Answer:
The correct answer is (c) melanin
Explanation:
Argentaffin substances are substances that have the property of being stained brownish-black by silver salts. Melanin is an example of an argentaffin substance that is present in some tissues, including the skin, hair, and certain parts of the brain. Melanin is responsible for giving color to these tissues, and it plays a role in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's UV rays. Iron, calcium, and copper are not argentaffin substances.
What type of reaction is this and finish the equation and balance? C2H4 + O2---->
The chemical reaction between C2H4 (ethylene) and O2 (oxygen) is a combustion reaction.
This means that the reactants (ethylene and oxygen) react with each other to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), along with the release of energy in the form of heat and light. The balanced equation for this reaction is:
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
This equation shows that two molecules of ethylene react with three molecules of oxygen to produce two molecules of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. It is important to balance the equation so that there are equal numbers of atoms on both sides of the equation.
Overall, this reaction is an important process in industries such as fuel production and combustion engines, as it is a primary way of producing energy from hydrocarbons like ethylene.
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When referring to an ocular pesticide exposure on a pesticide handler, which body part is affected?
When referring to an ocular pesticide exposure on a pesticide handler, the affected body part is the eyes.
An ocular pesticide exposure refers to the exposure of pesticides to the eyes of a pesticide handler. Pesticides can be in the form of liquids, powders, or aerosols, and they can pose a risk to the eyes if they come into contact with them. The eyes are highly sensitive and vulnerable to chemical irritants, and pesticide exposure can result in various adverse effects, such as irritation, redness, tearing, burning, and in more severe cases, damage to the cornea or other structures of the eye.
To protect against ocular pesticide exposure, pesticide handlers should wear appropriate eye protection, such as safety goggles or face shields, as part of their personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize the risk of eye injury or irritation.
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Reducing the amount of a reactant from a system that is at equilibrium causes an initial change in _______. Select the correct answer below: K, so that it is less than Q. K, so that it is greater than Q. Q, so that it is less than K. Q, so that it is greater than K.
The main answer to your question is: Reducing the amount of a reactant from a system that is at equilibrium causes an initial change in Q, so that it is greater than K.
When the amount of a reactant is reduced, the reaction quotient (Q) is affected, not the equilibrium constant (K). The change in reactant concentration shifts the balance of the reaction, making Q greater than K.
This shift causes the system to move back towards equilibrium, favoring the reverse reaction.
In summary, reducing a reactant from a system at equilibrium changes Q so that it is greater than K, driving the reaction towards equilibrium again.
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Alkaline waves, also known as _____, were developed in 1941.
cold waves
weak waves
strong waves
hot waves
Answer: Alkaline waves, also known as cold waves, were developed in 1941.
Alkaline waves, also known as cold waves, are a type of permanent hair wave or curl that was developed in 1941 by American chemist Arnold F. Willatt. This type of hair wave uses ammonium thioglycolate as the reducing agent, which is an alkaline substance that softens the hair and makes it more pliable. The hair is then wrapped around rods and a neutralizing solution is applied to stop the chemical process and lock in the curl.
Compared to other types of permanent hair waves, alkaline waves have a lower pH, which is less damaging to the hair. They are called "cold" waves because they do not require heat to activate the chemical reaction, unlike hot waves, which use heat to speed up the process.
Alkaline waves are still used today in hair salons and are a popular method for creating long-lasting curls or waves in hair. However, as with any chemical treatment, it is important to follow proper safety precautions and to consult a professional hair stylist to minimize any potential damage to the hair.
Alkaline waves, also known as cold waves, were developed in 1941
Alkaline waves (cold waves) were developed as a new method of perming hair. This technique involved the use of a solution that was less damaging to the hair than previous methods, as it was less acidic. The process involved wrapping the hair around rods and applying the solution to create a content loaded Alkaline wave, resulting in curls that were more natural-looking and longer-lasting. The strength of the waves produced could be adjusted based on the size of the rods used, with larger rods generating weaker waves and smaller rods generating stronger waves.
Despite the benefits of the Alkaline wave, some individuals experienced damage to their hair due to the chemicals used in the process. Today, there are newer and safer methods of perming hair available.
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at 1000 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction
2NO (g) + Brâ (g)â2NOBr (g)
is Kp = 0.013. Calculate Kp for the reverse reaction.
2NOBr â 2NO (g) + Brâ (g)
a. 0.013
b. 1.6 x 10â»â´
c. 77
d. 0.99
The equilibrium constant has a definite value for every reversible reaction at a particular temperature. However, it varies with change in temperature. The equilibrium constant is independent of the initial concentration of reactants. Here the equilibrium constant is 77. The correct option is C.
Equilibrium constant can be expressed in terms of the partial pressures of the reactants and products. When the partial pressures are used, then the equilibrium constant is Kp.
Kp for the reverse reaction is:
Kp' = (pBr2) × (pNO)² /p(NOBr)²
Kp' = 1/Kp = 1/0.013 = 76.9 ≈ 77
Thus the correct option is C.
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Which complex does NOT contribute to the proton-motive force?
A. Complex I
B. Complex II
C. Complex III
D. Complex IV
Complex II does NOT contribute to the proton-motive force. Complex I, III, and IV are proton-pumping complexes that contribute to the electrochemical gradient necessary for ATP synthesis.
However, Complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase, is a part of the electron transport chain but does not pump protons across the membrane. Instead, it transfers electrons from succinate to ubiquinone, which is then oxidized by Complex III. Despite not contributing to the proton-motive force, Complex II plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by feeding electrons into the electron transport chain and generating ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Give the systematic name for the following coordination compound: [Co(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]2(SO4)3
The provided coordination compound's systematic name is: Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) sulfate
The systematic name of a coordination compound is based on the names of its ligands, the central metal ion, and any other components or counterions present.
In this compound, the ligand is ethylenediamine (H2NCH2CH2NH2), which can be abbreviated as "en". The central metal ion is cobalt, which has a +3 charge in this compound due to the presence of three ethylenediamine ligands.
The compound also contains sulfate ions (SO4) as counterions, which can be indicated by the suffix "-ate" in the name.
Putting this all together, the systematic name for the compound is Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) sulfate. The prefix "tris-" indicates the presence of three ethylenediamine ligands, and the Roman numeral (III) after "cobalt" indicates the +3 oxidation state of the metal ion.
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10. 00g sample contain s 7. 484g C and 1. 260 gH. How many grams of oxygen are in the carbohydrate sample?
The amount (grams) of oxygen present in 10g of the carbohydrate sample is 1.256grams.
What is a carbohydrate made up of?A carbohydrate or carbs are the sugars, starches, and dietary fiber that occur in plant foods and dairy products.
Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n.
According to this question, 10.00g sample contains 7.484g C and 1.260g H. This means that the amount of oxygen can be calculated as;
Mass of O = 10 - (7.484 + 1.260)
Mass of O = 10 - 8.744 = 1.256grams.
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A certain reaction has ÎHâ=36.0kJ and ÎSâ=85.3J/K.
Calculate ÎGâ for the reaction at 298 K.
The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction at 298 K is 10,610.6 J when change in enthalpy is given as 36.0 kJ.
To calculate ΔG (Gibbs free energy) for the reaction at 298 K, we'll use the following formula:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Here, ΔH represents the change in enthalpy, which is given as 36.0 kJ, and ΔS represents the change in entropy, which is given as 85.3 J/K. T is the temperature in Kelvin, which is 298 K in this case.
First, we need to convert ΔH to J by multiplying by 1,000:
ΔH = 36.0 kJ * 1,000 = 36,000 J
Now we can plug in the values into the formula:
ΔG = 36,000 J - (298 K * 85.3 J/K)
ΔG = 36,000 J - 25,389.4 J
ΔG = 10,610.6 J
Therefore, the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction at 298 K is 10,610.6 J.
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A 12.55 g unknown solid is carefully placed inside a graduated cylinder that initially contains 22.6 mL of water. With the solid completely submerged the volume of the water in the cylinder now reads 29.0 mL. What is the density of the solid
To determine the density of the unknown solid, we need to use the formula:
Density = Mass/Volume
We are given the mass of the solid, which is 12.55 g. However, we need to find the volume of the solid. To do this, we need to find the volume of water displaced by the solid when it was placed in the graduated cylinder.
The initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder is 22.6 mL. When the solid is completely submerged in the water, the volume of the water increases to 29.0 mL. This means that the volume of water displaced by the solid is:
Volume of water displaced = Final volume of water - Initial volume of water
Volume of water displaced = 29.0 mL - 22.6 mL
Volume of water displaced = 6.4 mL
Now that we know the volume of water displaced by the solid, we can calculate the volume of the solid using the following formula:
Volume of solid = Final volume of water - Initial volume of water displaced
Volume of solid = 29.0 mL - 6.4 mL
Volume of solid = 22.6 mL
Now we have both the mass and volume of the solid. We can plug these values into the density formula to find the density of the unknown solid:
Density = Mass/Volume
Density = 12.55 g / 22.6 mL
Density = 0.555 g/mL
Therefore, the density of the unknown solid is 0.555 g/mL.
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At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21 percent oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is about ________. 160 mm Hg 80 mm Hg 760 mm Hg 0 mm Hg 380 mm Hg
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air molecules in the atmosphere. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or in units of pressure such as pascals (Pa). The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, since there are fewer air molecules above a certain height.
The composition of the atmosphere also changes with altitude, since some gases are more easily dissolved or dispersed than others. Oxygen is one of the most important gases in the atmosphere, since it is necessary for respiration in most organisms. The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere remains relatively constant at about 21% up to an altitude of about 10 km, after which it decreases gradually.
Given that the atmospheric pressure at the summit of a high mountain is 380 mm Hg and that the atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen, we can calculate the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude using the following formula:
Partial pressure of oxygen = Total pressure x Fraction of oxygen
where the fraction of oxygen is the percentage of oxygen divided by 100. Substituting the values given, we get:
Partial pressure of oxygen = 380 mm Hg x 0.21 = 79.8 mm Hg Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen at the summit of a high mountain is about 79.8 mm Hg.
In conclusion, the correct answer to the question is: 80 mm Hg (rounded to the nearest whole number).
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A chemist has a 40% alcohol solution. How many gallons of water and how many gallons of the 40% alcohol solution must he mix to obtain 30 gal of a 25% alcohol solution
The chemist should mix 11.25 gallons of water and 18.75 gallons of the 40% alcohol solution to obtain 30 gallons of a 25% alcohol solution.
Let's assume the chemist needs to mix x gallons of water with y gallons of the 40% alcohol solution to obtain 30 gallons of a 25% alcohol solution.
To find the solution, we need to consider the amount of alcohol in each component before and after mixing.
Amount of alcohol in the water: 0% (water contains no alcohol)
Amount of alcohol in the 40% alcohol solution: 40% of y gallons = 0.4y gallons
After mixing the solutions, the total amount of alcohol in the mixture is 25% of 30 gallons = 0.25 * 30 = 7.5 gallons.
So, we can set up the following equation to represent the alcohol balance:
0.4y + 0 = 7.5
Solving for y:
0.4y = 7.5
y = 7.5 / 0.4
y = 18.75
The chemist needs to mix 18.75 gallons of the 40% alcohol solution.
To find the amount of water needed, we subtract the amount of the 40% alcohol solution from the total volume:
x = 30 - y
x = 30 - 18.75
x = 11.25
The chemist needs to mix 11.25 gallons of water.
Therefore, the chemist should mix 11.25 gallons of water and 18.75 gallons of the 40% alcohol solution to obtain 30 gallons of a 25% alcohol solution.
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17.3 acetone has been mixed with 54.5 g of hexane. The mixture resulted in a solution. What is the solvent of the solution
The solvent of the solution is hexane. This is the main answer to your question.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. In this case, acetone and hexane were mixed together, resulting in a solution. The amount of acetone present in the mixture is not given, but the amount of hexane is. Therefore, we can determine that hexane is the solvent of the solution.
the solvent of the solution formed by mixing 17.3 acetone with 54.5 g of hexane is hexane.
In the given solution, hexane is the solvent.
When two substances are mixed together to form a solution, the component present in the larger amount is considered the solvent, while the one in the smaller amount is the solute. In this case, 17.3 g of acetone has been mixed with 54.5 g of hexane. Since hexane has a greater mass (54.5 g) than acetone (17.3 g), it is the solvent in the solution.
In the mixture of 17.3 g acetone and 54.5 g hexane, the solvent of the solution is hexane.
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from the choices below, choose the major force controling tertiary protein structure. O hydrogen bonding O disulfide bonds O ion pairs hydrophobic effect O inorganic ions
From the choices below, the major force controlling tertiary protein structure are hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonds and ion pairs hydrophobic effect.
Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains may interact and bond in a number of ways.
Important to tertiary structure are hydrophobic interactions, in which amino acids with nonpolar, hydrophobic R groups cluster together on the inside of the protein, leaving hydrophilic amino acids on the outside to interact with surrounding water molecules.
Therefore, From the choices below, the major force controlling tertiary protein structure are hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonds and ion pairs hydrophobic effect.
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Which choice has the ions, Te2-, Cs+ and I- arranged in order of decreasing radius?
The order of decreasing radius is: Te2- > I- > Cs+
How to find the order of decreasing radius Te2-, Cs+ and I-?In this case, Te2- has the largest radius because it is an anion (negative ion) of tellurium, which is located in the same group as oxygen and sulfur.
I- is also an anion and is located in the same group as chlorine and bromine, so it has a slightly smaller radius than Te2-. Cs+ is a cation (positive ion) of cesium, which is located in the alkali metal group, so it has the smallest radius of the three ions.
The order of decreasing radius for the given ions is:
Te2- > I- > Cs+The reason for this order is that, in general, as you move down a group on the periodic table, the atomic radius tends to increase due to the addition of more electron shells.
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The point in a neutralization reaction where the number of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to the number of moles of hydroxide ions is called the ___________.
The point in a neutralization reaction where the number of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to the number of moles of hydroxide ions is called the equivalence point.
What is the equivalence point in a neutralization reaction?In a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, the equivalence point is the point at which the acid and base have reacted in a stoichiometrically equivalent amount. This means that the number of moles of hydrogen ions from the acid is equal to the number of moles of hydroxide ions from the base. At the equivalence point, the solution is neutral and has a pH of 7.
The equivalence point can be determined experimentally by adding a solution of known concentration to the acid or base until the solution reaches a pH of 7. The equivalence point is an important concept in analytical chemistry, as it can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
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What is the concentration of O2(g) in ppm in a solution that contains 0.008g of O2(g) dissovled in 1000 grams of water(l)
The first step in calculating the concentration of oxygen(g) in ppm is to convert the mass of oxygen(g) to moles. This can be done by dividing 0.008g by the molar mass of oxygen(g), which is 32 [tex]\frac{g}{mol}[/tex]. This gives us 0.00025 moles of oxygen(g).
Next, we need to calculate the mass of the solvent, which is water in this case. 1000 grams of water is equivalent to 1 kilogram or 1 liter of water.
Now we can use the definition of ppm, which is parts per million, to calculate the concentration of oxygen(g) in the solution. One part per million is equal to one milligram of solute per liter of solution. Since the mass of oxygen(g) in this solution is 0.008g and the volume of the solution is 1 liter, the concentration of oxygen(g) in ppm can be calculated as follows:
[tex]\frac{0.008g}{1,000,000 mg * 1,000,000}[/tex] = 8 ppm
Therefore, the concentration of oxygen(g) in ppm in this solution is 8 ppm.
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1. An empirical formula does not a. identify elements in a compound. b. identify actual numbers of atoms in a molecule. c. provide the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements with subscripts. d. provide the formula for an ionic compound.
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of elements in a compound. It does not identify the actual numbers of atoms in a molecule or provide the formula for an ionic compound.
The empirical formula provides the simplest possible formula that can represent the composition of a compound based on its constituent elements. Empirical formulas are often determined through experimental measurements and data analysis, which can help to identify the relative amounts of different elements in a sample. While an empirical formula does not identify the specific elements present in a compound, it can provide important information about the overall composition of the compound and its potential properties. By understanding the empirical formula of a compound, scientists can better understand its behavior and potential applications, which can be critical for a wide range of industries and research fields. Overall, while an empirical formula may not provide all of the information about a compound, it is a valuable tool for understanding its basic composition and properties.
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For the following reaction, the products are favored at equilibrium. Classify each of the reactants and products based on their strength as Bronsted-Lowry acids or bases.
NH3 + HClO=====NH4+ + ClO-
NH3 is a Bronsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton (H+) to form NH4+.
HClO is a Bronsted-Lowry acid because it can donate a proton (H+) to form ClO-.
NH4+ is a Bronsted-Lowry acid because it can donate a proton (H+) to form NH3.
ClO- is a Bronsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton (H+) to form HClO.
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an aqeous solution contains 0.00250 M HCl. What is the pH of the solution?
a. 3.40
b. 2.60
c. -2.60
d. -3.40
The pH of an aqueous solution contains 0.00250 M HC is 2.60 (option b).
The pH of the solution can be calculated using the formula:
pH = -log[H+]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
In this case, HCl is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water to form H+ and Cl- ions. So, the concentration of H+ ions in the solution is equal to the concentration of HCl.
[H+] = 0.00250 M
Substituting this value into the formula for pH, we get:
pH = -log(0.00250) = 2.60
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 2.60 (option b).
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Calculating equilibrium constants:
Consider the reaction:
2 NO (g) + 2H2 (g) --><-- N2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
You put 0.10 M NO, 0.050 M H2, and 0.10 M H2O in a reaction. At equilibrium the [NO] is 0.062 M. Calculate Kc
The equilibrium constant for the reaction 2 NO (g) + 2H2 (g) --><-- N2 (g) + 2H2O (g) is 0.077.
To calculate Kc, we need to use the equilibrium expression: Kc = [N2][H2O]/[NO]^2 We are given that at equilibrium, [NO] = 0.062 M. We can use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the equilibrium concentrations of N2 and H2O.
Since the reaction has a 1:1 mole ratio of N2 to NO, the concentration of N2 at equilibrium will also be 0.062 M. Similarly, since the reaction has a 2:1 mole ratio of H2O to NO, the concentration of H2O at equilibrium will be (2)(0.062 M) = 0.124 M.
Now we can substitute these values into the equilibrium expression: Kc = (0.062 M)(0.124 M)/(0.10 M)^2 Kc = 0.077
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In the balanced molecular equation for the neutralization of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, the products are:
A) NaSO4 + H2O
B) NaSO3 + 2H2O
C) 2NaSO4 + H2O
D) Na2S + 2H2O
E) Na2SO4 + 2H2O
In the balanced molecular equation for the neutralization of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, the products are Na[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] and 2H[tex]_2[/tex]O. The correct answer is option E.
The balanced molecular equation for the neutralization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with sulfuric acid (H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex]) can be determined by combining the chemical formulas of the reactants and balancing the equation.
The balanced molecular equation for the neutralization reaction is:
2NaOH + H[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] → Na[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] + 2H[tex]_2[/tex]O
From the balanced equation, we can see that the products of the reaction are sodium sulfate (Na[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex]) and water (H[tex]_2[/tex]O).
Therefore, for the balanced molecular equation for the neutralization of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, the products are Na[tex]_2[/tex]SO[tex]_4[/tex] and 2H[tex]_2[/tex]O, which corresponds to answer choice E.
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Why would deltaH sol = 0 favor a solution?
ΔH sol = 0 have balanced interaction between the solute and solvent molecules makes the formation of a solution energetically favorable
If ΔH sol, the enthalpy change of solution, is zero, it means that there is no net release or absorption of energy when the solute dissolves in the solvent. This suggests that the attractive forces between the solute and solvent molecules are similar in strength to the attractive forces between solute-solute and solvent-solvent molecules.
This balanced interaction between the solute and solvent molecules makes the formation of a solution energetically favorable. Therefore, ΔH sol = 0 favors the formation of a solution because it indicates that the process is thermodynamically favorable, and there is no energy barrier preventing the solute from dissolving in the solvent.
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The distance between the centers of the Li+ and F− ions is 156 pm. Determine the energy of interaction between the pair of ions for a mole of Li+ and F− ions.
a. ​−892 kJ/mol
b. ​−488 kJ/mol
c. ​−973 kJ/mol
d. ​−527 kJ/mol
e. ​−613 kJ/mol
The energy of interaction between the pair of ions for a mole of Li+ and F− ions. The correct option is (e) -613 kJ/mol.
The energy of interaction between the pair of ions can be calculated using the Coulomb's law equation, which states that the energy of interaction between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them. In this case, the charges of Li+ and F- ions are 1+ and 1-, respectively, and the distance between their centers is given as 156 pm.
Using the equation, we can calculate the energy of interaction between one pair of ions as:
E = (k * q1 * q2) / r
where k is the Coulomb's constant, q1 and q2 are the charges of the ions, and r is the distance between their centers.
Substituting the given values, we get:
E = (8.99 x 10^9 Nm^2/C² * (1+)*(1-)) / (156 x 10^-12 m)
Simplifying the expression, we get:
E = - 4.624 x 10^-18 J
To convert this energy into kJ/mol, we need to multiply it by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) and divide by 1000:
E/mol = (-4.624 x 10^-18 J) * (6.022 x 10^23) / 1000
E/mol = - 278.42 kJ/mol
Therefore, the correct option for the energy of interaction between the pair of ions is option (e) -613 kJ/mol.
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Which amino acid residue allows glutathione to reduce reactive oxygen species?
Select one:
a. glutamate
b. glycine
c. cysteine
d. glutamine
e. methionine
The amino acid residue that allows glutathione to reduce reactive oxygen species is c. cysteine.
Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid important for making protein, and for other metabolic functions. It's found in beta-keratin. This is the main protein in nails, skin, and hair. Cysteine is important for making collagen. It affects skin elasticity and texture. Cysteine has antioxidant properties.
There may be benefits that have not yet been proven through research.
A form of cysteine called L-cysteine may help treat arthritis and hardening of the arteries. It may help treat certain lung diseases. These include bronchitis, emphysema, and tuberculosis.
Cysteine may play a role in the normal growth rate of hair. Cysteine may also help reduce the effects of aging on the skin. It may help healing after surgery or burns and protect the skin from radiation injury.
Cysteine may help burn fat and increase muscle mass.
This amino acid contains a thiol group, which plays a crucial role in the antioxidant activity of glutathione by reducing reactive oxygen species.Hence, the correct answer is option c.cysteine
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Can a substance have multiple routes of exposure?
Yes, a substance can have multiple routes of exposure. The route of exposure can affect the way in which a substance affects the body.
Routes of exposure refer to the ways in which a substance can enter the body. These can include:
1. Inhalation: breathing in the substance through the lungs
2. Ingestion: swallowing the substance
3. Dermal contact: skin contact with the substance
4. Injection: injection of the substance into the body through a needle or other means
Some substances can have multiple routes of exposure. For example, chemicals used in industrial processes can be inhaled as a gas or a vapor, ingested through contaminated food or water, or absorbed through the skin.
For example, inhalation of certain substances may cause respiratory problems, while ingestion of the same substance may affect the digestive system.
Therefore, it is important to consider all possible routes of exposure when evaluating the potential health effects of a substance.
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Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere. A) methane B) sulfur oxides C) ozone D) nitrous dioxide E) sulfate aerosols
Growing rice results in the release of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. Option A is correct.
Rice cultivation is a major source of methane emissions globally. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential more than 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time horizon.
Methane is produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in flooded rice paddies, where oxygen is limited. Rice plants also release methane from their roots through a process called methanogenesis, which is facilitated by certain types of bacteria that live in the soil.
In addition to rice cultivation, methane is also produced by livestock, natural gas and oil production, and landfills. Reducing methane emissions is an important strategy for mitigating climate change, as methane has a significant impact on the Earth's radiative balance and contributes to the warming of the planet.
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True or False: Phosphorylation can be uncoupled from electron flow by agents that dissipate the proton gradient
True. Phosphorylation can be uncoupled from electron flow by agents that dissipate the proton gradient
Phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is coupled to electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC). As electrons are passed along the ETC, protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This proton gradient is essential for the production of ATP by ATP synthase, as it drives the rotation of the enzyme's rotor, which in turn drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
However, agents that dissipate the proton gradient can uncouple phosphorylation from electron flow. One such agent is the chemical dinitrophenol (DNP), which can shuttle protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, effectively short-circuiting the proton gradient. As a result, ATP synthase can no longer use the proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis, and phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron flow. Instead, the energy released by electron flow is dissipated as heat.
Overall, phosphorylation is tightly coupled to electron flow through the ETC, but this coupling can be disrupted by agents that dissipate the proton gradient.
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LSIL or HSIL on Pap - next step?
If a Pap test reveals LSIL (Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) or HSIL (High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion), the next step is typically a colposcopy.
This procedure allows a healthcare professional to examine the cervix more closely and, if needed, take biopsy samples for further analysis to determine the appropriate course of treatment. If LSIL or HSIL is found on a Pap smear, the next step would be to schedule a colposcopy, which is a more in-depth examination of the cervix to determine if there are any abnormal cells present. HSIL is considered more concerning than LSIL, as it indicates a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. It is important to follow up with a healthcare provider and undergo any recommended testing or treatment to prevent further progression of abnormal cells.
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Suppose that 0.08 m3 of a gas has a gauge pressure of 2 atm and a temperature of 300 K. How many molecules are there in the gas
To find the number of molecules in the gas, we can use the Ideal Gas Law formula:
PV = nRT
Where:
P = Absolute pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure)
V = Volume (0.08 m³)
n = Number of moles
R = Ideal Gas Constant (8.314 J/mol·K)
T = Temperature (300 K)
First, convert the gauge pressure to absolute pressure:
Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure = 2 atm + 1 atm (standard atmospheric pressure) = 3 atm
Convert the pressure to Pascals (Pa): 3 atm × 101325 Pa/atm = 303975 Pa
Now, plug the values into the Ideal Gas Law formula and solve for n:
303975 Pa × 0.08 m³ = n × 8.314 J/mol·K × 300 K
n = (303975 Pa × 0.08 m³) / (8.314 J/mol·K × 300 K)
n ≈ 9.867 mol
To find the number of molecules, use Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol):
Number of molecules = n × Avogadro's number
Number of molecules ≈ 9.867 mol × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol
Number of molecules ≈ 5.94 × 10²4 molecules
So, there are approximately 5.94 × 10²4 molecules in the gas.
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