Photosynthesis is a process during which plants synthesise sugar using chlorophyll molecule and further this chlorophyll molecule along with mitochondria uses the sugar and convert it to energy molecule ATP.
1. The Calvin cycle receives ATP and NADPH from the light reactions and gives back ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light processes.
2. A magnesium ion stabilises the chlorophyll molecule at the core of the porphyrin ring and sends electrons down an electron transport chain to power the photosynthetic reaction.
3. water
4. Light hits PS2 and pigment molecule absorbs energy and gets excited to release electron. The electron is taken by the primary electron acceptor. Enzyme separates water into H+ (the two electrons) and O-, and supplies p680 with the electrons (strong oxidising agent). H+ is discharged into the thylakoid space, and oxygen from a split water molecule joins with another oxygen to produce O2.Photoexcited electrons travel from PS2 to PS1 through ETC. In PS1, electrons move to a lower energy level, supplying ATP with energy. As they descend, their energy pumps H+ into the chemiosis-related thylakoid luman. The electron in PS1 reaction complex P700 is excited by light energy that has been transferred there. After the electron passes through a second ETC, NADP+ reductase adds an electron, converting NADP+ into NADPH.
5. ATP synthase generates ATP by facilitating the flow of electrons back into the stroma.
6. Instead of absorbing green light, chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light. green light reflects
7. When the electrons from PS1 go to the ETC and produce ATP before returning, it is considered cyclic (no water required). Noncyclic occurs when NADP+ is converted to NADPH by NADP-reductase using electrons transferred from PS1 to PS2.
8. It serves as the sugar's supply of hydrogen.
9. After light energy splits water, the waste product, oxygen, is released into the atmosphere.
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continental spreading centers include the_ in the us and the_ in africa
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
homo erectus skull morphology includes group of answer choices thick bones and pink browridges. thin bones and small browridges. thick bones and small browridges. thick bones and large browridges.
Large browridges, a long, low, and wide base, as well as thick bones, are all characteristics of the Homo erectus cranium.
What exactly is skull morphology?The auditory bulla of otic capsule, which is variously fused, imbedded, or connected to the skulls of vertebrates, houses the inner and middle ear systems. We can learn a lot about an animal's environmental adaptations from its morphology, or the variances for how these attachments have evolved.
Does nutrition alter skull shape?According to the investigation, which was reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy od Sciences, those that ingested dairy and cereals had slight alterations in their skull shape. One of the main chewing muscles, the temporalis, altered position and shrank as humans migrated toward agriculture.
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which pre-mrna processing step is important for initiating translation? group of answer choices poly-a tail rna editing splicing 7-methylguanosine cap
The translation must start after the processing of the pre-7-methylguanosine mRNA's cap.
From yeast to mammals, the 7-methylguanosine cap is necessary for mRNA translation and cell viability. Additionally, it facilitates other RNA processing events such as splicing, poly(A) tail addition, and nuclear export in addition to playing a part in transcription elongation, mRNA stability, and degradation.
The addition of stabilizing and signaling components to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, as well as the elimination of intermediate sequences that do not specify the proper amino acids, are the three most crucial steps in pre-mRNA processing. The mRNA transcript can occasionally be "edited" after it has been transcribed.
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which movement of the head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the levator scapula on the right side of the body?
Rotation to the left of the head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the levator scapula on the right side of the body.
The Levator Scapulae, an Axio-Appendicular muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck, attaches the upper limb to the spinal column. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius protect the superior and inferior sides of the levator scapulae, respectively.
The levator scapulae raise the scapula and rotate it down to tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly. If the scapula is stationary, levator scapulae contractions cause the cervical vertebral column to lateral flex to the side, stabilizing the vertebral column during rotation.
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Temperature, humidity, light and atmospheric pressure are
Answer:
Abiotic components of nature
Explanation:
Aboutic means those who cant breathe or move or are not alive
antibodies: question 8 options: require haptens to function make up part of the primary immune system are made from t cells are made from plasma cells none of the above
Happens are not necessary for antibodies to work. To work, it needs an antigen. They are created by T and B cells rather than T cells.
From where do happens originate?Urushiol, a reactive Quinone-type chemical, gets oxidised in the skin cells after being ingested from a poison ivy plant, where it subsequently interacts with skin proteins to form happen adducts.
Do happens cause T cells to respond?Low molecular weight substances that are unable to start an immune response on their own are referred to as happens. However, these tiny molecular weight substances can provide an antigenic determinant that can cause T-cell activation when they are covalently attached to circulating proteins.
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A person who is homozygous for type a blood and a person who is homozygous for type b blood will have offspring with type ab blood. What relationship exists between the a and b alleles?.
The association that exists between the a and b alleles is called codominance. A genetic phenomenon known as codominance occurs when two alleles are expressed to the same degree by an organism.
What does a biological organism mean?Living things with the capacity for reproduction, growth, and homeostasis are referred to as biological organisms. Taxonomy divides species into specific groupings, such as unicellular microorganisms like protists, bacteria, and archaea, or multicellular organisms like animals, plants, and fungus.
What two categories do organisms fall under?Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two primary categories of organisms. This differentiation is based on the type of cells that make up the organism. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a very basic structure that is indicative of their primitive nature.
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What is bacterial infection??
Answer:
Bacterial Infection is when you get infected by bacteria it can happen if you have an open wound and it was not properly cleaned or it can also happen if you are using something that has not been sanitized to pierce you skin (IT CAN GET REALLY UGLY).
Explanation:
what variables can affect the taste of soda
There are two major factors that affect the quality of fountain soda. First, the quality of the water mixed with CO2 will alter the taste. Second, the percentage mix of syrup to water/CO2 will affect the flavor. The mix varies in each geographical region.
you are interested in determining how far a certain gene is from its centromere in neurospora. you find 90 asci with a first division segregation pattern and 25 asci with a second division segregation pattern. what is the map distance from gene to centromere?
Map distance from gene to centromere is 110bp.
Genetic map distance is roughly proportional to the physical distance, i.e. the amount of DNA between two loci. Gene map distance is the distance between two points on a chromosome that are counted by the number of crossovers between them.
For example, suppose we have in Arabidopsis species is 1.0 cM this means that this species contains approximately 150,000bp and contains approximately 50 genes in the loci . Thus, Genetic map distance is a unit for measuring distance between genes on a chromosome according to the frequency of recombination between them.
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The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is called
Answer:
Excertion
Explanation:
The process of removal of waste produced in the cells of living organism is called excretion.
Answer:
excretion
Explanation:
When the cells in the living organisms perform various cellular functions, different wastes are produced. The filtration and removal of these cellular wastes from the body
ecologists, and archaeologists, interested in biodiversity and animal populations, often refer to species richness in particular environments. species richness refers to
Species richness (S) is the number of species within a defined region. It's merely a numerical characteristic of an ecosystem. The species richness of a region is obtained through sampling or via a census.
Because a region is defined by the observer, species richness has been further categorized into three components to account for changes in spatial scale. They are Alpha diversity, Beta diversity and Gamma diversity.
One important thing to keep in mind is the difference between species richness and species diversity. Several factors affect small-scale species richness, including geographic factors such as the regional species pool, dispersal distance and ease of dispersal, biological factors such as competition, facilitation, and predation as well as environmental factors such as resource availability etc.
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when the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects?
Adrenaline is produced in the medulla by the adrenal glands as well as by some neurons in the central nervous system. During a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the bloodstream, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.
The adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, regulates the hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions. Adrenaline is produced by your adrenal glands and released into your bloodstream. Adrenaline, a hormone produced by your adrenal glands, serves a purpose. It assists you in dealing with dangerous situations by causing temporary changes in your body. As part of the process, your heart rate and breathing rate increase.
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how do ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and visible light harm microorganisms? how do microorganisms protect themselves against damage from uv and visible light?
Microorganism protect themselves against harmful UV light and visible light by using Iron minerals around themselves.
The iron minerals have unique properties in that they block damaging UV radiation while yet allowing organisms to utilise the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. UV rays kill cells by damaging their DNA. Two molecules of thymine, one of the bases that makes up DNA, react when exposed to light. The thymine dimer that results is extremely stable. The cell cannot perform its usual tasks if cellular processes are interfered as a result of an inadequate repair or unrepaired damage of thymine dimer.
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Microorganisms use the iron minerals in their surroundings to shield them from damaging UV and visible light.
In the presence of sunshine, some bacteria that require light may consume dissolved iron and perform photosynthesis. However, they did not emit oxygen throughout the process, unlike modern green plants. Rust and other iron minerals are waste products of the process. Because the iron minerals absorb the damaging UV radiation, organisms may still utilize the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. Compared to today's seas, the quantity of iron needed to create the minerals was far higher.
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what are the similarities and differences you observe between the anatomy of the sheep brain and the anatomy of the human brain? what structures were you able to visualize over the course of the dissection?
Similarities and differences between sheep and Human brain:
Similarities:
The sheep brain is similar to the human brain in having two brain stems, two optic nerves and two hemispheres.
Differences:
Compared to a sheep's brain, the human brain is larger and heavier. In comparison to the human brain, the olfactory bulb is more developed in the sheep's brain. The shape of the sheep's brain is elongated, whereas the human brain is spherical. The frontal lobe of the human brain is bigger than that of the sheep's brain. The main distinction between the human and sheep brains is that humans can use their brains to think, innovate, but sheep cannot.
Over the course of dissection structures visualizes include; cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thalamus etc.
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if there were only three kinds of nucleotides, how many different types of codons would a genetic code have? (assume that the codons are three nucleotides long.)
How has the development of organoids helped in treating snakebites?(1 point)
A. Organoids provide toxins that help to build immunity in communities with dangerous snake populations.
B. Organoids replace stem cells in the snake that make the dangerous venom.
C. Organoids provide laboratory produced antivenin to treat a variety of snakebites.
D. Organoids help to differentiate cells in the victims of snakebites.
The development of organoids helped in treating snakebites in the sense that they provide laboratory produced antivenin to treat a variety of snakebites (Option C).
What are organoids?The term organoids here make reference to tridimensional model structures derived from embryonic and/or adult venom snake glands which have been developed using stem cells and holds promise to be used in the future.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the organoids can be defined as tridimensional model structures obtained from venom snake glands which are cultured as stem cells in order to obtain an outcome.
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some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions. multiple select question. hydrogen ions calcium ions sodium ions glucose lactate amino acids filtered plasma proteins
The substances that satisfy the requirement are Glucose , amino acids and sodium ions
Water makes up 95 percent of human urine. The remaining components include minor amounts of urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, and phosphate, as well as other ions and molecules.
The substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+ etc., in the filtrate
are reabsorbed actively
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nuclieotide that is substituted for thymine in an rna molecule
Explanation:
uracil.
uracil is present in RNA instead of thymine.
once threads form, they stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets. this meshwork is called a .
Fibrin stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork.
The fibrin, an insoluble protein that is created in reaction to bleeding and serves as the main component of the blood clot, is caught in a meshwork that is formed when they adhere to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.
It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains.
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can the biological species concept be applied to organisms that reproduce both asexually and sexually
The concept of biological species does not apply to asexual organisms.
The concept is dependent on interbreeding on diverse species , the concept cannot be applied on asexual organism because their reproduction takes place as a result of mutation in their DNA.
Biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not dependent on similarity or appearance. Their appearance are useful in identifying species, but it does not define species. On the other hand A single biological species concept based on gene flow is applicable to all cellular form of life .
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lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? a) they contain t lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. b) they are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. c) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not. d) they cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. e) they occur throughout the body except in the head.
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in following way:
e) that they occur throughout the body except in head.
How does lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues?Lymphatic organs occur throughout the body except in the head. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule but lymphatic tissues are not. They also have T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not.
Lymphatic system contains the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system is an organ system that is part of the immune system and complementary to the circulatory system.
Lymphoid tissues are organized structures that support immune responses and bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissues and the sites of lymphocyte development.
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what is the general term used to describe the viral component that binds to a host cell for attachment?
Viral receptors are the general term used to describe the viral component that binds to a host cell for attachment purposes.
When referring to a particular molecule or structure that aids in viral attachment on the surface of host cells, the word "receptor" should be used. The molecule(s) on the surface of the virus that binds to the receptor is referred to as "ligands." The term "viral envelope" refers to the structure that surrounds the capsid of certain viruses. All viruses use a specific type of glycoprotein to bind to viral receptors on their host cells, which are cellular molecules.
Once a virus has attached itself to and entered the host cell by breaking through the cell wall or membrane, viral replication can start. The protein covering the viral genome is removed, and the viral genome is then injected into the host cell.
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in the head, postganglionic fibers leaving the cervical chain ganglia supply the regions and structures innervated by which cranial nerves?
The sympathetic chain ganglia, made up of the cervical, are the ganglia next to the sympathetic chain.
Post ganglionic: What is it?Postganglionic fibers are the ones that run from the ganglia to the effector in the autonomous nervous system. Through metabolic modification and neurotransmitter release, post-ganglionic axons are directly in charge of alterations in the function of the target organ.
What exactly are preganglionic and postganglionic?Acetylcholine is used by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system as well as postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system (ACh). Norepinephrine and epinephrine are used by the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic neurons. However, there are few exceptions to this, which are shown below.
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paranasal sinuses a. lighten the skull b. act as resonance chambers for sound c. produces mucus d. all of the above
paranasal sinuses are paired and symmetrical, air-filled cavities situated around the nasal cavity. the correct option is (D).
They are found in three bones of the neurocranium (braincase), the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone all of the above. The function of the paranasal sinuses is to protect the organism Which is done mostly by humidifying the air which is inhaled and facilitating the immune response of the respiratory system.
Also, the sinuses are generally air-filled spaces that decrease the weight of the head and impact the resonance of the human voice.
The nares and anterior portion of the nasal cavities are generally lined with the mucous membranes and it contains sebaceous glands and hair follicles, this serve to prevent the passage of large debris ( dirt) through the nasal cavity.
Types - Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal cells (sinuses)
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
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in this question and your wider MYP knowledge, discuss and evaluate the possible implications of using light technology (Lasik).
In your answer, you should include:
-An evaluation on using light technology (Lasik)
-Economical impacts of introducing Lasik
-Social impacts of using Lasik
-A concluding recommendation based on the arguments you have discussed
It may give you some peace of mind to know that complications from LASIK are extremely unlikely to result in major, permanent vision loss. Thus, option D is correct.
What are the implications of using light technology (Lasik)?If you are considering the treatment but are concerned that anything might go wrong. Additionally, laser re-treatment can be used to fix a variety of issues.
Loss of vision as a result of complications is extremely uncommon. However, some LASIK side effects, notably dry eyes and transient vision issues like glare, are very typical.
Few people think these are long-term issues because they typically go away within a few weeks or months.
Therefore, A concluding recommendation based on the arguments you have discussed.
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what waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? what waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? lactic acid ethyl alcohol pyruvic acid creatine
Yeast produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol when it is anaerobic.
They do this through a process known as fermentation in which glucose molecules are consumed. Because the carbon dioxide produced during the baking process aids in the bread's rising, yeast is added.
What about anaerobic conditions?When the intake or loss of oxygen exceeds that of its production through photosynthesis or diffusion by physical transfer from the surrounding environment, anaerobic conditions are present. Due to the availability of organic material, microbial respiration typically consumes oxygen. A set of metabolic processes allow cells to regenerate their energy under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation is the name given to this process. The Krebs cycle is stopped when there is an anaerobic environment. Clostridium botulinum and the microorganisms that dwell close to hydrothermal vents on the deep-sea ocean floor are two examples of obligate anaerobes. Organisms that can tolerate the presence of oxygen but cannot use it for growth. Anaerobes that can develop in the absence of oxygen yet use it when it is available. When referring to plants, the terms "hypoxic" or "anaerobic conditions". When there is little to no oxygen available in the substrate or soil. Water replaces the oxygen that was present in the soil profile's pores. The microbial, fungal, and plant activities quickly deplete any remaining oxygen when saturated conditions persist.Learn more about anaerobic conditions here:
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Which statement best describes reproduction with two parents?
A. Smaller yeast cells grow on the side of a larger yeast cell.
B. New African violet plants can grow from leaves cut off of existing
plants.
C. Many tadpoles hatch from a cluster of eggs fertilized by cells from
a male frog.
O
D. Small sea stars can grow from arms that break off of a large sea
star.
describe the mechanisms that ensure parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences
The mechanism that ensures parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences is the replication process. It occurs before cell division and provides each daughter cell with the same chromosomic set as the parental cell.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is a process through which DNA molecules are duplicated. It occurs during the S phase of the interphase, before cell division.
In the interphase the cell duplicates its content, so every daughter cell gets the same material. Hence, DNA must be replicated, so daughter cells have a complete chromosomic set.
DNI replication is semi-conservative because each new molecule carries an original DNI strand and a new one. The old existing strands are used to synthesize the new complementary strand.
To separate the original strands, helicase enzymes must act in the replication origin to break hydrogen bonds and separate the strands.
While the strands unroll, the topoisomerase enzyme releases tension.
Other proteins are also needed to join the strains and keep them separated.
Once the molecule is opened, there is a region named replication forks. DNA polymerase pairs new nucleotides with the corresponding nucleotide of the original strand.
DNA strands are antiparallel, and replication occurs only in 5'-3' direction. One of the strands is continuously replicated, while the other strain grows in short Okazaki fragments.
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the genetic material of the human immunodeficiency virus is rna. in hiv-infected human cells, the rna can be copied into a dna molecule by a process known as
The RNA can be copied into a DNA molecule by a process known as Reverse transcription.
Reverse transcription is DNA dependent RNA polymerase, and it is considered the imitated enzyme of retroviruses. reverse transcriptase function to utilize only the single-stranded RNA to synthesize viral DNA.
As the name suggest it reverses the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA in place of DNA to RNA that is most common case in transcription. As reverse transcriptase is important process in some retroviruses, like HIV-1. As this process requires to counter many antiretroviral therapeutics drugs .
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