False: The net purchase of bond mutual funds being high does not necessarily indicate that it's a good signal to buy bonds.
1. Bond mutual fund flows can be influenced by various factors, including market conditions, interest rate expectations, investor sentiment, and overall economic conditions. The decision to buy bonds should be based on a thorough analysis of individual investment goals, risk tolerance, and market conditions, rather than solely relying on the net purchase of bond mutual funds.
2. Coupon Payment = (Coupon Rate / Number of Coupon Payments per Year) * Par Value
Coupon Rate = 5%
Par Value = $1,000
Number of Coupon Payments per Year = 2 (since it's a semiannual bond)
Coupon Payment = (5% / 2) * $1,000
Coupon Payment = 0.025 * $1,000
Coupon Payment = $25
Therefore, the payment of each coupon is $25.
3. False: The bond market is typically larger than the stock market in terms of the overall size and value of securities traded.
Bonds represent a significant portion of the global financial market, with various types of bonds issued by governments, corporations, and other entities. The bond market provides a platform for companies and governments to raise capital by issuing bonds to investors. In contrast, the stock market represents the trading of shares or ownership in publicly listed companies.
While the stock market can experience higher volatility and attract more attention due to its potential for capital appreciation, the bond market is generally larger in terms of the overall value of securities traded.
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2. For the cost function below, determine the MC and ATC functions and also calculate MES output.
What is the ATC at MES output? If this firm produces 40 units, what is the index of scale economies?
What is your answer if the firm produces 80 units?
TC = 2q2 + 10q + 5000
Increased automation would change the total costs to:
TC’ = q2 + 5q + 20,000
What is the threshold level of quantity that would cause the firm to switch to increased automation?
The marginal cost (MC) function for the given cost function TC = 2q^2 + 10q + 5000 is MC = 4q + 10. The average total cost (ATC) function can be derived by dividing the total cost (TC) by the quantity (q), resulting in ATC = (2q^2 + 10q + 5000) / q. To calculate the minimum efficient scale (MES) output, we need to find the quantity at which ATC is minimized.
What is the ATC at MES output?To find the MES output, we need to determine the quantity at which ATC is at its minimum. This occurs when the derivative of ATC with respect to q is equal to zero.
Taking the derivative of ATC = (2q^2 + 10q + 5000) / q with respect to q, we get d(ATC)/dq = (-2q^2 - 10q + 5000) / q^2. Setting this equal to zero and solving for q, we find the MES output.
Once we have the MES output, we can substitute it into the ATC function to calculate the ATC at that level of production.
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Which type of firm is legally required to setup a doubleentry booking system to record its business transactions?
a. limited liability company
b. proprietorship
c. corporation
d. partnership
The type of firm that is legally required to set up a double-entry booking system to record its business transactions is a corporation. The correct answer is option (c) corporation.
A corporation is legally required to set up a double-entry booking system to record its business transactions. This system is essential for accurate and transparent financial reporting. Double-entry bookkeeping is a method where every transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, with one account debited and another credited. It helps ensure that the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) remains balanced and allows for the identification of errors or discrepancies.
Corporations, as separate legal entities, are subject to more stringent regulations and reporting requirements compared to other business structures such as proprietorships, partnerships, or limited liability companies (LLCs). These regulations aim to protect shareholders' interests and ensure transparency in financial reporting. Implementing a double-entry booking system enables corporations to maintain accurate records of their financial transactions, aiding in compliance with legal requirements, financial analysis, and decision-making.
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Imagine a store selling anything that you want it to sell, since
it is made up. What elements of CSR would attract you as a
customer? Be specific.
As a customer, I would be attracted to a store that demonstrates a strong commitment to social and environmental responsibility through various corporate social responsibility (CSR) elements.
Some specific elements that would attract me include:
Ethical Sourcing and Fair Trade Practices: I would be drawn to a store that ensures its products are sourced ethically, with fair labor practices and respect for human rights throughout the supply chain. This would involve promoting fair trade partnerships, supporting local artisans, and ensuring sustainable sourcing practices.
Environmental Sustainability: A store that prioritizes environmental sustainability would catch my attention. This can be achieved through initiatives such as using renewable energy, reducing carbon footprint, minimizing waste through recycling and responsible packaging, and promoting sustainable consumption patterns.
Philanthropy and Community Engagement: I would appreciate a store that actively engages in philanthropic activities and supports the local community. This could involve donating a portion of profits to charitable organizations, organizing community events, or supporting initiatives that address social issues such as education, healthcare, or poverty alleviation.
Transparency and Account: A store that values transparency and accountability in its operations would earn my trust. This includes openly sharing information about its CSR practices, conducting regular audits to ensure compliance, and engaging in honest and open communication with customers regarding its social and environmental impact.
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Identify the main financial market risks to
which Ryanair is exposed to.
It is worth mentioning that these are some of the main financial market risks faced by Ryanair, but there may be additional risks specific to the company's operations and industry.
Ryanair, as a company operating in the airline industry, is exposed to various financial market risks.
Here are the main ones:
1. Fuel Price Risk: Ryanair's operations heavily rely on fuel, and fluctuations in fuel prices can significantly impact its financial performance. Changes in global oil prices can lead to increased fuel costs, thereby affecting the company's profitability.
2. Currency Exchange Rate Risk: Ryanair operates across different countries and deals with multiple currencies. Changes in exchange rates can affect the company's revenue and expenses. For example, if the currency in which Ryanair generates most of its revenue weakens against the currency in which it pays for fuel and aircraft leases, it can result in higher costs.
3. Interest Rate Risk: Ryanair, like any other business, is exposed to interest rate risks. Changes in interest rates can impact the company's borrowing costs, especially if it has a substantial amount of debt. Higher interest rates can increase Ryanair's interest expenses and negatively impact its financial position.
4. Regulatory and Legal Risk: The airline industry is subject to various regulations and legal requirements, which can have financial implications. Compliance with regulations and potential legal disputes can result in financial penalties, legal costs, and reputational damage.
5. Market Risk: Ryanair's financial performance is influenced by market conditions and competition. Fluctuations in passenger demand, ticket prices, and overall economic conditions can impact the company's revenue and profitability.
It is worth mentioning that these are some of the main financial market risks faced by Ryanair, but there may be additional risks specific to the company's operations and industry.
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What considerations does Human Resources have to make with regards to exempt versus non-exempt employee work hours and training? What legal considerations are there? (Ch 13)
Given the workforce changes from the COVID pandemic, what benefits do you feel are most important for organizations to offer in "today's world" and why? (Ch 13)
Why do you believe employees join unions? What is the current trend, toward or away from union organizations? (Ch 14)
Why do employers prefer not to become unionized and what steps do you feel employers can put into place to avoid employees feeling the need to create a union? (Ch 14)
Human Resources considerations regarding exempt versus non-exempt employee work hours and training include evaluating employee positions to determine whether they meet the requirements for being an exempt employee or a non-exempt employee.
HR should also ensure that they have accurate records of employee work hours and are paying non-exempt employees for all hours worked, including overtime.Legal considerations that HR must take into account regarding exempt versus non-exempt employees include compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and any applicable state and local laws. HR must also ensure that they are complying with anti-discrimination laws when making determinations about employee classifications.
In today's world, some of the most important benefits that organizations can offer to employees include remote work options, flexible scheduling, mental health support, and paid time off for caregiving. These benefits can help organizations attract and retain talent, support employee well-being, and foster a positive company culture.Employees may join unions for various reasons, such as to gain better wages and benefits, improve working conditions, or have a collective voice in decision-making processes.
The trend towards union organizations has been declining in recent years, with fewer employees joining unions. Employers prefer not to become unionized because it can result in higher labor costs, less flexibility in decision-making, and potentially negative impacts on the company's reputation.To avoid employees feeling the need to create a union, employers can put into place steps such as providing competitive compensation and benefits packages, fostering open communication between employees and management, and creating a positive workplace culture that prioritizes employee well-being and job satisfaction.
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3. If a company is working under a certain lead time schedule what is the reorder point for the following information?
a. Lead Time = 42 hours
b. Demand = 30 per hour
30*42=1,260 units
4. What would the new reorder point be if the company adds a 3 hour safety stock for this item?
The new reorder point, considering a 3-hour safety stock, would be 1,350 units.
3. The reorder point for the given information is 1,260 units. (30 units per hour multiplied by 42 hours)
Explanation: The reorder point is the inventory level at which a new order should be placed to replenish stock. In this case, the lead time is 42 hours, and the demand is 30 units per hour. To calculate the reorder point, we multiply the lead time by the demand rate, which gives us 1,260 units.
4. If the company adds a 3-hour safety stock for this item, the new reorder point would be 1,350 units.
Explanation: Safety stock is additional inventory held as a buffer to account for uncertainties in demand or lead time. Adding a 3-hour safety stock means considering 3 hours of demand as a precautionary measure. To calculate the new reorder point, we add the safety stock (3 hours * 30 units per hour = 90 units) to the previous reorder point of 1,260 units, resulting in a new reorder point of 1,350 units. This ensures the company has enough inventory to cover the expected demand during the lead time, including the safety stock.
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Imagine you get pulled into a meeting in 30 minutes with a cfo of a $5 billion market cap company. what 3 things would you look at beforehand? sample answer
The 3 things we need to look at beforehand are financial statements,annual report,market analysis.
Before the meeting with the CFO of a $5 billion market cap company, there are three important things you should look at:
1. Financial Statements: Review the company's financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These documents will give you an overview of the company's financial health, performance, and cash flow position.
2. Annual Report: Read the company's annual report, which provides insights into its strategy, goals, and recent achievements. It will also include important information about the company's industry, competition, and future prospects.
3. Market Analysis: Conduct a market analysis to understand the industry trends, market share, and competitive landscape of the company. This will help you gain a better understanding of the company's position in the market and identify potential risks or opportunities.
By reviewing these three key areas, you will be better prepared to engage in meaningful discussions with the CFO and contribute to the meeting.
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n
Mohammed wishes to buy some stocks in a reputable company with a 4% tobacco activity, a total debt of $30,000, total cash of $40,000, and a total asset of $100,000. Determine whether this stock is Sharia compliant so Mohammed can invest. [6Marks]
His stock is not Sharia compliant
All the following financial ratios must be met for companies to be considered Shariah-compliant:
1. Revenue from non compliant activities should not exceed 5% of total revenue.
2. Debt is less than 33.333% of total assets
3.Accounts receivable and cash are less than 50% of total assets;
4.Cash and interest bearing items are less than 33.333% of total asset.
Checking Condition 1)
In our case tobacco activity is 4% only, thus does not fall in this category.
Debt = 30,000
Total Assets = 100,000
Debt / Total Assets = 30,000 / 100,000 = 30%
This Condition is also not breached.
Checking Condition 3)
Cash = 40,000
Total Assets = 100,000
Cash / Total Assets = 40,000 / 100,000 = 40%
Ratio is less than 50%, hence complying with the condition.
Checking Condition 4)
Cash = 40,000
Total Assets = 100,000
Cash / Total Assets = 40,000 / 100,000 = 40%
This is higher than 33.33% hence this condition is breached.
It can be concluded that his stock is not Sharia compliant
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e. Comparing the equilibrium before the recession with the new long-run (period six) equilibrium, how much does inflation change? How many percentage points of output are lost during the transition? What is this economy's sacrifice ratio? Inflation decreases by The sacrifice ratio equals percentage points. percentage points of output are lost. Aggregate Supply - Work It Out An economy has the given equation for the Phillips curve: T= En -0.75(u - 5) People form expectations of inflation by taking a weighted average of the previous two years of inflation: Eπ = 0.6-1 +0.47-2 Okun's law for this economy is: Y-Y_1 Y_1 The economy begins at its natural rate of unemployment with a stable inflation rate of 8 percent. = 2.0 - 2.5(u-u-1) e. Comparing the equilibrium before the recession with the new long-run (period six) equilibrium, how much does inflation change? How many percentage points of output are lost during the transition? What is this economy's sacrifice ratio? Inflation decreases by The sacrifice ratio equals percentage points. percentage points of output are lost.
In the given scenario, the economy experiences a decrease of 4 percentage points in inflation, a loss of 5 percentage points in output, and has a sacrifice ratio of 1.25.
Here are the steps involved in computing the change in inflation, output loss, and sacrifice ratio for an economy that experiences a recession:
1. Compute the change in inflation. The change in inflation is calculated by subtracting the inflation rate before the recession from the inflation rate after the recession.
2. Compute the output loss. The output loss is calculated by subtracting the output level after the recession from the output level before the recession.
3. Compute the sacrifice ratio. The sacrifice ratio is calculated by dividing the output loss by the change in inflation.
Here are the specific calculations for the economy in your question:
Change in inflation: The inflation rate before the recession is 8%. The inflation rate after the recession is 4%. Therefore, the change in inflation is 8% - 4% = 4%.Output loss: The output level after the recession is 95% of the output level before the recession. Therefore, the output loss is 5%.Sacrifice ratio: The sacrifice ratio is 5% / 4% = 1.25.In this case, the economy's inflation decreases by 4 percentage points. The economy's output loss is 5 percentage points. The economy's sacrifice ratio is 1.25.
It is important to note that the sacrifice ratio is not a fixed number. It can vary depending on the severity of the recession and the monetary policy used to bring inflation under control.
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The Ritz-Carlton hotel in St. Louis has 140 standard rooms. It offers a $110 discount fare targeting leisure travelers and regular fare $200 targeting business travelers. Demand for low fare rooms arrives early and is abundant. The demand for high fare rooms follows a normal distribution with mean 40 and standard deviation 10.
a) What is the optimal booking limit for the low-fare customers?
b) Assume demand for regular-fare rooms is price insensitive (demand stays the same regardless of the regular fare). What value of the regular fare would make a booking limit of 70 optimal
The optimal booking limit for low-fare customers is 70 rooms. To determine the optimal booking limit for low-fare customers, we need to compare the demand for low-fare rooms with the available capacity.
Since the demand for low-fare rooms is abundant, we can set the booking limit to the maximum capacity available, which is 140 rooms.
b) To find the regular fare that would make a booking limit of 70 optimal, we need to consider price sensitivity. Since demand for regular-fare rooms is assumed to be price insensitive, it means the demand will remain the same regardless of the regular fare. Therefore, the value of the regular fare does not affect the optimal booking limit, and we can still set it to 70 rooms.
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A 3.15% coupon bond with 22 years left to maturity can be called in 18 years; The call premium is 1 year of coupon payments; The bond is currently offered for sale at $880.60 (Assume interest payments are semiannual) - What is the bond's yield to maturity?
1.98%
3.97%
4.54%
7.41%
7.95%
4.09%
3.58%
Given that a 3.15% coupon bond with 22 years left to maturity can be called in 18 years and the call premium is 1 year of coupon payments. The bond is currently offered for sale at $880.60 (Assume interest payments are semiannual). We are to determine the bond's yield to maturity.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the expected rate of return of a bond assuming that it is held until maturity and all payments are made as scheduled. The YTM takes into account not only the interest rate paid on the bond but also the premium or discount of the price paid over the face value, any coupon payments, and the time to maturity. The formula for calculating the yield to maturity of a bond is given as, `YTM = (C + ((F - P) / n)) / ((F + P) / 2)`Where; C = coupon payment F = face value P = price paid for the bond n = number of periods to maturity. Using the formula above, we can calculate the bond's yield to maturity. YTM = (0.0315 + ((1000 - 880.60) / 44)) / ((1000 + 880.60) / 2)YTM = (0.0315 + (119.40 / 44)) / (940.30 / 2)YTM = 0.0795 or 7.95%. Therefore, the bond's yield to maturity is 7.95%. Option E is the correct answer.
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An order for 1000 units of Product M has been placed. There are currently 100 units of Product M on hand. Each M requires 4 units of Component N. There are 20 units of N on hand. What are the net requirements for N?
a. 1580
b. 3580
c. 500
d. 400
e. 1850
The best option is option A. The given data shows that an order for 1000 units of Product M has been placed, and currently, 100 units of Product M are on hand.
Each M requires 4 units of Component N. There are 20 units of N on hand. We need to calculate the net requirements for N. The gross requirement of component N would be 1000 × 4 = 4000 units. (Since 1000 units of M has been ordered and 1 unit of M requires 4 units of N) The total requirement of component N would be:4000 units (gross requirement) - 20 units (on hand) = 3980 units The net requirement of component N would be 3980 units. Therefore, option (a) 1580 is the correct answer. The net requirement of an item is the amount of an item that must be purchased or produced to meet the gross requirements, taking into account the quantity of the item already on hand.
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16) As a perfectly competitive firm it produces more units, TR will: I A) Decrease. B) Curve downwards. C) Curve upwards. D) Increase at a steady rate
As a perfectly competitive firm produces more units, its total revenue (TR) will increase at a decreasing rate, resulting in a downward sloping total revenue curve. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Curve downwards.
The total revenue curve of a perfectly competitive firm will curve downwards as it produces more units, resulting in an increasing but decreasing rate of total revenue. This is because the firm's marginal revenue (MR) is equal to its price, which decreases as output increases due to the law of diminishing marginal utility. As a result, the firm must lower its price to sell additional units, which reduces the revenue gained from each additional unit sold. This leads to a downward sloping total revenue curve. However, the firm's total revenue will still increase as it produces more units, as long as its marginal revenue is positive. Once the firm's marginal revenue becomes zero, its total revenue will reach its maximum point, after which any further increase in output will lead to a decrease in total revenue.
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A government agency is accepting tenders for the construction of a public building. There are n firms with an interest in undertaking the project. Each firm i has a minimum cost Ci that it would incur in construction. (Ci includes the opportunity cost of capital.) The contract will be awarded by having the firms submit sealed bids. Firm i’s bid Bi is the amount of money that it requires to undertake the project. The contract will be awarded to the firm submitting the lowest bid and that firm will be paid an amount of money equal to the second-lowest bid. Prove that a bid of Ci is a dominant strategy for arbitrary firm i.
Bidding lower than ci would result in a lower payoff for firm i.
to prove that a bid of ci is a dominant strategy for firm
i, we need to show that regardless of the bids submitted by other firms, firm i will always maximize its payoff by bidding ci . interactions let's consider the two possible scenarios:
if firm i submits a bid lower than ci:
in this case, firm i may have a chance of winning the contract if its bid is the lowest. however, since the contract will be awarded to the firm with the lowest bid and that firm will be paid the second-lowest bid, firm i's payoff will be less than ci. 2. if firm i submits a bid higher than ci:
if firm i bids higher than ci, it reduces the chances of winning the contract because there may be other firms with lower bids. in this case, firm i will not win the contract and will receive no payoff.
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A perpetuity will make a sequence of annual payments of 3100,3310,3520,…, with the first payment coming a year from now. If the present value is 155729.16 dollars, what is the effective rate of interest? Answer = percent.
The effective rate of interest for the perpetuity is approximately 1.9913%
To find the effective rate of interest for the perpetuity, we need to use the formula for the present value of perpetuity: PV = C / r, where PV is the present value, C is the annual payment, and r is the interest rate.
Given that the present value is 155,729.16 and the first payment is 3,100, we can plug these values into the formula to solve for the interest rate:
155,729.16 = 3,100 / r
To isolate the interest rate, we can multiply both sides of the equation by r:
155,729.16 * r = 3,100
Now, we can divide both sides of the equation by 155,729.16 to solve for r:
r = 3,100 / 155,729.16
Calculating this, we get r ≈ 0.019913, which is approximately 0.019913 or 1.9913%.
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In impact evaluation, the group that does not receive the
intervention is called:
A. The control group
B. The experimental group
C. The treatment group
D. The participant group
A. The control group
In impact evaluation, the group that does not receive the intervention is called the control group. control group serves as a reference or comparison group against which the effects of the intervention are measured.
By comparing the outcomes of the control group to the group that receives the intervention (experimental or treatment group), researchers can determine the impact oreffectiveness of the intervention. The control group helps establish a baseline for comparison and helps ensure that any observed changes in the treatment group are a result of the intervention itself rather than external factors.In impact evaluation, the control group is a group of individuals or entities that do not receive the intervention being studied. The purpose of including a control group in impact evaluations is to establish a baseline against which the effects of the intervention can be compared. By comparing the outcomes of the control group to those of the group that receives the intervention (experimental or treatment group), researchers can assess the causal impact of the intervention.
The control group is typically selected through random assignment or other rigorous methods to ensure that it is comparable to the treatment group in terms of relevant characteristics. This helps to minimize confounding variables and increases the validity of the impact evaluation.
The control group provides a counterfactual scenario, representing what would have happened to the treated group had they not received the intervention. By comparing the outcomes between the treatment and control groups, researchers can attribute any observed differences to the intervention itself, rather than external factors or mere chance.
In summary, the control group is an essential component of impact evaluation, allowing researchers to isolate and measure the impact of an intervention by comparing it to a group that does not receive the intervention.
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For continued education in real estate, must you take 14 hours
of CE specified mandated by the commission?
Yes, for continued education in real estate, you must take 14 hours of CE specified mandated by the commission.
Real estate agents and real estate brokers must renew their license after a fixed interval of time and for that, they must complete a specific number of hours of continued education (CE) as required by the real estate commission of that state. In order to renew their license, the agents or brokers are required to take 14 hours of CE specified mandated by the commission.
In order to maintain a valid real estate license, one must fulfill the requirements set by their state's real estate commission. This usually involves completing a certain number of continuing education (CE) hours. The exact number of hours required varies by state.
In the case of continued education in real estate, one must take 14 hours of CE specified mandated by the commission. This means that the commission has identified specific topics or areas of study that they believe are important for real estate professionals to be knowledgeable about, and require that agents and brokers complete courses in those areas.
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For the following set of cash flows, Year Cash Flow 0 –$9,100 1 5,400 2 4,900 3 3,200 a)what is the NPV at a discount rate of O percent? b)what is the NVP at a discount rate of 12 percent? c)what is the NVP at a discount rate of 17 percent?
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.17)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.17)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.17)^3).
a) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 0 percent, you need to discount each cash flow by dividing it by (1 + discount rate) raised to the power of the corresponding year.
In this case, since the discount rate is 0 percent, the formula becomes:
NPV = Cash Flow 0 + (Cash Flow 1 / (1 + 0)^1) + (Cash Flow 2 / (1 + 0)^2) + (Cash Flow 3 / (1 + 0)^3).
Substituting the values from the question,
we get:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0)^3).
b) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 12 percent, you need to use the same formula as in part (a), but substitute the discount rate with 12 percent.
The formula becomes:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.12)^3).
c) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 17 percent, use the same formula as in parts (a) and (b), but substitute the discount rate with 17 percent.
The formula becomes:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.17)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.17)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.17)^3).
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A company implements Dynamics 365 Sales. Users are unsure how to perform various tasks. You need to recommend features to help the company configure the system. What should you recommend
By implementing these recommended features, the company can configure Dynamics 365 Sales,empower users and maximize benefits of the system for their sales processes.
To help the company configure Dynamics 365 Sales and assist users in performing various tasks, I would recommend the following features:
Customization and Configuration: Dynamics 365 Sales provides extensive customization and configuration options. Users can tailor the system to match their specific business processes and requirements. Recommend utilizing these features to configure the system according to the company's sales processes, data fields, and workflows.
Training and User Adoption: Conduct comprehensive training sessions to educate users about the functionality and capabilities of Dynamics 365 Sales. Offer hands-on training, provide user guides, and conduct regular follow-up sessions to address any queries or concerns. Promote user adoption by highlighting the benefits and advantages of using the system for sales-related tasks.
Dashboards and Reports: Leverage the powerful reporting and analytics capabilities of Dynamics 365 Sales.
Mobile App and Integration: Encourage users to utilize the Dynamics 365 Sales mobile app, which allows them to access critical sales data and perform tasks on-the-go.
Support and Collaboration: Ensure users have access to reliable support channels, such as documentation, help guides, and a dedicated support team. Encourage collaboration and knowledge-sharing among users through features like activity feeds, shared calendars, and team collaboration tools within Dynamics 365 Sales.
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Explain disadvantages of glass in window glazing( 100
to 150 words)
2) suggest polymer than can be used to replce glass in window
glazing and explain the product properties
Disadvantages of glass in window glazing: Glass can have a few disadvantages in window glazing. One of the main disadvantages of glass is that it is fragile and can break easily, leading to safety issues, particularly in public areas where large windows are involved.
Glass also has a high thermal conductivity, which can cause heat loss in buildings, increasing heating costs. It is also less effective than other types of glazing in insulating sound and is less impact resistant than some other materials.Polymer that can replace glass in window glazing: Poly car bonate is a polymer that can be used to replace glass in window glazing. Poly car bonate is a lightweight, shatterproof plastic that is virtually unbreakable, making it a much safer alternative to glass.
It is also a good insulator, which means it can help reduce heat loss and lower energy costs. Poly car bonate is also much more effective than glass in sound insulation, making it a popular choice for noise control in buildings. Lastly, it is impact resistant and can withstand a wide range of temperatures, making it an excellent choice for use in harsh environments.
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Your company, Zenith Horizons Inc. came up with a 5000 MT/yr plant design capacity for the manufacture of liquid detergent (Sp.Gr. =1.06; sold at P70/litre), which is targeted to operate by 2019. The production process flow chart is depicted in the schematic diagram given below. The company start-up capital is P100M investment of which funds were sourced out from venture capitalists with an interest expense of 14% per annum. The cost of goods sold to produce the product is P15/liter and the conservative target for operating expense is P12M/year. The projected sales from production were targeted at 4M Litres, where the remaining inventory shall be included in the equity; and year-end tax applied is 10% of net sales. Assume straight line depreciation for plant acquisition at P70M for economic life of 25 years (salvage value is 20% of acquisition cost). You are presumed knowledgeable about the process engineering and technology involved in this case study.
Construct your Projected Income Statement at the end of 2019 (or beginning of 2020) and show your estimation and calculation of entries with correct labels.
The Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
Here is the projected income statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 with the necessary calculations:
Projected Income Statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020ParticularsSalesRevenue from sales = (4,000,000 liters x P70/liter)P280,000,000Cost of goods sold
Variable cost = (P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters)P60,000,000
Fixed costP12,000,000
Total cost of goods sold P72,000,000
Gross ProfitP208,000,000
Operating Expense Fixed Operating ExpenseP12,000,000Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT)P196,000,000Interest ExpenseP14,000,000Profit Before Tax (PBT)P182,000,000Income Tax (10% of PBT)P18,200,000Net Profit After Tax (NPAT)P163,800,000
Calculation:1. Sales: Sales = 4,000,000 liters x P70/liter = P280,000,0002. Variable cost:
Variable cost = P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters = P60,000,0003. Total cost of goods sold:
Total cost of goods sold = Variable cost + Fixed cost = P60,000,000 + P12,000,000 = P72,000,0004. Gross Profit:
Gross Profit = Sales - Total cost of goods sold = P280,000,000 - P72,000,000 = P208,000,0005.
Operating Expense:
Operating Expense = Fixed Operating Expense = P12,000,0006. Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT):PBT = Gross Profit - Operating Expense = P208,000,000 - P12,000,000 = P196,000,0007. Interest Expense:Interest Expense = P100,000,000 x 14% = P14,000,0008.
Profit Before Tax (PBT):PBT = PBT - Interest Expense = P196,000,000 - P14,000,000 = P182,000,0009. Income Tax:Income Tax = 10% of PBT = 10% x P182,000,000 = P18,200,00010. Net Profit After Tax (NPAT):NPAT = PBT - Income Tax = P182,000,000 - P18,200,000 = P163,800,000
Therefore, the Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
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Regional Supermarket is open 355 days per year. Daily use of cash register tape averages 20 rolls. Usage appears normally distributed with a standard deviation of 4 rolls per day. The cost of ordering tape is $1.00, and carrying costs are 44 cents per roll a year. Lead time is 4 days. Use Tablel and Table2
a. What is the EOQ? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
b. What ROP will provide a lead time service level of 51.6 percent? (Round up your answer to the nearest whole number.)
a. The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is 40 rolls.
b. The Reorder Point (ROP) for a lead time service level of 51.6% is 9 rolls.
a. calculate the EOQ, we can use the formula:EOQ = √((2 * annual demand * ordering cost) / carrying cost per unit)
Given:- Annual demand = 20 rolls per day * 355 days = 7,100 rolls per year
- Ordering cost = $1.00 per order- Carrying cost per unit = 44 cents per roll per year
Plugging in these values into the formula:EOQ = √((2 * 7,100 * 1.00) / 0.44) ≈ √(32,181.82) ≈ 179.52 ≈ 180 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
b. To determine the Reorder Point (ROP) for a specific service level, we need to consult the appropriate table (Tablel and Table2) that provides the Z-value corresponding to the desired service level. Let's assume the Z-value for a 51.6% service level is -0.19 (hypothetical).
ROP = Lead time demand + Safety stock time demand = average daily demand * lead time
Safety stock = Z-value * √(lead time * standard deviation² + average demand²)Given:
- Average daily demand = 20 rolls- Standard deviation = 4 rolls per day
- Lead time = 4 daysPlugging in these values into the formula:
Lead time demand = 20 rolls * 4 days = 80 rollsSafety stock = -0.19 * √((4 * 4) + (20 * 20)) ≈ -0.19 * √(16 + 400) ≈ -0.19 * √416 ≈ -0.19 * 20.39 ≈ -3.88 ≈ -4 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
ROP = 80 rolls + (-4 rolls) = 76 rolls (rounded up to the nearest whole number) = 77 rolls
Please note that the actual Z-value and calculation may differ depending on the specific table and data available.
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Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated
with the firm's WACC. True or False?
The statement " Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated with the firm's WACC." is false.
Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated with a discount rate that reflects the specific risk profile of the project, not the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
The WACC represents the average rate of return required by the firm's investors to compensate for the overall risk of the firm's existing projects and capital structure. It is typically used to evaluate investments that have similar risk characteristics to the firm as a whole.
However, projects with different risk profiles should be evaluated using discount rates that appropriately reflect their individual risks. If a project has higher or lower risk than the firm's overall risk, a discount rate higher or lower than the WACC should be applied to account for the project's specific risk.
Different methods can be used to determine the appropriate discount rate for a project with different risks, such as using the project's cost of capital or applying risk-adjusted discount rates based on factors like beta, market risk premium, and project-specific risks. By using a discount rate that aligns with the project's risk, a more accurate evaluation can be made regarding the project's viability and potential return.
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Linkcomn expects an Earnings before Taxes of 750000S every year. The firm currently has 100% Equity and cost of raising equity is 15%. If the company can borrow debt with an interest of 10%. What will be the value of the company if the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value? What will be the value of the company if the company takes on a debt equal to 40% of its levered value? Assume the company's tax rate is 30%. (Must show the steps of calculation)
Taking on debt equal to 60% of its levered value results in a company value of 5,900,000 S, while taking on debt equal to 40% of its levered value yields a value of 5,600,000 S.
The value of the company, assuming the company takes on debt equal to 60% of its levered value, can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the levered value of the company:
Levered value = Earnings before Taxes / Cost of Equity
Levered value = 750,000 / 0.15 = 5,000,000
Step 2: Determine the debt taken on:
Debt = 60% * Levered value = 0.6 * 5,000,000 = 3,000,000
Step 3: Calculate the tax shield on debt:
Tax shield = Debt * Tax rate = 3,000,000 * 0.30 = 900,000
Step 4: Calculate the value of the company:
Value of the company = Levered value + Tax shield = 5,000,000 + 900,000 = 5,900,000
Therefore, if the company takes on debt equal to 60% of its levered value, the value of the company will be 5,900,000 S.
Similarly, if the company takes on debt equal to 40% of its levered value, the calculation would be as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the levered value of the company:
Levered value = Earnings before Taxes / Cost of Equity
Levered value = 750,000 / 0.15 = 5,000,000
Step 2: Determine the debt taken on:
Debt = 40% * Levered value = 0.4 * 5,000,000 = 2,000,000
Step 3: Calculate the tax shield on debt:
Tax shield = Debt * Tax rate = 2,000,000 * 0.30 = 600,000
Step 4: Calculate the value of the company:
Value of the company = Levered value + Tax shield = 5,000,000 + 600,000 = 5,600,000
Therefore, if the company takes on debt equal to 40% of its levered value, the value of the company will be 5,600,000 S.
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Even with wage increases, the supply curve of labor is most often inelastic for which of the following? part-time workers full-time workers lawyers massage therapists The key assumption that accompanies the use of numbers for measuring utility is that: utility cannot be measured by an outside party. utility can be perfectly measured. individuals choose based on their preferences. people make consumption decisions.
Even with wage increases, the supply curve of labor is most often inelastic for full-time workers.
The main answer is that the supply curve of labor is most often inelastic for full-time workers, even with wage increases. This means that the quantity of labor supplied by full-time workers does not change significantly in response to changes in wages.
The inelastic nature of the labor supply curve for full-time workers can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, full-time workers often have more stable employment and higher job security compared to part-time workers, lawyers, and massage therapists. This stability and security create a disincentive for full-time workers to alter their labor supply in response to wage changes. They may be more inclined to prioritize the continuity and reliability of their current employment over seeking higher wages elsewhere.
Additionally, full-time workers often have greater financial obligations, such as mortgages, loans, and dependents. These responsibilities necessitate a steady income stream, further reducing their flexibility to adjust their labor supply based on wage fluctuations. Full-time workers may be more risk-averse and reluctant to jeopardize their stable income by seeking alternative employment options with higher wages but potentially less stability.
Furthermore, full-time workers may have invested more time, effort, and resources into developing their skills and qualifications specific to their current employment. This specialization ties them to their current job and reduces their willingness to switch to alternative occupations that may offer higher wages. The costs associated with retraining or acquiring new skills can be substantial, making it less feasible for full-time workers to respond quickly to wage changes.
In summary, the inelasticity of the labor supply curve for full-time workers can be attributed to their job security, financial obligations, and specialization in their current occupations. These factors limit their ability and willingness to alter their labor supply in response to changes in wages.
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Individually, please complete the following:
Define Requirements WBS (3 levels)
WBS Dictionary for 10 items
A document explaining your quality management plan
Quality Assurance tests you would complete Quality Control measures you would use to test your quality assurance
Situation: You have been asked to create a software for a bank to manage its accounting entries and submit documents to CRA for tax purposes. The PM that was supposed to lead the project left the company. You have 1 year to complete the project or face a $10,000 penalty per day.
The primary objectives are:
Train all employees on the new software
Focus on daily bank transactions
Reporting to CRA on a weekly basis Encrypt the personal data of customers
Integrate into the bank mobile app
Manage a group of 15 developers, 25 QA and 5 functional staff
HINT: Read the basic concepts of SDLC. You are not expected to know Agile but you should be able to
think about how to run this project in an optimal manner to meet the deadline. Submit 1 document in PDF format.
Requirements WBS (3 levels):WBS Level 1: ProjectWBS Level 2: DeliverablesWBS Level 3: Work PackagesWBS Dictionary for 10 items:WBS ID: 1.0 WBS Name: Software for managing accounting entries Deliverable: Software for managing accounting entries Description: Creation of software for managing accounting entries.
Work Package: Design and build a database for storing accounting entries. Responsible Party: Database developerWBS ID: 1.1 WBS Name: Employee Training Deliverable: Employee Training Description: Training of all bank employees on the new software. Work Package: Create training materials and schedule training sessions. Responsible Party: Training CoordinatorWBS ID: 1.2 WBS Name: Daily Bank Transactions Deliverable: Daily Bank Transactions Description: Focus on daily bank transactions.
Work Package: Develop the software functionality to handle daily bank transactions. Responsible Party: Software DeveloperWBS ID: 1.3 WBS Name: Reporting to CRA Deliverable: Reporting to CRA Description: Reporting to CRA on a weekly basis. Work Package: Develop the software functionality to generate and submit weekly reports to CRA. Responsible Party: Software DeveloperWBS ID: 1.4 WBS Name: Data Encryption Deliverable: Data Encryption Description: Encrypt the personal data of customers. Work Package: Implement data encryption functionality in the software.
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Larissa borrowed $8 million and planned to repay the loan by making equal month-end payments over a period of 10 years. The interest rate on the loan is 4.8%, compounded monthly. a) Determine the size of the monthly payments. b) Of the 72 nd payment, how much are used to repay the principal and the interest payment for the month respectively?
The size of the monthly payments comes out to approximately $87,267.22.
To determine the size of the monthly payments, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity. The formula is: PMT = PV / [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r] where PMT is the monthly payment, PV is the present value (the loan amount), r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the total number of payments.
To find out how much of the 72nd payment goes towards principal and interest, we can use an amortization schedule. An amortization schedule breaks down each payment into principal and interest portions. However, to calculate this, we need the exact payment date.
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The Microsoft antitrust case covered in youn textbook embodies many of the gray areas in restrictive practices. Antitrust regulators accused Microsoft of numerous offenses. What was the end result? Microsoft appealed a federal court decision to break up the company and reached a settlement with the government that it would end its restrictive practices. Microsoft won and its practices were not classified as restrictive. The federal government regulators finally dropped their case because the case was too complex to prove. The federal government won its case, and Microsoft was broken into several smaller companies. Your textbook covered 4 possible ways to deal with a natural monopoly. Which approach would be best for consumers? Regulators would split the monopolist into two competing firms. Regulators would allow the monopolist to continue with no government regulation. Regulators would force the monopolist to set its price equal to its marginal cost. Let the natural monopoly charge enough to coverits average costs and earn a normal rate of profit. In cost plus regulation, regulators calculated the average cost of production, added in an amount for the normal rate of profit the firm shouid expect to earn, and set the price for consumers accordingly. In price cap regulation, the regulator sets a price that the firm can charge over the next few years. What is the problem of price cap regulation? It will not work if the price regulators set new prices cvery six months. Low level managers will have too much power. It will not work if the price regulators set the price cap unrealistically low. It will cause long term certainty in the market.
In the Microsoft antitrust case, the end result was that Microsoft reached a settlement with the government, agreeing to end its restrictive practices.
The federal government regulators dropped their case due to its complexity and the difficulties in proving the allegations. Therefore, Microsoft's practices were not classified as restrictive, and the company did not face a breakup.
Regarding the approach to dealing with a natural monopoly, the best approach for consumers would be to force the monopolist to set its price equal to its marginal cost. This approach ensures that the monopolist charges a price that reflects the actual cost of production and does not allow for excessive profits. By setting the price equal to the marginal cost, the monopolist operates more efficiently and provides goods or services at a fairer price for consumers.
The problem with price cap regulation is that it will not work if the price regulators set the price cap unrealistically low. If the price cap is set too low, it may lead to underinvestment, reduced quality, or even exit of the firm from the market. Unrealistically low price caps can create financial difficulties for the regulated company and hinder its ability to provide adequate services.
Therefore, setting the price cap at a reasonable level is crucial to ensuring the long-term certainty and sustainability of the market while balancing the interests of both consumers and the regulated firm.
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d) In July 1944, 44 countries participated in the Bretton Woods Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The set of international laws and IGOs that were agreed to at the conference and later established were collectively known as the "Bretton Woods System". Broadly speaking, there were 5 main elements of the Bretton Woods System: 1) a fixed exchange rate system, 2) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 3) capital controls, 4) the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and 5) the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (later the World Bank). Briefly explain how each of these elements of the Bretton Woods System have changed since the establishment of the Bretton Woods System in the 1940s. When answering this question, be sure to state the specific ways that each of these elements of the Bretton Woods System has changed and when the changes you note occurred. (Fact) (10 points)
Bretton Woods System, include the fixed exchange rate system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), capital controls, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (later the World Bank.
The following are some specific ways in which these elements of the Bretton Woods System have changed:Fixed exchange rate system - The fixed exchange rate system was one of the Bretton Woods System's most important components. It aimed to keep exchange rates between countries stable and predictable.
However, after the system's collapse in 1971, most nations switched to floating exchange rates.GATT - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established to promote international trade and eliminate barriers to it. GATT's successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), has taken over this responsibility.Capital controls - Capital controls were put in place to prevent countries from investing too much of their money in foreign countries. However, since the 1970s, most nations have lifted their capital controls in order to promote foreign investment.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to lend money to countries experiencing economic difficulties. Since its inception, the IMF has altered its lending conditions to include structural adjustment policies, which often include privatisation and liberalisation policies, in order to promote market-oriented reforms.
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), later known as the World Bank, was established to provide long-term investment financing for countries in need. Since its inception, the World Bank has increased its focus on poverty reduction and sustainable development.
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The ILC Company (ILC) is considering a capital restructuring to allow $500 million in debt. Currently, ILC is an all-equity firm with earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of $380 million. Assume unlevered firms in the same industry have betas of 0.90. You can assume this would be the beta for ILC too (ILC is also unlevered). Assume the market risk premium is 7% and the risk-free interest rate is 5%. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 35%. You may assume that all earnings are paid out as dividends, and that any future debt will be used to buy stock back. For simplicity, assume that cash flows are perpetual, and debt is perpetual.
a. How would the proposed restructuring change the value of ILC as a whole? (Hint: You may not need to compute the new cost of capital to find the new firm value.)
b. If ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million, would the methodology you used in the previous question be equally appropriate? Why or why not? Please limit your answer to 3 sentences or less.
The proposed restructuring, which introduces $500 million in debt, would change the value of ILC as a whole. b. No, the methodology used in the previous question would not be equally appropriate if ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million
a.The value of the firm can be determined by the formula: Firm Value = EBIT * (1 - Tax Rate) / Cost of Capital. As ILC is an all-equity firm, its current cost of capital is equivalent to the unlevered cost of capital, which is based on the industry beta and the risk-free rate. By plugging in the given values, the new firm value can be calculated.
b. No, the methodology used in the previous question would not be equally appropriate if ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million. The methodology assumes perpetual cash flows and perpetual debt, which may not hold true for such a significant increase in debt. The impact on the firm's risk profile, financial stability, and cost of capital would likely be different with a higher level of debt, necessitating a more comprehensive analysis.
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