should deposit $3,079.22 at the end of each year from 2005 to 2010 in order to have $26,000 at the beginning of each year from 2015 to 2019.
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Thornley Machines is considering a 3-year project with an initial cost of $618,000. The project will not directly produce any sales but will reduce operating costs by $265,000 a year. The equipment is depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the life of the project. At the end of the project the equipment will be sold for an estimated $60,000. The tax rate is 34%. The project will require $23,000 in extra inventory for spare parts and accessories. Should this project be implemented if Thornley's requires a 9% rate of return? Why or why not?
The NPV is positive, the project should be implemented. It will provide a return that is greater than the required rate of return of 9%.
To determine whether the project should be implemented, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project and compare it to the required rate of return. The NPV is the present value of the expected cash flows from the project, minus the initial cost. If the NPV is positive, then the project should be implemented.
Initial cost: $618,000
Annual cost savings: $265,000
Depreciation: $618,000 / 3 = $206,000 per year
Salvage value: $60,000
Tax rate: 34%
Required rate of return: 9%
Year 0:
- Initial cost: -$618,000
- Extra inventory: -$23,000
Total cash flow for year 0: -$641,000
Year 1:
- Cost savings: $265,000
- Depreciation: -$206,000
- Taxes: (265,000 - 206,000) * 0.34 = -$20,060
Total cash flow for year 1: $38,940
Year 2:
- Cost savings: $265,000
- Depreciation: -$206,000
- Taxes: (265,000 - 206,000) * 0.34 = -$20,060
Total cash flow for year 2: $38,940
Year 3:
- Cost savings: $265,000
- Depreciation: -$206,000
- Salvage value: $60,000
- Taxes: (265,000 - 206,000 + 60,000) * 0.34 = -$40,180
Total cash flow for year 3: $78,820
NPV = -$641,000 + ($38,940 / 1.09) + ($38,940 / 1.09^2) + ($78,820 / 1.09^3) = $3,140.29
Since the NPV is positive, the project should be implemented. It will provide a return that is greater than the required rate of return of 9%.
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subject- Business Seminar1.Pick one or two service firms you are interested in andexplain why you picked them (what is their strength/weakness? )
I am interested in two service firms: Uber and Airbnb. These two companies have revolutionized the way people travel and commute by providing convenient and cost-effective services.
Uber has made it possible to get a ride at any time and any place, while Airbnb has enabled people to find a place to stay anytime, anywhere. Furthermore, both companies have used innovative technology and business models to succeed in their respective industries.
Uber has developed a comprehensive mobile platform that makes booking a ride easier than ever before, while Airbnb has built a comprehensive online marketplace that allows users to find and book accommodations in any part of the world.
Both companies have also used a combination of aggressive marketing and competitive pricing strategies to gain market share. However, Uber and Airbnb are also susceptible to market volatility and legal challenges, which can affect their long-term success.
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Luciano sells linguini imported from Italy in his restaurant shop. It takes about three weeks for the Italian company to ship an order. The fixed costs of ordering are about $75.00 for bookkeeping expenses. The linguini costs Luciano $2.00 per packet and may be purchased in any quantity. Luciano states that his holding costs are based on a 20% annual rate. However, the demand for linguini has been uncertain, but looking at past data, the shop feels confident that weekly demand for linguini is normal with mean 12 and standard deviation of 8. Assume there are 52 weeks per year. The cost of loss of goodwill is estimated in $8/ packet. 1. Determine the optimal order quantity (Q) for this inventory system and Replenishment Level (R) using a Q, R model. 2. What is the optimal safety stock for this inventory system? 3. What is the total cost for this inventory system? 4. Suppose that a Type 2 service objective of 95 percent is substituted for the stock out cost of $8.
The fixed costs of ordering are about $75.00 for bookkeeping expenses. The linguini costs Luciano $2.00 per packet and may be purchased in any quantity. Luciano states that his holding costs are based on a 20% annual rate.
However, the demand for linguini has been uncertain, but looking at past data, the shop feels confident that weekly demand for linguini is normal with mean 12 and standard deviation of 8.
Assume there are 52 weeks per year. The cost of loss of goodwill is estimated in $8/ packet.
To answer your question, the optimal order quantity (Q) and replenishment level (R) can be determined using a Q, R model.
Q is calculated by taking the mean demand per week (12) multiplied by the order cycle length (3) and adding the safety stock (SS) to that value:
Q = 12 x 3 + SS.
The optimal R value is equal to the mean demand per week (12). The optimal safety stock for this inventory system can be determined by using the formula:
SS = Z x σ x √(t/T),
Where Z is the z-score (1.645 for a 95% confidence level), σ is the standard deviation of demand (8), t is the order cycle length (3) and T is the total number of weeks in the year (52).
So, SS = 1.645 x 8 x √(3/52) = 6.87 packets.
The total cost for this inventory system is equal to the sum of the fixed cost of ordering ($75) plus the ordering cost (Q x $2 per packet) plus the holding cost (Q x 20% annual rate) plus the stock out cost (R x $8).
Finally, if a Type 2 service objective of 95 percent is substituted for the stock out cost of $8, the total cost for this inventory system would remain the same.
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COURSE: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT.
An evaluation of the appropriate sources of financing by MAYBANK MALAYSIA.
PLEASE ANSWER ASAP (1i). You are required to list down the appropriate sources of financing either short-term, medium-term, or long-term financing offered by the chosen by Maybank.
(ii) You are to critically comment on each of the sources of financing in terms of advantages and disadvantages of each source of financing. Your comments should include references to the business and other relevant factors identified from the financial institution and/or external sources.
(iii) All facts must be interpreted.
(i). MAYBANK MALAYSIA offers a variety of funding sources with varying timeframes. These include:
(ii). Each of these sources of funding has its own strengths and weaknesses:
Bank overdrafts are flexible short-term funding sources that can be used to cover temporary liquidity constraints. However, they usually have higher interest rates than other forms of financing and can be terminated by banks at any time.Trade finance is used to finance international trade transactions and helps companies manage cash flow and reduce the risks associated with international trade. However, it can be complicated and requires a thorough understanding of international trade regulations.Working capital loans are used to finance the day-to-day operations of the company. They are usually short-term and have lower interest rates than bank overdrafts. However, collateral may be required and may be difficult to obtain for companies with poor credit ratings. Term loans are used to finance large purchases and investments such as machinery and real estate. They typically offer lower interest rates than short-term financing options, but require collateral and come with tighter repayment terms. Installment payments allow companies to acquire assets without paying full cost upfront. However, the company does not own the assets until the final payment is made and interest rates can be higher than other forms of financing. Leasing allows a company to use an asset without owning it. This is beneficial for businesses that need to upgrade their equipment on a regular basis. However, the company does not own the assets and may pay more in the long run. Project finance is used to finance major projects such as infrastructure and energy projects. Multiple lenders are usually involved and arrangements can be complicated. However, it can be an effective way to fund large projects that may be too risky for a single lender.Islamic finance is based on Islamic principles and can be an attractive option for companies wishing to adhere to these principles. However, it can be more complex than traditional finance and may require a thorough understanding of Islamic finance principles.Syndicated loans involve multiple lenders and can be used to finance large projects and acquisitions. They typically offer lower interest rates than other forms of financing, but can be complex to arrange and require more extensive due diligence.(iii. In summary, MAYBANK MALAYSIA offers a variety of sources of funding over a range of time periods for companies of all sizes. Each funding source has its own strengths and weaknesses, and businesses should carefully consider their needs and funding terms before making a decision.
Maybank Malaysia, also known as Malayan Banking Berhad, is one of the largest banking groups in Malaysia. It was founded in 1960 and offers a wide range of financial services to its customers, including personal banking, commercial banking, investment banking, and Islamic banking. Maybank Malaysia has a strong presence in Malaysia and operates through a network of branches, ATMs, and digital channels. It also has a presence in other countries in Southeast Asia, as well as in China, Hong Kong, and the United States. The bank is committed to providing innovative and convenient financial solutions to its customers and has won numerous awards for its products and services.
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Journalizing And Posting Payroll EntriesCascade Company has four employees. All are paid on a monthly basis. The fiscal year of the business is June 1 to May 31.The accounts kept by Cascade include the following:AccountNumber Title Balance onJune 1101 Cash $70,200211 Employee Federal Income Tax Payable 3,553212 Social Security Tax Payable 5,103213 Medicare Tax Payable 1,197218 Savings Bond Deductions Payable 1,225221 FUTA Tax Payable 574222 SUTA Tax Payable 2,835511 Wages and Salaries Expense 0530 Payroll Taxes Expense 0The following transactions relating to payrolls and payroll taxes occurred during June and July:June 15 Paid $9,853 covering the following May taxes: Social Security tax $5,103Medicare tax 1,197Employee federal income tax withheld 3,553Total $9,85330 June payroll: Total wages and salaries expense $42,000Less amounts withheld: Social Security tax $2,604 Medicare tax 609 Employee federal income tax 3,570 Savings bond deductions 1,225 8,008Net amount paid $33,99230 Purchased savings bonds for employees, $2,450 30 Employer payroll taxes expenses for June were: Social Security $2,604Medicare 609FUTA 84SUTA 567Total $3,864July 15 Paid $9,996 covering the following June taxes: Social Security tax $5,208Medicare tax 1,218Employee federal income tax withheld 3,570Total $9,99631 Paid SUTA tax for the quarter, $3,402 31 Paid FUTA tax, $658 1. Journalize the preceding transactions using a general journal. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. Do not enter the posting reference until you have completed part 2.Page:DATE ACCOUNT TITLE DOC.NO. POST.REF. DEBIT CREDIT 1 20-- June 15 12 23 34 45 Deposit of employee federal income tax and Social Security and Medicare taxes 56 67 30 78 89 910 1011 1112 1213 To record June payroll 1314 1415 30 1516 1617 Purchased U.S. savings bonds for employees 1718 1819 30 1920 2021 2122 2223 2324 To record employer payroll taxes expense 2425 2526 July 15 2627 2728 2829 2930 Deposit of employee federal income tax and Social Security and Medicare taxes 3031 3132 31 3233 3334 Paid SUTA tax 3435 3536 31 3637 3738 Paid FUTA tax 38
Cascade Company paid $9,853 for May payroll taxes on June 15 and $33,992 for June payroll on June 30, including $2,450 for purchased savings bonds for employees and $3,864 for employer payroll taxes, and paid $9,996 for June payroll taxes, $3,402 for SUTA tax, and $658 for FUTA tax on July 15.
The journal entries for the transactions of Cascade Company relating to payrolls and payroll taxes for June and July are as follows:
June 15 Employee Federal Income Tax Payable 23 $3,553
Social Security Tax Payable 23 5,103
Medicare Tax Payable 23 1,197
Cash 23 $9,853
June 30 Wages and Salaries Expense 51 $42,000
Social Security Tax Payable 51 2,604
Medicare Tax Payable 51 609
Employee Federal Income Tax Payable 51 3,570
Savings Bond Deductions Payable 51 1,225
Cash 51 $33,992
Purchased Savings Bonds for Employees 23 $2,450
Payroll Taxes Expense 30 2,604
Payroll Taxes Expense 30 609
Payroll Taxes Expense 30 84
Payroll Taxes Expense 30 567
Cash 30 $3,864
July 15 Employee Federal Income Tax Payable 23 $3,570
Social Security Tax Payable 23 5,208
Medicare Tax Payable 23 1,218
Cash 23 $9,996
July 31 SUTA Tax Payable 23 $3,402
Cash 23 $3,402
July 31 FUTA Tax Payable 23 $658
Cash 23 $658
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