The problem involves approximating the cosine function using the fourth Maclaurin polynomial and a quadratic polynomial over the interval [-1, 1]. The goal is to determine the error of both approximations.
(a) Approximating cos(z) with the fourth Maclaurin polynomial involves using the first four terms of the Maclaurin series expansion of cos(z). The Maclaurin series expansion of cos(z) is given by:
cos(z) ≈ 1 - (z²/2!) + (z⁴/4!) - (z⁶/6!)
By truncating the series after the fourth term and substituting z with x, we obtain the fourth Maclaurin polynomial for cos(x):
P₄(x) = 1 - (x²/2!) + (x⁴/4!)
This polynomial provides an approximation of cos(x) over the interval [-1, 1].
(b) To economize on the interval [-1, 1] with a quadratic polynomial, we can use the Chebyshev polynomials. The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, denoted as Tₙ(x), are a set of orthogonal polynomials defined on the interval [-1, 1]. By truncating the series after the second term and substituting x with z, we obtain the quadratic polynomial:
Q₂(z) = T₀(z) + T₁(z) + T₂(z)
Using the explicit formulas for the first five Chebyshev polynomials given in the hint, we can compute Q₂(z).
To determine the error of both approximations, we can calculate the difference between the exact value of cos(z) and the values obtained from P₄(x) and Q₂(z) over the interval [-1, 1]. The error can be bounded by finding the maximum absolute difference between the exact values and the approximations.
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A cut of an undirected graph G= (V,E) is a partition of its vertex set into two non-empty sets A, and B. An edge crosses the cut (A,B) if it has one endpoint in each of A and B. Assume G has pairwise distinct positive real-valued edge costs. Prove that if an edge is the cheapest edge crossing a cut (A,B), then e belongs to every minimal nice tree of G.
Return your solutions until 23:59 of June 3, 2022.
The cheapest edge crossing a cut (A,B) belongs to every minimal nice tree of a pairwise distinct positive real-valued edge cost undirected graph G= (V,E).ProofLet T be a minimal nice tree of G and let e be the cheapest edge crossing a cut (A,B).
If e is not in T, then T + e contains a cycle. This cycle contains at least one edge f which also crosses the cut (A,B). Therefore, there are two paths between the endpoints of f in T. Let P be the path in T that includes f, and let Q be the other path in T. The sub-path of P from one endpoint of f to the other endpoint of f together with the sub-path of Q from the other endpoint of f to one endpoint of f forms a cycle in T, contradicting T being a tree. Thus, e must be in T.The idea is that if you remove the cheapest edge crossing the cut, then there are two connected components of the graph. If you consider any minimal nice tree for the original graph, then in order to connect the two components, you need to add the cheapest edge. This proves that the cheapest edge is a part of every minimal nice tree of the graph.
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√√== da x+√2x+3 Which of the following integrals is used in evaluating appropriate u-substitution? °/-1-3) 5) du 0/(-3-6-1) de °/-3--²-1) du 7) /(1+3) du after making an
We are given an expression ∫√(√(x+√2x+3)) dx, and we need to determine which of the given integrals involves appropriate u-substitution.
In order to simplify the given expression and make it easier to integrate, we can use u-substitution. The general idea of u-substitution is to replace a complicated expression within the integral with a simpler variable, denoted as u.
Looking at the given options, we need to choose an integral that involves the appropriate form for u-substitution. The form typically used in u-substitution is ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx, where g'(x) is the derivative of g(x) and appears within f(g(x)).
Among the given options, option 7) ∫(1+3) du involves the appropriate form for u-substitution. We can rewrite the original expression as ∫√(√(x+√2x+3)) dx = ∫(1+3) du. By substituting u = √(x+√2x+3), we can simplify the integral and evaluate it using u-substitution.
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Use the Laplace transform to solve the given initial-value problem. y' + 5y = et, y(0) = 2 y(t) = |
The Laplace transform is used to solve the initial-value problem y' + 5y = et, with the initial condition y(0) = 2. The solution is obtained as y(t) = (1/26)(et - 5et).
To solve the given initial-value problem using the Laplace transform, we begin by taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation. The Laplace transform of y' is denoted as sY(s) - y(0), where Y(s) is the Laplace transform of y(t). Applying the Laplace transform to the equation y' + 5y = et yields sY(s) - y(0) + 5Y(s) = 1/(s - 1).
Next, we substitute the initial condition y(0) = 2 into the equation and rearrange to solve for Y(s). This gives us sY(s) + 5Y(s) - 2 + 1/(s - 1). Combining like terms, we obtain Y(s) = (2 - 1/(s - 1))/(s + 5).
To find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s), we decompose the expression into partial fractions. After performing the partial fraction decomposition, we obtain Y(s) = (1/26)(1/(s - 1) - 5/(s + 5)).
Finally, by applying the inverse Laplace transform to Y(s), we obtain the solution y(t) = (1/26)(et - 5et).
In conclusion, the solution to the given initial-value problem y' + 5y = et, y(0) = 2, is y(t) = (1/26)(et - 5et). The Laplace transform allows us to solve the differential equation and obtain the expression for y(t) in terms of the input function et.
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You can retry this question below Use your graphing calculator to solve the equation graphically for all real solutions 2³ +0.82²- 21.35 - 21.15 = 0 Solutions = -4.03290694 X Make sure your answers are accurate to at least two decimals Question Help: Message instructor Post to forum Submit Question
Therefore, the solution to the equation 2³ + 0.82² - 21.35 - 21.15 = 0 is x ≈ -4.03.
To solve the equation graphically, let's plot the equation y = 2x³ + 0.82x² - 21.35x - 21.15 and find the x-coordinate of the points where the graph intersects the x-axis.
The equation to be graphed is: y = 2x³ + 0.82x² - 21.35x - 21.15
Using a graphing calculator or software, we can plot this equation and find the x-intercepts or solutions to the equation.
The graph shows that there is one real solution, where the graph intersects the x-axis.
The approximate value of the solution is x ≈ -4.03, accurate to two decimal places.
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Prove that the function f : R − { 2 } → R −{ 5 } defined by f ( x ) = (5 x + 1)/ (x − 2) is bijective.
To prove that a function f: A → B is bijective, we need to show that it is both injective and surjective. Let's consider the function f: R − { 2 } → R −{ 5 } defined by f ( x ) = (5 x + 1)/ (x − 2).
Injectivity: Assume that f (a) = f (b) for some a, b ∈ R − {2}. Then,(5a + 1)/(a − 2) = (5b + 1)/(b − 2) ⇒ 5a(b - 2) + a - 2(5b + 1) = 0⇒ 5ab - 10a + a - 10b - 2 = 0⇒ 5ab - 9a - 10b - 2 = 0⇒ a = (10b + 2)/(5b - 9).Since a ∈ R − {2}, we have 5b - 9 ≠ 0, i.e. b ≠ 9/5. Thus, the value of b in the equation of a is a well-defined real number.
Therefore, if f (a) = f (b), then a = b. Thus, f is injective. Surjectivity: We need to show that for every y ∈ R −{5}, there exists an x ∈ R −{2} such that f (x) = y.Let y ∈ R − {5}. We need to find an x ∈ R − {2} such that f (x) = y. Let's solve the equation f (x) = y for x. We have(5x + 1)/(x − 2) = y⇒ 5x + 1 = y(x - 2)⇒ 5x - yx = - y - 1⇒ x(5 - y) = - (y + 1)⇒ x = -(y + 1) / (y - 5).
Thus, for every y ∈ R − {5}, there exists an x ∈ R − {2} such that f (x) = y. Therefore, f is surjective.
Since f is both injective and surjective, it is bijective.
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When a number is multipled by ¼, the result is 5. What is that number?
The number that, when multiplied by ¼, results in 5 is 20.
Let's assume the unknown number is x.
According to the problem, when x is multiplied by ¼ (or 1/4), the result is 5.
We can express this situation as an equation: x * 1/4 = 5.
To find the value of x, we need to isolate it on one side of the equation.
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 4 gives us: (x * 1/4) * 4 = 5 * 4.
Simplifying the equation gives us: x = 20.
Therefore, the unknown number x is 20.
To verify our answer, we can substitute x with 20 in the original equation: 20 * 1/4 = 5.
This indeed gives us the desired result of 5, confirming that our answer is correct.
Hence, the number that, when multiplied by ¼, results in 5 is 20.
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Mario plays on the school basketball team. The table shows the team's results and Mario's results for each gam
the experimental probability that Mario will score 12 or more points in the next game? Express your answer as a fraction in
simplest form.
Game
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Team's Total Points
70
102
98
100
102
86
73
Mario's Points
8
∞026243
28
12
26
22
24
13
The experimental probability that Mario will score 12 or more points in the next game in its simplest fraction is 6/7
What is the probability that Mario will score 12 or more points in the next game?It can be seen that Mario scored 12 or more points in 6 out of 7 games.
So,
The experimental probability = Number of times Mario scored 12 or more points / Total number of games
= 6/7
Therefore, 6/7 is the experimental probability that Mario will score 12 or more points in the next game.
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Determine whether the integral is convergent or divergent. 00 dv 6. v²+5v-6 If it is convergent, evaluate it. convergent In(8) 7
The integral ∫(1/(v² + 5v - 6))dv from 2 to ∞ is convergent, and its value is (ln(8))/7.
To determine if the integral is convergent or divergent, we
need to evaluate it. The given integral can be rewritten as:
∫(1/(v² + 5v - 6))dv
To evaluate this integral, we can decompose the denominator into factors by factoring the quadratic equation v² + 5v - 6 = 0. We find that (v + 6)(v - 1) = 0, which means the denominator can be written as (v + 6)(v - 1).
Now we can rewrite the integral as:
∫(1/((v + 6)(v - 1))) dv
To evaluate this integral, we can use the method of partial fractions. By decomposing the integrand into partial fractions, we find that:
∫(1/((v + 6)(v - 1))) dv = (1/7) × (ln|v - 1| - ln|v + 6|) + C
Now we can evaluate the definite integral from 2 to ∞:
∫[2,∞] (1/((v + 6)(v - 1))) dv = [(1/7) × (ln|v - 1| - ln|v + 6|)] [2,∞]
By taking the limit as v approaches ∞, the natural logarithms of the absolute values approach infinity, resulting in:
[(1/7) × (ln|∞ - 1| - ln|∞ + 6|)] - [(1/7) × (ln|2 - 1| - ln|2 + 6|)] = (ln(8))/7
Therefore, the integral is convergent, and its value is (ln(8))/7.
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Consider f(x)=x²+x-6 on [1,3] A.) Set up the integral(s) that would be used to find the area bounded by f and the x-axis. B.) Using your answer above, show all work using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find th area of the region bounded by f and the x-axis.
the function f(x) = x² + x - 6 and the x-axis on the interval [1, 3]. Part A requires setting up the integral(s) to calculate the area, while Part B involves using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the integral and find the area.
Part A requires setting up the integral(s) to find the area bounded by the function f(x) = x² + x - 6 and the x-axis on the interval [1, 3]. The area can be calculated by integrating the absolute value of the function f(x) over the given interval.
In Part B, the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is utilized to evaluate the integral and find the area of the region bounded by f and the x-axis. The first step is finding the antiderivative of the function f(x), which yields F(x) = (1/3)x³ + (1/2)x² - 6x. Then, the definite integral is calculated by subtracting the value of the antiderivative at the lower limit (F(1)) from the value at the upper limit (F(3)). This provides the area enclosed by f and the x-axis on the interval [1, 3].
By employing the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, the specific integral(s) can be evaluated to find the exact area of the region bounded by f(x) and the x-axis.
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Find all horizontal asymptotes of the following function. 3x - 1 if x ≤ 2 > √3x²+2 f(x) = 7e6x 2e³+2 if x > 2 2e63e³-1'
The function has two horizontal asymptotes: y = 3x - 1 as x approaches negative infinity, and y = 2e^(3e³-1) as x approaches positive infinity.
To find the horizontal asymptotes of the given function, we need to analyze the behavior of the function as x approaches negative and positive infinity.
For x ≤ 2, the function is defined as f(x) = 3x - 1. As x approaches negative infinity, the linear term dominates, and the function tends towards negative infinity. Therefore, y = 3x - 1 is the horizontal asymptote as x approaches negative infinity.
For x > 2, the function is defined as f(x) = √(3x²+2) / (7e6x + 2e³+2). As x approaches positive infinity, the square root term becomes insignificant compared to the exponential term. The exponential term dominates, and the function tends towards 2e^(3e³-1). Thus, y = 2e^(3e³-1) is the horizontal asymptote as x approaches positive infinity.
In conclusion, the function has two horizontal asymptotes: y = 3x - 1 as x approaches negative infinity, and y = 2e^(3e³-1) as x approaches positive infinity.
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Derive a function of concentration C (x, t) by the following equation under the stepwise concentration condition. ac a²c = D Ət əx² Then, apply the result tot the following equation: [infinity] 1 C(x,t) = Co - exp ( d} (x + 5)²) 4Dt 2√πDt. to draw a figure of concentration profile under the below conditions: Diffusion coefficient: 1.0x109 m²/s Range of distance -0.5≤ x ≤ 0.5 Time: 1week, 1month, 1year, 10 years.
The derived concentration function C(x, t) is given by C(x, t) = Co exp(-ac(a²c)t/D), where Co is the initial concentration and the other variables are constants. By substituting the values of the diffusion coefficient D, range of distance -0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, and different time intervals (1 week, 1 month, 1 year, and 10 years), we can plot the concentration profiles and observe the concentration distribution over time.
In the given equation, ac(a²c) = D ∂²C/∂t ∂²C/∂x², we can solve for concentration C(x, t) under the stepwise concentration condition. By rearranging the equation, we get ∂²C/∂t ∂²C/∂x² = ac(a²c)/D. To solve this equation, we separate the variables by assuming C(x, t) = X(x)T(t). After substituting and simplifying, we obtain X''/X = -T''/T = -α², where α² = ac(a²c)/D. This gives us two ordinary differential equations: X'' + α²X = 0 and T'' + α²T = 0. Solving these equations yields X(x) = A sin(αx) + B cos(αx) and T(t) = C exp(-α²t), where A, B, and C are constants. By applying the initial condition C(x, 0) = Co, we find A = 0 and B = Co. Thus, the concentration profile is given by C(x, t) = Co exp(-α²t) = Co exp(-ac(a²c)t/D).
To apply this result to the given equation,
C(x, t) = Co - exp(-d(x + 5)²/4Dt√π), we can compare it with the derived concentration profile. We can observe that the two equations have similar forms, with exp(-d(x + 5)²/4Dt√π) representing the term
Co exp(-ac(a²c)t/D) from the derived profile. By comparing the exponents, we can equate them to find the relationship between the constants:
d/4Dt√π = ac(a²c)/D. From this relationship, we can calculate the value of ac(a²c)/D. Then, using the given values of the diffusion coefficient D = 1.0x10^9 m²/s and the range of distance -0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, we can substitute the values into the derived concentration profile equation for different times: 1 week, 1 month, 1 year, and 10 years. Finally, by plotting the concentration profiles for each time on a graph, we can visualize the concentration distribution over the range of distances under the given conditions.
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Steps for Related Rates Problems: 1. Draw and label a picture. 2. Write a formula that expresses the relationship among the variables. 3. Differentiate with respect to time. 4. Plug in known values and solve for desired answer. 5. Write answer with correct units. Ex 1. The length of a rectangle is increasing at 3 ft/min and the width is decreasing at 2 ft/min. When the length is 50 ft and the width is 20ft, what is the rate at which the area is changing? Ex 2. Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at a rate of 100cm³/s. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is 50 cm? Ex 3. A 25-foot ladder is leaning against a wall. The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall at a rate of 2ft/sec. How fast is the top of the ladder moving down the wall when the base of the ladder is 7 feet from the wall? Ex 4. Jim is 6 feet tall and is walking away from a 10-ft streetlight at a rate of 3ft/sec. As he walks away from the streetlight, his shadow gets longer. How fast is the length of Jim's shadow increasing when he is 8 feet from the streetlight? Ex 5. A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base radius 2m and height 4m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of 2 m³/min, find the rate at which the water level is rising when the water is 3 m deep. Ex 6. Car A is traveling west at 50mi/h and car B is traveling north at 60 mi/h. Both are headed for the intersection of the two roads. At what rate are the cars approaching each other when car A is 0.3 mi and car B is 0.4 mi from the intersection?
Related rate problems refer to a particular type of problem found in calculus. These problems are a little bit tricky because they combine formulas, differentials, and word problems to solve for an unknown.
Given below are the solutions of some related rate problems.
Ex 1.The length of a rectangle is increasing at 3 ft/min and the width is decreasing at 2 ft/min.
Given:
dL/dt = 3ft/min (The rate of change of length) and
dW/dt = -2ft/min (The rate of change of width), L = 50ft and W = 20ft (The initial values of length and width).
Let A be the area of the rectangle. Then, A = LW
dA/dt = L(dW/dt) + W(dL/dt)d= (50) (-2) + (20) (3) = -100 + 60 = -40 ft²/min
Therefore, the rate of change of the area is -40 ft²/min when L = 50 ft and W = 20 ft
Ex 2.Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at a rate of 100cm³/s.
Given: dV/dt = 100cm³/s, D = 50 cm. Let r be the radius of the balloon. The volume of the balloon is
V = 4/3 πr³
dV/dt = 4πr² (dr/dt)
100 = 4π (25) (dr/dt)
r=1/π cm/s
Therefore, the radius of the balloon is increasing at a rate of 1/π cm/s when the diameter is 50 cm.
A 25-foot ladder is leaning against a wall. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we get
a² + b² = 25²
2a(da/dt) + 2b(db/dt) = 0
db/dt = 2 ft/s.
a = √(25² - 7²) = 24 ft, and b = 7 ft.
2(24)(da/dt) + 2(7)(2) = 0
da/dt = -14/12 ft/s
Therefore, the top of the ladder is moving down the wall at a rate of 7/6 ft/s when the base of the ladder is 7 feet from the wall.
Ex 4.Jim is 6 feet tall and is walking away from a 10-ft streetlight at a rate of 3ft/sec. Let x be the distance from Jim to the base of the streetlight, and let y be the length of his shadow. Then, we have y/x = 10/6 = 5/3Differentiating both sides with respect to time, we get
(dy/dt)/x - (y/dt)x² = 0
Simplifying this expression, we get dy/dt = (y/x) (dx/dt) = (5/3) (3) = 5 ft/s
Therefore, the length of Jim's shadow is increasing at a rate of 5 ft/s when he is 8 feet from the streetlight.
Ex 5. A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base radius 2m and height 4m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of 2 m³/min, find the rate at which the water level is rising when the water is 3 m deep.The volume of the cone is given by V = 1/3 πr²h where r = 2 m and h = 4 m
Let y be the height of the water level in the cone. Then the radius of the water level is r(y) = y/4 × 2 m = y/2 m
V(y) = 1/3 π(y/2)² (4 - y)
dV/dt = 2 m³/min
Differentiating the expression for V(y) with respect to time, we get
dV/dt = π/3 (2y - y²/4) (dy/dt) Substituting
2 = π/3 (6 - 9/4) (dy/dt) Solving for dy/dt, we get
dy/dt = 32/9π m/min
Therefore, the water level is rising at a rate of 32/9π m/min when the water is 3 m deep
Ex 6. Car A is traveling west at 50mi/h and car B is traveling north at 60 mi/h. Both are headed for the intersection of the two roads. Let x and y be the distances traveled by the two cars respectively. Then, we have
x² + y² = r² where r is the distance between the two cars.
2x(dx/dt) + 2y(dy/dt) = 2r(dr/dt)
substituing given values
dr/dt = (x dx/dt + y dy/dt)/r = (-0.3 × 50 - 0.4 × 60)/r = -39/r mi/h
Therefore, the cars are approaching each other at a rate of 39/r mi/h, where r is the distance between the two cars.
We apply the general steps to solve the related rate problems. The general steps involve drawing and labeling the picture, writing the formula that expresses the relationship among the variables, differentiating with respect to time, plugging in known values and solve for desired answer, and writing the answer with correct units.
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For what values of x does the graph of f (x) have a horizontal tangent? (Round the answers to three decimal places.) f(x) = 4x³ + 7x² + 2x + 8
Therefore, the values of x for which the graph of f(x) has a horizontal tangent are approximately x = -0.167 and x = -1.
To find the values of x for which the graph of f(x) = 4x³ + 7x² + 2x + 8 has a horizontal tangent, we need to find where the derivative of f(x) equals zero. The derivative of f(x) can be found by differentiating each term:
f'(x) = 12x² + 14x + 2
Now, we can set f'(x) equal to zero and solve for x:
12x² + 14x + 2 = 0
To solve this quadratic equation, we can use the quadratic formula:
x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / (2a)
Plugging in the values of a = 12, b = 14, and c = 2, we get:
x = (-(14) ± √((14)² - 4(12)(2))) / (2(12))
x = (-14 ± √(196 - 96)) / 24
x = (-14 ± √100) / 24
x = (-14 ± 10) / 24
Simplifying further, we have two solutions:
x₁ = (-14 + 10) / 24
= -4/24
= -1/6
≈ -0.167
x₂ = (-14 - 10) / 24
= -24/24
= -1
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Let ɛ > 0. Show that if (an)~_=₁ and (bn)_₁ are eventually is bounded if and only if (bn)~_=₁ is bounded. n=1 ε-close, then (an)~_=₁ =1 =1
If (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded if and only if (bn)~≥₁ is bounded.
To show that if (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded if and only if (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, we need to prove both directions of the implication.
Direction 1: If (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded, then (bn)~≥₁ is bounded.
Assume that (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded. This means that there exists a positive integer N₁ such that for all n ≥ N₁, the sequence (an) is bounded, and there exists a positive integer N₂ such that for all n ≥ N₂, the sequence (bn)₁ is bounded.
Now, let N = max(N₁, N₂). For all n ≥ N, both (an) and (bn)₁ are bounded. Since (an)~≥₁, we have |an - a| < ε for all n ≥ N for some real number a and ε > 0.
Let's assume that (bn)~≥₁ is unbounded. This means that for every positive integer M, there exists n ≥ M such that |bn - b| ≥ ε for some real number b and ε > 0.
However, since (bn)₁ is bounded for n ≥ N, there exists a positive integer M such that for all n ≥ M, |bn - b| < ε. This contradicts our assumption that (bn)~≥₁ is unbounded.
Therefore, if (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded, then (bn)~≥₁ is bounded.
Direction 2: If (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, then (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded.
Assume that (bn)~≥₁ is bounded. This means that there exists a positive integer N such that for all n ≥ N, the sequence (bn) is bounded.
Now, consider the sequence (an). Since (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, for every positive real number ε > 0, there exists a positive integer M such that for all n ≥ M, |bn - b| < ε for some real number b.
Let ε > 0 be given. Choose ε' = ε/2. Since (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, there exists a positive integer N such that for all n ≥ N, |bn - b| < ε' for some real number b.
Now, for n ≥ N, we have:
|an - a| = |an - bn + bn - a| ≤ |an - bn| + |bn - a|
Since |an - bn| < ε' and |bn - a| < ε', we have:
|an - a| < ε' + ε' = ε
Therefore, for every ε > 0, there exists a positive integer N such that for all n ≥ N, |an - a| < ε. This shows that (an)~≥₁ is bounded.
Additionally, since (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, it is also eventually bounded.
Hence, if (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, then (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded.
In conclusion, we have shown both directions of the implication:
If (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded, then (bn)~≥₁ is bounded.
If (bn)~≥₁ is bounded, then (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded.
Therefore, if (an)~≥₁ and (bn)₁ are eventually bounded if and only if (bn)~≥₁ is bounded.
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Rewrite the equation with the variables separated. + √y=e¹ √ÿ dr dy = = (e* - 1) dx √9 = et dx = (e² + 1) dx vy O √ydy=(e + 1) dx O dy √9-1 dy
We have to separate the variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿThe separated variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ is as follows:√ydy=(e^(1/2) - 1) dx.
We have to find the separated variables of the given equation.
The given equation is +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ.
We have to separate the variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ.
To separate the variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ, we have to move the term containing the variable y to one side of the equation and the term containing the variable x to the other side of the equation.
the separated variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ is √ydy=(e^(1/2) - 1) dx.The separated variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ are y and x.
The summary of the given problem is to find the separated variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ, where we have to move the term containing the variable y to one side of the equation and the term containing the variable x to the other side of the equation. The separated variables of the given equation +√y=e^(1/2)ÿ is √ydy=(e^(1/2) - 1) dx.
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-{ Is the function f(x) = continuous at x = 1? x² - 25 x + 5 -4 :-1 Select the answer Yes. No
No, the function f(x) = x² - 25x + 5 is not continuous at x = 1. In the summary, we state that the function is not continuous at x = 1.
To explain further, we observe that a function is continuous at a particular point if three conditions are met: the function is defined at that point, the limit of the function exists as x approaches that point, and the limit value is equal to the function value at that point.
In this case, we evaluate the function at x = 1 and find that f(1) = 1² - 25(1) + 5 = -19. However, to determine if the function is continuous at x = 1, we need to examine the behavior of the function as x approaches 1 from both the left and right sides.
By calculating the left-hand limit (lim(x→1-) f(x)) and the right-hand limit (lim(x→1+) f(x)), we find that they are not equal. Therefore, the function fails to satisfy the condition of having the limit equal to the function value at x = 1, indicating that it is not continuous at that point. Thus, the answer is No.
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Evaluate a. T = J d. 6x + 10 x² + 4x + 24 x² (3+4x - 4x²) -dx x + X b. / 6.² - 56-pdr. c. √ √3-28-² C. dx 6x²5x6 1 ·1₂ dx √3 3 - 2x dx e.
After simplification, we obtained the expression T = J d. 90x² + 22x - dx² + X, which represents the final form of the given expression.
The given expression is quite complex, involving several variables and mathematical operations. To provide an evaluation, I will simplify the expression step by step and explain the process.
a. T = J d. 6x + 10 x² + 4x + 24 x² (3+4x - 4x²) -dx x + X
Let's simplify the expression:
T = J d. 6x + 10 x² + 4x + 24 x² (3 + 4x - 4x²) - dx x + X
By combining like terms, we can rewrite the expression as:
T = J d. 30x² + 10x + 24x² + 12x + 36x² - dx² + X
Next, we can simplify the expression further:
T = J d. (30x² + 24x² + 36x²) + (10x + 12x) - dx² + X
Combining like terms once again, we get:
T = J d. 90x² + 22x - dx² + X
This is the simplified form of the given expression.
the expression T = J d. 6x + 10 x² + 4x + 24 x² (3+4x - 4x²) -dx x + X simplifies to T = J d. 90x² + 22x - dx² + X.
After simplification, we obtained the expression T = J d. 90x² + 22x - dx² + X, which represents the final form of the given expression.
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Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve with the given parametric equations at the specified point. r(t)=(√² +5, In (²+1), t) point (3, In 5, 2)
The correct equations represent the parametric equations of the tangent line to the curve at the specified point:
x = 3 + (2/3)s
y = ln(5) + (3/2)s
z = 2 + s
where s is a parameter that represents points along the tangent line.
To find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at the specified point, we need to find the derivative of the parametric equations and evaluate it at the given point.
The given parametric equations are:
x(t) = √[tex](t^2 + 5)[/tex]
y(t) = ln[tex](t^2 + 1)[/tex]
z(t) = t
To find the derivatives, we differentiate each equation with respect to t:
dx/dt = (1/2) * [tex](t^2 + 5)^(-1/2)[/tex] * 2t = t / √[tex](t^2 + 5)[/tex]
dy/dt = (2t) / [tex](t^2 + 1)[/tex]
dz/dt = 1
Now, let's evaluate these derivatives at t = 2, which is the given point:
dx/dt = 2 / √([tex]2^2[/tex]+ 5) = 2 / √9 = 2/3
dy/dt = (2 * 2) / ([tex]2^2[/tex]+ 1) = 4 / 5
dz/dt = 1
So, the direction vector of the tangent line at t = 2 is (2/3, 4/5, 1).
Now, we have the direction vector and a point on the line (3, ln(5), 2). We can use the point-normal form of the equation of a line to find the parametric equations:
x - x₀ y - y₀ z - z₀
────── = ────── = ──────
a b c
where (x, y, z) are the coordinates of a point on the line, (x₀, y₀, z₀) are the coordinates of the given point, and (a, b, c) are the components of the direction vector.
Plugging in the values, we get:
x - 3 y - ln(5) z - 2
────── = ───────── = ──────
2/3 4/5 1
Now, we can solve these equations to express x, y, and z in terms of a parameter, let's call it 's':
(x - 3) / (2/3) = (y - ln(5)) / (4/5) = (z - 2)
Simplifying, we get:
(x - 3) / (2/3) = (y - ln(5)) / (4/5)
(x - 3) / (2/3) = (y - ln(5)) / (4/5) = (z - 2)
Cross-multiplying and simplifying, we obtain:
3(x - 3) = 2(y - ln(5))
4(y - ln(5)) = 5(z - 2)
These equations represent the parametric equations of the tangent line to the curve at the specified point:
x = 3 + (2/3)s
y = ln(5) + (3/2)s
z = 2 + s
where s is a parameter that represents points along the tangent line.
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If A E M2x3 (R), and rank(A) = 2. By SVD, we have AV = UD, where D = 0 01 V = (v₁, V₂, V₂) is an orthonormal basis for R³, and U = (u₁, 4₂) 0 2₂ is an orthonormal basis for R². Then, 1. Null(A) = span (v3) 2. Range(A) = span(u₁, U₂) 3. u₁, ₂ are the eigenvectors of AA 4. V₁, V2, V3 are eigenvectors of A'A 5. vv is diagonalizable and its eigenvalues is 1. 6. A, and A the eigenvalues of A'A. 7. A¹ = ₁² + vruz D22
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is a powerful tool in linear algebra that has many applications in machine learning and data analysis. Given a matrix A, we can decompose it into three matrices as follows: A = UDVᵀ, where U and V are orthogonal matrices, and D is a diagonal matrix.
The entries on the diagonal of D are called singular values and are always non-negative. Here are the answers to the questions posed:
1. Null(A) = span (v3): The null space of A is the set of all vectors x such that Ax = 0. Since rank(A) = 2, we know that the dimension of the null space is 3 - 2 = 1. Therefore, the null space is spanned by the third column of V.2.
Range(A) = span(u₁, U₂): The range of A is the set of all vectors y such that y = Ax for some x.
Since rank(A) = 2, we know that the dimension of the range is 2. Therefore, the range is spanned by the first two columns of U.3. u₁, ₂ are the eigenvectors of AAᵀ: The matrix AAᵀ is a symmetric matrix, so its eigenvectors are orthonormal. It turns out that the eigenvectors of AAᵀ are precisely the columns of U.4. V₁, V2, V3 are eigenvectors of A'A: The matrix A'A is a symmetric matrix, so its eigenvectors are orthonormal. It turns out that the eigenvectors of A'A are precisely the columns of V.5. D² is diagonalizable and its eigenvalues is
1: Since D is a diagonal matrix, its eigenvalues are precisely the entries on its diagonal. Since these entries are non-negative, we know that D² is also diagonalizable, and its eigenvalues are the squares of the eigenvalues of D. Since the singular values of A are the square roots of the eigenvalues of A'A, we know that one of the singular values of A is 1.6. A'A and AAᵀ have the same eigenvalues:
This is a well-known fact in linear algebra.
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Given the following functions, find each: f(x) = x² - 25 g(x) = x - 5 (f+g)(x) = Preview (f-g)(x) = Preview (g-f)(x) = Preview Question 28. Points possible: 2 This is attempt 1 of 3. Given the following functions, find (f - g)(-5): f(x)=-4x-5 g(x) = z-5
The expression (f - g)(-5) represents the result of subtracting the function g(x) from the function f(x) and evaluating the resulting function at x = -5. To find this value, we need to substitute -5 into both f(x) and g(x), and then subtract the two results.
Given f(x) = -4x - 5 and g(x) = x - 5, we can find (f - g)(-5) by substituting -5 into both functions and subtracting the results.
First, substitute -5 into f(x):
f(-5) = -4(-5) - 5
= 20 - 5
= 15
Next, substitute -5 into g(x):
g(-5) = -5 - 5
= -10
Now, subtract the two results:
(f - g)(-5) = f(-5) - g(-5)
= 15 - (-10)
= 15 + 10
= 25
Therefore, (f - g)(-5) is equal to 25.
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Convert the following double integral to polar coordinates and evaluate. √4y-y² 1 55 dx dy √x² + y²
The given double integral ∫∫√(4y-y²) dA over the region bounded by 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 and 5 ≤ y ≤ 9 can be converted to polar coordinates. For θ, since the region is bounded by 5 ≤ y ≤ 9, we have arcsin(5/r) ≤ θ ≤ arcsin(9/r).
To convert the double integral to polar coordinates, we substitute x = r cos(θ) and y = r sin(θ), where r represents the radius and θ represents the angle.
The limits of integration in the x-y plane, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 and 5 ≤ y ≤ 9, correspond to the region in polar coordinates where 1 ≤ r cos(θ) ≤ 5 and 5 ≤ r sin(θ) ≤ 9. We can determine the limits for r and θ accordingly.
For r, we find the limits by considering the values of r that satisfy the inequalities. From the first inequality, 1 ≤ r cos(θ), we obtain r ≥ 1/cos(θ). From the second inequality, 5 ≤ r sin(θ), we have r ≥ 5/sin(θ). Therefore, the lower limit for r is max(1/cos(θ), 5/sin(θ)), and the upper limit is 5.
For θ, since the region is bounded by 5 ≤ y ≤ 9, we have arcsin(5/r) ≤ θ ≤ arcsin(9/r).
By substituting these limits and the conversion factor r into the original integral and evaluating it, we can find the exact value of the double integral in polar coordinates.
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F is a field, B is a finitely generated F-algebra and m⊂B is a maximal ideal. prove that B/m is a field.
B/m is a field.This completes the proof of the theorem.
Let F be a field, B be a finitely generated F-algebra and m ⊂ B be a maximal ideal.
Now, we need to prove that B/m is a field.What is an F-algebra?
An F-algebra is a commutative ring R equipped with an F-linear map F → R.
If F is a subfield of a larger field K, then R may also be viewed as a K-vector space, and the F-algebra structure endows R with the structure of a K-algebra (F is contained in K).
Moreover, if the algebra is finitely generated, we may choose the generators to be algebraic over F and the algebra is then said to be of finite type over F.
The theorem that relates to the given question is:"If B is a finitely generated F-algebra, then the set of maximal ideals of B is nonempty."
Proof of B/m is a field:Let B/m be the quotient field.
Consider a non-zero element r + m of B/m such that r ∉ m.
We will prove that r + m is invertible.
It is enough to show that r + m generates B/m as an F-algebra.
Now, since B is a finitely generated F-algebra, we know that there exist elements x1, x2, ..., xn such that B is generated by {x1 + m, x2 + m, ..., xn + m}.
Since r ∉ m, we may choose coefficients a1, a2, ..., an ∈ F such that a1r + a2x1 + a3x2 + ... + anxn = 1.
Hence, r + m is invertible in B/m. Therefore, B/m is a field.This completes the proof of the theorem.
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Determine all positive integers n such that y(n) is odd.
All positive integers n is (2k - 2) where k is a positive integer.
We are supposed to determine all positive integers n such that y(n) is odd.
The given function y(n) is given by y(n) = n^2 + 3n + 2. Let y(n) be an odd number.
We know that odd + even = oddEven + odd = oddOdd + odd = even Clearly, 2 is an even number.
Adding 2 to an odd number always results in an even number. Hence, the parity of y(n) + 2 is even.
Now, y(n) is an odd number.
So, (y(n) + 2) will be an even number.(y(n) + 2) = n^2 + 3n + 4 = n^2 + n + 2n + 4 = n(n+1) + 2(n+2)Clearly, n(n+1) is always an even number.
Hence, for (y(n) + 2) to be an even number, 2(n+2) must be an even number.
Now, n+2 is an even number if and only if n is an even number.
Hence, we have to determine all even values of n such that (y(n) + 2) is even. n(n+1) is always an even number.
So, we only need to find even values of (n+2).
Therefore, the positive integers n such that y(n) is odd are given by:n = 2k − 2, where k is a positive integer.
So, the answer is (2k - 2) where k is a positive integer.
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Find the Laplace transform of t² sin(4t).
Therefore, the Laplace transform of t² sin(4t) is 8 / (s³ * (s² + 16)).
To find the Laplace transform of t² sin(4t), we can use the properties of the Laplace transform.
The Laplace transform of [tex]t^n[/tex] is given by the formula:
L{[tex]t^n[/tex]} = n! / [tex]s^{(n+1)[/tex]
The Laplace transform of sin(at) is given by:
L{sin(at)} = a / (s² + a²)
Using these formulas, we can find the Laplace transform of t² sin(4t) as follows:
L{t² sin(4t)} = L{t²} * L{sin(4t)}
Applying the first formula, we have:
L{t²} = 2! / s^(2+1) = 2 / s³
Applying the second formula, we have:
L{sin(4t)} = 4 / (s²+ 4²) = 4 / (s² + 16)
Multiplying these two Laplace transforms together, we get:
L{t² sin(4t)} = (2 / s³) * (4 / (s² + 16))
Combining the terms, we simplify further:
L{t² sin(4t)} = (8 / (s³ * (s² + 16))
Therefore, the Laplace transform of t² sin(4t) is 8 / (s³ * (s² + 16)).
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Determine whether the integral is divergent or convergent. This is an Improper Integration with u -sub If it is convergent, evaluate it. If not, state your answer as "DNE". 3 T. da [infinity] (2x - 3)²
The integral ∫[infinity] (2x - 3)² dx is divergent.
To determine if the integral is convergent or divergent, we need to evaluate the limits of integration. In this case, the lower limit is not specified, and the upper limit is infinity.
Let's perform the u-substitution to simplify the integral. Let u = 2x - 3, and we can rewrite the integral as:
∫[infinity] (2x - 3)² dx = ∫[infinity] u² (du/2)
Now we can proceed to evaluate the integral. Applying the power rule for integration, we have:
∫ u² (du/2) = (1/2) ∫ u² du = (1/2) * (u³/3) + C = u³/6 + C
Substituting back u = 2x - 3, we get:
u³/6 + C = (2x - 3)³/6 + C
Now, when we evaluate the integral from negative infinity to infinity, we essentially evaluate the limits of the function as x approaches infinity and negative infinity. Since the function (2x - 3)³/6 does not approach a finite value as x approaches infinity or negative infinity, the integral is divergent. Therefore, the answer is "DNE" (Does Not Exist).
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Let f: A B be a function and R be an equivalence relation on B. Define a relation S on A by T₁Sx₂ if f(x₁) Rf(x₂). Show that S is an equivalence relation.
Let f: A → B be a function and R be an equivalence relation on B. The relation S on A is defined as T₁Sx₂ if f(x₁) R f(x₂). We need to show that S is an equivalence relation.
To show that S is an equivalence relation, we need to demonstrate that it satisfies three properties: reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Reflexivity: For any element x in A, we need to show that x S x. Since R is an equivalence relation on B, we know that f(x) R f(x) for any x in A. Therefore, x S x, and S is reflexive.
Symmetry: For any elements x₁ and x₂ in A, if x₁ S x₂, then we need to show that x₂ S x₁. If x₁ S x₂, it means that f(x₁) R f(x₂). Since R is symmetric, f(x₂) R f(x₁). Therefore, x₂ S x₁, and S is symmetric.
Transitivity: For any elements x₁, x₂, and x₃ in A, if x₁ S x₂ and x₂ S x₃, then we need to show that x₁ S x₃. If x₁ S x₂, it means that f(x₁) R f(x₂), and if x₂ S x₃, it means that f(x₂) R f(x₃). Since R is transitive, f(x₁) R f(x₃). Therefore, x₁ S x₃, and S is transitive.
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Find L(f) if f(t) equals te-cos(7t). L (f) (s) = =
To find L(f), we need to take the Laplace transform of the given function f(t) = te^(-cos(7t)).
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is denoted as L(f)(s) and is defined as:
L(f)(s) = ∫[0,∞] f(t) * e^(-st) dt
In this case, we have f(t) = te^(-cos(7t)). To find L(f)(s), we substitute f(t) into the Laplace transform formula and evaluate the integral:
L(f)(s) = ∫[0,∞] (te^(-cos(7t))) * e^(-st) dt
Simplifying the expression inside the integral, we have:
L(f)(s) = ∫[0,∞] t * e^(-cos(7t) - st) dt
Evaluating this integral requires more specific information about the range of integration or any additional constraints. Without that information, it is not possible to provide a numerical expression for L(f)(s).
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please answer all parts
Find the tangent plane of f(x,y)= e^x-y at the point (2,2,1)
Find the linearization of f(x,y)=square root (xy) at the point (1,4)
Find the differential of z= square root (x^2+3y^2)
Let k(t)=f(g(t),h(t)), where f is differentiable, g(2)=4, g'(2)=-3, h(2)=5, h'(2)=6, fx(4,5)=2, fy(4,5)=8. Find k'(2).
Use a tree diagram to find the chain rule. Assume that all functions are differentiable. w=f(x,y,z), where x=x(u,v), y=y(u,v), z=z(u,v).\\
1. The tangent plane of the function f(x, y) = e^x - y at the point (2, 2, 1) is given by the equation z = 4x + 2y - 7.
2. The linearization of the function f(x, y) = √(xy) at the point (1, 4) is represented by the equation z = 5 + 3(x - 1) - (y - 4)/8.
3. The differential of the function z = √(x^2 + 3y^2) is given by dz = (2x dx + 6y dy) / (2√(x^2 + 3y^2)).
4. Given k(t) = f(g(t), h(t)), where f is differentiable, g(2) = 4, g'(2) = -3, h(2) = 5, h'(2) = 6, fx(4, 5) = 2, and fy(4, 5) = 8, the value of k'(2) is k'(2) = (2 * -3 * 4) + (8 * 6 * 5) = 228.
1. To find the tangent plane of f(x, y) = e^x - y at the point (2, 2, 1), we first compute the partial derivatives: fx = e^x and fy = -1. Evaluating these at (2, 2) gives fx(2, 2) = e^2 and fy(2, 2) = -1. Using the point-normal form of a plane equation, we obtain z = f(2, 2) + fx(2, 2)(x - 2) + fy(2, 2)(y - 2), which simplifies to z = 4x + 2y - 7.
2. To find the linearization of f(x, y) = √(xy) at the point (1, 4), we first compute the partial derivatives: fx = √(y/ x) / 2√(xy) and fy = √(x/ y) / 2√(xy). Evaluating these at (1, 4) gives fx(1, 4) = 1/4 and fy(1, 4) = 1/8. The linearization is given by z = f(1, 4) + fx(1, 4)(x - 1) + fy(1, 4)(y - 4), which simplifies to z = 5 + 3(x - 1) - (y - 4)/8.
3. To find the differential of z = √(x^2 + 3y^2), we differentiate the expression with respect to x and y, treating them as independent variables. Applying the chain rule, dz = (∂z/∂x)dx + (∂z/∂y)dy. Simplifying this expression using the partial derivatives of z, we get dz = (2x dx + 6y dy) / (2√(x^2 + 3y^2)).
4. To find k'(2) for k(t) = f(g(t), h(t)), we use the chain rule. The chain rule states that if z = f(x, y) and x = g(t), y = h(t), then dz/dt = (∂f/∂x)(∂g/
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Show that f(n)=n² + 2n +1 is O(n²). ii. If f(n) is O(n), is it also O(n³)? Mention the reason?
i. Show that f(n) = n² + 2n + 1 is O(n²):
We want to prove that there exist positive constants c and n0 such that f(n) ≤ c*n² for all n ≥ n0.
We can easily observe thatf(n) = n² + 2n + 1 ≤ n² + 2n² + n² = 4n²for all n ≥ 1.
Now, set c = 4 and n0 = 1. So we havef(n) ≤ 4n² for all n ≥ 1. Hence, f(n) is O(n²).
ii. If f(n) is O(n), is it also O(n³)
If f(n) is O(n), it means that there exist positive constants c and n0 such that f(n) ≤ c*n for all n ≥ n0. Similarly, to show that f(n) is O(n³), we need to prove that there exist positive constants C and N0 such that f(n) ≤ C*n³ for all n ≥ N0.Let us assume that f(n) is O(n). Therefore,f(n) ≤ c*n -------------- (1)
Multiplying both sides by n, we get
f(n)*n ≤ c*n² ------------------- (2)
Adding f(n) to both sides, we get
f(n)*n + f(n) ≤ c*n² + f(n) -------------------- (3)
We already know that f(n) ≤ n² + 2n + 1for all n ≥ 1.
So, the above equation (3) can be written as
f(n)*n + n² + 2n + 1 ≤ c*n² + n² + 2n + 1
Simplifying the above equation, we get
f(n)*(n+1) + n² + 2n ≤ (c+1)*n²for all n ≥ 1.
Let us set C = c+1 and N0 = 1. So we have
f(n)*(n+1) + n² + 2n ≤ C*n² for all n ≥ N0.
Therefore, f(n) is O(n³). So, we can say that f(n) is O(n³) if it is O(n).
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y
20
18
46
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 G
2
D
LL
E
F
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
X
Complete the steps to find the area of the kite.
What is GE?
Square root of
What is DF?
✓units
Square root of
units
What is the area of the kite to the nearest unit?
square units
The lengths of the diagonals are:
GE = 8√5 units
DE = 4√5 Units
Area = 80 sq. units
How to find the distance between two coordinates?We have been given an image of a kite on coordinate plane.
To find the length of GE we will use distance formula:
Distance = √[x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²]
Substituting coordinates of point G and E in above formula we will get,
GE = √[16 - 0)² + (8 - 0)²]
GE = √(256 + 64)
GE = √320
GE = 8√5 units
Similarly we will find the length of diagonal DF using distance formula.
DF = √[14 - 10)² + (2 - 10)²]
DE = √(16 + 64)
DE = √80
DE = 4√5 Units
Area of kite is given by the formula:
Area = (p * q)/2
where p and q are diagonals of kite.
Thus:
Area = ( 8√5 * 4√5)/2
Area = 80 sq. units
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