1. The types of formal organizational subgroups are task and command groups.
2. The clear hierarchy does not characterize the storming stage of group development.
1. It is possible to further sub-classify groups in organizations. A task group is created to achieve a specific goal or objective of an organization. The members of a task group work together to complete a specific task or project assigned to them. Task groups are usually temporary in nature.
Command groups, on the other hand, are created based on the organizational structure. The members of a command group work together to achieve the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Command groups are permanent in nature.
2. Storming is the second stage of group development. It is a period of conflict and tension among members of the group. The four main characteristics of the storming stage of group development are:
Resistance: The group members resist the constraints imposed by the group. They want to work in their own way.
Leadership conflict: There is a conflict among group members about who will lead the group.
Intragroup conflict: There is a conflict among group members about how the group will work.
Clear Hierarchy: During the storming stage of group development, there is no clear hierarchy established among group members. They do not know their roles and responsibilities.
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FILL THE BLANK.
"Under a final-pay defined benefit plan, the amount of aggregate
employer contribution plans allocated to younger employees usually
is _______________
Under a final-pay defined benefit plan, the amount of aggregate employer contribution allocated to younger employees is typically lower than that allocated to older employees.
This is because the final-pay formula used in these plans calculates benefits based on an employee's average earnings during the final years of their career. As younger employees have more working years ahead of them, their average earnings in the final years will likely be lower compared to older employees who have had more time to progress in their careers and earn higher salaries. Consequently, the employer's contribution for younger employees is lower in order to reflect their lower average earnings.
In a final-pay defined benefit plan, the retirement benefits for employees are determined based on a formula that considers their average earnings during a specified period, often the final years of their career. This formula takes into account factors like the number of years of service and a percentage multiplier to calculate the retirement benefit amount.
Younger employees, who have fewer years of service and a longer time horizon until retirement, tend to have lower average earnings during the final years of their career. This is because they have less experience and may be in lower-level positions compared to older employees who have had more time to progress in their careers and earn higher salaries.
Since the final-pay formula calculates benefits based on average earnings, the employer's contribution for younger employees is usually lower. This lower contribution amount reflects the lower average earnings that younger employees are likely to have during the final years of their career. The aim is to ensure that the retirement benefits are proportionate to the earnings and service of each employee, taking into account their individual circumstances.
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Outgoings are necessary to maintain functionality and competitive advantage of real property.
True / False
True. Allocating appropriate funds towards outgoings is crucial for maintaining the functionality and competitive advantage of real property investments.
outgoings refer to the various expenses incurred in maintaining and operating a real property or asset. these expenses are necessary to ensure the functionality, upkeep, and competitive advantage of the property. outgoings typically include costs such as property taxes, insurance premiums, maintenance and repair expenses, utilities, property management fees, and other related expenditures. by allocating resources towards outgoings, property owners can ensure that the property remains in good condition, complies with regulations, provides a safe and comfortable environment for occupants, and retains its competitiveness in the market.
neglecting or investing in outgoings can lead to deteriorating property conditions, reduced tenant satisfaction, higher vacancy rates, and ultimately diminish the value and desirability of the real property.
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Beta of Superfulous stocks is 1.29. The risk-free rate of interest is 3.5% and the market return is 12.2%. What is the required return on the stock based on the CAPM? 19.24% 23.75% 14.72% 15.74%
The required return on the Superfulous stock based on the CAPM is 14.72%.
The required return on the stock based on the CAPM can be calculated using the following formula:
Required Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta x (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Required Return = 0.035 + 1.29 x (0.122 - 0.035)
Required Return = 0.035 + 1.29 x 0.087
Required Return = 0.035 + 0.11223
Required Return = 0.14723 or 14.72%
Therefore, the required return on the Superfulous stock based on the CAPM is 14.72%.
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Deserbe an interview that you have been involved in where you feit comportable, empowered and engaged in the process. What did the interviewer do to enabie this. experience? {ln not less than 100 words}
I recently had an interview where I felt comfortable, empowered, and engaged throughout the process. The interviewer created a positive experience by demonstrating active listening, providing clear communication, and showing genuine interest in my qualifications and experiences.
During the interview, the interviewer made me feel comfortable by creating a welcoming and friendly environment. They greeted me with a warm smile, introduced themselves, and initiated small talk to help ease any nervousness. They actively listened to my responses, maintaining eye contact and nodding to show their engagement. They asked follow-up questions to delve deeper into my experiences and skills, which made me feel valued and empowered to share more insights.Moreover, the interviewer provided clear communication throughout the interview. They explained the interview structure, the types of questions they would ask, and the timeline for the hiring process. They also gave me an opportunity to ask questions, ensuring that I had a clear understanding of the role and company.Furthermore, the interviewer showed genuine interest in my qualifications and experiences. They asked specific questions tailored to my background and allowed me to showcase my expertise. They acknowledged my achievements and provided positive feedback, which further boosted my confidence and engagement in the conversation.Overall, the interviewer's active listening, clear communication, and genuine interest in my qualifications created an interview experience where I felt comfortable, empowered, and engaged.Learn more about Interview here:
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Param and Aryan are two friends. Both of them are doing different business. Param’s business is facing the challenge of continuous change in needs and wants of consumers, change in prices and he is also very upset because of tough competition. On the other hand, a great hurdle is there in Aryan’s business because of the dishonesty of employees, strikes and lockouts. Identify and explain the causes of business risk the two friends are suffering from
Param faces business risks from changing consumer needs, fluctuating prices, and intense competition, while Aryan faces risks from employee dishonesty and labor disputes like strikes and lockouts.
Param is facing the challenges of changing consumer needs and wants, fluctuating prices, and intense competition. These causes of business risk can be categorized as follows:
Changing consumer needs and wants: Consumer preferences and demands evolve over time, which can pose a risk for Param's business. If Param's products or services fail to adapt to changing consumer needs, there is a possibility of losing customers and market share.
Fluctuating prices: Prices of inputs, raw materials, or finished goods can be volatile due to factors like inflation, currency fluctuations, or supply and demand imbalances. Fluctuating prices can impact Param's profitability, especially if the business is unable to adjust its pricing strategies accordingly.
Intense competition: High competition in the market means that Param's business needs to continuously strive to differentiate itself from competitors. This can involve investing in marketing efforts, product innovation, and maintaining competitive pricing. Failure to effectively compete in a crowded marketplace can lead to reduced sales and profitability.
On the other hand, Aryan is facing business risks due to the following causes:
Employee dishonesty: Aryan's business is affected by dishonesty among employees, which can include theft, fraud, or embezzlement. Such actions not only result in financial losses but also erode trust within the organization.
Strikes and lockouts: Labor disputes such as strikes or lockouts can disrupt Aryan's business operations, leading to delays in production, reduced productivity, and potential revenue losses. These events may arise due to disagreements between management and employees regarding working conditions, wages, or other labor-related issues.
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These are True or False questions. I can't confirm them.
1. A recessionary gap means that the level of real GDP at the short-run macroeconomic equilibrium is larger than the full-employment GDP.
2. The economy's short-run AS curve assumes that wages and other resource prices eventually rise and fall to match upward or downward changes in the price level.
3. Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. In a short span of time, there is a sharp increase in the stock market, a tax cut, an increase in the money supply and a decline in the value of the dollar (depreciates). In the short run, the price level and real GDP will both fall.
4. The size of the spending multiplier associated with an initial increase in spending will be the same whether or not inflation occurs.
False - A recessionary gap means that the level of real GDP at the short-run macroeconomic equilibrium is smaller than the full-employment GDP.
True - The economy's short-run AS curve assumes that wages and other resource prices eventually rise and fall to match upward or downward changes in the price level.
False - In the short run, a sharp increase in the stock market, a tax cut, an increase in the money supply, and a decline in the value of the dollar will lead to an increase in both the price level and real GDP.
True - The size of the spending multiplier associated with an initial increase in spending is the same regardless of whether or not inflation occurs.
False: A recessionary gap means that the level of real GDP at the short-run macroeconomic equilibrium is smaller than the full-employment GDP. It indicates an underutilization of resources and an output level below the economy's potential.True: The economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve is based on the assumption that wages and other resource prices are sticky in the short run. It implies that these prices do not immediately adjust to changes in the overall price level, allowing for a positive relationship between output and the price level in the short run.False: In the given scenario, with a sharp increase in the stock market, a tax cut, an increase in the money supply, and a decline in the value of the dollar, both the price level and real GDP are expected to rise in the short run due to increased spending and investment.True: The size of the spending multiplier, which measures the overall impact of an initial increase in spending on real GDP, will be the same regardless of whether or not inflation occurs. The multiplier captures the additional rounds of spending that result from the initial injection, leading to an amplified effect on overall output.Learn more about recessionary gap here:-
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An investor has studied the financials for Carmelo's Computer Corporation. After careful study, the investor has projected the dividends over the next 5 years, plus the selling price at the end of the 5th year:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Dividend $2.00 $2.25 $2.60 $3.00 $3.25
SellingPrice $40.00
If the investor would like a 15% annual return, what is the intrinsic value of this stock today?
a, $25.11
b. $23.56
c. $25.77
d. $28.37
The intrinsic value of Carmelo's Computer Corporation stock today, based on projected dividends and selling price, is approximately $25.77. This value takes into account the desired 15% annual return rate.
To calculate the intrinsic value of the stock today, we need to find the present value of the projected dividends and the selling price at the end of the 5th year. Here's how we can calculate it:
Calculate the present value of the dividends:
PV_dividends = Dividend1 / (1 + r)^1 + Dividend2 / (1 + r)^2 + Dividend3 / (1 + r)^3 + Dividend4 / (1 + r)^4 + Dividend5 / (1 + r)^5
Where:
PV_dividends = Present value of dividends
Dividend = Dividend payment in a particular year
r = Annual return rate
n = Number of years
In this case, the annual return rate is 15% and the projected dividends for each year are given.
Using the formula, we can calculate the present value of the dividends:
PV_dividends = $2 / (1 + 0.15)^1 + $2.25 / (1 + 0.15)^2 + $2.60 / (1 + 0.15)^3 + $3 / (1 + 0.15)^4 + $3.25 / (1 + 0.15)^5
Calculating the present value of the dividends over the 5-year period will give us the present value of the projected dividends.
Calculate the present value of the selling price:
PV_selling_price = SellingPrice / (1 + r)^n
In this case, the selling price at the end of the 5th year is $40, and the annual return rate is 15%.
Using the formula, we can calculate the present value of the selling price:
PV_selling_price = $40 / (1 + 0.15)^5
Calculating the present value of the selling price at the end of the 5th year will give us the present value of the selling price.
Calculate the intrinsic value:
Intrinsic Value = PV_dividends + PV_selling_price
By adding the present value of the dividends and the present value of the selling price, we can calculate the intrinsic value of the stock today.
By performing the calculation, we find that the intrinsic value of the stock today is approximately $25.77.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. $25.77.
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Stock X and Y both offer an expected rate of return of 15. The standard deviation of Y is 20 percent and that of X is 25 percent. If an investor wishes to invest in one of the stocks, then the average investor would generally
Multiple Choice
a. prefer Y to X.
b. The investor would generally be indifferent because of the expected returns are the same.
c. prefer X to Y.
d. The answer cannot be determined without knowing investors' risk preferences.
The correct answer is a. The average investor would generally prefer Y to X based on the lower standard deviation, assuming they prefer lower risk or volatility.
Given that Stock X and Stock Y both offer an expected rate of return of 15%, we need to consider the standard deviation as a measure of risk.
In this case, Stock X has a higher standard deviation (25%) compared to Stock Y (20%). Generally, a higher standard deviation indicates higher volatility or risk.
Assuming the average investor prefers lower risk or volatility, the average investor would generally prefer Stock Y over Stock X. This is because Stock Y has a lower standard deviation, indicating potentially lower volatility and a more stable investment compared to Stock X.
Therefore, the correct answer is a. The average investor would generally prefer Y to X based on the lower standard deviation, assuming they prefer lower risk or volatility.
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The United States Senate has 45 Republicans and 55 Democrats. If we need to make a committee of 10 people, what is the probability that the committee will consist of 6 Republicans and 4 Democrats?
Group of answer choices
0.201
0.160
0.182
0.145
The probability that the committee will consist of 6 Republicans and 4 Democrats is 0.182.The probability that the committee will consist of 6 Republicans and 4 Democrats can be determined as follows:
Probability = (number of ways to choose 6 Republicans from 45)/(total number of ways to choose 10 people from 100) * (number of ways to choose 4 Democrats from 55)/(total number of ways to choose remaining 4 people from 55)Probability
= [tex](45 C 6)/(100 C 10) * (55 C 4)/(55 C 4)[/tex]
Probability
= [tex](45 C 6)/(100 C 10) * 1[/tex]
Probability
= [tex](45!/(6!39!))/(100!/(10!90!))Probability = (45!/(6!39!))*(10!90!/(100!))[/tex]
Probability = 0.182
The probability that the committee will consist of 6 Republicans and 4 Democrats is 0.182.
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Ten annual returns are listed in the following table: (Click on the following icon in order to copy its contents into a spreadsheet.)
−19.9%
16.6%
18.0%
−50.0%
43.3%
1.2%
−16.5%
45.6%
45.2%
−3.0%
a. What is the arithmetic average return over the 10-year period?
b. What is the geometric average return over the 10-year period?
c. If you invested $100 at the beginning, how much would you have at the end?
a. The arithmetic average return over the 10-year period is calculated by summing all the annual returns and dividing by the number of years.
Arithmetic average return = (−19.9% + 16.6% + 18.0% − 50.0% + 43.3% + 1.2% − 16.5% + 45.6% + 45.2% − 3.0%) / 10
Arithmetic average return = 180.1% / 10
Arithmetic average return = 18.01%
b. The geometric average return over the 10-year period is calculated by taking the product of all the annual returns as percentages and then taking the 10th root of that product.
Geometric average return = (1 + (−19.9% / 100)) × (1 + (16.6% / 100)) × (1 + (18.0% / 100)) × (1 + (−50.0% / 100)) × (1 + (43.3% / 100)) × (1 + (1.2% / 100)) × (1 + (−16.5% / 100)) × (1 + (45.6% / 100)) × (1 + (45.2% / 100)) × (1 + (−3.0% / 100)) ^ (1/10) - 1
Geometric average return = (0.801 × 1.166 × 1.180 × 0.500 × 1.433 × 1.012 × 0.835 × 1.456 × 1.452 × 0.970) ^ (1/10) - 1
Geometric average return = 0.849 - 1
Geometric average return = -0.151 or -15.1%
c. To calculate the ending amount after 10 years, we can use the compound interest formula:
Ending amount = Starting amount × (1 + Geometric average return)^10
Ending amount = $100 × (1 + (-0.151))^10
Ending amount = $100 × 0.541
Ending amount = $54.10
a. The arithmetic average return over the 10-year period is 18.01%.
b. The geometric average return over the 10-year period is -15.1%.
c. If you invested $100 at the beginning, you would have approximately $54.10 at the end.
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Using the firm’s optimality conditions, derive the expression for the college wage premium, Wc Wh . What factors does the college wage premium depend on?
The college wage premium, Wc - Wh, represents the difference in earnings between individuals with a college degree (college graduates) and those without a college degree (high school graduates). It is derived from the firm's optimality conditions and depends on various factors.
The college wage premium can be derived from the firm's optimality conditions, which consider the supply and demand for labor. The wage rate for college graduates (Wc) is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for college-educated workers. Similarly, the wage rate for high school graduates (Wh) is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for high school-educated workers. The difference between these two wage rates gives us the college wage premium (Wc - Wh).
The college wage premium depends on several factors, including the relative supply and demand for college-educated workers and high school-educated workers, the productivity and skills associated with a college degree, the level of education required for specific occupations, and the overall economic conditions. Other factors such as technological advancements, globalization, and the impact of educational policies and institutions can also influence the college wage premium.
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The college wage premium, Wc - Wh, represents the difference in earnings between individuals with a college degree (college graduates) and those without a college degree (high school graduates). It is derived from the firm's optimality conditions and depends on various factors.
The college wage premium can be derived from the firm's optimality conditions, which consider the supply and demand for labor. The wage rate for college graduates (Wc) is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for college-educated workers. Similarly, the wage rate for high school graduates (Wh) is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for high school-educated workers. The difference between these two wage rates gives us the college wage premium (Wc - Wh).
The college wage premium depends on several factors, including the relative supply and demand for college-educated workers and high school-educated workers, the productivity and skills associated with a college degree, the level of education required for specific occupations, and the overall economic conditions. Other factors such as technological advancements, globalization, and the impact of educational policies and institutions can also influence the college wage premium.
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Frankfurt Pump Questions for Chapter 10 (ONLY ANSWER IF YOU ARE KNOW THE FRANKFURT PUMP CASE/STORY)
1. What pricing approach does FPC appear to be using? 2. How might FPC improve its position by being creative about pricing? 3. . FPC’s distributors do not feel able to sell to supply stores. How might FPC use pricing to overcome this problem?
FPC appears to be using the cost-plus pricing approach. FPC is a Harvard Business School (HBS) case that analyzes the pricing challenges faced by FPC as it tries to compete with other pump manufacturers.
According to this method, the company estimates the total cost of the product and adds a profit margin to determine the selling price.The primary benefit of this pricing approach is that it guarantees a profit for each sale. However, it does not allow for a high level of flexibility. By being creative about pricing, FPC might improve its position. For example, FPC could introduce tiered pricing based on order volume, loyalty discounts, or package deals with related products
Additionally, FPC could consider creating a new product line specifically for supply stores. By offering a unique product line at a competitive price, FPC could convince distributors to sell to supply stores. Another option is for FPC to bypass the distributors altogether and sell directly to supply stores. This would give FPC more control over pricing and distribution.
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how can an organisation whose products are priced higher than
their main competitors, applies competition-based
pricing principle
Competition-based pricing principle refers to setting the price of a product or service based on the price of the main competitors' offerings. Competition-based pricing is beneficial for businesses looking to win customers by the of undercutting rivals' prices or matching them.
it is difficult for companies with higher prices than competitors to apply the competition-based pricing principle can an organisation whose products are priced higher than their main competitors apply the competition-based pricing principle " is When a business prices its products higher than its competitors, it must first study the market to the make understand the competition's pricing strategy and use a differential pricing approach based on the product's The differentiation. Here are the steps an can take to apply the competition-based pricing principle:1. Identify the differentiators
The organisation must identify the unique features of the product, brand, or service that distinguish it from competitors. These features must be significant and meaningful to customers and must represent a strong value proposition. . Assess the competition's prices: The business must compare its product's price with the prices of similar offerings from competitors. It must be determined whether the price difference is due to a lack of understanding of the market or whether the price difference is due to a product's uniqueness or quality. Determine a premium price: If the products have value-added features, then it must charge a premium price. It must be ensured that customers are the understand the value proposition and are willing to pay a higher price. . Explain the premium price: The business must explain the unique benefits of its products and why it charges a higher price than its competitors. The organisation must create a powerful brand image and value proposition to communicate its uniqueness.5. Develop a competitive pricing strategy: The organisation must have a strategy that allows it to be competitive in the market while maintaining a premium price. The business must constantly monitor and assess the market and adjust its prices and promotional strategies to stay competitive.
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stock is the number of shares that a corporation's charter allows it to sell
Stock refers to the number of shares that a corporation's charter allows it to sell.
A corporation's charter, also known as the articles of incorporation, outlines the fundamental details and rules governing the corporation's existence. Within the charter, there is typically a provision that specifies the authorized or issued stock, which represents the maximum number of shares the corporation is permitted to sell or issue to investors.
The authorized stock is determined during the incorporation process and can be adjusted through amendments to the charter. It serves as a limit or cap on the total number of shares the corporation can legally offer to shareholders. However, the actual number of shares issued may be less than the authorized stock, as it depends on factors such as the company's financing needs, ownership structure, and market demand for the shares.
It's worth noting that authorized stock does not necessarily represent the total outstanding shares of a corporation. The outstanding shares refer to the actual shares held by shareholders, which may be a subset of the authorized stock.
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Stock represents ownership in a business, which is divided into shares that a corporation can sell to raise financial capital. Initial Public Offering (IPO) refers to the company's first sale of stock to the public. The buyers of stock become shareholders and part owners of the firm.
Explanation:The phrase 'stock is the number of shares that a corporation's charter allows it to sell' pertains to the concept of stock in the field of business. Essentially, the stock represents the ownership of a firm. A company's stock is divided into shares, which they can sell to the public to receive financial capital. A term often used in this context is Initial Public Offering or IPO, referring to the company's first stock sale. However, when shares change hands between shareholders, the company does not receive funds. The return on stock comes in two forms - dividends and capital gains.
When one purchases the stock of the company, one becomes a shareholder, thereby becoming a part owner of the firm. Corporations can be private or public and may or may not have publicly traded stock. They raise funds to finance their operations and new investments through the sale of stock or the issuance of bonds.
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What is the future value (in $) of cash flows 1-3 at the end of year 3, assuming a 6% interest rate (compounded annually)?
End of year Cash flow
1 $500
2 870
3 830
4 3,500
5 1,250
6 4,530
7 2,350
The future value of cash flows 1-3 at the end of year 3, assuming a 6% interest rate (compounded annually) is $11,138.36.
To calculate the future value (in $) of cash flows 1-3 at the end of year 3, assuming a 6% interest rate (compounded annually), we need to use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity which is:FV = C[(1 + r)n - 1]/rWhere:FV is the future valueC is the cash flowr is the interest raten is the number of periods.
For this question, cash flow (C) is $3,500, the interest rate (r) is 6%, and the number of periods (n) is 3.To calculate the future value of cash flows 1-3, we need to calculate the future value of each cash flow and then add them up:FV1 = $3,500FV2 = $3,500(1 + 0.06) = $3,710FV3 = $3,500(1 + 0.06)² = $3,928.36
The future value of cash flows 1-3 at the end of year 3 is therefore:FV1-3 = $3,500 + $3,710 + $3,928.36 = $11,138.36.Therefore, the future value of cash flows 1-3 at the end of year 3, assuming a 6% interest rate (compounded annually) is $11,138.36.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of integrated marketing communications? Select one: a. To build relationships with consumers. b. To ensure products are at the places where consumers expect to find them c. To remind consumers to continue using certain products. d. To persuade consumers to choose one brand over others. e. To inform consumers about new products.
The function of integrated marketing communications that is NOT correct is e. To inform consumers about new products.
Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is a strategic approach that combines various promotional tools and channels to deliver consistent and coordinated messages to target audiences.
While all the other options listed are functions of IMC, informing consumers about new products is not the primary function.
Although informing consumers can be a part of the overall communication strategy, IMC goes beyond simply providing information and aims to build relationships, ensure product availability, remind consumers, and persuade them to choose a particular brand over others.
Therefore, the correct option is (e) to inform consumers about new products.
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The function of integrated marketing communications that is NOT correct is e. To inform consumers about new products.
Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is a strategic approach that combines various promotional tools and channels to deliver consistent and coordinated messages to target audiences.
While all the other options listed are functions of IMC, informing consumers about new products is not the primary function.
Although informing consumers can be a part of the overall communication strategy, IMC goes beyond simply providing information and aims to build relationships, ensure product availability, remind consumers, and persuade them to choose a particular brand over others.
Therefore, the correct option is (e) to inform consumers about new products.
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If a stockholder receives a dividend that reduces retained earnings by the fair market value (FMV) of the stock, the stockholder has received a
A. small stock dividend.
B. contingent dividend.
C. large stock dividend.
D. cash dividend.
The stockholder has received a large stock dividend. The correct option is C.
If a stockholder receives a dividend that reduces retained earnings by the fair market value (FMV) of the stock, the stockholder has received a large stock dividend.
In a large stock dividend, a company issues additional shares of its stock to shareholders as a form of dividend payment.
This differs from a cash dividend where shareholders receive cash payments.
When a large stock dividend is issued, the fair market value of the stock is transferred from the company's retained earnings to the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet.
This increases the number of outstanding shares and reduces the company's retained earnings. The FMV of the stock is used to determine the value that is transferred.
In contrast, a small stock dividend is characterized by the issuance of a relatively small number of additional shares.
A contingent dividend refers to a dividend payment that is dependent on certain conditions being met.
Neither of these options accurately describes the scenario in which retained earnings are reduced by the FMV of the stock received, making the correct answer C. large stock dividend.
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A : Building a consensus among the group, during the group decision-making process, can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT
Multiple Choice
a.if time becomes a factor, they must make an informed final decision after everyone's ideas have been heard.
b.provide periodic summaries to help the group keep track of its progress.
c.manage any conflict that may arise.
d.protect those members who represent the minority view.
e.guarantee that everyone has the opportunity to share opinions.
Building a consensus among the group, during the group decision-making process, can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT (a) If time becomes a factor, they must make an informed final decision after everyone's ideas have been heard.
Building a consensus among the group is a collaborative process that involves considering and incorporating different perspectives and ideas. While all the other options (b, c, d, and e) contribute to achieving consensus, option a suggests making a final decision after everyone's ideas have been heard, even if time is a constraint. However, in reality, time constraints may require the group to make a decision before hearing from everyone or reaching a full consensus. Therefore, option a does not contribute to building a consensus and is the exception among the given choices.
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You expect a share of stock to pay dividends of $2.10, $2.35, and $2.60 in each of the next 3 years. You believe the stock will sell for $33.00 at the end of the third year.
a. What is the stock price if the discount rate for the stock is 20%? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
b. What is the dividend yield for year 1? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
c. What will be the dividend yield at the start of year 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
a. With a discount rate of 20%, the present value of the dividends and the expected stock price at the end of the third year can be calculated. The stock price is the sum of the present values of the dividends and the present value of the expected selling price.
b. The dividend yield for year 1 can be determined by dividing the dividend for year 1 by the stock price at the beginning of year 1 and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage.
c. To calculate the dividend yield at the start of year 2, divide the dividend for year 2 by the stock price at the beginning of year 2 and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Note: Since specific dividend amounts are not mentioned, I will use the given dividend values of $2.10, $2.35, and $2.60 for the calculations in the supporting answers.
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VW of America – Managing IT Priorities
1) In general, what characteristics should a process for
decreasing funding of IT projects
have?
A process for decreasing funding of IT projects should have the following characteristics: Objective Criteria, Transparent and Consistent,
Data-Driven Decision Making, Stakeholder Involvement, Flexibility and Adaptability, Strategic Alignment, Documentation and Accountability, Continuous Improvement.
Objective Criteria: The process should use objective criteria to evaluate and prioritize IT projects for funding reduction. These criteria can include factors such as project alignment with business goals, project viability, strategic importance, cost-benefit analysis, and potential risks.
Transparent and Consistent: The process should be transparent, with clear guidelines and criteria communicated to all stakeholders. It should be consistently applied across all IT projects to ensure fairness and avoid favoritism or bias.
Data-Driven Decision Making: The process should rely on data and evidence to support funding reduction decisions. This can include project performance metrics, financial analysis, project reviews, and other relevant data sources.
Stakeholder Involvement: The process should involve key stakeholders, including IT project managers, business owners, executives, and finance representatives. Their input and expertise should be considered during the evaluation and decision-making process.
Flexibility and Adaptability: The process should be flexible enough to accommodate changes in business priorities, market conditions, and technology advancements. It should allow for ongoing assessment and adjustments to ensure optimal allocation of IT resources.
Strategic Alignment: The process should align with the organization's strategic goals and objectives. It should prioritize IT projects that contribute the most value to the business and support long-term growth and competitiveness.
Documentation and Accountability: The process should be well-documented, with clear records of the rationale behind funding reduction decisions. This promotes accountability and enables effective communication with stakeholders about the reasons for reducing funding for specific projects.
Continuous Improvement: The process should be regularly reviewed and refined based on feedback and lessons learned. It should be open to incorporating best practices and industry standards for IT project portfolio management.
By incorporating these characteristics, a process for decreasing funding of IT projects can ensure a systematic and rational approach to managing limited resources and aligning IT investments with business priorities.
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Transcribed image text: B. Discuss a work situation in which an employee might need to engage in emotional labor (1 point). Be specific about why this situation has the potential to cause emotional dissonance-what are the felt emotions the employee is likely to experience in this situation (1 point), and what might be the 'displayed emotions the employee would likely believe their organization would find appropriate in this situation (1 point). Then give an example of how the a employee could engage in 'surface acting' (1 point) and an example of how the employee could engage in 'deep acting (1 point) in this situation.
In a customer service role at a call center, an employee might need to engage in emotional labor when dealing with irate or frustrated customers.
This situation has the potential to cause emotional dissonance because the employee may personally feel frustrated or annoyed by the customer's behavior, but they are expected to display positive and empathetic emotions to maintain good customer service.
The employee is likely to experience felt emotions such as frustration, annoyance, or even anger in response to the customer's behavior. However, the displayed emotions that the employee would likely believe their organization would find appropriate in this situation would be patience, understanding, and a willingness to assist.
In terms of surface acting, the employee may engage in superficially displaying emotions by putting on a fake smile, using scripted responses, and masking their true emotions. For example, they may greet the customer cheerfully even though they feel frustrated inside.
On the other hand, in deep acting, the employee would genuinely try to modify their internal emotions to align with the desired display. They may empathize with the customer's situation, remind themselves of the importance of providing good service, and genuinely attempt to understand and resolve the customer's issue.
Both surface acting and deep acting are strategies employees use to manage their emotions in emotional labor situations. Surface acting involves external display of emotions without changing internal feelings, while deep acting involves actively modifying internal emotions to authentically align with the desired display.
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The Baringer Company manufactures and sells multiple products, and a manager recently noticed that one product is showing a loss and recommended discontinuing the product. The information related to the product is as follows:
Sales $35,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold 30,000,000
Gross Profit $5,000,000
Operating Expenses 8,500,000
Loss from Operations -$3,500,000
• Assume Cost of Goods Sold is 60% fixed
• Assume Operating Expenses are 80% fixed
Question 1: Should the product be discontinued?
Question 2: What would be the effect on Net Income if the product is discontinued?
Question 1: Should the product be discontinued? The manager's recommendation to discontinue the product needs to be reviewed before a final decision is made. The gross profit of $5,000,000 on a product sales of $35,000,000 seems reasonable, yet the net loss of $3,500,000 suggests a problem.
However, in order to decide whether or not to discontinue the product, the breakdown of the costs into variable and fixed costs is necessary.Using the given information: Sales = $35,000,000, Cost of Goods Sold = $30,000,000, Gross Profit = $5,000,000, and Operating Expenses = $8,500,000We can calculate the variable and fixed components of costs and see how they affect the operation.60% of Cost of Goods Sold = $30,000,000 x 0.6 = $18,000,000 in fixed costs40% of Cost of Goods Sold = $30,000,000 x 0.4 = $12,000,000 in variable costs20% of Operating Expenses = $8,500,000 x 0.2 = $1,700,000 in fixed costs80% of Operating Expenses = $8,500,000 x 0.8 = $6,800,000 in variable costs
The variable costs on a $35,000,000 sales are: $12,000,000 (Cost of Goods Sold variable) + $6,800,000 (Operating Expenses variable) = $18,800,000The total costs are: $18,000,000 (Cost of Goods Sold fixed) + $1,700,000 (Operating Expenses fixed) = $19,700,000The contribution margin is the gross profit less variable costs = $5,000,000 - $18,800,000 = -$13,800,000The break-even point in sales dollars is fixed costs divided by the contribution margin = $19,700,000 divided by -$13,800,000 = -$1.43
If a negative amount is obtained, it indicates that the company is operating at a loss, and that it is producing less than it is spending. This is the case with the product in question.The break-even point in units is the fixed costs divided by the unit contribution margin, which is $19,700,000 divided by -$4 per unit. The break-even point in units is 4,925,000 units. Since sales of 10,000,000 units were achieved, the loss of $3,500,000 was incurred because the company sold too few units to cover the fixed costs.
In conclusion, the decision to discontinue a product should not be based solely on profit or loss. Instead, a company should take a look at the bigger picture. When a company discontinues a product, it loses potential revenue. Additionally, the company has to consider how the loss of revenue will affect the other products. By reducing production, the company might not be able to reduce fixed costs such as rent and insurance, which would impact the break-even point and net income. Therefore, the company must carefully evaluate whether discontinuing a product is the right choice, and analyze all of the costs involved.
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two-level, NOR-NOR circuit implements the function f(a,b,c,d)=(a+d ′
)(b ′
+c+d)(a ′
+c ′
+d ′
)(b ′
+c ′
+d). (a) Find all hazards in the circuit. (b) Redesign the circuit as a two-level, NOR-NOR circuit free of all hazards and using a minimum number of gates.
(a) The two-level NOR-NOR circuit implementing the function f(a,b,c,d) = (a+d')(b'+c+d)(a'+c'+d')(b'+c'+d) has no hazards. (b) The circuit does not require redesigning since it is already free of hazards.
(a) Hazards in digital circuits refer to temporary glitches or inconsistencies in the output due to delays in signal propagation. These hazards can occur when changes in input values cause intermediate signals to be in an unstable state for a brief period. However, in the given two-level NOR-NOR circuit, there are no hazards present. This means that the circuit functions correctly without any unexpected output fluctuations or timing issues.
(b) Since the circuit in question does not exhibit any hazards, there is no need for a redesign. The current implementation using a two-level NOR-NOR configuration is already free of hazards. Therefore, the circuit is considered optimized in terms of both functionality and hazard-free operation.
It is worth noting that designing hazard-free circuits can be a complex task in digital circuit design. Hazards can occur due to various factors, such as the specific logical function being implemented, the timing of input changes, and the propagation delays of gates. Mitigating hazards often involves techniques like hazard detection, hazard elimination, or hazard avoidance, which may require additional gates or modifications to the circuit structure.
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Due to the recovery that is threatening to cause sales to grow faster than the company can produce output, City Manufacturing, Inc. has decided to change its credit terms from net 35 days to net 30 days. City believes that this policy change will keep sales at their current level, but decrease the firm's average collection period by 5 days (from 35 days to 30 days). Assume that this policy change will have no effect on costs, and because it also will have no effect on sales, it will have no impact on net income.
40. If any asset change(s) resulting from this new policy will be offset by a corresponding and equal change in short-term debt (i.e., notes payable), all else equal, this new policy should cause the firm's quick ratio (assuming that the current quick ratio = 0.8) to:
a INCREASE
b. DECREASE
c. NO CHANGE
The quick ratio is a measure of a company's liquidity and ability to cover its short-term liabilities using its most liquid assets. It is calculated by dividing the sum of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable by current liabilities.
In this scenario, City Manufacturing, Inc. is changing its credit terms to decrease its average collection period by 5 days. This means that accounts receivable, which is a component of the quick ratio, will decrease.
The change in accounts receivable will be offset by a corresponding and equal change in short-term debt (notes payable). This implies that the decrease in accounts receivable will be accompanied by an increase in short-term debt.
Since the quick ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable by current liabilities, and the decrease in accounts receivable is offset by an increase in short-term debt, the numerator and denominator of the quick ratio will decrease by the same amount. As a result, the quick ratio will remain unchanged.
Therefore, the answer is: c. NO CHANGE
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Total Sales Revenue $435889 Accounts Receivable, December 31 $50,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, December 31 (credit), unadjusted $102 Assuming the company estimates 6% of accounts receivable will be uncollected in the future, the adjusting journal entry to record the estimated bad debts should be for $ Show whole numbers in your answer. Do not include dollar signs, decimals, commas, etc. in your answer.
The adjusting journal entry to record the estimated bad debts should be for $3,000.
To calculate the adjusting journal entry for the estimated bad debts, you need to determine the amount of the estimated uncollectible accounts based on the given information.
The accounts receivable balance is $50,000, and the company estimates that 6% of accounts receivable will be uncollected in the future. Therefore, the estimated bad debts can be calculated as:
Estimated Bad Debts = Accounts Receivable * Estimated Uncollectible Percentage
Estimated Bad Debts = $50,000 * 6% = $3,000
The adjusting journal entry to record the estimated bad debts would be to increase the allowance for doubtful accounts (contra-asset account) and decrease accounts receivable. Since the allowance for doubtful accounts has an unadjusted credit balance of $102, we need to increase it by $3,000 to reflect the estimated bad debts.
Adjusting Journal Entry:
Debit: Bad Debts Expense $3,000
Credit: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $2,898 ($102 + $3,000)
Therefore, the adjusting journal entry to record the estimated bad debts should be for $3,000.
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A company just issued $374000 of perpetual 5% debt and used the proceeds to repurchase stock. The company expects to generate 121000 of EBIT in perpetuity. The company distributes all its earnings as dividends at the end of each year. The firm's unlevered cost of capital is 14% and the tax rate is 15%. What is the required return on the firm's levered equity (report the cost of equity as a decimal number with four decimal places such as 0.1234)?
The required return on the firm's levered equity, given the issuance of $374,000 perpetual debt, an EBIT of $121,000, an unleveled cost of capital of 14%, and a tax rate of 15%, is 18.8824%.
To calculate the required return on the firm's levered equity, we can use the Modigliani-Miller theorem and the formula for the cost of equity. The cost of equity can be calculated using the following formula:
Cost of Equity = Unlevered Cost of Capital + (Debt/Equity) * (Unlevered Cost of Capital - Tax Rate)
In this case, we are given the unlevered cost of capital (14%) and the tax rate (15%). We also know that the debt issued is $374,000. Since the company used the proceeds to repurchase stock, we assume that the equity is the remaining value after deducting the debt from the total value.
Equity = Total Value - Debt
Equity = Equity + Debt - Debt
Equity = Equity
Therefore, the debt-to-equity ratio is 1 (Debt/Equity = 1). Substituting these values into the cost of equity formula:
Cost of Equity = 14% + (1) * (14% - 15%)
Cost of Equity = 14% + (-1%) = 13%
However, we need to adjust for the tax shield benefit on interest expense. Since the perpetual debt pays interest of 5% annually, the tax shield benefit is calculated as Debt * Interest Rate * Tax Rate:
Tax Shield Benefit = $374,000 * 5% * 15%
Tax Shield Benefit = $2,805
The net tax shield benefit is the tax shield benefit minus the tax paid on the interest expense:
Net Tax Shield Benefit = Tax Shield Benefit - (Interest Expense * Tax Rate)
Net Tax Shield Benefit = $2,805 - ($374,000 * 5% * 15%)
Net Tax Shield Benefit = $2,805 - $2,805 = $0
Since the net tax shield benefit is zero, the formula simplifies to:
Cost of Equity = 14%.Therefore, the required return on the firm's levered equity is 14% or 0.1400 as a decimal number.
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Barbarians at the gate: Do you think that Shearson [American
Express] was the correct company to structure the deal? Yes/No and
Why?**
I believe that Shearson was the correct company to structure the RJR Nabisco deal. The company had the necessary experience, expertise, and motivation to ensure the success of the transaction, and their relationship with KKR
"Barbarians at the Gate" is a book by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar that chronicles the hostile takeover of RJR Nabisco by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) in 1988. Shearson Lehman Hutton, an American Express subsidiary, was instrumental in structuring the deal. In my opinion, Shearson was the correct company to structure the deal, and I will elaborate on my reasoning below.
Shearson was a reputable financial services firm with a long history of successful deals and a strong reputation in the industry. The company had a team of highly skilled and experienced professionals who were well-versed in structuring complex transactions like the RJR Nabisco deal. Shearson had also worked with KKR in the past, which gave them a level of trust and familiarity that would have been difficult to replicate with another firm.
Moreover, Shearson was motivated to ensure the success of the deal because of the enormous fees it stood to earn. The firm had a vested interest in working closely with KKR to create a deal that would satisfy all parties involved. Shearson's incentive structure also aligned with KKR's goals, as they both stood to benefit from a successful transaction.In conclusion, I believe that Shearson was the correct company to structure the RJR Nabisco deal.
The company had the necessary experience, expertise, and motivation to ensure the success of the transaction, and their relationship with KKR added an extra layer of trust and familiarity that was invaluable.
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In which situation would you want to emphasize direct benefits to get your reader to act?
Signing a petition to save the whales.
Investing $25,000 in a new, more efficient air-conditioning system for your business that will pay itself off in three years.
Donating $25,000 so that a local homeless shelter can install a new air-conditioning system.
Organizing a blood drive.
You would want to emphasize direct benefits in the situation of investing $25,000 in a new, more efficient air-conditioning system for your business that will pay itself off in three years.
When making an investment decision, individuals and businesses are more likely to be motivated by direct benefits that directly impact their own interests. In this scenario, investing in a new air-conditioning system for your business offers tangible and direct benefits. By emphasizing these benefits, such as energy cost savings, improved comfort for employees and customers, and a relatively short payback period of three years, you can appeal to the reader's self-interest and incentivize them to take action.
While the other situations mentioned, such as signing a petition to save the whales, donating to a homeless shelter, or organizing a blood drive, are all important and noble causes, they involve indirect benefits that may not directly affect the reader's immediate interests or needs. These situations often rely more on appealing to altruism, empathy, and social responsibility rather than direct personal benefits.
In summary, when the reader can clearly see how their actions will directly benefit them or their business, emphasizing these direct benefits becomes crucial in motivating them to take action. By highlighting the specific advantages and positive outcomes associated with investing in the new air-conditioning system, you can effectively persuade the reader to act in their own self-interest.
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explain in detail the issues your organization is concerned with
in its environment and how is going about it
Organizations operate within complex environments that may include political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors. These factors can impact the organization's operations, profitability, reputation, and sustainability.
Some of the common issues that organizations may be concerned with in their environment include:
Economic instability: Fluctuations in the global economy can affect demand for the organization's products or services, as well as their ability to secure funding or investment.
Regulatory compliance: Organizations must comply with various regulations and laws that govern their industry, such as data privacy, labor laws, and environmental regulations.
Social responsibility: Organizations are increasingly expected to demonstrate their commitment to social responsibility by addressing issues such as climate change, diversity and inclusion, and ethical business practices.
Technology disruption: Technological advancements can disrupt entire industries, making it necessary for organizations to adapt and innovate to remain competitive.
To address these issues, organizations may take various approaches, such as:
Stakeholder engagement: Organizations may engage with their stakeholders to understand their concerns and expectations, and develop strategies to address them.
Risk management: Organizations may conduct risk assessments to identify potential threats and develop plans to mitigate them.
Innovation and adaptation: Organizations may invest in research and development to stay ahead of changing market trends and disruptive technologies.
Collaboration and partnerships: Organizations may collaborate with other industry players or external organizations to address common challenges and achieve shared objectives.
Overall, effective environmental management requires ongoing monitoring and adaptation to ensure that the organization is able to navigate the complex and ever-changing landscape of its environment.
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ABC Ltd has three intangible items as at 30 June 2021 and additional information of such intangible items is as below:
·Brand name:ABC Ltd spent considerable resources developing a brand name with a total cost $60,000 for the last two years. The Managing Director believes thatthe brand name can be used for 10 years with no residual value and the current value of the brand name is $120,000.
·Goodwill:On 1 July 2019,ABC Ltd acquired a company and recognised goodwill $310,000.The Managing Director estimated the economic benefits associated withthe goodwill are expected to last for 10 years and decided to amortise goodwill on the straight-line basis.
Research and development asset: The research and development asset relates to a new type of three-finned surfboard.During the research phase,an expenditure of$80,000 was incurred.The following expenditure was incurred in the development phase: $120,000 on testing and refining a certain type of fin,and $250,000 ondeveloping and testing a prototype of the three-finned board. The development costs met the test for capitalisation as required in AASB 138.As at 30 June 2021,theestimated recoverable amount of this project is $400,000.There is expected to be a very large market for the product and profitable sales are expected for a total offive years after commercial production is scheduled to commence in September 2021.
Some of the treatments by ABC Ltd may be inconsistent with the accounting standards AASB 138"Intangible Assets".
REQUIRED:
Brand name:
·Brand name should be initially recognised as an
because
·What is the appropriate measurement basis for subsequent measurement of the brand name?
because
·Carrying amount of the brand name at 30 June 2021:
Goodwill:
·Goodwill should be initially recognised as an
because
measurement
of the goodwill?
because
Brand name:
Initially recognized as an intangible asset.Subsequent measurement basis: cost less accumulated amortization and impairment.Carrying amount at 30 June 2021 not provided.Goodwill:
Initially recognized as an intangible asset.Measurement: initial cost less accumulated impairment.Amortization inconsistent with AASB 138, subject to impairment testing.Brand name:The brand name should be initially recognized as an intangible asset because it meets the criteria specified in AASB 138.
It has identifiable attributes, such as being developed by ABC Ltd, and is expected to generate future economic benefits.
The appropriate measurement basis for subsequent measurement of the brand name is cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses.
This means that the brand name's carrying amount will be reduced over time through systematic amortization.
Carrying amount of the brand name at 30 June 2021:To calculate the carrying amount of the brand name at 30 June 2021, we need to consider its initial cost and the accumulated amortization.
However, the information provided does not specify the annual amortization expense or the period over which it has been amortized.
Therefore, without this information, we cannot determine the carrying amount accurately.
Goodwill:Goodwill should be initially recognized as an intangible asset because it represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired.
The appropriate measurement of goodwill is its initial cost less accumulated impairment losses.
Goodwill is not amortized systematically but is subject to impairment testing annually or when there are indications of impairment.
Measurement of the goodwill:The measurement of goodwill is its initial cost less accumulated impairment losses.
In this case, the information states that the Managing Director decided to amortize goodwill on a straight-line basis, which is inconsistent with the accounting standards AASB 138.
Goodwill should not be amortized but should be tested for impairment annually or when there are indicators of impairment, and any impairment losses should be recognized accordingly.
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