The rate expression is typically written in terms of the change in concentration (d[A]/dt) of a reactant or product (A) over time (t).
The general form of a rate expression is:
d[A]/dt = -k[A]^n (k is rate constant, n is stoichiometric coefficient).
If the hydrogen is consumed at 3.0 x 10-5 mol/(L*sec) then increase in the concentration of methanol (CH3OH) will also be:
d[CH3OH]/dt = 3.0 x 10-5 mol/(L * sec).
a) The rate expression for the Syngas reaction CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH (methanol) can be written as:
rate of reaction for CO: -d[CO]/dt
rate of reaction for H2: -2 * d[H2]/dt
rate of reaction for CH3OH: d[CH3OH]/dt
where d[CO]/dt, d[H2]/dt, and d[CH3OH]/dt represent the changes in concentration of CO, H2, and CH3OH over time.
b) The rate of change in the concentration of CH3OH is directly proportional to the rate of consumption of hydrogen, given by 3.0 x 10-5 mol/(L * sec). So, the increase in the concentration of CH3OH can be calculated as:
d[CH3OH]/dt = 3.0 x 10-5 mol/(L * sec).
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The half life for a first-order reaction is 148 minutes. What is the rate constant of this reaction if the concentration is 1.10M after 50 minutes has elapsed? Provide your answer in units of min-1 , but do not enter the units in your answer. Record your answer to 3 decimal places
The half life for a first-order reaction is 148 minutes. The rate constant of this reaction if the concentration is 1.10M after 50 minutes has elapsed is 0.962M.
What is rate constant ?The rate constant is the quantity that describes the connection between the molar concentration of the reactants and the rate of the chemical reaction.
For each atom taking part in the reaction, determine its order of reaction. Increase each reactant's initial concentration until it is in the order in which it will react, then multiply all of them together. Subtract the rate from the outcome of the preceding step. The units of your rate constant will be determined by the overall order of the reaction.
The rate constant for the first-order reaction can be calculated by using the equation as follows:
k = 0.693 / t1/2.
In this case, the half life is 148 minutes, so the rate constant is calculated as 0.0047 per minute. This means that, after 50 minutes have elapsed, the concentration of the reaction should be as follows:
1.10M × e^(-0.0047 × 50)
= 0.962M.
Thus, The rate constant of this reaction if the concentration is 1.10M after 50 minutes has elapsed is 0.962M.
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although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: they group of answer choices all have at least one double bond always cause the carbon to which they are attached to become an asymmetric carbon, thus converting the molecule into an enantiomer all help give each biological molecule its unique properties all contain oxygen
The structures of the functional groups share one thing in common i.e. they D: "all help give each biological molecule its unique properties".
The functional groups found in biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, are crucial to the unique properties and functions of these molecules. These functional groups, although structurally different from each other, share the common feature of determining the overall shape, reactivity, and solubility of each molecule.
In short, the functional groups in biological molecules play a critical role in determining the molecule's properties, and their specific structures and arrangements help give each molecule its unique properties and functions within the organism.
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Which Of The Following Species Has The Least Polar Bond? A. HCI B. HF C. HI D. HBr
Among the following species, HI has the least polar bond.
Polar covalent bond: The bond formed between two atoms having difference in electronegativity by sharing electrons.
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward it and the trend of electronegativity in the modern periodic table is it generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group.
Now, compared to HF, HCl, HBr, and HI the electrons shared between the atoms hydrogen and iodine are weak because iodine is a 5th-period element and has the least electronegativity hence the least polar bond between hydrogen and iodine molecule.
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you have a 0.15 m solution of sodium bicarbonate (nahco3). what is the ph of this solution? for h2co3 ka1 = 4.46 x 10-7 and ka2 = 4.69 x 10-11. for this question, give your ph to 2 decimal places.
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the sodium bicarbonate solution can be calculated as 8.82.
The pH of a sodium bicarbonate solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The equation is pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), where [A-] is the concentration of the anion, [HA] is the concentration of the acid, and Ka is the acid dissociation constant. In this case, [A-] is the concentration of sodium bicarbonate and [HA] is the concentration of carbonic acid (H2CO3). We are given the Ka1 and Ka2 values for carbonic acid, so we can calculate the pH of the solution as follows:
pH = -log(4.46 x 10-7) + log([NaHCO3]/[H2CO3])
pH = -6.35 + log([NaHCO3]/[H2CO3])
pH = -6.35 + log(0.15/[H2CO3])
pH = -6.35 + log(0.15/[H2CO3])
pH = -6.35 + log(0.15/[H2CO3])
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the sodium bicarbonate solution can be calculated as 8.82.
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which type of solid will not have a precise melting point? select the correct answer below: covalent network solid metallic solid molecular solid these will all have a precise melting point
Molecular solids will not have a precise melting point, as their molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces and can therefore melt over a range of temperatures. Covalent network solids, metallic solids, and other types of solids will all have a precise melting point.
Molecular solids are solids composed of discrete molecules held together by intermolecular forces. These forces can be relatively weak, such as hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, or van der Waals forces.
As a result, molecular solids typically have a low melting point and tend to be soft and easily deformable. Examples of molecular solids include certain polymers, such as polyethylene, and many organic compounds, such as sugars, some plastics, and many pharmaceuticals.
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what is the color reaction of vitamin e with n-butyl alcohol
Red is the color reaction of vitamin E with n-butyl alcohol since it is an acid-base reaction where vitamin e acts as an acid and n-butyl alcohol is a base.
Tocopherols are a class of fat-soluble substances that make up vitamin E. It can dissolve in fats and oils if it is fat-soluble. Alcohol's toxic effects can be lessened by vitamin E, which is also an effective possible treatment for liver oxidative damage brought on by alcohol. A white liquid with a vinous smell is n-BuOH. It has a scent that is somewhat reminiscent of fuse1 oil. When vitamin E scavenges peroxyl radicals, it creates vitamin E radical, which can then be reduced by vitamin C or other reducing substances to regenerate vitamin E or further oxidised into -tocopheryl quinone. A biomarker of vitamin E's antioxidant activity is -tocopheryl quinone.
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What are the characteristics between metals and non metals?
Metals typically have the highest melting and boiling temperatures, electrical and thermal outcomes achieved, and a metallic appearance. Nonmetals are often softer, more vibrant components.
Short answer: What are Metallic and Non-Metals?Non-metals lack ductility and cannot be pulled into wires, whereas alloys are ductile and may be. Non-metals are not sonorous and are not able to ring bells, but metals are resonant and can. Non-metals are weak conductors of electricity and heat compared to metals.
What characteristics of metals and nonmetals are similar and different?Nonmetals are poor heat and electrical conductors, whereas metals are. In chemical processes, nonmetals often receive electrons whereas metal tend to lose them. Nonmetals often lack lustre, although metals frequently do. Nonmetals often tend to be brittle, whereas metal are malleable and ductile.
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Ethylene glycol is widely used as an automotive antifreeze. Its empirical formula is
CH3O. Its molar mass is approximately 60 grams per mole. What is its molecular
formula?
We obtain the molecular formula of the compound as C26O2..
What is the molecular formula?We have to know that the molecular formula is the kind of formula of the compound that can be able to help us to know the exact number of the atoms of each of the elements that we can be able to find in the compound. In the case of what we have in this case we have that;
[12 + 3(1) + 16]n = 60
n = 60/31
n = 2
The molecular formula that we can write for the compound that we have in this case is C26O2.
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how many liters of 0.1m solution can be made using 34g of cacl2?
The number of liters of a 0.1 M solution that can be made using 34 g of CaCl2 is 0.0306 L.
calculate the amount of CaCl2 in moles using the formula: 34 g / (110.98 g/mol) = 0.306 mol.
Then, to determine how many liters of 0.1 M CaCl2 there are, multiply the number of moles by the necessary amount of solution in litres: 0.306 mol x 0.1 M = 0.0306 L.
What is solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is referred to as a solution. In a solution, the molecules of the solute are uniformly distributed among the other components (the solvent). The solvent dissolves the solute, and the resultant mixture is uniformly composed.
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explain how can you?convert solid fuel to liquid fuel and why.
The conversion process typically involves heating the solid fuel to its boiling point, then separating the vapor and condensing it into a liquid.
Converting solid fuel to liquid fuel is a process known as liquefaction, and it is done to improve the storage, transport, and combustion of the fuel.
The conversion process typically involves heating the solid fuel to its boiling point, then separating the vapor and condensing it into a liquid. The liquid fuel can be further processed to remove impurities and improve its properties, such as viscosity, flash point, and energy content.
One of the primary reasons for converting solid fuel to liquid fuel is to improve its storage and transport properties. Liquid fuels are easier to store and transport than solid fuels, as they can be stored in tanks or pipelines and transported by tanker trucks or ships. This makes it easier to distribute the fuel to where it is needed.
Another reason for converting solid fuel to liquid fuel is to improve its combustion properties. Liquid fuels are more energy-dense than solid fuels and can be burned more efficiently, providing more energy per unit of fuel. This can lead to lower emissions, improved fuel economy, and reduced costs.
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The standard enthalpy of formation of Cl(g) is +242 kJ/mol.
What is the dissociation energy of a Cl-Cl bond?
A) +242 kJ/mol
B) -242 kJ/mol
C) +484 kJ/mol
D) +121 kJ/mol
E) -121 kJ/mol
The dissociation energy of a Cl-Cl bond is +484 kJ/mol.
The correct option is C.
What is the standard enthalpy of the formation of a substance?The standard enthalpy of formation of a substance is the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of the substance is created from its component elements in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy of the formation of Cl(g) is +242 kJ/mol.
The Cl-Cl bond contains two atoms of Cl(g)
The dissociation energy of a Cl-Cl bond will be twice the standard enthalpy of the formation of Cl(g).
The dissociation energy of a Cl-Cl bond = 2 * (+242) kJ/mol.
The dissociation energy of a Cl-Cl bond = +484 kJ/mol
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what is the ionic tendency of groups 1a to 8a and provide an example.
The ionic tendency of groups 1A to 8A refers to the likelihood of elements in these groups to lose or gain electrons to form ions.
1A: Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) have a high tendency to lose electrons and form cations.
Example: Sodium (Na) forms Na+ cation by losing one electron.
2A: Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) have a moderate tendency to lose electrons and form cations.
Example: Magnesium (Mg) forms Mg2+ cation by losing two electrons.
3A to 8A: The elements in these groups have a low tendency to form ions. They tend to form covalent bonds and have an electron configuration that makes them less likely to lose or gain electrons.
Example: Nitrogen (N, Group 5A) forms N2 molecule by sharing electrons, rather than forming ions.
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What is the mathematical relationship between atomic mass units (amu) and grams (g)? 1 gram = _____________ amu
The necessary mathematical formula is1 amu = 1.66×10⁻²⁴ g. A recognized definition of an atomic masses unit is the mass of one-twelfth of a neutral, unbonded carbon isotope (C-12) atom.
How do atomic size and atom mass units relate to one another?The atomic mass represents the total amount of protons and neutrons, whereas the atomic number denotes the quantity of neutrons in the atom's nucleus. It is written in either AMU or Da. For all average atomic calculations, carbon-12 is used as the reference.
What connections exist between the atomic and mass numbers?The sum of an element's number of particles and its number of nucleons is given by the formula quantity = proton + neutrons. Simply deduct this quantity of protons, or isotope, from the atomic weight to get how many neutrons each atom has.
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a strontium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 12.55 g of sr(oh)2 in water to make 50.00 ml of solution. what is the molarity of this solution?
The molarity of the the solution prepared by dissolving 12.55g of Sr(OH)2 in water is 2.03M.
Molarity is known as molar concentration. Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species in particular of a solute in a solution in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. The most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per liter. The unit of molarity is mole/L.
Molarity = weight / molecular weight
A strontium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 12.55 g of Sr(OH)2 in water to make 50.00 ml of solution.
Weight of Sr(OH)2=12.55 g
Volume = 5O mL=0.050 L,
molecular weight of Sr(OH)2 = 121.6347 g/mole
Putting the values in the expression of molarity we get,
Molarity = (12.55g / 121.6347 g/mole) (1 / 0.050 L)
= 2.03 M.
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How many grams of HCl are present in 3 L of 0.75 M solution?
The grams of HCl are present in 3 L of 0.75 M HCl solution found to be 82g.
What is the same as molarity?
The amount of moles of a solute divided by the volume of the solution measured in litres is known as molarity. Molarity is described as follows: moles of solute/liters of solution M, or moles/liter, is the sign for molarity.
molecular mass of HCl => 36.458 g/mol
molarity = grams of HCl/molecular mass x volume
0.75 x 3 x 36.458 = grams of HCl
=> 82g
Why is molarity temperature independent?The molality of a solutions does not vary with temperature and molarity is indirectly correlated to temperature because molality is defined as a function of the mass of the solvent, not its volume. Volume rises as temperature does.
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How many grams of HCl are present in 3 L of 0.75 M HCl solution?
water is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, and it is produced in the combustion of fossil fuels, but it is not a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. explain the apparent paradox.
Earth's most prevalent greenhouse gas is water vapour.
It causes nearly half of the greenhouse effect on Earth, which is what happens when gases in the planet's atmosphere trap solar heat.
By weight and volume, water vapour is the most prevalent greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Because it absorbs longwave radiation and reflects it back to the surface, water vapour is also a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Irrigation, power plant cooling, aircraft, and home water use are examples of human activities that contribute to water vapour emissions.
Along with nitrogen and oxygen, the two gases that are most prevalent in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is also found in significant amounts in seawater, primarily in the form of carbonates and bicarbonates.
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Significant Figure question Please Help!!!! I tried doing the first two but all of my answers were incorrect!
The values of the arithmetic expressions to the appropriate number of significant figures are:
1. 128460 to five significant figures
2. 6.164 to four significant figures
3. 66679 to five significant figures
What are the values of the following arithmetic expression?The values of the following arithmetic expressions are determined as follows:
1. (87.7 - 23.472) ÷ 0.0050 = 64.228 ÷ 0.0050
64.228 ÷ 0.0050 = 128460 to five significant figures
2. (552 ÷ 945.5) + 5.58 = 0.583818085 + 5.58
0.583818085 + 5.58 = 6.164 to four significant figures
3. [(2.89 × 10⁶) ÷ 43.441] + 152.00 = 66527.01365 + 152.00
66527.01365 + 152.00 = 66679 to five significant figures
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Explain how the oxidation and reduction half-reactions may be combined to give the balanced chemical
equation for the decomposition of water. What happens to the electrons and to the H+ and OH- ions?
To cancel (doubling the reduction reaction), the electrons must be equal on both sides for the H+ and OH- ions to combine to form water.
How to balance oxidation reduction reaction?step 1:
Write down the two half equations that describe the oxidation and reduction processes. Step 2:
If necessary, multiply the equations to get the same number of electrons on both sides of the equation. Step 3:
Remove the electrons, combine the equations, and add the remaining species.
A half-reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. Half-reactions are obtained by considering the change in oxidation state of the individual substances involved in the redox reaction.
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50.0 ml of 0.100 m na3po4 is mixed with 150.0 ml of 0.250 m pb(no3)2 to produce a solid precipitate of lead (ii) phosphate. what mass of this precipitate will be produced?
The mass of this precipitate produced is 1.35 g
First, we should write the reaction equation:
3Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2Na₃PO₄ → 6NaNO₃ + 3Pb₃(PO₄)₂
Moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ present:
moles = concentration x volume
Moles of Pb(NO₃)₂= 0.1 M x 50mL
Moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ =5 mmol= 0.005 mol
Moles of Na₃PO₄ present:
moles = concentration x volume
Moles of Na₃PO₄= 0.25 M x 150mL
Moles of Na₃PO₄ =37.5 mmol = 0.0375 mol
The smallest moles will be the limiting ragent so Pb(NO₃)₂ is the limiting reagent
so we can find the mass
Mass Pb₃(PO₄)₂ = 0.005 mol Pb(NO₃)₂ x 1 mol Pb₃(PO₄)₂ / 3 mol Pb(NO₃)₂ x 812 g/mol
Mass Pb₃(PO₄)₂ = 1.35 g
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what functional group transformation occurs in the product of the reaction catalyzed by na -nqr?
The reaction catalyzed by Na-NQR (Sodium Nitroprusside) results in the transformation of a nitroprusside functional group (-N=C=S-) to a nitric oxide (NO) functional group.
The reaction catalyzed by Na-NQR (Sodium Nitroprusside) is a redox reaction that results in the transformation of a nitroprusside functional group (-N=C=S-) to a nitric oxide (NO) functional group. This reaction is an important part of the nitric oxide cycle, which is essential for the regulation of many physiological processes.
The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, which is activated by the presence of Na-NQR. The reaction is a two-step process, with the nitroprusside functional group being reduced to a nitrosyl functional group in the first step, and then further oxidized to the nitric oxide functional group in the second step.
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how can you controlling hazardous substances, like coolant that drip off engine components when diagnosing and repairing cooling systems
Controlling hazardous substances like coolant that can drip off engine components when diagnosing and repairing cooling systems requires taking appropriate safety measures to minimize the risk of exposure. Here are some steps you can take to control the spread of hazardous substances:
Isolate the work area: Set up a barrier around the work area to keep coolant from spreading to other parts of the garage or workspace.
Use protective equipment: Wear gloves, eye protection, and other appropriate protective gear to minimize your exposure to coolant.
Collect and contain spills: Use absorbent materials like kitty litter, sand, or oil-only sorbents to collect and contain any coolant that drips off the engine components. Dispose of the absorbed material in a safe and appropriate manner.
Use drip pans: Place drip pans or catch trays under the engine components to catch any coolant that may drip off.
Clean up thoroughly: Clean up any remaining coolant or absorbent material thoroughly, taking care to avoid spreading the material to other parts of the workspace.
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a safe procedure to heat a chemical in a test tube is to place the test tube in a hot-water bath. group of answer choices true
True. Heating a chemical in a test tube by placing it in a hot-water bath is a safe method. This is because the heat is transferred evenly and gradually to the contents of the test tube, reducing the risk of the test tube breaking due to thermal stress.
Here are some additional points to consider when using a hot-water bath:
Ensure the test tube is securely clamped or held in place to prevent it from tipping or breaking.Gradually heat the water bath to the desired temperature to avoid thermal shock to the test tube.Avoid direct heating of the test tube using a flame, as this can result in thermal stress and cause the test tube to break.Stir the water bath occasionally to ensure even heating and minimize temperature gradients.Always use heat-resistant gloves to handle the hot test tube and water bath.After the reaction is complete, allow the test tube and water bath to cool down gradually before handling.By following these guidelines, you can safely and effectively heat a chemical in a test tube using a hot-water bath.
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The federal government put together a panel to review the health effects of leaded gasoline. The panel concluded that leaded gasoline wasn’t a big deal. Who was put on the panel? Who was left off the panel?
The federal government put together a panel to review the health effects of leaded gasoline. The panel concluded that leaded gasoline wasn’t a big deal and those who were put on the panel were the Surgeon General and other professors from different universities and Midgely was left off the panel.
What is Leaded petrol?This is referred to as a type of petrol containing tetraethyl lead in order to improve combustion.
It was discovered that it was unsafe which was why it was banned as it increased the risk of lead poisoning in individual which could have adverse effects on the health.
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When small molecules are linked together to form larger molecules, the increase in entropy typically comes from:
a. light
b. enzymes
c. work
d. gas
e. heat
When small molecules are linked together to form larger molecules, the process typically releases heat and increases the entropy of the system.
The option e. heat is correct.
The increase in entropy results from the release of heat energy as a result of the formation of new bonds between the atoms in the small molecules. This process is known as exothermic, which means that heat is released to the surrounding environment.
It's important to note that the relationship between entropy and heat is based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a closed system will always increase over time.
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Frozen red cells that have been prepared with high glycerol methods (40% glycerol) can be stored up to 10 years if held at which of the following temperatures?
- 65o C or lower
- 20o C or lower
- 10o C or lower
- 0o C or lower
Storing red blood cells (RBCs) requires proper preservation techniques to maintain their viability and functionality. One method is the high glycerol preservation method, which uses a high concentration of glycerol (40%) to protect the cells during storage. The temperature at which the RBCs are stored also plays a crucial role in determining their longevity.
Out of the options listed, the correct temperature for storing RBCs prepared with high glycerol preservation method is at 0°C or lower. At this temperature, the glycerol solution slows down cellular metabolism, preserving the viability and functionality of the RBCs for a longer period of time. Storing RBCs at 65°C or lower may damage the cells, rendering them unusable for transfusion. Similarly, storage at 20°C or lower may result in short-term preservation but is not ideal for long-term storage as it may cause a significant reduction in RBC viability. Storing RBCs at 10°C or lower may provide short-term preservation, but it may not be optimal for long-term storage as the low temperature may cause freezing of the cells, leading to irreversible damage.
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In general, this type of crystalline solid has the best thermal and electrical conductivity. a) Metallic b) Covalent-network c) Ionic d) Molecular
Metallic solids have the best thermal and electrical conductivity due to the large number of free electrons present in the metal lattice.
Metallic solids are composed of a crystalline lattice of metal ions that are held together by the electrostatic attraction of their outermost electrons. This type of solid has the best thermal and electrical conductivity due to the free electrons that are present in the metal lattice. The free electrons can easily move through the metal lattice, allowing for good thermal and electrical conductivity. This is expressed mathematically by the Drude-Sommerfeld model which states that the electrical conductivity of a metal is given by the equation:
σ = (e2/2π2m)n,
where e is the electron charge, m is the electron mass, and n is the number of electrons per unit volume. This equation shows that the higher the number of free electrons in the metal lattice, the higher the electrical conductivity. Similarly, the thermal conductivity of a metal is given by the Wiedemann-Franz law, which states that the thermal conductivity of a metal is proportional to its electrical conductivity. This means that as the electrical conductivity of a metal increases, so does the thermal conductivity. Therefore, metallic solids have the best thermal and electrical conductivity due to the large number of free electrons present in the metal lattice.
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the solubility of o2 in water is 5.85 x 10-4 m at 25 oc and 0.45 atm of o2 pressure . what will the solubility be when the partial pressure of o2 is one-fourth of the original pressure?
Solubility of O2 in water will be 0.0234 mol/L when the partial pressure of O2 is one-fourth of the original pressure.
What is solubility?Solubility of O2 in water is proportional to partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere above water. This relationship is described by Henry's law, which states that solubility of a gas in liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas above the liquid.
If partial pressure of O2 is reduced to one-fourth of the original pressure (0.45 atm), then solubility of O2 in water will also be reduced to one-fourth of its original value.
So, Solubility = 5.85 x 10-4 m * (0.45 atm / (0.45 atm / 4)) = 5.85 x 10-4 m * 4 = 0.0234 m = 0.0234 mol/L
So, the solubility of O2 in water will be 0.0234 mol/L when the partial pressure of O2 is one-fourth of the original pressure.
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describe the difference between a cstr and a pfr using a written description and equation for how concentrations vary with time.
The main difference between a CSTR and a PFR is the manner in which the concentrations of reactants and products vary with time.
In a CSTR, the concentration is uniform and can be described by an average concentration, while in a PFR, the concentration varies along the reactor length and can be described by the exponential decay equation. The choice of reactor depends on the specific requirements of the chemical reaction and the desired outcome of the process.
A Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) and a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) are two common types of chemical reactors used in industrial processes. Although both reactors operate continuously and aim to convert the reactants into products, they differ in their design, operation, and the manner in which the concentrations of reactants and products vary with time.
A CSTR is a well-mixed reactor where the reactants are continuously stirred and the residence time is constant for all reactants. The concentration of reactants and products within the reactor are uniform, and the concentration at any point in time can be described by an average concentration, represented by the equation:
C = (F₀ x C₀ + F₁ x C₁) / (F₀ + F₁)
Where C is the average concentration, F₀ is the flow rate of the feed stream, C₀ is the concentration of the feed stream, F₁ is the flow rate of the incoming stream, and C₁ is the concentration of the incoming stream.
In contrast, a PFR operates under plug flow conditions, meaning that the reactants flow through the reactor in a series of plug-like segments, with no mixing occurring between segments. The residence time of reactants varies along the reactor length, and the concentration of reactants and products can be described by the equation:
[tex]C = C_{0} e ^{-k (r) t }[/tex]
Where C is the concentration, C₀ is the initial concentration, k(r) is the rate constant, and t is time [ C = C₀ x e^(- k(r) x t) ].
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carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer in blood are extremely important to help maintain homeostasis. what would happen to the ph of the blood if bicarbonate were removed?
If the bicarbonate is removed, there will be a disturbance in the acid-base balance. This condition can interfere with the work of various organs of the body.
HomeostasisHomeostasis is the process of stopping bleeding spontaneously from blood vessels that are damaged or due to breaking or tearing of blood vessels. If there is damage to blood vessels, physiologic physiology of hemostasis responds to this damage which involves several components, namely the vascular system, platelet system, coagulation system, and fibrinolysis system.
With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate - which conjugates with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide - forms the buffer system, which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium necessary to maintain resistance to changes in pH in both directions, towards both acids and bases. This is important for protecting the tissues of the central nervous system. If the pH changes too far from the normal range disastrous results (see acidosis or alkalosis).
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how many lone pairs of electrons must be added to each of the structures to complete the lewis structure?
Around the main atom, there are three lone pairs (6/2) of electrons. Since there are 4 hydrogen atoms present, bonds can form from 2 electrons.
It is safe to suppose that each hydrogen valence electron forms a link with a silicon valence electron. Since this molecule's valence electrons have all established bonds, the Lewis structure won't display any lone pairs. The distribution of valence electrons around the atoms in a molecule is depicted in a Lewis diagram. While lone pairs of electrons are depicted as dots next to atoms, shared pairs of electrons are shown as lines between them. Around the main atom, there are three lone pairs (6/2) of electrons. Since there are 4 hydrogen atoms present, bonds can form from 2 electrons.
The complete question is- How many lone pairs of electrons should be shown in the Lewis structure for CH3NHCl?
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