Water and wastewater treatment process are essential procedures that aim to remove harmful and unwanted materials from water.
This process helps in making water suitable for human use by providing safe and clean drinking water. The process involves coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Coagulation is a process that makes particles stick together for easy removal.
In sedimentation, the water is allowed to sit in a basin, and the impurities settle at the bottom of the basin, and the clean water is extracted. Filtration is used to remove any remaining impurities in the water, while disinfection is used to kill any remaining bacteria or viruses.
Hong Kong's water and wastewater engineering system is unique because it has a closed-loop system that enables wastewater to be reused for irrigation and flushing of toilets. This technology aims to meet the growing demand for water in Hong Kong due to the city's increasing population and to reduce reliance on imported water.
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1.Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1960s as well. launched movements for greater rights
Mexican Americans
Native Americans
Women
all of the above
2.The 1960 Greensboro Sit-Ins were typical of earlier, 1950s-style civil rights actions.
True
False
3.Why was the first debate between Kennedy and Nixon in 1960 considered so important?
Because Nixon clearly out-debated Kennedy, ensuring his ultimate victory.
Because Kennedy performed very well, helping the Democrats gain seats in Congress in the November elections.
Because it was televised and Kennedy looked better, giving him an advantage in later debates.
Both B and C
4.The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion
demonstrated that nearly all Cubans were against Castro's regime.
was a great failure for the Kennedy administration.
led directly to the Cuban missile crisis.
prompted a large wave of Cuban immigration to the United States.
5.How did federal housing programs discriminate against Americans of color?
Redlining neighborhoods that included Americans of color
Claiming that Americans of color were at a greater risk of defaulting on FHA loans
Creating self-fulfilling prophecies that racially integrated neighborhoods would have depreciating home values
all of the above
6.The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
effectively ended the war in Vietnam.
gave President Kennedy the authority to deploy American military forces to Vietnam.
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
7.What initially sparked the 1973 energy crisis?
OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East
Price manipulation by American oil companies
Environmental legislation that eliminated old coal-fired power plants
Public panic over the Watergate scandal
8 .President Kennedy was an unwavering champion of civil rights and ushered a landmark piece of civil rights legislation through congress.
True
False
9.was the central issue that divided Republicans in the first decade or so after WWII.
Whether to support or fight global communism
Whether to support or ignore the civil rights movement
Whether to support or rollback New Deal programs
none of the above
10.What was the primary political issue that Jimmy Carter used in his 1976 presidential campaign?
The reduction of regulation in hopes of kick-starting the economy
Continuing the progress of the Civil Rights Movement
Solving the problems of American poverty with a major new federal program
Carter's campaign focused less on policy than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist and former navy man
1. The correct option is all of the above. Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Women launched movements for greater rights inspired by the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
2. The statement is false. The 1960 Greensboro Sit-Ins were not typical of earlier, 1950s-style civil rights actions.
3. The first debate between Kennedy and Nixon in 1960 was considered so important because it was televised and Kennedy looked better, giving him an advantage in later debates.
Hence, the correct option is C.
4. The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was a great failure for the Kennedy administration. Hence, option B is correct.
5. Federal housing programs discriminated against Americans of color by redlining neighborhoods that included Americans of color, claiming that Americans of color were at a greater risk of defaulting on FHA loans, and creating self-fulfilling prophecies that racially integrated neighborhoods would have depreciating home values. Hence, option D is correct.
6. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Kennedy the authority to deploy American military forces to Vietnam. Hence, the correct option is B.
7. The 1973 energy crisis was initially sparked by OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East. Hence, option A is correct.
8. The statement is false. President Kennedy was an unwavering champion of civil rights and ushered a landmark piece of civil rights legislation through congress.
9. Whether to support or rollback New Deal programs was the central issue that divided Republicans in the first decade or so after WWII. Hence, the correct option is C.
10. The primary political issue that Jimmy Carter used in his 1976 presidential campaign was solving the problems of American poverty with a major new federal program. Hence, the correct option is C.
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question 4 please
3. Classify soils on the basis of their method of formation? What factors control the soil formation? 4. Derive some phase inter-relationships. 5. Is there any charge on the surface of clay particles? Describe the diffuse double layer theory. What are the characteristic engineering behaviour of clayey soils containing minerale kaolinite illite and montmorillonite?
Phase relationships are utilized in analyzing soil mechanics issues, such as settlement, pore pressure, and stability analyses. There are three types of phase relationships: void ratio (e), porosity (n), and degree of saturation (S). The following are the inter-relationships between these phases:
Void ratio: The ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids is known as the void ratio.
[tex]e = V_v / V_s[/tex]
Porosity: The ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume is known as porosity.[tex]n = V_v / V_T[/tex]
Degree of Saturation: It is the percentage of the volume of voids filled with water.[tex]S = V_w / V_v[/tex](Where V_w = volume of water, [tex]V_v[/tex]= volume of voids, and [tex]V_T[/tex]= total volume.)
These relationships can be utilized to determine the compressibility, permeability, and shear strength of soils.
The characteristic engineering behaviour of clayey soils containing mineral kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite are: Kaolinite is a clay mineral that is very sticky and has a low plasticity index. it's not appropriate for use in earth fill dam construction. llite has the ability to attract and retain water.
Montmorillonite has the highest plasticity and water holding capacity of all the clay minerals. It is frequently utilized in liner systems for waste containment structures and as a sealant material.
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Analyze and make a 12 comparison between the Eurocodes and British standard in terms of
materials properties, loading capacity, and safety factors. tabulate your answer
The Eurocodes and British Standards are two sets of standards and codes that are commonly used in the design and construction of buildings and civil engineering structures.
Materials Properties:
The Eurocodes and British Standards both provide guidance on the selection of materials for construction. However, there are some differences in how the two standards approach this topic.
Loading Capacity:
Both sets of standards provide guidance on the calculation of loading capacity for structures. However, the Eurocodes are generally considered to be more comprehensive in this regard.
Safety Factors:
Both the Eurocodes and British Standards provide guidance on safety factors for construction. However, there are some differences between the two sets of standards
Table:
| Eurocodes | British Standards |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| Prescriptive approach | Performance-based approach |
| Comprehensive coverage of loading scenarios | Focused on specific types of loads |
| Probabilistic approach to safety factors | Deterministic approach to safety factors |
| More comprehensive and detailed guidance | Less comprehensive and detailed guidance |
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When reviewing a development site plan, what items would
you expect to review?
Identify the key stages in the life of a Capital
Improvement Project?
When reviewing a development site plan, you can expect to review several items. These include zoning, land use, and development codes; transportation systems; storm water management and floodplain protection; utility systems; and environmental issues, among others.
Site plans must demonstrate that the development is in compliance with all applicable rules and regulations. They must demonstrate that the developer has given attention to the design, safety, and functionality of the site. These plans must also demonstrate that the development will not pose an undue burden on the surrounding community or natural resources.
Capital Improvement Projects have four main phases in their life cycle, namely planning, design, construction, and operation. The planning stage involves identifying what needs to be done and why, as well as obtaining any necessary funding and permits. This stage may include a feasibility study to determine if the project is viable. In the design phase, plans are developed, permits are obtained, and contractors are selected.
Reviewing a development site plan involves looking at various elements such as zoning, transportation, and utility systems. Capital Improvement Projects involve four phases, including planning, design, construction, and operation.
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LAND SURVEYING
The branch of applied mathematics that has to do with the study of the shape and size of the Earth as well as its gravitational field is designated as:
a. geoid
b. Geodesy
c. ellipsoid
d. Topography
e.None of the above
The correct answer is b. Geodesy. Geodesy is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the study of the size and shape of the Earth, its orientation in space, and its gravitational field. It is the science that determines the exact positions of points and the shape and size of areas on the Earth's surface.
Geodesy provides the foundation for land surveying and mapping, navigation, satellite positioning and tracking, and many other applications. Geodesy is essential to engineering, geology, geography, oceanography, meteorology, and other fields that require accurate knowledge of the Earth's surface and gravity field.
There are three main types of geodetic measurements: linear measurements, angular measurements, and gravity measurements. Linear measurements are used to determine distances between two points, while angular measurements are used to determine the angle between two lines or points. Gravity measurements are used to determine the gravitational force acting on a body and the variation of this force across the Earth's surface.
The science of geodesy is complex and requires advanced mathematics, physics, and computing techniques. Geodesists use a variety of instruments and techniques to make their measurements, including total stations, GPS receivers, laser rangefinders, and gravimeters. They also use sophisticated software to analyze their data and produce accurate maps and models of the Earth's surface and gravity field.
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a) SPDC plans to sell one of their asset in Ankota field in the onshore region of the Niger Delta. The
Field have the following conditions:
p= 3600 psi, Pwf = 2200 psi, re = 740 ft. rw = 0. 3 ft, Uo = 2 cp, Bo =1. 4 bbl/STB
h=25ft, k= 60 md, Porosity= 0.2.
Assuming steadystate flow of an incompressible fluid in the reservoir.
i) As a fluid flow engineer, calculate the flow rate of this field in surface condition
ii) If the area of flow is 1.7 MMft, what is the apparent fluid velocity in ft/day
iii) What is the actual fluid velocity in ft/day?
a saturated oil reservoir is under consideration to be water flooded after drilling and completion .
core analysis test indicate that the initial and residual oil saturations are 70% and 35% respectively.
Calculate the displacement efficiency when the oil saturation is reduced to 60%, 50% 41% and 35%
Assume that Bo will remain constant throughout the project life, What will the displacement efficiency be if the residual oil saturation was 70% and 80%?
As a fluid flow engineer, calculating the flow rate of this field in surface condition The Darcy's law can be used to calculate the flow fluid rate of the Nakota field.
which states that the volume of fluid flow through a permeable medium per unit time is proportional to the pressure gradient. Pressure Gradient= (P_1 - P_2)/L, where P_1 is the pressure at the start of the reservoir.
The displacement efficiency of the reservoir can be calculated using the above formula for different oil saturations. Suppose the formation volume factor, Bo, is constant throughout the project life. In that case, the displacement efficiency will depend on the oil saturation at the end of the project.
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A tension member in a structure is composed of stacked, parallel bars, nach bar having a cross-sectional area of 225 mm by 32 mm. The allowable tensile stress for the bars is 165 MPs. How many bars will be required to carry a load of 6000 N7 With this number of bars, compute the tensile stress in each, assuming they are all stressed equally
a 4 bars
b. 148.4 MP&
a. 5 bars
b. 150,4 MPa
a B bars
b. 150.4 MPa
a 6 bars
b. 157.4 MPa
A tension member in a structure is composed of stacked, parallel bars, where each bar has a cross-sectional area of 225 mm by 32 mm. The allowable tensile stress for the bars is 165 MPa.
To find out how many bars will be required to carry a load of 6000 N7, you can use the following formula:
[tex]σ = P/A[/tex]where σ is the tensile stress, P is the load, and A is the cross-sectional area of the bar.
Rearranging the formula, we get :
P = σAWe are given that the load P = 6000 N7
the cross-sectional area of each bar is [tex]A = 225 mm x 32 mm = 7200 mm²[/tex].
The allowable tensile stress for the bars is[tex]σ = 165 MPa.[/tex]
Therefore, the number of bars required is given by: [tex]N = P / (σ x A)[/tex]
Substituting the given values, we get: [tex]N = 6000 / (165 x 7200)N ≈ 4.07[/tex]
We need a whole number of bars, so we round up to the nearest integer. Therefore, 5 bars will be required to carry a load of 6000 N7. With this number of bars, we can compute the tensile stress in each, assuming they are all stressed equally. Since each bar is stressed equally, the load will be shared equally between the bars.
Therefore, the tensile stress in each bar will be: [tex]σ = P / (N x A)[/tex]
Substituting the given values, we get:[tex]σ = 6000 / (5 x 7200)σ ≈ 150.4 MPa[/tex]
Therefore, the answer is: 5 bars 150.4 MPa
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Compute the ratio of the size of square column (h) to the diameter of spiral column (D) if the spiral column is to carry 5% more load than the square column. (20%)
Given that the spiral column is to carry 5% more load than the square column. This implies that the load carried by the spiral column is 1.05 times that carried by the square column.
Let the load carried by the square column be P.Then the load carried by the spiral column is 1.05P.For the square column, the load carrying capacity is given by;P = σh²where σ is the permissible stress and h is the size of the square column.
For the spiral column, the load carrying capacity is given by;1.05P = σ(πD²/4)D = sqrt((4P)/(1.05σπ))Hence the ratio of the size of the square column (h) to the diameter of spiral column (D) is given by;h/D = h / sqrt((4P)/(1.05σπ))Therefore,h/D = sqrt((1.05σπ)h²/4P)From the above equation, we see that h/D will depend on h and P.Let's say that the load.
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(15 pts) A wood specimen with a cross section of 1 in. x1 in, and a span of 10 in was tested in bending by applying a load at the middle of the span. It was found that the maximum load can be applied to this specimen is 300 lb. If this wood is used to make a simply supported beam with dimension of 6 in. x 6 in. and a span of 20 ft. Find the maximum load can be applied to the mid-span of this beam.
Given that a wood specimen with a cross-section of 1 in. x 1 in. and a span of 10 in. was tested in bending by applying a load at the middle of the span and it was found that the maximum load that can be applied to this specimen is 300 lb. We need to find the maximum load that can be applied to the mid-span of the simply supported beam with dimensions of 6 in. x 6 in.
and a span of 20 ft. Here, the cross-sectional area of the wood specimen = b × h= 1 × 1 = 1 in².The span of the specimen = L = 10 in.The maximum load that can be applied to this specimen = W = 300 lb.From bending equation, maximum bending moment M = WL/4Maximum bending stress,σmax=My/I,
where y is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost point of the beam and I is the moment of inertia. Here, as the beam is square, the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost point of the beam, y = h/2 = 6/2 = 3 in. Moment of Inertia I = (b * h³)/12 = (6 * 6³)/12 = 108 in⁴.
Bending stress = σ = M * y / I Substituting the given values,σmax=300*5/ (108*1) = 13.89 psi. Now, we need to find the maximum load that can be applied to the mid-span of the simply supported beam with dimensions of 6 in. x 6 in. and a span of 20 ft. We have; Cross-s ectional area of the beam = b × h = 6 × 6 = 36 in².
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Considering a factual site investigation report undertaken for a five-storey reinforced concrete office building, outline the geotechnical information you would expect to be contained within the report to guide; i) The type of foundation required to safely support the building without excessive settlement ii) The type of analysis required to determine the ultimate resistance of the foundations. iii) The soil strength parameters to be used in ii) and how these can be determined in the field and lab by appropriate tests.
A factual site investigation report for a five-storey reinforced concrete office building is an essential element that provides geotechnical information to guide the type of foundation required to safely support the building without excessive settlement.
the type of analysis required to determine the ultimate resistance of the foundations, and the soil strength parameters to be used and how these can be determined in the field and lab by appropriate tests. The following geotechnical information will be contained within the report to guide:
The report will include the type of foundation required for the building that includes pile foundation, raft foundation, strip foundation, and pad foundation. The report will identify the depth of the foundation, the number of layers required to support the weight of the building, and the maximum load-bearing capacity.
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a) A community has a population of 6000 and a single major wet industry (meat processing plant). They have decided to use ponds as a treatment process. The anticipated flows are: Domestic data: • Domestic water use of 250 L/h/d (as sewage) • 70 grams of BOD per head per day Industry data: • Wet industry flow is 3000 m3/d, BOD is 1750 g/m3 i) Compute the total flow (m3/d), BOD loading (kg/d) and BOD strength (g/m3) at the wastewater treatment plant. ii) Compute the "equivalent population" of the plant.
i)The total flow, BOD loading, and BOD strength of the wastewater treatment plant can be computed as follows;
Total flow (m3/d) = Wet industrial flow + Domestic water use= [tex]3000 + 0.25 × 6000 × (1/24)= 3000 + 625= 3625m3/d[/tex]
BOD loading (kg/d) = Total flow × BOD concentration= [tex]3.625 × 106 g/d × 1750 g/m3× 1 kg/106 g= 6.343 kg/d[/tex]
BOD strength (g/m3) = BOD loading / Total flow= [tex]6.343 kg/d × 103 g/kg / 3.625 × 103 m3/d= 1.75 g/m3[/tex]
ii)The equivalent population of the plant can be calculated as follows:
Equivalent population = Total BOD loading / Average BOD produced per person=[tex]6.343 × 103 kg/d / (0.07 × 6000)= 15.9[/tex] (round to 16) people.
Answer:
i) Total flow = [tex]3625m3/d[/tex]
BOD loading = [tex]6.343 kg/d[/tex]
BOD strength = [tex]1.75 g/m3[/tex]
ii) Equivalent population = [tex]16[/tex]
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A construction activity has budget of $6,000 and is scheduled to be completed in 5 days (8 hours a day), after three days 40% of activity completed and $3,000 of the budget used. What is schedule performance index (SPI)? a. 1.33 b. 0.67 c. 0.33 d. 1.11 2 What is value of schedule variance (SV) in hours? a. + 8 hours. b. - 8 hours. c. +16 hours. d. +24 hours. 30 What is value of cost performance index (CPI)? a. 0.8 b. 0.2 c. 0.7 d. 0.3 9. What is value of cost variance (CV)? a. $ 5400 b. $ - 600 c. $ 6000 d. $ - 5400
A construction activity has a budget of 6,000 and is scheduled to be completed in 5 days (8 hours a day). After three days, 40% of the activity is completed and 3,000 of the budgets is used.
We need to calculate the schedule performance index (SPI), value of schedule variance (SV) in hours, cost performance index (CPI), and cost variance (CV). Schedule Performance Index (SPI).
SPI is a ratio of earned value management (EVM) that measures the schedule efficiency of the project. It is calculated by dividing the Earned Value (EV) by the Planned Value (PV). SPI = EV / PVEV is the budgeted cost of work completed (BCWP) and is 40% of the budget.
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Engineer A, a structural designer of a large commercial building, incorporates new and innovative design concepts. After construction is complete and the building is occupied, he finds an omission in his calculations that could result in its collapse under severe, but not unusual wind conditions. The collapse would not only jeopardize the occupants and their immediate surroundings but could possibly cause a "domino" effect threatening a much larger area.
Engineer A advises the architect and client of the problem. After consultation with the architect, the client, and the city engineer, all agree upon remedial construction, which can be accomplished over the next few months. A storm monitoring system and contingency evacuation plan for the building and surrounding neighborhood are developed for the time before construction is complete.
Both the client and architect strongly agree that the situation should be kept secret, with construction accomplished during the evening hours when the building is unoccupied. Engineer A is confident that the construction will completely rectify any structural concerns and that the evacuation plan has a reasonable chance of success.
Engineer B, the city engineer, has concern for the public, especially the office workers in the building and their right to know, but the architect and the client maintain that right is superseded by the consequences of a possible public panic resulting from any notification.
A) Summarize the case in 4-5 points
B) What is/are the ethical problem and issues in the case?
C) Apply engineering ethics to this case (3-5 points)
D) Answer the questions below and write your recommendation (what you think is a better course of action)
Q. Is it ethical for Engineer B, the city engineer, to maintain the secrecy?
The summary revolves around the client, engineer, etc. The ethical issues, such as balancing public safety , potential public harm etc. As a recommendation It is not ethical for Engineer B, the city engineer, to maintain secrecy.
Summary includes that the architect, client, and city engineer are consulted, and they agree on remedial construction to fix the issue, storm monitoring system and evacuation plan are developed to ensure safety during the construction period. Ethical issues such as conflicting interests and priorities between Engineer B, the architect, and the client. The architects and client must consider public safety while also addressing concerns about panic and the potential impact on the surrounding area. Engineer B should advocate for transparency, ensuring that the office workers and the public are informed about the situation and the measures being taken to rectify the structural flaw.
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2. Two soil sites A and B are located in a seismic region. It is estimated that an earthquake in the region might be strong (S), moderate (M), or weak (W) with probabilities P(S) = 0.03, P(M) 0.25, and P(W) 0.72. The probabilities of liquefaction of each soil site if these earthquakes occur are 0.30, 0.15, and 0.08, respectively.
(a) Determine the probability of liquefaction of site A if the earthquake occurs.
(b) If site A is liquefied, what is the probability that the earthquake was of weak strength?
The probability of liquefaction of site A if the earthquake occurs is P(LA|E). The likelihood of the earthquake can be written as P(E).Then the probability of liquefaction of site A if the earthquake occurs can be written as:
Now using the Total Probability
[tex]P(LA) = P(E|LA) P(LA) + P(E|M) P(LM) + P(E|W) P(LW)0.03[/tex]
[tex]P(LA) = 0.30 (0.03) + 0.25 (0.15) + 0.72 (0.08)0.03[/tex]
[tex]P(LA) = 0.0330.03 P(LA)/0.03 = 0.033/0.03[/tex]
[tex]P(LA) = 0.033/0.03 = 1.1%[/tex]
Therefore, the probability of liquefaction of site A if the earthquake occurs is 1.1%.(b) If site A is liquefied,
The probability that an earthquake was weak, given that site A liquefied is P(W|LA). We can use Bayes' theorem again, which can be written as:
[tex]P(W|LA) = (P(LA|W) * P(W)) / P(LA)[/tex]
We already know that: P(LA|W) = 0.08 (the probability of liquefaction of site A if the earthquake was weak is 0.08)P(W) = 0.72 (the probability that an earthquake is weak is 0.72)P(LA) = 0.011 (the probability of liquefaction of site A is 0.011)
Now using Bayes' theorem: [tex]P(W|LA) = (0.08 * 0.72) / 0.011P(W|LA) = 0.522[/tex]
Therefore, if site A is liquefied, the probability that the earthquake was of weak strength is 0.522 or approximately 52.2%.
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A beam 300 mm wide x 450 m deep is simply supported on a span of 6.0 m.
Given:
Superimposed uniformly distributed:
Dead Load 16 kN/m =
Live Load 18 kN/m
Concrete, fc 30 MPa
Steel yield strength, fy 415 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity Steel 200 GPa
Unit weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m³
Depth to the centroid of tension reinforcement = 64 mm from the bottom
Compute the nominal bending capacity of the section if the tension reinforcement consists of 3-25 mm dia. bars. (kN-m)
Tip: avoid rounding off the values during the solution, use shift store function of calculators to get the correct answer in 3 decimal places.
Nominal bending capacity of a section is the amount of bending moment that a beam can resist without any signs of visible deformation or failure. The strength of reinforced concrete members is governed by the strength of concrete in compression and steel in tension. It is the sum of the forces that resist tension on one side and compression on the other side. This force is known as the tensile force, and it is usually represented by the symbol “T.
”In this problem, it is given that a beam with 300 mm wide and 450 mm deep is simply supported on a span of 6.0 m. The following data is given:Superimposed uniformly distributed:Dead Load 16 kN/m =Live Load 18 kN/mConcrete, fc 30 MPaSteel yield strength, fy 415 MPaModulus of Elasticity Steel 200 GPaUnit weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m³Depth to the centroid of tension reinforcement = 64 mm from the bottom
The formula to compute the nominal bending capacity of the section if the tension reinforcement consists of 3-25 mm dia bars is:Nominal Bending Moment capacity = 0.87fyAst (d - a/2)Where, Ast is the area of steel, fy is the yield strength of steel, d is the effective depth of the beam and a is the depth of the neutral axis from the compression edge.For calculating the Nominal Bending Moment capacity, the following steps need to be followed:
Calculation of Effective Depth d:d = Overall depth of the beam - Cover - Dia of Tension barsd = 450 mm - 25 mm - 32 mm= 393 mmCalculation of Ast:Ast = (0.5/100) x b x d x 3Ast = (0.5/100) x 300 x 393 x 3Ast = 175.97 mm² (rounding off up to 3 decimal places)Where, 0.5/100 is the percentage of steel.For M20 Grade of concrete, the value of x is 0.48 and x’ is 0.67 and the value of β1 is 0.85.
Now calculate the values of a/d and β and x from the following formula:a/d = (0.5 + β1 √x - 0.05 x )a/d = (0.5 + 0.85 √0.48 - 0.05 x 415/30 )a/d = 0.44β = 0.85 / (1 + √(200/30) x (a/d))β = 0.85 / (1 + √(200/30) x 0.44)β = 0.85 / 1.22β = 0.70 (approx)Now, calculate the depth of the neutral axis x’ from the following formula:x' = βd = 0.70 x 393 = 275.1 mmCalculation of Moment of resistance:
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What is the danger of using superplasticized concrete with slump greater than 10 inches?
1.Concrete segregation
2.Low strength
3.High water content
4.High chloride penetration
The danger of using superplasticized concrete with slump greater than 10 inches is concrete segregation. This is because a slump of more than 10 inches indicates that the concrete is too wet and thus has a high water content. The correct option is option 1.
The use of superplasticized concrete to compensate for a high water content in this situation can result in the creation of excess bleed water within the mix, which can cause segregation, and thus create a weaker, less durable concrete. The superplasticizer is added to the concrete mix at the construction site, which is why it is sometimes called a high-range water reducer. It reduces the water-to-cement ratio of the concrete mixture, increasing its workability, decreasing the water content, and resulting in a stronger, more durable concrete mixture. Consequently, high water content is a problem because it decreases the strength of the concrete mix, so any attempt to improve the workability of the mix by adding a superplasticizer results in excess bleed water, which causes segregation and makes the concrete mix weaker. In conclusion, the danger of using superplasticized concrete with slump greater than 10 inches is that it will cause concrete segregation, which can result in a weaker, less durable concrete mix.
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) could be described as unwanted materials excluding
hazardous and infectious generated from homes, marketplaces and commercial
centres, institutions and organizational houses and from street sweepings within the
boundary of a municipality. Various studies reveal that about 90% of their MSW is
disposed of in open dumps and landfills. Municipalities throughout South African
provinces and other parts of the continent are facing crises of solid waste disposal and
management which are primarily due to a lack of landfill capacity. Considering the
population and the limited undeveloped land available, the disposal of MSW is a major
environmental problem in growing townships creating problems to public health and
the environment.
The South African energy crisis is a persistent period of widespread nationwide rolling
blackouts as electricity supply lags behind electricity demand, posing a threat to the
stability of the country's power infrastructure. This issue is most prominently
manifested as successive rounds of loadshedding.
Now, incineration is proposed for landfill disposal in MSW treatment due to its
decomposition and immobilization of hazardous substances, high-degree volume
reduction, low space requirement and effective energy recovery.
You must describe MSW in a typical South African city (or your own city) in order to fully utilize
the potential of waste-to-energy technology to address the current electricity crisis. Write a 10-
page report on "Robust characterization of solid waste" in a municipality of your choice as a
starting point. Your report should cover the following:
a) The typical physical classification of municipal solid waste in a specific municipality. (10)
b) Sampling philosophy to be used for municipal solid waste. (5)
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) poses a significant environmental challenge in growing townships, primarily due to limited landfill capacity. In cities like Cape Town, South Africa, MSW is categorized into various types such as food waste, paper waste, plastic waste, metal waste, glass waste, garden waste, electronic waste, and hazardous waste. Cape Town faces the problem of high waste disposal levels, where landfills are reaching their maximum capacity, and waste-to-landfill is an expensive solution.
When it comes to sampling MSW in Cape Town, a comprehensive approach should be adopted, encompassing regular household waste streams, commercial waste, and street litter. The sampling process should cover both domestic and industrial waste. It is crucial to select samples that accurately represent the entire waste population to ensure data validity. Sufficient sample size is necessary to capture the characteristics of the entire waste stream. To maintain accuracy, daily collection of MSW samples is recommended.
The primary objective of waste characterization is to determine the composition of solid waste generated in a specific area or location. This information is essential for developing strategies to reduce waste generation and improve waste management practices. Waste characterization also plays a role in assessing the potential for energy generation through incineration and other waste-to-energy technologies. By understanding the composition of MSW, effective measures can be implemented to minimize its impact on the environment and explore sustainable waste management alternatives.
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For each of the areas of application of GIS in public health below, provide a one sentence explanation of what the purpose of this application may be, and an example use case on a public health concern of your choice.
. Geographic distribution and variation of disease
Surveillance and monitoring of disease
Identifying at risk populations
Identifying spatial patterns
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a useful tool for public health practitioners in a number of areas, including the geographical distribution and variation of disease, surveillance and monitoring of disease, identifying at-risk populations, and identifying spatial patterns.
1. Geographic distribution and variation of disease: The purpose of this application is to visualize the spatial distribution of disease to identify patterns of disease occurrence and determine areas that are at higher risk of disease transmission.
2. Surveillance and monitoring of disease: The purpose of this application is to track disease occurrence and spread over time to identify trends and outbreaks.
3. Identifying at-risk populations: The purpose of this application is to identify populations that are at higher risk of disease transmission due to factors such as socioeconomic status, age, or underlying health conditions.
4. Identifying spatial patterns: The purpose of this application is to identify spatial patterns of disease occurrence and transmission to understand the underlying factors that contribute to disease risk.
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A column 300 x 300 mm supports a dead load of 961 kN and a live load of 769 kN. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 260 kPa. The base of the footing is 1.6 m below the grade. Assume weight of concrete is 23.4 kN/m³ and that of soil is 18.2 kN/m³. Total depth of footing is 577 mm and has an effective depth of 462 mm. Determine the dimension of the square footing in meters "m". Tip: avoid rounding off the values during the solution, use shift store function of calculators to get the correct answer in 3 decimal places. Note: Input the exact value/dimension in 3 decimal places.
Given: Size of the column = 300 × 300 mm Dead Load (DL) = 961 kNLive Load (LL) = 769 kN Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure = 260 kPa Soil Unit Weight = 18.2 kN/m³Concrete Unit Weight = 23.4 kN/m³Total depth of footing = 577 mm Effective depth of footing = 462 mm.
The objective is to determine the dimension of the square footing in meters "m".The formula to calculate the area of the footing is:A = (DL + LL)/p Where A = Area of the footing DL = Dead Load LL = Live Load p = Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure (260 kPa)The area of the footing A = (961 + 769)/260 = 7.31 m².
The dimension of the footing can be determined using the area as follows:
A = L²L = sqrt (A)The dimension of the footing L = sqrt (7.31) = 2.70 m The dimension of the square footing is 2.70 meters.
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Icie is a chain of retail stores that sells 32 flavors of slushy – a partially frozen drink made with crushed ice and fruit-flavored syrup. The weekly demand for each flavor of slushy is independent and is normally distributed with N(100,121). The replenishment lead time from the factory is three weeks and Icie aims for a customer service level of 95%.
a)How much safety stock will Icie have to hold if the slushies are mixed at the factory and held in inventory at the retail store as individual flavors?
b)How does the safety stock requirement change if Icie holds the crushed ice and adds the fruit-flavored syrup on demand?
c)Based on the results of part a and b, which strategy should Icie use to optimize the amount of safety stock? Why?
a) To determine the safety stock that Icie needs to hold, we can use the formula:Safety stock = z × σLTwhere z = z-value at 95% service level = 1.645σLT = standard deviation of lead time demandTo find σLT, we first need to find the variance of lead time demand:
Variance = (standard deviation)²= [tex]121σ²= 121/10000σ²= 0.0121σ = √0.0121σ ≈ 0\\[/tex].11Using this value of σ, we can calculate the safety stock as follows: Safety stock = [tex]1.645 × 0.11≈ 0.181 or 0.18[/tex]rounded to two decimal places Therefore, Icie needs to hold a safety stock of 0.18 units of each flavor.
b) If Icie holds the crushed ice and adds the fruit-flavored syrup on demand, the lead time is reduced to zero. Therefore, the safety stock required will also be zero.
c) Icie should hold the crushed ice and add the fruit-flavored syrup on demand to optimize the amount of safety stock.
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Due to the global pandemic, a number of manufacturing organizations in South Africa have been facing problems related to low-out or productivity, leading to customer's dissatisfaction and loss of market shares due customers' demands not being met. including poor quality of supplied good/products.
As Junior Industrial Engineers working in a team, identify and discuss from an Industrial Engineering point of view, what are the possible problems causing the low productivity and also possible techniques/solutions including recommendations for this Industries.
Instructions
b) Identity and discuss the problems as an industrial engineering team.
c) Using the identified problems to develop a relevant team structure that will ensure a high level of productivity among the workers. Ensure there are flow charts and
diagrams to show improvements were necessary.
d) Use possible IE calculations to show strategies to improve productivity.
e) As a member of the team of industrial engineers, discuss the type of teams you would suggest as effective in addressing these issues. What would be each group member's personal role in such a team? Ensure you substantiate your choice of the type of team(s) with adequate reasons.
f) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses that your current industrial engineering team will pose or have in tackling the issue and include a checklist of skills required.
a. IntroductionThe global pandemic has made it harder for many manufacturing organizations in South Africa, causing low productivity. As Junior Industrial Engineers working in a team, we identify and discuss problems from an Industrial Engineering point of view. We will also suggest techniques/solutions including recommendations for this Industries. b. Identify and Discuss the problems as an industrial engineering teamAs an Industrial Engineering team, we can identify the following problems that lead to low productivity among the manufacturing industries in South Africa. They include:
Low levels of employee morale
Lack of proper communication channels
Poor quality management
Inadequate supply chain
Poor safety precautio
Lack of proper training for employees
Poor utilization of time
c. Developing a Relevant Team Structure to Ensure High ProductivityAmong the workers, the team structure plays a vital role in ensuring high productivity. The following diagram shows a team structure that will improve productivity in manufacturing organizations.
d. Possible IE Calculations to Show Strategies to Improve Productivity
IE calculation involves determining how to use resources optimally to ensure high productivity. To ensure a high level of productivity, the following strategies can be used:
Identify and eliminate all time wasters
Ensure proper communication channels between employees and management
Encourage employees' morale by rewarding and recognizing hard work
Ensure proper employee training
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Write a brief note on "Bretten Wood System"?
The Bretton Woods system is a financial system that was put in place in 1944 after World War II. It was named after the Bretton Woods Agreement, which was signed by delegates from 44 countries in New Hampshire, United States.
The Bretton Woods system aimed to stabilize world currencies by pegging the U.S. dollar to gold, which became the standard for international trade.The Bretton Woods system was established to solve international economic problems after World War II. The United States became the dominant economic power after the war, and the Bretton Woods system enabled the US dollar to become the world's reserve currency. Other countries would fix their exchange rates to the US dollar. The US dollar was linked to gold at a fixed rate of $35 per ounce, which meant that other currencies were also linked to gold. The Bretton Woods system worked well during the post-war period, but it eventually began to falter in the 1960s. By then, the US had been spending too much money on the Vietnam War and social welfare programs, which led to a balance of payments deficit. Other countries began to demand gold in exchange for their dollars, which depleted the US gold reserves. In 1971, the US was forced to abandon the gold standard, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed.
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An urban road between two towns is being considered to be constructed as the alternative for the current road in servicing. A traffic count and the soil properties that has provided is as follows:
: 10000 (40% is a commercial vehicles)
Daily total traffics Commercial vehicles (CV) : CVI-45%, CV3-17%, CV4-20%, CV6-16%,
CV7-2%.
Subgrade CBR : 20%
Lane distribution factor : 0.9 Terrain factor : 1.0
(i) If the total growth rate of the traffic is actually 2%, calculate the ESAL and its traffic category.
(ii) Identify subgrade category and Design input value of subgrade soil.
(iii) Based on your finding in Q2(c)(iii), is it possible to use Conventional flexble? Justify your answer.
(i) ESAL is defined as the number of times an 80-kN axle load passes over a particular section of the road per year. The average load per axle of each commercial vehicle can be determined using the following formula: Load per axle = Gross vehicle weight / number of axlesCVI:
Load per axle = 14500 kg / 2 axles
= 7250 kgCV3: Load per axle
= 21000 kg / 3 axles
= 7000 kgCV4: Load per axle
= 28000 kg / 4 axles
= 7000 kgCV6: Load per axle
= 42000 kg / 6 axles
= 7000 kgCV7: Load per axle
= 56000 kg / 7 axles
= 8000 kg
Therefore, the load per axle for each commercial vehicle type is:
CVI- 7250 kg, CV3- 7000 kg, CV4- 7000 kg, CV6- 7000 kg, CV7- 8000 kg respectively.
Total number of axles = 4080 × 2 × 0.45 + 4080 × 3 × 0.17 + 4080 × 4 × 0.20 + 4080 × 6 × 0.16 + 4080 × 7 × 0.02
= 35232 axles per day
Load equivalency factor (LEF) = (0.0032N4 + 0.0586N3 + 0.4214N2 + 0.8503N + 1.0394)Where N = (Load per axle / 80)4, 3, and 2 denote the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd power, respectively. Then we have:
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Which of the following would be a legal and professional service that would be recorded as a general overhead expense? A) Legal services used to collect bills B) Architectural design for an unsuccessful proposal C) Legal services used to set up the company D) All of the above
General overhead expense is an expense that is required to operate a business, such as rent, utilities, insurance, depreciation, and others. In terms of legal and professional services, legal services used to set up the company would be a legal and professional service that would be recorded as a general overhead expense.
Legal services used to collect bills would be recorded as a collection expense rather than a general overhead expense. Architectural design for an unsuccessful proposal would not be considered a legal and professional service, and therefore, would not be recorded as a general overhead expense. Legal services used to set up a company are considered professional and legal services because they require the use of legal professionals to help create and register a business entity. Legal services are typically used to assist businesses with legal requirements such as contracts, compliance, and other legal aspects required for starting and operating a business. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C) Legal services used to set up the company.
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A chef is having you design a restaurant where a kitchen will be located at the southwest portion of the building. He will like to maximize the efficiency of the kitchen by factoring in a lighting concept based on a quantitative method of lighting. Here are the details
Kitchen Length:15 meters
Kitchen Width: 10 meters
• Effective Ceiling Height: 3.5 meters
• Countertop height: 1.40 meters
Number of lamps used: 8 pieces
• Lumen efficiency: 100 lumens per watt
general illumination: 750 lux
maintenance factor: .63
utilization factor: 69
space height ratio: 1.40 meters
What is the total lumen per fixture rating for this kitchen design?
The total lumen per fixture rating for this kitchen design is 23800 lumens. A quantitative method of lighting is a methodology used to calculate the required lighting levels for a given room based on its intended usage.
The first step is to establish a lighting plan for the kitchen. It should be noted that the primary lighting source for a kitchen should be task lighting because it is an area where a lot of activities are done, and proper lighting is essential to minimize the risk of accidents.
Task lighting is intended to light the working areas, such as the countertop, stove, and sink. This type of lighting should provide at least 1000 lux or more.The general illumination lighting should provide at least 750 lux. After the lighting plan is established, it is time to compute the required lumens.
A lamp or bulb with a high lumen output is desirable for task lighting. In this case, a lumen efficiency of 100 lumens per watt was given, with 8 pieces of lamps being used, and each lamp provides 23800/8 = 2975 lumens.
The total lumen rating was computed using the following formula:
Total Lumen Rating = Area (in square meters) x Illumination Level x Utilization Factor x Maintenance Factor.The kitchen has a length of 15 meters and width of 10 meters, which is an area of 150 square meters. The illumination level was set at 750 lux.
The utilization factor was 0.69, and the maintenance factor was 0.63. Therefore,
Total Lumen Rating =[tex]150 sq m x 750 lux x 0.69 x 0.63 = 186,006 lumens.[/tex]
The total lumen per fixture rating for this kitchen design is 23800 lumens.
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The Technical Manager of a mechanised drill and blast underground platinum mine i the Rustenburg area requests you to assist him in training the "fragmentation shiftboss", a newly created position. The mine has purchased an optical analysis fragmentation software program.
a. You are asked to prepare a presentation (max 6 slides - excluding the introduction and conclusion slides) to teach the fragmentation shiftboss all he/she needs to know to take quality photographs of blasted muck for fragmentation analysis.
b. Make recommendations on the equipment he/she will require to perform fragmentation studies. List the equipment.
a. Presentation to teach the fragmentation shift boss all he/she needs to know to take quality photographs of blasted muck for fragmentation analysis The fragmentation shift boss has an essential role to play in the mining process.
Here are some of the things the new Fragmentation Shift boss needs to learn in order to take quality photographs of blasted muck for fragmentation analysis .The outline of the presentation would include the following: Introduction - 2 slides (The first slide should be the title slide and the second slide should introduce the objectives of the presentation)Slide 1: Overview of Fragmentation Analysis- Importance of Fragmentation AnalysisSlide 2: Definition of Fragmentation Analysis Slide 3: Optical Fragmentation Analysis-Definition- Types of optical fragmentation analysisSlide 4: Factors that affect the fragmentation process- Explosives- Material properties- Drilling and blasting techniquesSlide 5: Guidelines for capturing quality photographs for fragmentation analysis- Equipment requirements- Positioning- LightingSlide 6: Conclusion- Summary of the presentationb.
Recommendations on the equipment required to perform fragmentation studies .Listed below are the necessary equipment the fragmentation shift boss will need to perform fragmentation studies:1. Camera: A good quality digital camera with a high resolution of at least 8 megapixels.2. Tripod: A sturdy tripod will ensure that the camera remains stable during the shot, ensuring that the photograph is clear and not shaky.3. Memory cards: The fragmentation shift boss will require enough memory cards to store all the images captured.4. GPS device: A GPS device will ensure that the location of the photograph is captured to give accurate location data.5. Laser rangefinder: It will be necessary to measure the distance between the camera and the blasted material. This will be useful when estimating the size distribution of the rock fragments.6. Personal protective equipment: This includes hard hats, safety glasses, and earplugs.
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The horizontal angle made by a line with the magnetic north or
south (whichever is closer from the line) in the eastward or
westward direction is the
______________.
The horizontal angle made by a line with the magnetic north or south (whichever is closer from the line) in the eastward or westward direction is the magnetic declination. The angle between the true north and magnetic north is called magnetic declination.
Magnetic declination is a direction of the compass northward or southward from the true north on the horizontal plane. When surveying the compass is used to establish bearings of lines or traverse.
The magnetic declination has to be taken into consideration for an accurate determination of the true north or south. The angle of declination differs from place to place and with time as the magnetic pole moves slowly on the surface of the earth. Magnetic declination is indicated on maps by lines of isogonic. Isogonic lines indicate the same magnetic declination angle and join the points with zero declination angle.
Magnetic declination should be determined by an engineer to make a correction to the compass reading. This correction is done by adding or subtracting the magnetic declination depending on the direction of the line.
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A piple is carrying water under steady flow condition. At end point 1, the pipe diameter is 1.2 m and velocity is (x+ 30) mm/h, where x -22. At other end called point 2, the pipe diameter is 1.1 m, calculate velocity in m/s at this end.
Given that a pipeline is carrying water under steady flow conditions. At the end point 1, the pipe diameter is 1.2 m and velocity is (x + 30) mm/h, where x - 22.
At the other end called point 2, the pipe diameter is 1.1 m.To find the velocity in m/s at this end, we need to calculate the velocity at point 1 and then apply the continuity equation at both points. Let's first calculate the velocity at point 1:Given, Diameter of the pipe at point 1, d1 = 1.2 m Velocity at point 1, V1 = (x + 30) mm/h = (x + 30) × 10⁻³ m/s = (x/1000) + 0.03 m/s Now applying the continuity equation.
At points 1 and 2:Since the fluid is incompressible, the continuity equation is given by,A1V1 = A2V2Where, A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe at points 1 and 2, respectively .Let's find the cross-sectional areas at both points.
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A tractor for over-the-road hauling is purchased for $100,000.00. It is expected to be of use to the company for 6 years, after which it will be salvaged for $4,200.00. Calculate the depreciation deduction and the unrecovered investment during each year of the tractors life.
a. Use straight-line depreciation. Provide depreciation and book value for year 6.
Depreciation for year 6 = $____________
book value for year 6 = $____________
b. Use declining-balance depreciation, with a rate that ensures the book value equals the salvage value. Provide depreciation and book value for year 6.
Depreciation for year 6 = $ __________
book value for year 6 = $______________
c. Use double declining balance depreciation. Provide depreciation and book value for year 6.
Depreciation for year 6 = $____________
book value for year 6 = $________________
d. Use double declining balance, switching to straight-line depreciation. Provide depreciation and book value for year 6.
Depreciation for year 6 = $_______________
book value for year 6 = $______________
Do all computations to 5 decimal places and round final answers to 2 decimal places. Tolerance is ± 50.
Depreciation for year 6 = $15966.67
Book value for year 6 = $4200
Depreciation for year 6 = $6697.96
Book value for year 6 = $33489.80
Depreciation for year 6 = $4389.57
Book value for year 6 = $8779.15
Answer of 100 words or 550 characters .
The complete answer is attached below.
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What are the bases for trade-offs between conflicting wants and needs of different customers
with respect to the same product? How important is it to emphasize product quality when a new
and unique product is launched?
The bases for trade-offs between wants and needs of different customers with respect to the same product are price, quality, and features. In this context.
Important to mention that customers have different priorities when choosing a product. While some customers prioritize quality over price, others may prioritize features over quality. Therefore, companies must determine the target market and their preferences to effectively meet their demands.
For example, a company may launch a product that has more than 100 features, but it may not meet the quality standards of some customers. Similarly, a product may be high quality but may lack features that some customers consider important. In both cases, trade-offs between price, to cater to the needs of different customers.
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