The theoretical yield of NH₃ in grams is 11.98 g. Answer: 11.98 g.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between H₂ and N₂ to form NH₃ can be expressed as shown below:
3H₂(g) + N₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)\
From the balanced chemical equation, 3 moles of H₂ reacts with 1 mole of N₂ to give 2 moles of NH₃.
The molar masses of the reactants and product can be calculated as follows:
M(H₂) = 2 g/molM(N₂)
= 28 g/molM(NH₃)
= 17 g/mol
By comparing the masses of the reactants to the ratio of their molar masses, we can find the limiting reagent.
This is the reactant that is completely consumed and limits the amount of product formed in the reaction. Thus:moles of
H₂ = mass ÷ molar mass
= 1 g ÷ 2 g/mol = 0.5 molesmoles of N₂ = mass ÷ molar mass
= 9.86 g ÷ 28 g/mol
= 0.3521 moles
Using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation, the moles of NH₃ that should be produced by the limiting reagent can be determined.
Therefore,moles of NH₃
= 0.3521 moles N₂ × (2 moles NH₃ ÷ 1 mole N₂)
= 0.7042 moles NH₃
The theoretical yield of NH₃ in grams can be calculated as follows:mass of NH₃ = moles × molar mass = 0.7042 moles × 17 g/mol = 11.98 g NH₃.
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Calculate the ph of a solution containing 0.20 g of naoh in 2,000. ml of solution.
The pH of the solution is approximately 11.40.
The pH of a solution can be calculated using the formula [tex]pH = -log[H^+][/tex]
In this case, we need to find the concentration of [H⁺] in the solution containing 0.20 g of NaOH in 2,000 ml of solution.
First, we need to convert grams of NaOH to moles.
The molar mass of NaOH is 40 g/mol.
So, 0.20 g of NaOH is equal to 0.20/40 = 0.005 mol.
Next, we need to find the concentration of [H⁺].
Since NaOH is a strong base, it completely dissociates in water to form Na⁺ and OH⁻ ions. The concentration of OH⁻ ions is equal to the concentration of NaOH, which is [tex]0.005 mol/2,000 ml = 0.0025 mol/L[/tex]
To find the concentration of [H⁺], we can use the Kw equation, which is [tex]K_w = [H^+][OH^-][/tex]
Kw is equal to [tex]1.0 x 10^-^1^4[/tex] at 25 degrees Celsius.
Rearranging the equation, we have;
[tex][H^+] = K_w/[OH^-][/tex]
= [tex]1.0 x 10^-^1^4/0.0025[/tex]
= [tex]4.0 x 10^-^1^2 mol/L[/tex].
Finally, we can calculate the pH using the formula;
[tex]pH = -log[H^+][/tex]
[tex]pH = -log(4.0x10^-^1^2)[/tex]
[tex]= 11.40[/tex]
Therefore, the pH of the solution containing 0.20 g of NaOH in 2,000 ml of solution is approximately 11.40.
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4. It is important to keep the test tube closed to avoid evaporation of water while heating the salt solution. A. If a loss of water occurs unknowingly, briefly explain how this loss of water by evaporation would affect the initial calculation of the solubility of your salt. B. Would this initial evaporation affect the calculated solubility of your salt at each subsequent experimental saturation temperature or just the initial temperature? Explain.
Consequently, it is vital to ensure that the test tube is properly closed when heating the salt solution.
A loss of water by evaporation from a salt solution that is heated with a test tube not closed would affect the initial calculation of the solubility of the salt by reducing the amount of solvent in the solution. This may increase the salt concentration and cause the calculated solubility of the salt to be higher than the actual solubility of the salt. In short, if water is lost due to evaporation, the initial calculation of the solubility of salt will be wrong and inaccurate.
Loss of water by evaporation may only affect the solubility of salt at the initial temperature. This is because the saturation temperature is the point at which no more salt can be dissolved in the solution due to the temperature of the solution and the concentration of the solute in it. Therefore, once the solution reaches saturation temperature, the solubility of the salt does not depend on the initial temperature.
The evaporation of water from the salt solution will decrease the amount of water in the solution, increasing the concentration of the salt. In this scenario, the concentration of the salt is calculated by dividing the mass of the salt by the mass of the solvent. If the loss of water due to evaporation is not taken into account, the amount of solvent will be less than the actual amount of solvent. As a result, the concentration of the salt will appear to be higher than it is in reality.
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Which property of all living things is illustrated by the orderly arrangement of macromolecules?
Organization is the property of all living things that is illustrated by the orderly arrangement of macromolecules.
The property of all living things that is illustrated by the orderly arrangement of macromolecules is organization.
Organization is the process of arranging different components of an entity to achieve a specific objective.
In living organisms, different components are arranged orderly to maintain life. Living organisms have cells that work together to achieve specific objectives.
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determine the number of atoms of O in 78.5 moles of Fe(CIO2)
There are approximately 9.46 × 10²⁵ atoms of oxygen in 78.5 moles of Fe(ClO₂).
To determine the number of atoms of oxygen (O) in 78.5 moles of Fe(ClO₂), we need to consider the chemical formula and the molar ratios of the elements in the compound.
The chemical formula for Fe(ClO₂) indicates that there is one atom of iron (Fe), one atom of chlorine (Cl), and two atoms of oxygen (O) in each formula unit.
The Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 × 10²³, represents the number of entities (atoms, molecules, or ions) in one mole of a substance.
Given:
Number of moles of Fe(ClO₂) = 78.5 moles
Using the chemical formula, we can determine the number of oxygen atoms as follows:
1 mole of Fe(ClO₂) contains 2 moles of oxygen atoms.
Therefore, the number of moles of oxygen atoms in 78.5 moles of Fe(ClO₂) is:
78.5 moles × 2 moles of O/1 mole of Fe(ClO₂) = 157 moles of O
Finally, we can convert the number of moles of oxygen atoms to the number of atoms of oxygen by multiplying it by Avogadro's number:
157 moles of O × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mole = 9.46 × 10²⁵ atoms of O
So, there are approximately 9.46 × 10²⁵ atoms of oxygen in 78.5 moles of Fe(ClO₂).
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Draw a chair and half-chair conformation. Describe
about substituents effect.
A chair conformation is a cyclohexane ring conformer that appears to be in the shape of a chair. The ring is flat in the ideal, rigid-chair conformation, with all bond angles at 109.5° and the hydrogens staggered. The chair conformation can be rotated, though this is not a simple process because there are two distinct types of carbon atoms in the ring: axial and equatorial.
The conformational preferences of cyclohexane are frequently influenced by the presence of substituents on the ring. Substituents on cyclohexane that are small and have a low polarity tend to be more stable in the equatorial position because this is the most shielded position from possible 1,3-axial interactions that could lead to steric strain. In general, this preference for the equatorial position is known as the A-value principle.Substituents with a polar nature, such as halogens, have a more intricate effect on cyclohexane ring conformations because of a combination of steric and electronic factors.
Because axial and equatorial positions are no longer energetically equivalent, the strain is normally greatest when the polar substituent is in the axial position, and thus the molecule prefers the equatorial position. However, there is a stabilizing hyperconjugation effect that results when the polar substituent is oriented in the axial position, leading to an increased preference for the axial position over the equatorial one.
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Keeping the arrangement at C−3 constant, rotate C−2 clockwise 60 ∘
,120 ∘
, and 180 ∘
, and at each stage draw the Newman projection formula. The formula for Question 25 should be labeled A. The successive formulas in this question should be labeled B,C, and D. Use these labels to answer Questions 27-29. 27. Which formulas represent staggered conformations at the bond between C−2 and C−3 ? 28. Which formulas represent eclipsed conformations at the bond between C−2 and C−3 ? 29. Describe any symmetry elements (axes, planes, or center) in conformation A.
The given Newman projection shows the relative arrangement of atoms in space about a carbon-carbon bond. Here, the Newman projection formulas are drawn for different rotational angles between carbon atoms C-2 and C-3.
A Newman projection formula in a staggered conformation of a molecule is where the atoms and groups bonded to the two carbons are in an anti or trans relationship. Atoms or groups attached to the carbons do not eclipse each other, meaning they are not directly in front of each other.In this case, the staggered conformations are B and D and the eclipsed conformations are A and C.
As for conformation A, it has a C2 symmetry element because rotating it about a two-fold axis perpendicular to the plane of the paper (the center of the page) by 180 degrees brings it back to its original state. As such, this conformation is chiral since it does not superimpose on its mirror image.
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At a certain temperature, 0.680 mol of SO3 is placed in a 5.00 L container.
2SO3(g)↽−−⇀2SO2(g)+O2(g)
At equilibrium, 0.0200 M O2 is present. Calculate Kc.
The balanced chemical reaction equation of 2SO3(g)↽−−⇀2SO2(g)+O2(g) is given, where at a certain temperature, 0.680 mol of SO3 is placed in a 5.00 L container. Therefore, the value of Kc is 0.45.
At equilibrium, 0.0200 M O2 is present. We are required to calculate the value of Kc.
Step 1
The balanced chemical reaction equation of 2SO3(g)↽−−⇀2SO2(g)+O2(g) implies that two moles of SO3 give two moles of SO2 and one mole of O2.
We need to calculate the moles of SO3 initially and at equilibrium.
Moles of SO3 initially = 0.680 mol
SO3 is placed in a 5.00 L container.
Therefore, the initial concentration of SO3 is given by;
Initial concentration of SO3 = Number of moles of SO3 / Volume of container
= 0.680 mol / 5.00 L
= 0.136 M
We assume that the change in the concentration of SO3 = -x M.
The concentration of SO3 at equilibrium = (0.136 - x) M
Step 2
The concentration of O2 present at equilibrium is given by;O2 = 0.0200 M
Step 3
As per the chemical equation of the reaction, the concentration of SO2 is 2x M and that of O2 is x M at equilibrium.
Therefore, Kc = ( [SO2]2 [O2] ) / [SO3]2
Kc = [ (2x)2 × x ] / ( [0.136 - x]2)
As per the Law of Mass Action, Kc is constant at a particular temperature.
Kc = 2.2 × 10-2 / 4.89 × 10-2
Kc = 0.45
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write a balanced chemical equation showing how an aqueous suspension of this compound reacts to the addition a strong base. use oh– to represent the strong base.
The chemical equation of an aqueous suspension of a compound reacting to the addition of a strong base is given below:
Aqueous suspension of the compound + strong base → Balanced chemical equation of the compound + water + anion.
The hydroxide (OH−) ion, a strong base, will add to the compound and form the anion.
The equation would be balanced by making sure that the quantity of each element on both sides of the equation is the same. For instance, consider the chemical equation for NaCl reacting with OH− to form NaOH and Cl−:NaCl + OH− → NaOH + Cl−.
The above chemical equation is balanced because the same number of sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms appear on both sides of the equation.
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Balancing in Basic Solution Balance the following oxidation reduction reactions in basic solution. Your work should include two balanced half-reactions. Attach additional pages if necessary. 9. MnO 4
−
(aq)+IO 3
−
(aq)→MnO 2
( s)+IO 4
−1
(aq) 10. N 2
H 4
( g)+Cu(OH) 2
( s)→N 2
( g)+Cu(s) 11. CrO 4
2−
(aq)+I −
(aq)→Cr 3+
(aq)+IO 3
−
(aq) MnO 4
−
(aq) +HSO 3
−
(aq)→MnO 2
( s)+HSO 4
−
(aq) NO 2
−
(aq)+Al(s)→NH 3
(aq)+AlO 2
−
(aq) I 2
( s)→I −
(aq)+IO 3
−7
(aq)
9. MnO4⁻(aq) + IO3⁻(aq) → MnO2(s) + IO4⁻(aq)The balanced half-reactions are:
I) Reduction half reaction
MnO4⁻(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3e⁻ → MnO2(s) + 4OH⁻(aq) [Multiply this half-reaction by 2]
2MnO4⁻(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6e⁻ → 2MnO2(s) + 8OH⁻(aq)
II) Oxidation half reaction
IO3⁻(aq) → IO4⁻(aq) + 2e⁻
Balanced overall equation is:
2MnO4⁻(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 6IO3⁻(aq) → 2MnO2(s) + 6IO4⁻(aq) + 16OH⁻(aq)
10. N2H4(g) + Cu(OH)2(s) → N2(g) + Cu(s) + 2H2O(l)The balanced half-reactions are:
I) Reduction half reaction
N2H4(g) + 2H2O(l) + 2e⁻ → 2OH⁻(aq) + N2(g)
II) Oxidation half reaction
Cu(OH)2(s) → Cu(s) + 2OH⁻(aq)
Balanced overall equation is:
N2H4(g) + Cu(OH)2(s) → N2(g) + Cu(s) + 2H2O(l)
11. CrO42⁻(aq) + I⁻(aq) → Cr3⁺(aq) + IO3⁻(aq)The balanced half-reactions are:
I) Reduction half reaction
CrO42⁻(aq) + 14H⁺(aq) + 6e⁻ → Cr3⁺(aq) + 7H2O(l) [Multiply this half-reaction by 2]
2CrO42⁻(aq) + 28H⁺(aq) + 12e⁻ → 2Cr3⁺(aq) + 14H2O(l)
II) Oxidation half reaction
I⁻(aq) → IO3⁻(aq) + 6H⁺(aq) + 5e⁻
Balanced overall equation is:
2CrO42⁻(aq) + 3I⁻(aq) + 14H⁺(aq) → 2Cr3⁺(aq) + 3IO3⁻(aq) + 7H2O(l)
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for the reaction nh4 (aq) no2-(aq) --> n2(g) 2h2o(l), if at a given moment in time, nh4 is disappearing at the rate of 0.782 m/s, what is the rate (in m/s) with regard to no2-?
A balanced chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction that shows the relative number of molecules or moles of each reactant and the product involved. The rate of disappearance of [tex]NH_4+[/tex]is equal to the rate of disappearance of [tex]NO_2-[/tex].
In a balanced chemical equation, the reactants are written on the left side of the equation, separated by plus signs (+), and the products are written on the right side. The reactants are the substances that undergo the chemical change, while the products are the new substances formed as a result of the reaction.
The equation is balanced by adjusting the coefficients in front of each reactant and product so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides. This ensures that the total mass and the total number of atoms are conserved in the reaction.
In the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
[tex]NH_4+(aq) + NO_2-(aq) = N_2(g) + 2H_2O(l)[/tex]
The stoichiometry tells us that for every 1 mole of [tex]NH_4+[/tex] consumed, 1 mole of [tex]NO_2-[/tex] is also consumed. Therefore, the rate of disappearance of [tex]NH_4+[/tex]is equal to the rate of disappearance of [tex]NO_2-[/tex].
If the rate of [tex]NH_4+[/tex]disappearance is given as 0.782 m/s, then the rate of [tex]NO_2-[/tex] disappearance is also 0.782 m/s. The rate of disappearance for both is the same because they have a 1:1 stoichiometric relationship in the balanced equation.
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what would the potential of a standard hydrogen electrode (s.h.e.) be under the following conditions? [h+]=0.70 mPh2=4.5 atmT=298 k
E = - (0.0592/2) * log(Q). Calculating the value of E using the given values will yield the potential of the standard hydrogen electrode under the specified conditions.
The potential of a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) can be determined using the Nernst equation, which is given by:
[tex]E = E° - (0.0592/n) * log(Q)[/tex]
where:
E is the potential of the SHE,
E° is the standard electrode potential of the SHE (which is 0.00 V),
n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction,
Q is the reaction quotient.
In this case, the reaction is:
[tex]2H+ + 2e- - > H2[/tex]
Since H+ and H₂ are both involved in the reaction, their concentrations need to be taken into account.
Given:
[h+] = 0.70 M
pH2 = 4.5 atm
T = 298 K
To calculate the potential of the SHE, we first need to determine the reaction quotient (Q).
Q = [H₂]² / [H+]²
Using the given values:
Q = (pH2²) / ([h+]²)
Q = (4.5²) / (0.70²)
Now we can substitute the values into the Nernst equation:
E = E° - (0.0592/2) * log(Q)
Since E° is 0.00 V for the SHE:
E = - (0.0592/2) * log(Q)
Calculating the value of E using the given values will yield the potential of the standard hydrogen electrode under the specified conditions.
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5. Using the synthesis from Question 4, the percent yield for the reaction was determined to be 78.8%. In a separate experiment, the purity of the aspirin sample was determined to be 82.5%. Calculate the mass of pure aspirin that the student actually synthesized.
The mass of pure aspirin that the student actually synthesized is 65.19 grams (approximately).
The theoretical yield is usually the maximum mass of product that could be generated from a given amount of reactant.
In a synthesis reaction of aspirin, the student generated a percent yield of 78.8%. The purity of the aspirin generated was tested and found to be 82.5%. Find the mass of pure aspirin that was generated.
The percent yield of aspirin
= 78.8%Purity of the aspirin generated
= 82.5%Let's consider that the theoretical yield of aspirin is 100 grams.
78.8% yield implies that the actual yield was 78.8 grams (78.8% of the theoretical yield).82.5% purity implies that 82.5% of the actual yield was pure aspirin (with the remaining being impurities).
Therefore, the mass of pure aspirin synthesized
= (82.5 / 100) x 78.8 grams
= 65.19 grams (Approximately).
The mass of pure aspirin that the student actually synthesized is 65.19 grams (approximately).
The theoretical yield is usually the maximum mass of product that could be generated from a given amount of reactant.
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nitrogen dioxide, NO 2
Express your answer to two decimal places and include the appropriate units.
The appropriate unit for measuring the concentration of NO2 is micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³).
The concentration of NO2 is typically expressed in this unit.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a toxic air pollutant that has a negative impact on human health. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown gas that is formed when fossil fuels are burned in power plants, cars, and other sources.
When it comes to the health effects of NO2, it is harmful to the respiratory system since it can cause airway inflammation, coughing, and wheezing. Moreover, NO2 can also exacerbate asthma and other respiratory issues.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the annual average concentration of NO2 should not surpass 40 μg/m³ for the protection of public health.
The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for NO2 in the United States is 5 ppm.
It should be noted that the risk of adverse health effects rises with rising NO2 concentrations.
To put it another way, the higher the concentration, the more hazardous the air quality. NO2 is often used as an indicator of air quality.
Owing to its prevalence, low cost, and easy measurement, it is widely employed to assess the impact of road traffic pollution.
The most widely utilized means of measuring NO2 levels is diffusion tube monitoring.
It is a simple and low-cost way of obtaining measurements over long periods of time.
In addition to diffusion tube monitoring, NO2 is measured using chemiluminescence and other techniques in more sophisticated air quality monitoring systems.
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The number of moles of the nitrogen dioxide from the calculation is 0.58 moles.
What is the number of moles?The number of moles can be calculated using the formula:
Number of Moles = Mass of Substance / Molar Mass
Where:
Mass of Substance is the mass of the sample in grams.
Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of the substance, expressed in grams per mole. It is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule or the formula weight of an ionic compound.
We know that;
Moles = mass/molar mass
Moles = 26.8 g/46 g/mol
= 0.58 moles
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A student wants to fill a plastic bag with carbon dioxide. The student decides to use the reactants sodium bicarbonate and
acetic acid to inflate the bag as shown in the chemical equation below.
NaHCOg(s) + CH COOH(aq) -->
If a student measured the volume of a plastic bag to be 2.1 liters, how many grams of sodium bicarbonate will need to be
added to fill up the bag with gas?
Provide your answer and your reasoning.
7.11 grams of sodium bicarbonate will need to be added to fill up the bag with gas.
The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction is:
NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH(aq) → NaCH3COO(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)From the equation, it is evident that sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH) react to form sodium acetate (NaCH3COO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).The molar ratio between NaHCO3 and CO2 can be observed from the balanced equation to be 1:1.Therefore, the number of moles of CO2 required to fill up the bag is given by:moles of CO2 = volume of bag (in liters) at STP (i.e., 0°C and 1 atm) = 2.1 L.
To convert the moles of CO2 to grams of NaHCO3, we need to use the molar mass of NaHCO3.Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + 48
= 84 g/mol
Number of grams of NaHCO3 required = moles of CO2 × molar mass of
NaHCO3= 2.1 L × (1 mol CO2/22.4 L) × (84 g NaHCO3/mol CO2)≈ 7.11 g
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Classify each of the following as a strong acid or a weak acid. Indicate how each should be written in aqueous solution. For example, should chlorous acid be represented as HClO 2
or as H +
+ClO 2
? hydrochloric acid In solution, this acid should be written as hydrobromic acid In solution, this acid should be written as nitric acid In solution, this acid should be written as Classify each of the following as a strong acid or a weak acid. Indicate how each should be written in aqueous solution. For example, should chlorous acid be represented as HClO 2
or as H +
+ClO 2
−
? hydrosulfuric acid In solution, this acid should be written as carbonic acid In solution. this acid should be written as phosphoric acid In solution. this acid should be written as
Hydrosulfuric acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H2S(aq).
Carbonic acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H2CO3(aq).
Phosphoric acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H3PO4(aq).
Here are the classifications of the given acids as strong acid or weak acid:
Hydrochloric acid: It is a strong acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as HCl(aq).
Hydrobromic acid: It is a strong acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as HBr(aq).
Nitric acid: It is a strong acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as HNO3(aq).
Hydrosulfuric acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H2S(aq).
Carbonic acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H2CO3(aq).
Phosphoric acid: It is a weak acid, and in aqueous solution, it should be written as H3PO4(aq).
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Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. Propane is a major component of natural gas used as fuel in homes. Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation reaction that occurs when propane (C 3
H 8
) burns in air. Use the smallest possible integer coefficients. A Screen Shot 2022-09-16 at 11.26.11 AM Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid by barium hydroxide . Use the smallest possible integer coefficients.
It can also be observed that in order to balance the equation, the coefficients 2, 1, 1, and 2 were used for HCl, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, and H2O respectively.
The smallest possible integer coefficients for the above equation are 1, 1, 1, and 2 respectively.
The balanced equation for the complete oxidation reaction that occurs when propane (C3H8) burns in air is given below:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Explanation: The balanced equation shows that when propane reacts with oxygen, it produces carbon dioxide and water as the products. It can also be observed that in order to balance the equation, the coefficients 3, 5, 4, and 8 were used for C3H8, O2, CO2, and H2O respectively.
The smallest possible integer coefficients for the above equation are 1, 5, 3, and 4 respectively.Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid by barium hydroxide.
The balanced equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) is given below: 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O
Explanation: The balanced equation shows that when hydrochloric acid reacts with barium hydroxide, it produces barium chloride and water as the products. It can also be observed that in order to balance the equation,
the coefficients 2, 1, 1, and 2 were used for HCl, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, and H2O respectively. The smallest possible integer coefficients for the above equation are 1, 1, 1, and 2 respectively.
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If a sample of a compound has a mass of 16.7 g and it contains 12.7 g of iodine and 4 g of oxygen. What is its empirical
Round off the mole values to the nearest whole number to obtain the empirical formula of the compound.
The empirical formula of the given compound is I2O5.
To find the empirical formula of a compound that has a mass of 16.7 g and contains 12.7 g of iodine and 4 g of oxygen, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of each element using their molar masses.
Number of moles of Iodine
= 12.7 g / 126.90 g/mol
= 0.1 mol Number of moles of Oxygen
= 4 g / 15.99 g/mol
= 0.25 mol
Step 2: Divide each mole value by the smallest mole value to get the simplest whole-number ratio.
Number of moles of Iodine / Smallest mole value
= 0.1 mol / 0.1 mol
= 1 Number of moles of Oxygen / Smallest mole value
= 0.25 mol / 0.1 mol
= 2.5 (approx)
Step 3: Round off the number of moles of each element to the nearest whole number to obtain the empirical formula of the compound.
Since the ratio of oxygen to iodine is 2.5 (approx), multiply the number of atoms of each element by 2 to obtain whole numbers. The empirical formula of the compound is I2O5:
The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in the compound. To determine the empirical formula of a compound that has a mass of 16.7 g and contains 12.7 g of iodine and 4 g of oxygen, first calculate the number of moles of each element present in the compound.
The molar masses of iodine and oxygen are 126.90 g/mol and 15.99 g/mol respectively.
Then, divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest mole value to obtain the simplest whole-number ratio. Round off the mole values to the nearest whole number to obtain the empirical formula of the compound.
The empirical formula of the given compound is I2O5.
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For the following reaction taking place in an aqueous environment [M(OH 2
) 6
] n∗
(aq)+6 L(aq)⇔[ML 6
] n
(aq)+6H 2
O (I) a. Give expressions to define the stepwise stability constants for the 2 nd and 4 th equilibria. b. For each of the complex ions formed (a), give expressions to define the overall stability constants, β 2
and β 4
. Based on the values given below, rank the following complex ions from most stable to least stable. [Cr(OH) 4
] −
[Ni(CN) 4
] 2−
[Co(NH 3
) 6
] 3+
[Cu(CN) 4
] 3−
K f
=8.0×10 29
logK d
=−31.3
K d
=2.2×10 −24
logK f
=30.3
A pH study using a glass electrode at 303 K for complex formation between Al 3+
and [acac] in aqueous solution gives values of logK 1
,logK 2
and logK 3
as 8.6,7.9 and 5.8 respectively. a. To what equilibria do these values refer to? (Write down equations). Comment on the numerical values. b. Determine the values for ΔG 1
∘
,ΔG 2
∘
and ΔG 3
∘
at 303 K and comment on the relative ease with which successive ligand displacement reactions occur. The stability constant, K stab,
of a complex ion is the equilibrium constant for the formation of the complex ion in a solvent from its constituent ions. the expression for the stability constant is K stab
= [[M(H 2
O) 6
] 2+(aq)
][X −
[MX 6
4−
(aq)]
(aq)] 6
Note that the water isn't included The LARGER the value of K stab
- the more the equilibrium lies to the right - the more stable the complex ion formed Because ligand exchange involves a series of equilibria, each step in the process has a different stability constant;
The successive ligand displacement reactions occur with relative ease in the order K1 > K2 > K3, where K1 is the largest stability constant. This implies that it is easier to displace acac in the first step than in the subsequent steps.
For the given reaction of
[M(OH2)6]n*(aq) + 6 L(aq) ⇔ [ML6]n(aq) + 6H2O,
the expressions to define the stepwise stability constants for the 2nd and 4th equilibria and the expressions to define the overall stability constants, β2 and β4, are given as follows:
Stepwise stability constants:For the 2nd equilibrium,
K2 = {[ML4]n(aq) [L2]2(aq)}/{[M(OH2)6-n]n(aq)}
For the 4th equilibrium, K4 = {[ML6]n(aq) [H2O]6}/{[ML4]n(aq)}
Overall stability constants:
β2 = K2/{[H2O]6 [L2]2(aq)}β4
= K4/{[H2O]6}
Now, using the given stability constants
Kf = 8.0 × 1029, logKd
= −31.3, Kd = 2.2 × 10−24, and logKf = 30.3, we can calculate the stability of the given complex ions as follows:
Kstab
= β2 β4 = Kf/Kd
= 8.0 × 1029/2.2 × 10−24
= 3.64 × 1052[Cr(OH)4]−:
This complex is tetrahedral and has four monodentate OH− ligands.
Hence, its Kstab = (β2)4[Ni(CN)4]2−:
This complex is square planar and has four monodentate CN− ligands.
Hence, its Kstab = (β2)4[Cu(CN)4]3−:
This complex is square pyramidal and has four monodentate CN− ligands and one bridging CN− ligand.
Hence, its Kstab = (β2)4.
Therefore, the stability of complex ions from most stable to least stable is
[Cr(OH)4]− > [Ni(CN)4]2− > [Cu(CN)4]3−.
In the given pH study of complex formation between Al3+ and [acac] in aqueous solution, the values of logK1, logK2, and logK3 are 8.6, 7.9, and 5.8, respectively.
The equations for these values are given as follows:
Al3+ + acac ⇔ [Al(acac)]2+ {K1
= [Al(acac)]2+/[Al3+][acac]}[Al(acac)]2+ + acac
⇔ [Al(acac)2]+ {K2 = [Al(acac)2]+/[Al(acac)]2+[acac]}[Al(acac)2]+ + acac
⇔ [Al(acac)3] {K3 = [Al(acac)3]/[Al(acac)2]+[acac]}
The values for ΔG1∘, ΔG2∘, and ΔG3∘ at 303 K can be calculated using the relationship ΔG∘ = −RT lnK, where R is the universal gas constant and T is the temperature. The values for ΔG1∘, ΔG2∘, and ΔG3∘ at 303 K are 14.0 kJ/mol, 11.4 kJ/mol, and 6.0 kJ/mol, respectively.
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By chemical analysis, a sample of a substance was found to contain 0.360 g of Na,
0.220 g of N, and 0.752 g of O.
how many moles of each element are present in this sample?
what is the empirical formula of this substance?
By chemical analysis, a sample of a substance was found to contain 0.360 g of Na, 0.220 g of N, and 0.752 g of O. Here is how to calculate the moles of each element that are present in this sample:We need to first convert the mass of each element to moles. The molar masses of Na, N, and O are 22.99 g/mol, 14.01 g/mol, and 16.00 g/mol respectively.
Number of moles of Na = 0.360 g ÷ 22.99 g/mol = 0.0157 mol
Number of moles of N = 0.220 g ÷ 14.01 g/mol = 0.0157 mol
Number of moles of O = 0.752 g ÷ 16.00 g/mol = 0.047 mol
Now, to find the empirical formula of this substance, we need to divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest number of moles. In this case, the smallest number of moles is 0.0157 mol.
Number of moles of Na in empirical formula = 0.0157 mol ÷ 0.0157 mol = 1
Number of moles of N in empirical formula = 0.0157 mol ÷ 0.0157 mol = 1
Number of moles of O in empirical formula = 0.047 mol ÷ 0.0157 mol ≈ 3.
Therefore, the empirical formula of this substance is NaNO3. This means that there is one sodium atom, one nitrogen atom, and three oxygen atoms in each molecule of this substance.
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what is the symbol for the carbon isotope with seven neutrons? express your answer as an isotope with stacked prescripts.
The symbol for the seven-neutron carbon isotope can be represented by carbon-14 or 14C.
The symbol for the seven-neutron carbon isotope can be represented by carbon-14 or 14C. The number 14 represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a carbon atom, with 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
Since the standard isotope of carbon has 6 neutrons, adding 7 more will produce the isotope carbon-14. The stacked subscript "14" is written with the superscript before the symbol "C" to designate the isotope.
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Which list contains only compounds shared between the glyoxylate and kreb's cycles?
The list that contains only compounds shared between the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles is oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.
The glyoxylate cycle is an alternative metabolic pathway that allows plants, bacteria, and fungi to generate carbohydrates from fat. This cycle is not found in mammals. It is also known as the glyoxylate shunt or the cycle of glyoxylate. The cycle is named after one of its intermediate products, glyoxylate. It is a metabolic pathway that operates in the cytoplasm of plants.
The Krebs cycle is the third stage of cellular respiration, following glycolysis and the link reaction. This cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells, and it's where the pyruvate from glycolysis enters to be oxidized into carbon dioxide. In prokaryotic cells, this cycle takes place in the cytoplasm.
The Krebs cycle is critical since it produces ATP from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA generated by the link reaction. The list of compounds shared between the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles are as follows: Acetyl-CoA Oxaloacetate.
Therefore, the list that contains only compounds shared between the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles is oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.
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2. carbon (c) and hydrogen (h) what type of bond will form between these two elements? why?
The type of bond that will form between carbon and hydrogen is covalent bond.
What is covalent bond?Covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons.
In chemistry, the carbon-hydrogen bond (C−H bond) is a chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds. This bond is a covalent, single bond.
It can be formed because carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogen atoms.
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A 56.7 gram sample of cocl2 6 h2o was heated thoroughly in a porcelain crucible, until its weight remained constant. after heating, how many grams of the anhydrous compound remained?
After heating, 30.9 g of the anhydrous compound remained.
How to solve for the remaining heatmoles = mass / molar mass
= 56.7 g / 237.93 g/mol
= 0.238 mol
Since the reaction is 1:1, the number of moles of CoCl2 produced will also be 0.238 mol.
We can find the mass of CoCl2 formed using the formula:
mass = moles * molar mass
= 0.238 mol * 129.84 g/mol
= 30.9 g
Therefore, after heating, 30.9 g of the anhydrous compound remained.
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Calculate the energy difference of an electron going from n=5 to n=2 in hydrogen (E 0
=2.18 ×10 −18
J). What is this wavelength? Is it absorption or emission?
The energy difference of an electron transitioning from n=5 to n=2 in hydrogen is ΔE = 4.578 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.
The wavelength is approximately 4.33 × 10⁻⁷ meters.
Since the energy difference is positive, indicating an increase in energy, this transition represents absorption.
To calculate the energy difference of an electron transitioning from n=5 to n=2 in hydrogen, we can use the formula for the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom:
E = -E₀/n²
Where E is the energy, E₀ is the Rydberg constant (2.18 × 10⁻¹⁸ J), and n is the principal quantum number.
For n=5, the energy is:
E₁ = -E₀/5²
For n=2, the energy is:
E₂ = -E₀/2²
To find the energy difference, we subtract the initial energy from the final energy:
ΔE = E₂ - E₁
Plugging in the values:
ΔE = (-E₀/2²) - (-E₀/5²)
Simplifying:
ΔE = E₀(1/4 - 1/25)
ΔE = E₀(25/100 - 4/100)
ΔE = E₀(21/100)
ΔE = 2.18 × 10⁻¹⁸ J * (21/100)
ΔE = 4.578 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
To find the wavelength, we can use the equation:
ΔE = hc/λ
Where ΔE is the energy difference, h is the Planck's constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s), c is the speed of light (2.998 × 10⁸ m/s), and λ is the wavelength.
Plugging in the values and solving for λ:
λ = hc/ΔE
λ = (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s * 2.998 × 10⁸ m/s) / (4.578 × 10⁻¹⁹ J)
λ = 4.33 × 10⁻⁷ m
The wavelength is approximately 4.33 × 10⁻⁷ meters.
Since the energy difference is positive, indicating an increase in energy, this transition represents absorption. The electron absorbs energy and moves from a lower energy level (n=5) to a higher energy level (n=2).
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The most common element on Planet Earth is: Aluminum Iron Carbon Oxygen Question 10 Most of the mass of the atmosphere on Earth is: oxygen nitrogen chlorine hydrogen
The most common element on Planet Earth is: oxygen.
Most of the mass of the atmosphere on Earth is nitrogen.
Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass on Earth. It makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust, primarily in the form of oxides, such as silicon dioxide (silica) and aluminum oxide. Oxygen also comprises a major part of Earth's atmosphere, where it exists as diatomic oxygen molecules (O2). It plays a crucial role in supporting life and various chemical processes.
Regarding the mass of the Earth's atmosphere, the most abundant gas is nitrogen, not oxygen. Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas, accounting for around 21%. Other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases make up the remaining composition.
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imagine cells that have an internal osmotic pressure of 7.9 atm. what concentration of KCI solution must be prepared so that there is an equal osmotic pressure between the cells and the solution of 22C (temp)?
The required concentration of KCI solution that needs to be prepared is 0.128 mol/L.
In order to create an isotonic solution, we need to balance the osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell. The osmotic pressure inside the cell is given to be 7.9 atm.
We need to find out what concentration of KCI solution should be prepared so that the osmotic pressure of the cell is equal to the osmotic pressure of the KCI solution.
Let's begin the calculation. We will use the following formula to solve this problem:
π = iMRT
Where,π = osmotic pressure of the solution
i = van't Hoff factor
M = molarity of the solution
R = gas constant
T = temperature
In this case, the osmotic pressure of the cell is given to be 7.9 atm and the temperature is 22°C = 295 K.
We will assume that KCI dissociates completely into its constituent ions, K+ and Cl-.
Therefore, i = 2. The gas constant R is 0.082 L·atm/mol·K.
We need to find the molarity of the KCI solution.
We will set the osmotic pressure of the KCI solution to be equal to that of the cell, i.e. 7.9 atm.
π = iMRT
7.9 atm = 2M(0.082 L·atm/mol·K)(295 K)
M = 0.128 mol/L
Therefore, the required concentration of KCI solution that needs to be prepared is 0.128 mol/L.
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what facts would you select to show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? check all that apply.
The facts that show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body are: "Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules" and "Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils".
Carbon is a fundamental element in the human body due to its ability to form the backbone of all organic molecules. This means that carbon atoms serve as the structural foundation for compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Additionally, the versatility of carbon allows it to form bonds with four different atoms, enabling the creation of complex and diverse molecules.
This versatility also enables carbon-containing molecules to form various shapes, such as rings, branches, or coils, which further enhances their functionality and biological significance. Therefore, these facts highlight the major significance of carbon in maintaining the structure and functions of essential molecules in the human body.
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Complete question is:
what facts would you select to show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? check all that apply.
- Carbon has four valance electrons
- Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules
- Carbon can form bonds with four different atoms
- Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils
structure responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, detoxification and inactivation of drugs and potentially harmful substances.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the structure responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, detoxification and inactivation of drugs and potentially harmful substances.
Vertebrate liver cells include smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which aids in the detoxification of medicines and toxins. It has enzymes that can convert medications and metabolic waste products from lipid-soluble to water-soluble forms, allowing for simple removal from the body.
Due to the presence of an organelle known as SER, liver cells in the human body detoxify medications and other toxins. Steroid production also involves SER.
Important tasks carried out by peroxisomes include lipid metabolism and toxic detoxification. Additionally, they participate in oxidation processes that degrade fatty acids and amino acids.
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The following function calculates xn recursively. how many multiplications does the function make to calculate exp_rec(2, 64)?
The actual number of multiplications may vary depending on the specific code of the `exp_rec` function
To calculate the number of multiplications made by the `exp_rec` function to calculate `exp_rec(2, 64)`, we need to examine the function's implementation. However, since you haven't provided the specific code for the `exp_rec` function, I cannot determine the exact number of multiplications.
Nevertheless, assuming the `exp_rec` function is a typical recursive function to calculate exponentiation, and it uses the "exponentiation by squaring" algorithm, we can make an estimation based on the general approach.
The "exponentiation by squaring" algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required for exponentiation by exploiting the properties of even and odd exponents. In this algorithm, the number of multiplications required is proportional to the number of bits in the exponent.
For example, if we have `exp_rec(base, 64)` and assume the `exp_rec` function uses the "exponentiation by squaring" algorithm, the number of multiplications required will be on the order of log₂(64) = 6. Since the exponent is 64, which can be represented in 6 bits (100000 in binary), we would expect around 6 multiplications.
However, it's important to note that this estimation assumes a specific algorithm and implementation. The actual number of multiplications may vary depending on the specific code of the `exp_rec` function you're referring to. If you can provide the code for the `exp_rec` function, I can provide a more accurate calculation of the number of multiplications.
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What is the ground state electron configuration for Zr2+.a. [Kr]4d2b. [Kr]c. [Kr]5s2d. [Kr]5s24d4e. [Kr]5s24d2
The ground state electron configuration for Zr²+ is [Kr]4d². Hence option A is correct.
The primary quantum number (n), the orbital (s, p, d, or f), and the total number of electrons are used to represent electron configurations. The total number of electrons is expressed as a superscript. Zr2+ has an electron configuration of [Kr] 4d2.
The lowest energy state for an electron is called its ground state, which is the energy level it typically resides in. Each electron has a limit on how much energy it can have while still remaining a part of its atom.
Any state that has more energy than the ground state is said to be excited. The ground state is frequently referred to as the vacuum state or the vacuum in quantum field theory. Neutral zirconium has the ground state electrical configuration [Kr] 4d25s2, and its term symbol is 3F2.
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The ground-state electron configuration for Zr²⁺ is [Kr]4d² because the ion has lost 2 electrons. These electrons are lost from the outmost shell first, which is the 5s orbital in the case of Zirconium.
Explanation:The electron configuration of an atom represents the distribution of electrons in its atomic orbitals. The ground-state electron configuration of Zirconium (Zr), which has 40 electrons, is [Kr]5s²4d². However, Zr²⁺ indicates that the atom has lost 2 electrons. Those electrons are lost from the outermost shell first, which is the 5s orbital in this case.
So, for Zr²⁺, you remove 2 electrons from the 5s² orbital. This leaves us with the electron configuration of Zr²⁺ as [Kr]4d², represented as option a in your query. It is important to understand that ions lose electrons from the outermost shell, not from the last sub-shell filled.
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