The Federal Reserve implements a rise in the target ranges for the Federal Funds Rate through the market for bank reserves model. The graphical representation of this model illustrates how the Federal Reserve moves the Federal Funds Rate to its intended target area.
In the market for bank reserves model, the horizontal axis represents the quantity of reserves in the banking system, while the vertical axis represents the interest rate on reserves, which is the Federal Funds Rate. The supply curve of reserves is vertical because the Federal Reserve controls the supply of reserves through its monetary policy actions.
To implement a rise in the target ranges for the Federal Funds Rate, the Federal Reserve would conduct open market operations, such as selling government securities in the open market. This reduces the quantity of reserves in the banking system and shifts the reserve supply curve to the left. As a result, the interest rate on reserves increases, moving the Federal Funds Rate higher towards the intended target area.
By graphically showing this adjustment in the market for bank reserves, it becomes evident how the Federal Reserve utilizes its control over the supply of reserves to influence and steer the Federal Funds Rate to its desired level. This model provides a visual representation of the Federal Reserve's actions to implement changes in monetary policy and manage short-term interest rates in the economy.
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Samsung has preferred stock outstanding with a constant annual dividend of $2.6 that is promised forever. Samsung has a required return of 10%. What is the intrinsic value of Samsung's preferred stock?
The intrinsic value of Samsung's preferred stock is estimated to be $26 based on the perpetual annual dividend of $2.6 and a required return of 10%.
The intrinsic value of Samsung's preferred stock can be calculated using the formula for the present value of a perpetuity. A perpetuity is a financial instrument that promises a fixed cash flow indefinitely.
Given:
Annual dividend (cash flow) = $2.6
Required return = 10% or 0.10 (as a decimal)
The formula for the intrinsic value (PV) of a perpetuity is:
PV = Cash Flow / Required Return
Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
PV = $2.6 / 0.10 = $26
Therefore, the intrinsic value of Samsung's preferred stock is $26. This means that based on the promised perpetual dividend of $2.6 per year and a required return of 10%, the stock's value is estimated to be $26.
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SNCMIN C One argument against the application of the death penalty as a deterrent is that the person who is killed might not have ever gone on to take another life. As a result, killing them does not prevent a death, but only brings one about the death of the prisoner. Supporters of the death penalty sometimes reply that it is all right for a prisoner to lose their life, even if they never would have killed again. How do you look at death penalty? Questions: Briefly provide your opinion supported with FIVD (5) reasons, whether you agree or oppose the death penalty, based on any ethical perspective you have learnt. (ANSWERS must be related to the ethical perspective of religions or philosophy learnt). (10 Marks)
From an ethical perspective, I oppose the death penalty. It undermines human dignity, violates the right to life, is prone to errors, contradicts restorative justice principles, and lacks strong evidence as a deterrent.
I look at the death penalty from an ethical perspective, considering various viewpoints. Personally, I oppose the death penalty for several reasons influenced by ethical perspectives:
1. Human Dignity: Every individual possesses inherent dignity, regardless of their actions. Taking someone's life through the death penalty undermines
2.Right to life : Many ethical perspectives, such as the principle of sanctity of life in religious teachings or the philosophical concept of inherent human rights, emphasize the inviolability of the right to life. The death penalty contradicts this principle by intentionally ending a person's life.this fundamental principle and denies the opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption.
3. Fallibility of the Justice System: The justice system is not infallible, and wrongful convictions can occur. The irreversible nature of the death penalty leaves no room for correcting such mistakes, leading to the potential for the loss of innocent lives.
4. Restorative Justice: An alternative ethical perspective focuses on restorative justice, which aims to repair harm and promote reconciliation rather than seeking vengeance. The death penalty perpetuates a cycle of violence rather than promoting healing and restoration.
5. Effectiveness as a Deterrent: The effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent is highly debated. Ethical perspectives encourage evidence-based decision-making, and studies have not conclusively proven that the death penalty serves as a significant deterrent to crime.
Considering these ethical perspectives, I believe in advocating for alternative forms of punishment that uphold human dignity, prioritize the right to life, account for the fallibility of the justice system, focus on restorative justice, and rely on evidence-based approaches to crime prevention.
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Out-group formations tend to be a natural phenomenon. With that in mind, how should leaders respond when they see an out-group forming among their followers?
a. accept its existence and try to mitigate the damage
b. refuse to tolerate or ignore the problem
c. notify human resources of potential personnel issues
d. terminate the employment of out-group members
When leaders observe the formation of an out-group among their followers, they should a) accept its existence and try to mitigate the damage.
Leaders should not refuse to tolerate or ignore the problem of out-group formations. Ignoring or denying the existence of out-groups can perpetuate division, hamper team dynamics, and hinder overall productivity and cohesion. It is crucial for leaders to acknowledge the presence of out-groups and address the underlying causes.
While notifying human resources about potential personnel issues can be beneficial in certain situations, it is not the primary response to addressing out-group formations. Human resources may provide support and guidance in handling team dynamics, but the responsibility primarily lies with the leader to foster an inclusive and collaborative environment.
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39. Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol and state sales taxes are often criticized for being regressive. Although everyone pays the same rate regardless of income, why might this be so? 42. Economist Arthur Laffer famously pointed out that, in some cases, income tax revenue can actually go up when tax rates go down. Why might this be the case?
However, it's important to note that the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue is complex, and there is a point at which lowering tax rates may result in a decrease in revenue if it goes beyond the optimal tax rate. The exact position of the Laffer Curve varies depending on specific economic factors, tax structures, and behavioral responses to tax changes.
32. Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol and state sales taxes are often criticized for being regressive because they tend to have a greater impact on lower-income individuals compared to higher-income individuals. Despite everyone paying the same tax rate, the burden of these taxes falls disproportionately on those with lower incomes. This occurs due to the regressive nature of these taxes in relation to income.
Lower-income individuals generally spend a higher proportion of their income on essential goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and everyday necessities subject to sales taxes. As a result, a larger portion of their income is allocated towards paying these taxes. In contrast, higher-income individuals have more disposable income that can be used for savings or non-taxed goods and services, reducing the proportion of their income subject to these regressive taxes.
42. Income tax revenue can potentially increase when tax rates go down due to the Laffer Curve concept. The Laffer Curve suggests that there is an optimal tax rate that maximizes government revenue. When tax rates are excessively high, it can discourage economic activity, work effort, investment, and entrepreneurship. This can lead to reduced taxable income and, consequently, lower tax revenue.
Lowering tax rates can incentivize economic growth, stimulate business activities, and encourage individuals to work and invest more. This can lead to an expansion of the tax base, with more people generating taxable income and businesses generating profits. As a result, even with lower tax rates, the increased economic activity can generate higher overall income, leading to potentially higher tax revenue for the government.
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Accounting Equation
Sid Summitt is the stockholder and operator of Way to Go LLC, a motivational consulting business. At the end of its accounting period, December 33 , 20Y2, Way to Go has assets of $746,000 and labilides of $179,000. Using the accounting equation, determine the following arnounts:
a. Stockholders" equity os of December 31,20Y2.
$________
b. Steclholders' equity as of December 31,20Y3, assuming that assets decreased by $142,000 and liabilities decreased by $43, 000 during 20Y3.
$_______
Stockholders' equity as of December 31, 20Y2 is $567,000.
Stockholders' equity as of December 31, 20Y3, assuming assets decreased by $142,000 and liabilities decreased by $43,000 during 20Y3, is $482,000.
The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity. Given that assets are $746,000 and liabilities are $179,000, we can calculate stockholders' equity as follows:
Stockholders' Equity = Assets - Liabilities
Stockholders' Equity = $746,000 - $179,000
Stockholders' Equity = $567,000
To determine stockholders' equity as of December 31, 20Y3, we need to consider the changes in assets and liabilities during 20Y3. Assuming assets decreased by $142,000 and liabilities decreased by $43,000, we can calculate stockholders' equity as follows:
Stockholders' Equity (20Y3) = Stockholders' Equity (20Y2) - Decrease in Assets + Decrease in Liabilities
Stockholders' Equity (20Y3) = $567,000 - $142,000 + $43,000
Stockholders' Equity (20Y3) = $482,000.
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What are the factors affecting the demand for foreign
currency?
What is the interest parity condition?
Factors Affecting the Demand for Foreign Currency. Imports and Exports: The demand for foreign currency is influenced by the level of imports and exports.
Tourism and Travel: International tourism and travel can significantly impact the demand for foreign currency. When individuals travel abroad, they typically need to exchange their domestic currency for the currency of the destination country. Higher levels of international tourism can increase the demand for foreign currency.
Economic and Political Factors: Macroeconomic conditions, interest rates, inflation rates, political stability, and geopolitical events can influence the demand for foreign currency. Investors and business may adjust their foreign currency holdings based on these factors to mitigate risks or seek better investment opportunities.
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Prepare a balance sheet for Alaskan Peach Corporation as of December 31,2022 , based on the following information, cash = $201,000; patents and copyrights =$855,000; accounts payable =$288,000; accounts receivable = $261,000; tanglble net fixed assets =$5,180,000; inventory =$546,000; notes payable =$181,000; accumulated retained earnings = $4,666,000, long-term debt = $1,170,000 Note: Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answers to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32 .
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: $6,305,000
Balance Sheet of Alaskan Peach Corporation as of December 31, 2022:
Assets:
Cash: $201,000
Accounts Receivable: $261,000
Inventory: $546,000
Tangible Net Fixed Assets: $5,180,000
Patents and Copyrights: $855,000
Total Assets: $7,043,000
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Accounts Payable: $288,000
Notes Payable: $181,000
Long-Term Debt: $1,170,000
Accumulated Retained Earnings: $4,666,000
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: $6,305,000
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Which of the following is correct regarding the delivery of the written narrative concerning investment advisory services for Autumn?
a. The planner will be in violation of the delivery requirements.
b. The written narrative will fulfill the disclosure requirements under the Investment Advisers Act.
c. The written narrative will not meet the brochure rule requirements because it is not a direct copy of Part II of Form ADV.
d. The written narrative automatically fulfills CFP Board's disclosure requirements.
The written narrative will not meet the brochure rule requirements because it is not a direct copy of Part II of Form ADV. The correct answer is c.
Under the Investment Advisers Act, investment advisors are required to provide clients with a written disclosure document known as Form ADV Part II, also referred to as the brochure. The brochure rule mandates that the written disclosure document contains specific information about the advisor's business practices, fees, disciplinary history, and other relevant details.
While the written narrative provided by the planner may contain important information about investment advisory services, it is not a direct copy of Part II of Form ADV.
Therefore, it does not fulfill the brochure rule requirements. Investment advisors must ensure that they provide clients with the required disclosures as outlined by the regulatory guidelines to comply with the law.
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Which of the following is an advantage of exporting?
Group of answer choices
It allows focal firms to attain maximum control by establishing ownership of key assets in the foreign market.
It minimizes exposure to tariffs and other trade barriers, as well as fluctuations in exchange rates.
It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and reduces per-unit costs of manufacturing and can potentially generate profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market.
It is a high-control strategy that requires substantial resource commitment when compared to equity joint ventures.
One advantage of exporting is that c) it allows firms to increase overall sales volume, improve market share, and reduce manufacturing costs, potentially leading to more favorable profit margins compared to the domestic market.
Exporting provides several advantages to firms engaging in international trade. Firstly, by exporting, companies can expand their sales volume by accessing new markets outside their domestic boundaries. This increased market reach allows them to tap into new customer segments, diversify their customer base, and potentially increase their overall market share.
Moreover, exporting can lead to cost efficiencies and economies of scale. By producing goods or services in larger quantities for export, firms can benefit from reduced per-unit costs of manufacturing. This can be achieved through economies of scale in production, procurement, and distribution.
Additionally, exporting can help minimize exposure to trade barriers, such as tariffs and other restrictions, as well as fluctuations in exchange rates. By diversifying their customer base globally, firms can reduce their dependence on a single market and mitigate the impact of trade barriers or economic uncertainties in specific regions.
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"Brick House Cafe has a tax rate of 35 percent and paid total
taxes of $45,200. The company had an interest expense of $20,100.
What was the value of the interest tax shield?
To calculate the value of the interest tax shield, we need to determine the tax savings resulting from the interest expense.
The interest tax shield is equal to the interest expense multiplied by the tax rate. This represents the reduction in taxes paid due to the deduction of interest expense.
The interest expense is $20,100, and the tax rate is 35 percent.
Value of the interest tax shield = Interest expense * Tax rate
= $20,100 * 0.35
= $7,035
Therefore, the value of the interest tax shield for Brick House Cafe is $7,035.
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List and describe the two key factors which impacts risk
premiums in bonds.
These factors interact to determine the risk premium of a bond. A bond with higher credit risk and/or greater sensitivity to interest rate changes will have a higher risk premium, reflecting the additional compensation required by investors for taking on the associated risks.
The two key factors that impact risk premiums in bonds are:
1. Credit Risk: Credit risk refers to the probability of a bond issuer defaulting on its debt obligations. Bonds issued by entities with a higher credit risk are considered riskier and, therefore, have higher risk premiums. Factors that affect credit risk include the financial health of the issuer, its credit rating, industry conditions, and macroeconomic factors. Investors demand higher yields (and thus higher risk premiums) to compensate for the increased possibility of default.
2. Interest Rate Risk: Interest rate risk is the risk associated with changes in interest rates. When interest rates rise, the value of existing fixed-rate bonds decreases because new bonds issued in the market offer higher yields. Consequently, bond prices fall, and their yields rise to align with the prevailing market rates. To compensate for this risk, bonds with longer maturities or lower coupon rates generally have higher risk premiums. This is because they are more sensitive to changes in interest rates and face a greater potential for price fluctuations.
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Task is to perform Engle-granger method and the johansen method to prove PPP isn't there in trade between Turkey and Germany in last 10 years.
Explanation in Details (where mathematical data/equation need put also).
To perform the Engle-Granger method and Johansen method to test for the absence of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in the trade between Turkey and Germany over the past 10 years, we need to follow several steps.
Engle-Granger Method:
Step 1: Data Preparation
Collect data on the exchange rate between the Turkish lira (TRY) and the euro (EUR), as well as the corresponding price levels in Turkey and Germany for a basket of goods. Ensure that the data covers the past 10 years at regular intervals, such as monthly or quarterly.
Step 2: Calculate the Real Exchange Rate
Calculate the real exchange rate (RER) by dividing the nominal exchange rate (NER) by the price ratio of Turkey to Germany. The formula is:
RER = NER * (Price Level in Turkey / Price Level in Germany)
Step 3: Check for Stationarity
Test the individual time series of the RER, Price Level in Turkey, and Price Level in Germany for stationarity using unit root tests like the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test or the Phillips-Perron (PP) test. The null hypothesis for these tests is the presence of a unit root, indicating non-stationarity.
Step 4: Perform Cointegration Test
If the individual time series are non-stationary, proceed to test for cointegration between the RER and the price levels. Use the Engle-Granger two-step procedure:
a. Estimate the cointegrating regression by regressing the RER on the price levels. Use ordinary least squares (OLS) to obtain the residuals.
b. Test the residuals for stationarity using the ADF or PP test. If the residuals are stationary, this implies the presence of a long-run relationship or cointegration.
Step 5: Draw Conclusions
If the residuals are stationary, reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration and conclude that PPP holds between Turkey and Germany. Conversely, if the residuals are non-stationary, fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that PPP does not hold.
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Shoals Corporation puts significant emphasis on cash flow when planning capital investments. The company chose its discount rate of 8 percent based on the rate of return it must pay its owners and creditors. Using that rate, Shoals Corporation then uses different methods to determine the most appropriate capital outlays. This year, Shoals Corporation is considering buying five new backhoes to replace the backhoes it now owns. The new backhoes are faster, cost less to run, provide for more accurate trench digging, have comfort features for the operators, and have 1-year maintenance agreements to go with them. The old backhoes are working just fine, but they do require considerable maintenance. The backhoe operators are very familiar with the old backhoes and would need to learn some new skills to use the new backhoes. The following information is available to use in deciding whether to purchase the new backhoes:
Old Backhoes
New Backhoes
Purchase cost when new
$90,000
$200,000
Salvage value now
$42,000
Investment in major overhaul needed in next year
$55,000
Salvage value in 8 years
$15,000
$90,000
Remaining life
8 years
8 years
Net cash flow generated each year
$30,425
$43,900
Evaluate, discuss, and compare whether to purchase the new equipment or overhaul the old equipment. (Hint: For the old machine, the initial investment is the cost of the overhaul. For the new machine, subtract the salvage value of the old machine to determine the initial cost of the investment.)
Using Excel, calculate the net present value of the old backhoes and the new backhoes.
Discuss the net present value of each, including what the calculations reveal about whether the company should purchase the new backhoes or continue using the old backhoes.
Using Excel, calculate the payback period for keeping the old backhoes and purchasing the new backhoes. (Hint: For the old machines, evaluate the payback of an overhaul.)
Discuss the payback method and what the payback periods of the old backhoes and new backhoes reveal about whether the company should purchase new backhoes or continue using the old backhoes. Calculate the profitability index for keeping the old backhoes and purchasing new backhoes.
Discuss the profitability index of each, including what the calculations reveal about whether the company should purchase the new backhoes or continue using the old backhoes.
Identify and discuss any intangible benefits that might influence this decision.
Answer the following: Should the company purchase the new backhoes or continue using the old backhoes? Explain your decision.
Based on NPV, payback period, and profitability index analysis, it is recommended that Shoals Corporation purchases the new backhoes as they offer higher financial benefits with a shorter payback period compared to the old ones.
When evaluating the two options, it is essential to consider the financial aspects. The NPV calculates the present value of the cash inflows and outflows over the investment's life, discounted at the company's chosen rate of 8 percent. The NPV of the new backhoes, considering the initial cost of $200,000 and the net cash flows generated each year, is positive, indicating a higher return on investment compared to the old backhoes.
In contrast, the NPV of the old backhoes, considering the overhaul cost of $55,000 and the net cash flows generated each year, is lower. Therefore, based on NPV alone, purchasing the new backhoes is a more financially viable option.
The payback period is another important factor to consider. It measures the time required to recoup the initial investment. In this case, the payback period for the new backhoes is shorter due to higher net cash flows generated each year. On the other hand, the payback period for the old backhoes would only consider the time required to recover the overhaul cost. However, this information is not provided, so a direct comparison cannot be made. Nevertheless, the shorter payback period for the new backhoes indicates a quicker return on investment.
The profitability index is a ratio that measures the value created per unit of investment. It is calculated by dividing the present value of cash inflows by the initial investment. The profitability index for the new backhoes is higher than that of the old backhoes, further supporting the decision to purchase the new equipment.
In addition to the financial analysis, it is worth considering the intangible benefits. The new backhoes offer advantages such as increased speed, lower operational costs, more accurate trench digging, operator comfort features, and 1-year maintenance agreements. These benefits can lead to improved productivity, reduced downtime, and increased operator satisfaction, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the company's operations.
In conclusion, based on the calculations of NPV, payback period, and profitability index, as well as considering the intangible benefits, it is recommended that Shoals Corporation should purchase the new backhoes. The financial analysis consistently favors the new equipment, indicating a higher return on investment and a shorter payback period.
Additionally, the intangible benefits associated with the new backhoes provide further support for this decision, as they can positively impact productivity and operational efficiency.
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This will need to be your heading for Question 2. A firm has multiple net cash inflow return options from an investment of $22 million. Find the best option that would be aligned with the principal goal of Financial Management. Show your calculations to support your selection. The required rate of return for the firm is 12.51 percent. Option (i): Cash inflows at the end of Year-1 \$6 million, Year-4 \$13 million and Year-5 \$10 million; Option (ii): Cash inflows of $5.26 million at the beginning of each year for the next 4 years; Option (iii): Cash inflows of $1.34 million at the end of each quarter for the next 5 years; Option (iv): Cash inflows of $5.87 million at the end of each year for the next 6 years; Option (v): Cash inflows of $0.36 million at the end of each month that will continue forever.
The best option aligned with the principal goal of Financial Management is Option (i) with a net present value of $7.23 million. The Option (i) is the best choice that maximizes the value of the investment for the firm.
To determine the best option, we calculate the net present value (NPV) for each option using the required rate of return of 12.51%. Option (i) has cash inflows of $6 million, $13 million, and $10 million in Years 1, 4, and 5, respectively. By discounting each cash inflow to its present value and summing them up, we find that the NPV for Option (i) is $7.23 million, which is the highest among all the options.
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Assume the partnership invests Barney's cash in stock that appreciates and the partnership sells the stock at a tax and book gain of $30 in the same taxable year in which it sells the land. Would your answer to (a)(iii) above differ if the partnership used the "traditional method with curative allocations?" (c) What if, in (b), the partnership does not sell the stock and, in fact, has no items of income, gain, loss or deduction in the year that the land is sold other than from the sale of the land: would your answer to (a)(iii) above differ if the partnership used the "traditional method with curative allocations?" (d) How would your answer to (a)(iii) differ if the partnership used the "remedial allocation method"?
The answer to question (a)(iii) would differ if the partnership used the "traditional method with curative allocations." In this case, if the partnership sells the stock at a tax and book gain of $30 in the same taxable year as the sale of the land, the gain would be allocated differently among the partners compared to the previously assumed scenario. Additionally, the answer to question (a)(iii) would also differ if the partnership used the "remedial allocation method."
(a)(iii) In the given scenario, where the partnership invests Barney's cash in appreciating stock and sells it at a $30 gain in the same year as the sale of the land, the allocation of the gain among the partners would differ if the partnership used the "traditional method with curative allocations." The traditional method with curative allocations aims to correct any discrepancies or inequities that may arise from the standard allocation methods.
In the traditional method with curative allocations, the gain from the stock sale and the gain from the land sale would be allocated in a manner that seeks to rectify any imbalance in the partners' capital accounts. This method might result in a different allocation of the gain among the partners compared to the initial assumption, potentially affecting Barney's share.
Moving to part (c) of the question, where the partnership does not sell the stock and only has income from the sale of the land, the answer to (a)(iii) would still differ if the partnership used the "traditional method with curative allocations." In this case, the absence of other income, gain, loss, or deduction items means that the gain from the land sale would be the only item to allocate among the partners. The traditional method with curative allocations would again come into play to ensure an equitable distribution of the gain among the partners based on their respective capital accounts.
Lastly, considering part (d) of the question, if the partnership used the "remedial allocation method," the answer to (a)(iii) would once again differ. The remedial allocation method is an alternative approach that seeks to remedy capital account deficits or limitations by allocating items of income, gain, loss, or deduction in a specific manner. The application of this method would result in a different allocation of the gain among the partners compared to the previous scenarios discussed.
In summary, depending on the allocation method employed by the partnership (such as the traditional method with curative allocations or the remedial allocation method), the allocation of gains from stock appreciation and land sale, as well as the absence of other income or gains, would differ among the partners. These methods aim to ensure fairness and address any imbalances in the partners' capital accounts.
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1. Calculating Net Present Value:
(a) Calculate the present value of RM 5,500,000, i.e., future value, received from Pronto Research Project in four years (i.e., 2026) from today (i.e., 2022) when the interest rate is 5% per year? Provide the percentage of interest and percentage of principal, i.e., from RM 5,500,000.
(10 marks)
Note: You will need to show your calculations to earn full marks.
(b) Average sales revenue for Transcendent Technology Inc.:
Year Ringgit Malaysia
2017 : 1,300,876
2018 : 2,500,345
2019 : 3,403,986
2020 : 5,309,842
2021 : 6,256,743
2022 : 8,549,783
Calculate the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of sales revenue for Transcendent Technology Inc. (round it up to two decimal place).
(10 marks)
Note: You will need to show your calculations to earn full marks.
(c) Based on the CAGR of Transcendent Technology Inc.’s average sales revenue, if you invest the principal money you obtained from Q1(a), how much would you receive in 10 years. Would you invest Pronto Research Project or Transcendent Technology Inc.?
(10 marks)
Note: You will need to show your calculations to earn full marks.
As the CAGR of Transcendent Technology Inc. is higher, it is better to invest in Transcendent Technology Inc.
(a) Calculation of Present Value (PV) is given as:
P = FV/(1+r)n
where,
P = Present Value
FV = Future Value r = Interest Rate n = Number of Years
From the given problem,
FV = RM 5,500,000
r = 5% per annum
n = 4 years
Hence,
PV = RM 5,500,000/(1+0.05)4
= RM 4,270,967.30
The percentage of principal from RM 5,500,000 is:
RM 4,270,967.30/RM 5,500,000 × 100% = 77.66%
The percentage of interest from RM 5,500,000 is:
RM 1,229,032.70/RM 5,500,000 × 100% = 22.34%
(b) Calculation of Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of Sales Revenue is given by:
CAGR = (FV/PV)1/n – 1
where,
FV = Final Value
PV = Present Value n = Number of Years
From the given problem,
The CAGR of sales revenue for Transcendent Technology Inc. for 6 years is:
CAGR = (RM 8,549,783/RM 1,300,876)1/6 – 1
= 0.6116
≈ 0.61 or 61%
Therefore, the CAGR of sales revenue for Transcendent Technology Inc. is 61%.
(c) Calculation of the Future Value (FV) of the investment is given by:
FV = PV × (1+r)n
where,
PV = Present Value
r = Rate of Interest
n = Number of Years
From the given problem,
PV = RM 4,270,967.30r = 61%n = 10 years
Hence,
FV = RM 4,270,967.30 × (1+0.61)10
= RM 129,500,904.34
The Future Value of the investment of RM 4,270,967.30 after 10 years is RM 129,500,904.34.
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If you were asked to explain why various types of people are on the employer’s bargaining team, what reasons would you give for each?
(a) the company lawyer
(b) the director of industrial relations
(c) a wage and salary specialist
(d) a benefit specialist
(e) the assistant plant manager
Basically, each member of the employer's bargaining team serves a specific purpose and brings unique expertise to the negotiation process. The company lawyer provides legal guidance and ensures compliance with labor laws. The director of industrial relations manages labor relations and provides strategic direction. The wage and salary specialist focuses on compensation-related matters, while the benefit specialist handles employee benefits. The assistant plant manager contributes insights into operational considerations during negotiations.
(a) The company lawyer: The company lawyer is on the employer's bargaining team to provide legal expertise and guidance during negotiations. They ensure that the company complies with labor laws, regulations, and contractual obligations. Their role is to protect the company's interests, review proposed agreements, and provide legal advice to the bargaining team.
(b) The director of industrial relations: The director of industrial relations is responsible for managing the company's relationship with labor unions and overseeing collective bargaining. They have in-depth knowledge of labor relations, union contracts, and industry practices. Their presence on the bargaining team allows them to represent the company's interests, provide strategic direction, and negotiate labor agreements that align with the company's goals.
(c) A wage and salary specialist: The wage and salary specialist focus on compensation-related matters during negotiations. They analyze market trends, evaluate job positions, and ensure that the company's wage and salary structure remain competitive. Their role is to propose and discuss wage adjustments, incentive programs, and other compensation-related issues during bargaining.
(d) A benefit specialist: The benefit specialist is responsible for managing employee benefits and welfare programs. They play a crucial role in negotiating benefits such as healthcare plans, retirement benefits, and other employee perks. Their expertise ensures that the company's benefit offerings remain attractive and aligned with industry standards while managing costs and addressing employees' needs.
(e) The assistant plant manager: The assistant plant manager represents the operational side of the company during negotiations. They provide insights into the production process, workforce requirements, and operational constraints. Their presence helps ensure that any labor agreements consider the operational feasibility and efficiency of proposed terms.
Together, they represent the employer's interests and work towards reaching agreements that align with the company's goals.
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- Unemployment that is caused by changes in technology or reduced demand for certain products.
- Example: an example of this would be typewriter repairmen who are out of work because of the popularity of computers
Unemployment caused by changes in technology or reduced demand for certain products is often referred to as technological or structural unemployment.
This type of unemployment occurs when advances in technology or shifts in consumer preferences result in a decreased demand for specific goods or services, leading to job losses in those industries.
For instance, the example you provided of typewriter repairmen losing their jobs due to the rise in the popularity of computers is a classic illustration of technological unemployment. As computers became more prevalent and typewriters became obsolete, the demand for typewriter repair services declined significantly. Consequently, many typewriter repairmen found themselves unemployed because their skills were no longer in demand.
This type of unemployment highlights the need for workers to adapt and acquire new skills that are in demand in the changing job market. It also emphasizes the importance of investing in education and training programs that help individuals transition to new industries or occupations.
Therefore, unemployment caused by changes in technology or reduced demand for certain products is a significant challenge that can result in job displacement for individuals in specific industries. Adapting to these changes and acquiring new skills is crucial for individuals to remain employable in a rapidly evolving economy.
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The following information is avalable for a potential imestment for Marigold Company:
Initial investment $41000
Net annual cash inflow 9300
Net present value 20500
Salvage value 5400
Useful life 10yrs
The potecitial imvertment's probitatility index is
4.41
2.78
2.45
1.50
The profitability index is calculated by dividing the net present value of the investment by the initial investment. In this case, the net present value is given as $20,500 and the initial investment is $41,000. Therefore, the profitability index can be calculated as follows:
Profitability Index = Net Present Value / Initial Investment
Profitability Index = $20,500 / $41,000
Simplifying the calculation, we find that the profitability index is approximately 0.5.
The profitability index is a financial metric used to assess the attractiveness of an investment. It indicates the value created per unit of investment. A profitability index greater than 1 indicates that the investment is expected to generate a positive net present value and is considered favorable.
In this case, the profitability index is calculated as 0.5, which is less than 1. This suggests that the investment may not generate sufficient value relative to the initial investment, and therefore, it may not be considered attractive.
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Debby’s Dance Studios is considering the purchase of new sound equipment that will enhance the popularity of its aerobics dancing. The equipment will cost $22,400. Debby is not sure how many members the new equipment will attract, but she estimates that her increased annual cash flows for each of the next five years will have the following probability distribution. Debby’s cost of capital is 12 percent. Use Appendix D for an approximate answer but calculate your final answers using the formula and financial calculator methods.
Cash Flow Probability
$ 3,890 .3
5,330 .2
8,390 .2
9,880 .3
a. What is the expected value of the cash flow? The value you compute will apply to each of the five years.
Expected cash flow
b. What is the expected net present value? (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Net present value
c. Should Debby buy the new e
The correct answer is Option a. The expected value of the cash flow can be calculated by multiplying each cash flow by its corresponding probability and summing up the results. Using the given data, we have:
Expected cash flow = (3,890 * 0.3) + (5,330 * 0.2) + (8,390 * 0.2) + (9,880 * 0.3)
= 1,167 + 1,066 + 1,678 + 2,964
= 6,875
Therefore, the expected value of the cash flow is $6,875, and this value applies to each of the five years.
b. To calculate the expected net present value (NPV), we need to discount each expected cash flow to its present value and then sum up the results. The formula for NPV is:
NPV = CF₁ / (1 + r) + CF₂ / (1 + r)² + ... + CFₙ / (1 + r)ⁿ
Where CF represents the cash flow and r is the discount rate (cost of capital). Using the given data and a discount rate of 12 percent, we can calculate the NPV:
NPV = 3,890 / (1 + 0.12) + 5,330 / (1 + 0.12)² + 8,390 / (1 + 0.12)³ + 9,880 / (1 + 0.12)⁴
= 3,474.11 + 4,420.50 + 5,849.63 + 6,165.49
= 20,909.73
Therefore, the expected net present value is $20,909.73 (rounded to 2 decimal places).
c. Based on the positive net present value of $20,909.73, Debby should buy the new sound equipment. The expected net present value represents the expected increase in the value of the business by investing in the equipment.
Since the NPV is positive, it indicates that the investment is expected to generate more cash flows than the cost of capital, resulting in a positive return on investment. Therefore, acquiring the new sound equipment is financially beneficial and should enhance the popularity of aerobics dancing, leading to increased cash flows for the next five years
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A project with an initial cost=$500,000, generates a 12% rate of
return (IRR) for infinite years, assuming the cost of capital is
10%. Then the economic profit (EVA) and the NPV are?
To calculate the economic profit (EVA) and the net present value (NPV) of the project, we need to consider the cash flows generated by the project over its lifetime.
Given that the project generates a 12% internal rate of return (IRR) and the cost of capital is 10%, it indicates that the project's cash flows exceed the required return. This implies positive economic profit (EVA) and a positive NPV. Economic Value Added (EVA) measures the excess return generated by the project above the cost of capital. In this case, with a 12% IRR and a 10% cost of capital, the EVA would be positive, indicating that the project generates value for the company. Net Present Value (NPV) measures the present value of the project's cash flows discounted at the cost of capital. In conclusion, the project would generate positive economic profit (EVA) and a positive NPV.
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Check your skill! Current 1-year spot rate is 6%,2-year spot rate is 7%, and 3-year spot rate is 6%. The 1-year forward rate for a loan two years from now is closest to: A. 6%. B. 5%. C. 4%.
A. 6%.. The 1-year forward rate for a loan two years from now is closest to 7%.
The forward rate can be calculated by taking the ratio of the future spot rate to the current spot rate, both raised to the power of the respective time periods. In this case, we are looking for the forward rate for a loan two years from now, which means we need to compare the 3-year spot rate (6%) to the 1-year spot rate (6%). By using the formula (1 + 3-year spot rate) / (1 + 1-year spot rate) - 1, we find that (1 + 0.06) / (1 + 0.06) - 1 equals 7%. Therefore, the closest estimate for the 1-year forward rate is 7%.
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in the use case diagram for the arizona investment bank (aib) example, withdraw function require customer validation. what is the relationship between the "withdraw" and "validate customer" use cases?
The relationship between the "withdraw" and "validate customer" use cases in the AIB example is a dependency relationship. The "withdraw" use case depends on the successful validation of the customer in order to proceed with the withdrawal operation.
In the context of the use case diagram, a dependency relationship indicates that one use case relies on the successful execution or completion of another use case. In this case, the "withdraw" use case is dependent on the "validate customer" use case, meaning that the customer must be successfully validated before they are allowed to withdraw funds from their account.
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Stencil, Inc., wishes to expand its facilities. The company currently has 8 million shares outstanding and no debt. The stock sells for $39 per share, but the book value per share is $9. Net income is currently $4.5 million. The new facility will cost $60 million, and it will increase net income by $760,000. Assume a constant price-earnings ratio.
a-1. Calculate the new book value per share. (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a-2. Calculate the new total earnings. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
a-3. Calculate the new EPS. (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 4 decimal places, e.g., 32.1616.)
The new book value per share is approximately $9.095, the new total earnings are approximately $5,260,000, and the new EPS is approximately $0.6575.
a-1. The new book value per share can be calculated by dividing the new total equity by the number of shares outstanding. Since there is no debt, the new total equity will be the sum of the current book value per share and the increase in net income divided by the number of shares.
Book value per share = (Current book value + Increase in net income) / Number of shares
Book value per share = ($9 + $760,000) / 8,000,000
Book value per share ≈ $9.095
a-2. The new total earnings can be calculated by adding the increase in net income to the current net income.
New total earnings = Current net income + Increase in net income
New total earnings = $4,500,000 + $760,000
New total earnings ≈ $5,260,000
a-3. The new earnings per share (EPS) can be calculated by dividing the new total earnings by the number of shares outstanding.
New EPS = New total earnings / Number of shares
New EPS = $5,260,000 / 8,000,000
New EPS ≈ $0.6575
Therefore, the new book value per share is approximately $9.095, the new total earnings are approximately $5,260,000, and the new EPS is approximately $0.6575.
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The gaming console market is estimated to generate around US$80 billion in 2022 globally with revenues per player growing up to $92 per person. The major players in the industry are Sony Corporation, Microsoft Corporation and Nintendo, which account for a majority share of the gaming console market. The major driving force for the market is the rapid increase in the number of active gamers across the world which is expected to reach 2.73 billion by 2021. New business models are emerging based on innovations in subscription models, downloadable content (DLC), which offers gamers new "chapters" of gameplay and storylines, the use of virtual currency, in-game add-ons and free-to-play games that are monetized through in-app purchases. Microsoft has recently shaken up the market with an agreed $75 billion acquisition of Activison Blizzard, a giant industry games publisher with over 30 games studios attached to its name and numerous games franchises. Such consolidation of market power will lead to a change in the existing networks of alliances and competitive rivalries in the industry.
(a) Outline and evaluate the characteristics underpinning the gaming console market and identify the market structure in which firms operate with key assumptions outlined.
(b) Explain the potential for network externalities and the spread of fixed costs in relation to Microsoft’s acquisition of Activison Blizzard.
(c) Explain, in detail, two possible barriers to entry in the gaming console market.
(d) Illustrate and explain the profit maximising firm diagram for the market structure you have chosen in part (a) and explain this with reference to the actions of industry players.
The number of active gamers across the world has increased due to Covid-19 related lockdowns with more and more people turning to video games during this time.
(e) Illustrate and explain the impact of these developments on Sony’s price, quantity, cost level and profit level using a profit maximising firm diagram.
(a) The gaming console market is characterized by major players like Sony Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, and Nintendo, who dominate the industry. The market structure in which firms operate is an oligopoly. This structure assumes that a few large firms dominate the market and have significant market power.
Oligopolies are characterized by intense competition, strategic interdependence among firms, and barriers to entry. These firms compete through various strategies such as product differentiation, pricing strategies, and exclusive game titles.
The gaming console market is highly competitive due to the presence of major players and the constant pursuit of innovation. The market structure assumption of an oligopoly implies that the actions of one firm can have a significant impact on the others. For instance, when one company introduces a new console or game, competitors often respond with their own innovations to maintain market share. Additionally, the barriers to entry in this industry, such as high development and marketing costs, intellectual property rights, and brand loyalty, further contribute to the dominance of the existing players.
(b) Microsoft's acquisition of Activision Blizzard has the potential to create network externalities and spread fixed costs. Network externalities occur when the value of a product or service increases with the number of users. With this acquisition, Microsoft gains access to Activision Blizzard's extensive game portfolio and user base. By integrating these games into their ecosystem, Microsoft can attract more users, creating positive network externalities that enhance the value of their gaming consoles and services. Additionally, spreading fixed costs becomes possible as Microsoft can distribute development and marketing expenses across a broader range of games and platforms, optimizing resource allocation and potentially reducing per-unit costs.
(c) Two possible barriers to entry in the gaming console market are high capital requirements and intellectual property rights. Developing and manufacturing gaming consoles require significant financial investments, making it challenging for new entrants to establish themselves in the market. Additionally, existing players often hold valuable intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, and exclusive game titles. These rights provide a competitive advantage and make it difficult for new entrants to replicate or access popular game franchises. The combination of high capital requirements and intellectual property barriers creates significant hurdles for new companies seeking to enter the gaming console market.
(d) In an oligopoly market structure, the profit-maximizing firm diagram illustrates the interplay between price, quantity, and profit levels. The firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve, indicating that increasing production and lowering prices can potentially capture a larger market share. However, due to strategic interdependence, firms must consider the reactions of their competitors to price and output changes. The profit-maximizing firm aims to find the optimal combination of price and quantity that maximizes its profits while considering competitive responses.
The actions of industry players, such as Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo, involve strategic pricing, innovation, and exclusive game offerings. For example, if Sony reduces its console price, it may attract more buyers and increase its market share. However, Microsoft and Nintendo may respond by adjusting their prices or launching new features or games. The profit-maximizing firm diagram illustrates the complex dynamics of strategic decision-making and the potential for rivalries and alliances within the gaming console market.
(e) The increased number of active gamers due to Covid-19 lockdowns can impact Sony's price, quantity, cost level, and profit level. With higher demand, Sony may be able to increase the price of its gaming consoles, taking advantage of the increased willingness to pay. This can lead to higher revenue and potentially higher profit levels if the increase in price exceeds any additional costs incurred. The quantity supplied by Sony can also increase to meet the higher demand, resulting in a larger market share. However, it's important to note that the cost level may also be affected by factors such as supply chain disruptions or increased production costs. Sony would need to carefully manage its cost structure to maintain profitability while meeting the increased demand.
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10. Pamella Montgomery bought a Tassimo, a single-cup coffee brewer manufactured by Kraft Foods. The machine she bought had a sticker with the words "Featuring Starbucks . Coffee." which factored into Montgomery's decision to purchase it. However, Montgomery soon struggled to find new Starbucks T-Discs, which were single-cup coffee pods designed to be used with the brewer. The Starbucks TDisc supply dwindled into nothing because business relations between Kraf and Starbucks had gone awry. Upset that she conld no longer use the Tassimo to enjoy Starbucks coffee, Montgomery sued Kraft and Starbucks for, among other things, breach of express and implied warranties. Do you think Montgomery's express warranty claim has any merit? What criterion must be mef for a plaintiff to successfully make an express watranty claim? [Montgomery y. Kraft Foods Global, Inc. 822 F. 3 d304(2016) ]
In general, an express warranty is a specific promise or guarantee made by the seller or manufacturer regarding the quality, performance, or characteristics of a product.
To successfully make an express warranty claim, the plaintiff typically needs to meet the following criteria:
Existence of a statement: There must be a clear and definite statement, representation, or affirmation of fact made by the seller or manufacturer regarding the product. In this case, the sticker on the Tassimo machine featuring the words "Featuring Starbucks Coffee" could potentially be considered an express warranty statement.
Reliance on the statement: The plaintiff must have relied on the express warranty statement when making the purchase decision. In this case, if Montgomery can demonstrate that the presence of the Starbucks name on the machine influenced her decision to buy it, it could support her claim.
Breach of warranty: The plaintiff must prove that the warranty statement was breached. If the supply of Starbucks T-Discs, which were designed to be used with the brewer, completely disappeared due to a breakdown in business relations between Kraft and Starbucks, it could be argued as a breach of the express warranty.
It's important to note that the outcome of any legal case depends on various factors, including specific evidence, applicable laws, and the interpretation of those laws by the court. To accurately assess the merits of Montgomery's claim, it would be necessary to review the specific details and arguments presented in the case as decided by the court in Montgomery v. Kraft Foods Global, Inc.
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Coca-Cola recently had a market value of equity of $300 billion with 4 billion shares outstanding. The book value of its equity is $19 billion. a. What is Coca-Cola's stock price per share? What is its book value per share? Note: Round book value to 2 decimal place.
Coca-Cola's stock price per share is $75 ($300 billion / 4 billion shares), and its book value per share is $4.75 ($19 billion / 4 billion shares).
To calculate Coca-Cola's stock price per share, divide the market value of equity by the number of shares outstanding. In this case, the market value of equity is $300 billion, and the number of shares outstanding is 4 billion.
Stock price per share = Market value of equity / Number of shares outstanding
= $300 billion / 4 billion
= $75
Therefore, Coca-Cola's stock price per share is $75.
To calculate Coca-Cola's book value per share, divide the book value of equity by the number of shares outstanding. In this case, the book value of equity is $19 billion, and the number of shares outstanding is 4 billion.
Book value per share = Book value of equity / Number of shares outstanding
= $19 billion / 4 billion
= $4.75
Therefore, Coca-Cola's book value per share is $4.75.
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VII. Investment in an Asset with Negative Expected Returns (15 points)
1. (7 points) Will you ever invest in an asset with negative expected returns? Why or why not? Please explain briefly (3-4 sentences).
2. ( 8 points) Irrespective of your answer above, please explain whether a financial asset with negative expected returns will be priced higher or lower? Why? Please explain briefly, providing an example (5-6 sentences).
1. I will never invest in an asset with negative expected returns because I expect a positive return on my investments, not a loss. Investing in an asset with a negative expected return is simply gambling and does not make logical financial sense. Investing in an asset with negative expected returns would be a waste of time, effort, and resources.
An asset with negative expected returns refers to an investment that has an expected outcome of losing money over time. Since investors are looking for ways to maximize their returns, it would be unwise to invest in an asset with a negative expected return. For instance, investing in a company that is on the verge of bankruptcy is investing in a negative expected return investment. It's important to note that an investment with a negative expected return does not necessarily mean that it will perform poorly.
2. A financial asset with negative expected returns will be priced lower. The reason for this is that investors are looking for ways to maximize their returns. Since an investment with negative expected returns is expected to lose money over time, investors would not be willing to pay a high price for the investment. This would drive the price of the investment down, reflecting its true value. For example, if a stock has a negative expected return, investors would not be willing to pay a high price for the stock, and the stock would be priced lower to reflect its negative expected return.
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what is the diameter of a basketball hoop in inches
The diameter of a standard basketball hoop is 18 inches. A basketball hoop is a circular metal ring that is attached to a backboard and used in the game of basketball.
The hoop is positioned 10 feet above the ground and serves as the target for players to score points by successfully shooting the basketball through the hoop. The diameter refers to the measurement across the hoop, passing through its center, and it determines the size of the opening players must aim for when shooting. The standard diameter of 18 inches ensures a challenging yet achievable target for players to test their shooting accuracy and skill.
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Sunland Company uses the periodic inventory system. For the current month, the beginning inventory consisted of 487 units that cost $68 each. During the month, the company made two purchases: 722 units at \$71 each and 364 units at $73 each. Sunland Company also sold 1206 units during the month. Using the FIFO method, what is the amount of cost of goods sold for the month?
The cost of goods sold for the month, using the FIFO method, is $82,166.
The FIFO (First-In, First-Out) method assumes that the first items purchased are the first ones to be sold. To calculate the cost of goods sold, we need to determine the cost of the units sold based on the order they were acquired.
First, we start with the beginning inventory, consisting of 487 units at a cost of $68 each. These units were not sold during the month.
Then, we consider the purchases made during the month. The first purchase consisted of 722 units at $71 each, and the second purchase consisted of 364 units at $73 each.
To calculate the cost of goods sold, we allocate the units sold based on the order of their acquisition. In this case, we sold 1,206 units during the month.
Since the first purchase occurred before the second purchase, we first allocate the units from the first purchase. We can allocate all 722 units from the first purchase, as it covers the entire quantity sold. The cost of these units is $71 each.
For the remaining 484 units sold, we need to allocate them from the second purchase. However, we don't have enough units from the second purchase to cover the entire quantity, so we use all 364 units from the second purchase and 120 units from the beginning inventory. The cost of these units is $73 each.
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for the month using the FIFO method can be calculated as follows:
(722 units × $71) + (364 units × $73) + (120 units × $68) = $51,962 + $26,572 + $8,632 = $82,166.
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