If a company sells its inventory in 94 days on average, the length of the operating cycle is 100 days.
The length of the operating cycle can be calculated using the following formula:
Operating cycle = Inventory conversion period + Accounts receivable conversion period
Where,
Inventory conversion period = Average number of days to sell inventory
Accounts receivable conversion period = Average number of days to collect accounts receivable
A company sells its inventory in 94 days on average. Their average customer charges purchase on a credit card whereby payment is received in 6 days. On the other hand, it takes 47 days on average to pay for their purchases.
Therefore, the inventory conversion period will be 94 days, the accounts receivable conversion period will be 6 days (since payment is received in 6 days), and the accounts payable conversion period will be 47 days (since it takes 47 days on average to pay for their purchases). Therefore, the Operating cycle = Inventory conversion period + Accounts receivable conversion period= 94 days + 6 days= 100 days
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On the equity market, stock X's price is £100. The 1-year future of stock X is priced at £110. Assume stock X does not pay dividends and investors can borrow and lend at the continuously compounded rate 5%. Propose an arbitrage strategy.
The proposed arbitrage strategy for the given scenario involves taking advantage of the price difference between the current stock price and the 1-year future price of stock X.
To implement the arbitrage strategy, an investor can follow these steps:
Borrow £100 at the interest rate of 5%.Purchase one share of stock X at the current price of £100.Enter into a 1-year futures contract for stock X at the price of £110.Simultaneously sell the futures contract at £110.Invest the proceeds from selling the futures contract at the interest rate of 5%.At the end of the year, the investor would have:
Repaid the borrowed £100 plus 5% interest, totaling £105.Received £110 from selling the futures contract.Accumulated interest on the invested proceeds.By following this strategy, the investor would have made a risk-free profit of £5, which is the difference between the repayment of the borrowed amount and the proceeds from selling the futures contract. This arbitrage opportunity arises due to the mispricing between the current stock price and the future price, allowing investors to exploit the market inefficiency and earn guaranteed profits.
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The airline industry of Bangladesh is still in its infancy. Especially the domestic routes are
not lucrative enough yet since very few fly on air from one district to another. Currently there
are four major airlines operating in Bangladesh: Biman, NovoAir, Regent and US Bangla. A
new airline company named Balaka Airlines is exploring the possibility of starting domestic
flights either for DHK-CTG route or DHK-RAJ route. Expenses to consider include aircraft
rental cost, gate and landing fees and labor costs such as local baggage handlers and
maintenance workers.
The following table provides a summary of the after-tax cash flows associated with two
investment alternatives. The after-tax cash flows associated with each investment are:
Year Net Cash flow
CTG-JSR - CTG-RAJ
(BDT 35,00,000) - (BDT 40,00,000)
1530428 - 1910234
2022266 - 1930377
1930629 - 1930629
1930377 - 2022266
1530428 - 1910234
The firm needs to decide now which project it should invest and thus it needs to apply
different capital budgeting tools.
A number of capital budgeting tools need a discount rate. The financial manager of the
company identified that the firm’s WACC is the appropriate discount rate for evaluating the
projects applying the capital budgeting tools. But, its WACC is not yet calculated.
So, now the firm is interested in measuring its overall cost of capital. The firm is in the 40%
tax bracket. Current investigation has gathered the following data:
Debt: The firm can raise an unlimited amount of debt by selling BDT 1,000 par-value, 10%
coupon interest rate, 10-year bonds on which annual interest payments will be made. Current
market price of the bond is BDT 1,200.
Preferred stock: The firm can sell 10% (annual dividend) preferred stock at its BDT 100 per
share par value. The cost of issuing and selling the preferred stock is expected to be BDT 2.5
per share. An unlimited amount of preferred stock can be sold under these terms.
Common stock (New issue): The firm’s common stock is currently selling for BDT 80 per
share. The firm expects to pay cash dividends of BDT 6 per share next year. The firm’s
dividends have been growing at an annual rate of 6%, and this rate is expected to continue in
the future. Floatation costs are expected to amount to BDT 3 per share.
The financial manager of the company is already overwhelmed with enormous workload and
hence hired you as the assistant manager of the finance department for the company and
seeing
FIN 201/CASE ASSIGNMENT/ Summer 2022 ©DEPT OF FINANCE, SBE, IUB
your competence in the area of finance assigned you to suggest the best route based on the
following calculations:
1. Calculate specific cost of each source of financing (Round the answer to the nearest
two decimal points percent, like 11.12%).
2. Calculate WACC (The firm’s optimum capital structure shows 40% Long-term debt,
15% Preferred stock, and 45% Common stock equity).
3. Determine the Payback period, net present value, internal rate of return and
profitability index for both of the routes.
4. Which one is the best route if they are independent or mutually exclusive projects?
5. Suppose DHK-CTG route is risky due to the possible entry of new competitor in the
future. Accordingly, the risk-adjusted discount rate for this route will be 7% plus
existing rate. How this will affect your decision? Support your decision by
calculation.
The firm in the airline industry of Bangladesh is considering two investment alternatives for starting domestic flights. The cash flows associated with each alternative have been provided.
To assist the firm in its decision-making process, the following steps need to be taken:
1. Calculate the specific cost of each source of financing:
- Determine the cost of debt by considering the coupon rate, market price, and tax rate.
- Calculate the cost of preferred stock by considering the annual dividend, par value, and issuance cost.
- Calculate the cost of common stock (new issue) by considering the dividend growth rate, market price, and flotation costs.
2. Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC):
- Determine the cost of each source of financing based on their weights in the capital structure.
- Multiply the cost of each source by its respective weight and sum them to calculate the WACC.
3. Apply capital budgeting tools:
- Calculate the payback period by identifying the time required to recover the initial investment.
- Calculate the NPV by discounting the cash flows at the WACC and subtracting the initial investment.
- Calculate the IRR by finding the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows to the initial investment.
- Calculate the profitability index by dividing the present value of cash inflows by the initial investment.
4. Compare the results for both routes and determine the best route based on the payback period, NPV, IRR, and profitability index.
5. Consider the risk-adjusted discount rate for the DHK-CTG route:
- If the DHK-CTG route is deemed risky due to potential new competitors, increase the discount rate by 7% and recalculate the NPV and other metrics.
- Evaluate the impact of the risk-adjusted discount rate on the decision-making process and choose the best route accordingly.
By performing these calculations and analyses, the assistant manager of the finance department can provide a recommendation on the best route for the firm based on financial considerations and risk factors.
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Randy Davis is a manager in the Facilities Department at Hudson College. He is the team leader of employees who work on landscaping, make minor repairs to the buildings, load and unload deliveries He reports to Brad Tomlinson, who became the director of facilities 3 months ago.
Davis has been employed by Hudson College for nearly 30 years. He is 58 years old and one of the most senior employees in the department. Randy is authorized and certified to operate a hi-lo and does so as needed. Davis has typically been a good worker but recently co-workers have noticed his morale has declined; he’s more irritable and moodier. It is known that Tomlinson is not pleased with Davis. In Tomlinson’s view, Davis is resistant to change and always has a reason for why it "can’t be done that way".
Last week Davis was driving a hi-lo when, according to him, the brakes failed, "they locked up." As Davis tried to get the vehicle under control, it tipped over. Davis was not wearing a safety belt and he fell out suffering a concussion and an injury to his hip that required surgery.
Janice Palmer witnessed the accident. She confided to Tomlinson that Davis was driving "pretty fast" when he turned a corner and the hi-lo tipped over. She pointed out what appear to be skid marks on the floor, which could indicate that the brakes had engaged, and perhaps Davis was driving too fast. It could also indicate that the brakes locked up when Davis went to engage them. An inspection of the hi-lo showed wear and tear on the brakes but was inconclusive as to whether they worked properly or locked up at the time of the accident.
Davis will be out of work for 4 months. It is expected he will then be able to return to work. While there will be temporary restrictions on what he can physically do, the only permanent restriction will be that he cannot sit for more than 2 hours at a time without a break to stand up, walk around and stretch for 10 minutes. Given Davis’s normal duties the college should be able to accommodate Davis’ temporary an permanent restrictions without a problem.
Randy Davis, a long-time employee at Hudson College, experienced an accident while driving a hi-lo, resulting in a concussion and a hip injury requiring surgery.
Randy Davis, a manager in the Facilities Department at Hudson College, has been with the institution for nearly 30 years and is one of the most senior employees in the department. Recently, coworkers have noticed a decline in Davis's morale, accompanied by increased irritability and moodiness. His supervisor, Brad Tomlinson, believes Davis is resistant to change and often finds reasons why new approaches cannot be implemented.
The situation took a more serious turn when Davis was involved in an accident while driving a hi-lo. Davis claims that the brakes failed, causing the vehicle to tip over, resulting in his injuries. Janice Palmer, a witness, shared her observation that Davis was driving at a relatively high speed and that there were skid marks on the floor, suggesting that the brakes may have engaged or locked up during the incident.
As a result of the accident, Davis will be absent from work for four months. Once he returns, he will have temporary restrictions and a permanent restriction related to his physical abilities. The college believes it can accommodate these restrictions without any issues, considering Davis's normal duties.
Overall, this situation raises concerns about Davis's declining morale, his resistance to change, and the accident that occurred while operating the hi-lo. These factors may require further assessment and appropriate action by the college to address both the employee's well-being and any potential workplace safety issues.
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Assume that a new project will annually generate revenues of$2100000 and cash expenses (including both fixed and variable costs) of $600000, while increasing depreciation by$230000 per year. In addition, the firm's tax rate is 36 percent. Calculate the operating cash flows for the new project.
The firm's operating cash flows are $______
The firm's operating cash flows for the new project are $812,800. This is calculated by subtracting the cash expenses from the revenues, adding back the depreciation expense, and then subtracting the taxes.
The operating cash flows are calculated as follows:
Operating cash flows = revenues - cash expenses + depreciation - taxes
In this case, the revenues are $210,000, the cash expenses are $60,000, the depreciation expense is $23,000, and the tax rate is 36%. So, the operating cash flows are calculated as follows:
Operating cash flows = $210,000 - $60,000 + $23,000 - ($36/100)*$210,000 = $812,800
Therefore, the firm's operating cash flows for the new project are $812,800.
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according to m. g. l. c. 112, §50, a laboratory technician who is filling a written prescription from a dentist may not provide which of the following services:
It's important for laboratory technicians to work within the scope of their authorized duties and to collaborate closely with dentists to ensure the accurate and safe fabrication of dental appliances and restorations.
According to M.G.L.C. 112, §50, a laboratory technician who is filling a written prescription from a dentist may not provide the following services:
Diagnosing dental conditions or providing dental treatment: Laboratory technicians are not authorized to diagnose dental conditions or provide dental treatment. Their role is limited to fabricating dental appliances or restorations based on the specifications provided by the prescribing dentist.
Direct patient care: Laboratory technicians do not have direct contact with patients and do not provide any direct patient care services. They work behind the scenes in a laboratory setting to create dental prosthetics and restorations.
Making adjustments or modifications to the prescription without the dentist's approval: The laboratory technician must strictly adhere to the written prescription provided by the dentist. They should not make any alterations or modifications to the prescription without obtaining approval from the prescribing dentist.
It's important for laboratory technicians to work within the scope of their authorized duties and to collaborate closely with dentists to ensure the accurate and safe fabrication of dental appliances and restorations.
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Choose the correct statement about a production economy
In a production economy, a representative firm is owned by the government.
In a production economy, a representative firm is owned by a representative household.
In a production economy, there are no investments.
In a production economy, the correct statement is that a representative firm is owned by a representative household.
In a production economy, the representative firm is owned by a representative household. This means that households, as the owners of the firm, have control over its production decisions and reap the benefits from its operations.
The representative household is a theoretical construct that represents the aggregate behavior of all households in the economy.
The ownership of the firm by the representative household reflects the fundamental principle of private ownership and entrepreneurship in a market-based economy.
It implies that individuals or households have the ability to own and operate businesses, make investment decisions, and earn profits from their productive activities.
This arrangement allows for the allocation of resources through market mechanisms, where households, as owners of firms, respond to market signals such as prices and consumer demand. It also creates incentives for innovation, efficiency, and competition, as firms strive to maximize profits and satisfy consumer needs.
In contrast, the statements suggesting that the representative firm is owned by the government or that there are no investments are not accurate representations of a typical production economy.
While there may be cases where the government owns and operates firms in certain industries or sectors, the predominant ownership structure in a production economy is private ownership by households or individuals.
Additionally, investments are an essential component of a production economy, as they drive economic growth, create new businesses, and expand productive capacity.
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Which of the following building will be entitled to a Division 43 deduction at 4% ? A residential rental property on 1 st October CY at a cost of $680,000. Construction had commenced in December 1984 at a cost of $250,000 A residential rental property on 15 November CY at a cost of $500,000. Construction had commenced in January 2005 at a cost of $120,000 A factory used in the taxpayers business. It was purchased on 6th March CY at a cost of $870,000. Construction had commenced on 12th April 2008 and had cost $470,000 An office building for use in the business would stop it was purchased on 15 July June Cy at a cost of $900,000 who stopped construction had commenced on 30 September 1992 at a cost of $350,000
The residential rental property purchased on 15 November CY at a cost of $500,000, with construction commencing in January 2005 at a cost of $120,000, is entitled to a Division 43 deduction at 4%.
Division 43 of the Australian Income Tax Assessment Act allows for a capital works deduction for certain buildings. To be eligible for the Division 43 deduction, a building must have commenced construction after 26 February 1992 and have an effective life of more than 20 years. The deduction rate is generally 2.5% per year, but for buildings with construction commencement dates after 26 February 1992 and before 27 February 2001, the rate is 4% per year.
Out of the given options, the residential rental property purchased on 15 November CY meets the criteria for the Division 43 deduction. Its construction commenced in January 2005, which is after 26 February 1992, and its cost is $120,000. Therefore, this property is entitled to a Division 43 deduction at the higher rate of 4% per year.
The other properties mentioned, including the residential rental property purchased on 1st October CY, the factory used in the taxpayer's business, and the office building, either have construction commencement dates before 26 February 1992 or after 27 February 2001, making them ineligible for the Division 43 deduction.
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The CSL is:
a. The percent of time demand during lead time is filled from on-hand safety stock
b. The percent of demand during lead time that is backordered from safety stock
c. The percent of time demand during lead time is less than or equal to a given stock level
d. The percent of demand during that is not met out during a replenishment cycle
The CSL is the percent of demand during lead time that is filled from on-hand safety stock. Therefore, the correct answer is option (a).
What is CSL?CSL is an acronym for cycle service level. It is defined as the percentage of time that customer orders can be filled from on-hand inventory (including safety stock) during the order lead time. The CSL measures the ability of a company to meet customer demand while keeping inventory investment costs low.
A high cycle service level may require a higher inventory investment in order to satisfy customer demand in a timely and efficient manner. Therefore, the correct option for the given question is option (a) The percent of time demand during lead time is filled from on-hand safety stock.
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Richard Sands is the CEO of Constellation Brands, the world's largest wine producer. He has the legitimate power and right to make decisions about how the division is run and to influence others to carry out these decisions. He has:
a.) authority
b.) empowerment
c.) a span of power
d.) functional power
e.) empathy
Authority refers to the legitimate power a.) authority and right granted to individuals in formal positions within an organization to make decisions, give orders,
Expect compliance from others. In the given scenario, Richard Sands, as the CEO of Constellation Brands, possesses the authority to make decisions about how the division is run and to influence others within the organization to carry out those decisions. Empowerment refers to granting individuals the power, autonomy, and responsibility to make decisions and take actions within their roles, which may not directly apply to the CEO's position. A span of power refers to the number of subordinates or individuals that a person has authority over, which is not specified in the given scenario. Functional power refers to power derived from one's expertise, knowledge, or position in a specific area, which is not specifically mentioned in relation to Richard Sands. Empathy, on the other hand, is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others and is unrelated to the CEO's authority in this context.
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A firm has demand equation Q = 20 – 3P. The firm must sell an integer quantity of product and charge the same price per unit of product for all units sold. It costs the firm $4 to produce and sell each unit of product that it sells. The firm acts to maximize its total profits. Calculate these: a) Price per unit b) Quantity of units c) Total profits (You must clearly type and label each answer in eCourses and show your calculations to receive any credit for your answers. Your answers must be typed into eCourses, but if you wish you can attach an Excel spreadsheet (but NO OTHER FILE TYPE) with your supporting calculations.)
The price per unit can be determined by solving the demand equation for P. The given demand equation is Q = 20 - 3P. To find the price per unit (P), we need to isolate P on one side of the equation. Let's rearrange the equation:
Q = 20 - 3P
3P = 20 - Q
P = (20 - Q) / 3
b) The quantity of units can be calculated by substituting the price per unit (P) into the demand equation. Since it states that the firm must sell an integer quantity of products, we can choose a value for Q that yields an integer result. Let's calculate:
P = (20 - Q) / 3
P = (20 - Q) / 3 = integer value
By trial and error, we find that when Q = 5, P = 5. Thus, the quantity of units is 5.
c) Total profits can be calculated by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue. Total revenue is the product of the quantity of units (Q) and the price per unit (P). The total cost is the cost per unit ($4) multiplied by the quantity of units (Q). Let's calculate:
Total revenue = Q * P = 5 * 5 = $25
Total cost = $4 * 5 = $20
Total profits = Total revenue - Total cost = $25 - $20 = $5
Therefore, the answers are:
a) Price per unit: $5
b) Quantity of units: 5
c) Total profits: $5
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Suppose a compary has proposed a new 4.year project. The project has an initial outlay of $69,000 and has expected cash flows of $18.000 in year 1. $23,000 in year 2, $28,000 in year 3 , and $34,000 in year 4. The required rate of return is 10% for projects at this company. What is the discounted payback for this project? (Answer to the nearest tenth of a year, e.g. 3.2)
A company has proposed a new 4. year project. The project has an initial outlay of $69,000 and has expected cash flows of $18.000 in the year. The discounted payback for this project is 3.2 years.
Discounted Cash Flow = Cash Flow for Year / (1 + Required Rate of Return)*Year
Year 1: $18,000 / (1 + 0.10)*1 ≈ $16,363.64
Year 2: $23,000 / (1 + 0.10)*2 ≈ $18,165.29
Year 3: $28,000 / (1 + 0.10)*3 ≈ $20,190.08
Year 4: $34,000 / (1 + 0.10)*4 ≈ $22,675.73
Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow = Discounted Cash Flow for Year + Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow from Previous Year
Discounted Payback Period = Number of years before cumulative discounted cash flows exceed the initial outlay
Discounted Payback Period = 3 + ($69,000 - $54,719.01) / $77,394.74
Discounted Payback Period = 3 + ($14,280.99) / $77,394.74
Discounted Payback Period ≈ 3.2 years
thus, the discounted payback period for this project is approximately 3.2 years (rounded to the nearest tenth of a year).
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Delta Company produces a single product. The cost of producing and selling a single unil of this product at the compary's r activity level of 93.600 units per year is: The nomal selling price is $23.00 per unit. The company's capacity is 128.400 units per year. An order has been recelved order house for 2,900 units at a special kice of $20.00 per unit. This order would not affect regular sales or the company costs. Reguired: 1. What is the financial acivantage (disadvantage) of accepting the special order? 2. As a separate matter from the special ordec, assume the company's inventory includes 1,000 units of this product that v produced last year and that are inferior to the current model. The units must be sold through regular channels at reduced company does not expect the seling of these inferior units to have any effect on the sales of its current model. What unit relevant for establishing a minimum selling price for these units? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. cost compary does net espect fre sebing of these bifers unta to have any effect on the sales of its current model. What urit cost is
The special order offers a lower selling price than the normal price, but if the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental costs, accepting the order would result in a net financial advantage.
1. To determine the financial advantage of accepting the special order, calculate the incremental revenue and the incremental costs. The incremental revenue is the difference between the special order price and the normal selling price, multiplied by the number of units in the special order (2,900 units).
The incremental costs include any additional costs incurred in producing and selling the special order units. If the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental costs, accepting the special order would result in a financial advantage.
2. For the inferior units produced last year, the relevant unit cost for establishing a minimum selling price is the incremental cost. Since these units have already been produced and incurred initial production costs, the minimum selling price should cover only the additional costs associated with selling them.
This may include costs such as marketing expenses, transportation costs, or any additional handling charges. By setting the selling price above the incremental cost, the company can ensure that it recovers the additional expenses associated with selling the inferior units.
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Description: Read Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures (of Anderson, David R., Sweeney, Dennis J., William, Thomas A., Camm, Jeffrey D., Cochran, James J. Fry, Michael J. textbook) and answer the following questions: 1) What did you find most interesting? 2) What did you find most difficult? 3) What are the differences between: - Pearson Correlation Coefficient? - Five-number Summary. Instructions: Maximum of 75 words is a requirement for all three questions. Late responses are not accepted and if so, they will be automatically marked zero.
1) The most interesting aspect of Chapter 3 was the Five-number Summary, which provides a concise overview of dataset distribution.
2) The most difficult part was understanding the calculations involved in the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
3) The differences between the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the Five-number Summary lie in their purposes: the former measures the strength of a linear relationship between variables, while the latter summarizes the spread and central tendency of a dataset.
In Chapter 3 of the textbook, the most interesting aspect was the discussion on the Five-number Summary. The most difficult part was understanding the calculations involved in the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Step 2: The most interesting aspect of Chapter 3 was the Five-number Summary. It provides a concise summary of a dataset's distribution by identifying five key values: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. This summary helps in understanding the spread and central tendency of the data without having to examine the entire dataset in detail.
On the other hand, the most difficult part was grasping the calculations involved in the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. This coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. Understanding the formula and interpreting the resulting correlation coefficient value required careful attention and practice.
In summary, the Five-number Summary provides a compact overview of dataset characteristics, while the Pearson Correlation Coefficient quantifies the linear relationship between variables, but its calculations can be challenging.
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in the functional theory, communication in groups functions to
In the functional theory of communication, communication in groups serves several key functions:
1. Information sharing: Communication allows group members to exchange information, ideas, and knowledge. It enables the transmission of facts, data, instructions, and other relevant details among group members. Information sharing helps to establish a common understanding, coordinate activities, and make informed decisions within the group.
2. Problem-solving: Effective communication enables groups to collectively analyze problems, generate solutions, and make decisions. Through discussion, debate, and sharing of perspectives, group members can explore different viewpoints, evaluate alternatives, and arrive at consensus or resolutions.
3. Coordination and organization: Communication is essential for coordinating the activities of group members. It facilitates the allocation of tasks, assignment of roles, and synchronization of efforts towards achieving shared goals. Communication helps in establishing clarity about roles, responsibilities, timelines, and procedures, ensuring that everyone is on the same page and working towards common objectives.
4. Social cohesion and relationship building: Communication plays a crucial role in fostering social connections and building relationships within the group. It enables group members to express emotions, provide support, and develop interpersonal bonds. Effective communication helps create a positive group climate, promotes trust, and enhances collaboration among members.
5. Decision-making: Communication is vital for decision-making processes within groups. It allows for the exchange of diverse perspectives, facilitates the evaluation of options, and aids in reaching consensus or making informed choices. Through effective communication, groups can consider multiple viewpoints, weigh pros and cons, and arrive at decisions that reflect the collective wisdom and input of its members.
Overall, communication in groups functions to facilitate information sharing, problem-solving, coordination, relationship building, and decision-making. These functions contribute to the overall effectiveness, productivity, and cohesiveness of the group.
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Why is the adjusted R-squared used?
a. Because it imposes a penalty for adding additional independent variables to a model.
b. Because it is unbiased, unlike the R-squared measure.
c. Because it is better than the R-squared measure.
d. Because it increases the value of the adjusted R-squared.
The adjusted R-squared is used because it imposes a penalty for adding additional independent variables to a model. Thus, option A is the correct answer.
Explanation: The adjusted R-squared is a statistical measure used to assess the quality of the model. R-squared is a statistical measure that reflects the correlation between the dependent and independent variables in the regression analysis. It is defined as the ratio of the variation in the dependent variable explained by the regression model to the total variation in the dependent variable. The R-squared measure does not penalize adding independent variables to the model. Thus, the adjusted R-squared was introduced to address this limitation. The adjusted R-squared is a modified version of the R-squared that takes into account the number of independent variables in the model.
This measure is preferred to the R-squared measure because it imposes a penalty for adding additional independent variables to a model.
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a. Explain the various types of Finance for Industries? b You are going start a new venture. Discuss the different sources of Finance? Also list down the criteria by which you will select the best
a. The various types of finance for industries include debt financing, equity financing, and hybrid financing. Debt financing involves borrowing money from external sources, such as banks or financial institutions, which must be repaid with interest over a specific period of time.
Equity financing involves selling a portion of ownership in the company to investors in exchange for capital.
This can be done through private investors, venture capitalists, or by going public through an initial public offering (IPO). Hybrid financing combines elements of both debt and equity financing, such as convertible loans or preferred stock.
b. When starting a new venture, there are several sources of finance to consider. These include personal savings, family and friends, angel investors, venture capital firms, bank loans, crowdfunding, and government grants.
The selection of the best source of finance depends on several criteria. Firstly, the amount of funds required and the availability of each financing option should be assessed.
The entrepreneur's risk appetite, willingness to share ownership or control, and the stage of the venture's development also play a role.
Additionally, interest rates, repayment terms, and the investor's expertise and network should be considered. Ultimately, the best financing option is one that aligns with the venture's needs, goals, and long-term viability.
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Salim took a loan of RO 5000 from his friend Mohammed. They agreed that Salim will payback to the loan in installment of RO 200 monthly. After 1 year Salim stopped paying back the loan and switched off his mobile phone. Mohammed could not reach out to Salim or his money. He was frustrated and decided to take legal action. You are Mohammed's advisor. Support him by advising him on the actions he needs to take to get his money back and what are the laws applicable in this case.
As Mohammed's advisor, I would advise him to pursue the following steps to get his money back: Establish the terms and circumstances of the loan by documenting the loan agreement.
Collect any proof of the loan agreement, such as written documents, text messages, or emails Make an effort to get in touch with Salim: Use all reasonable means to get in touch with Salim, such as writing letters or emails, getting in touch with acquaintances, or going to his last-known address. Keep track of all communications with Salim. Speak with a lawyer: Get legal counsel from a lawyer with experience in contract law and debt collection. The attorney can help Mohammed through the legal system and give him information on the rules of law that apply in his country.if all attempts to get in touch with Salim are unsuccessful and the debt is not paid, Mohammed may need to start legal action by suing Salim. Mohammed will be guided by the attorney as he helps Mohammed prepare the required legal paperwork. Judgement enforcement: If the court determines in Mohammed's favour and grants a judgement for the unpaid obligation, Mohammed may investigate other options for enforcement of the judgement, such as wage garnishment or asset seizure, in order to recover the owing sum. Depending on the country Mohammed and Salim are residents of will determine the exact regulations that apply in this scenario. Mohammed's attorney will be in a position to give comprehensive information on the pertinent laws and processes that deal with loan agreements and debt collection.
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why is there a tradeoff between the amount of consumption
There is a tradeoff between the amount of consumption because resources are limited and finite, while human wants and needs are infinite.
The tradeoff between the amount of consumption arises from the fundamental economic principle of scarcity. Resources such as land, labor, capital, and natural resources are limited in supply. On the other hand, human wants and needs are virtually unlimited. This creates a situation where individuals and societies must make choices about how to allocate these scarce resources to satisfy their various needs and desires.
When individuals consume more of one good or service, it often means sacrificing the consumption of another. For example, if a person chooses to spend their income on buying a luxury car, they might have to forego purchasing other items such as expensive vacations or investing in education. Similarly, on a societal level, if a country decides to invest heavily in defense spending, it might have to reduce funding for healthcare or infrastructure projects.
This tradeoff exists because resources have alternative uses, and choosing to consume more of one good or service means giving up the opportunity to consume something else. It is a result of the scarcity of resources relative to unlimited human wants and needs. Economists study this tradeoff to understand how individuals and societies make choices about consumption and allocate resources efficiently to maximize overall welfare.
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On 1 January 20X3, Highmark Corp. had the following deferred tax balances:
Deferred income tax asset related to warranty $ 16,000
Deferred income tax liability related to capital assets $ 120,000
On this date, the net book value of capital assets was $1,750,000 and UCC was $1,450,000. There was a warranty liability of $40,000.
In 20X3, accounting income was $170,000. This included non-tax-deductible expenses of $42,000, dividend revenue (non-taxable) of $12,000, depreciation of $75,000, and a warranty expense of $39,000. Warranty claims paid were $51,000 and CCA was $99,000.
Required:
Provide the journal entry to record tax expense in 20X3. The enacted tax rate was 41% in 20X3. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.)
The journal entry to record tax expense in 20X3 is given as follows: Journal Entry: Particulars Debit Credit Income tax expense70,110 Deferred tax asset- Warranty 6,560 Deferred tax liability- Capital assets 76,670 Deferred tax liability- Asset difference (6,560) Income tax payable (70,110)
The tax rate that has been provided in the question is 41%. Hence, the tax expense for the year 20X3 can be computed as Accounting income of $170,000
Add: Non-tax deductible expenses of $42,000
Dividend revenue $12,000 Depreciation $75,000
Warranty expense $39,000 Less: Warranty claims paid ($51,000)
Capital cost allowance ($99,000)
Taxable income $188,000
Tax expense (41%×$188,000) $77,080
Deferred tax asset related to warranty ($16,000×$41%) $6,560 Deferred tax liability related to capital assets[($1,750,000-$1,450,000)×41%] $82,000
Less: Deferred tax liability related to asset difference[$82,000-$6,560] (6,560)
The income tax payable is $70,110
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Behavioral Economics
There are certain classes of goods and services for which demand always exceeds supply, for example, tickets to the Super Bowl, World Cup Final or dinner reservations for 8pm Saturday evening at the most popular restaurant in any major city. Standard microeconomic theory predicts that prices will go up when demand exceeds supply. However, the prices for some goods or services are often too low. For example, restaurants sell dinners at the same price even though they predict the demand for certain times is higher.
Fairness concerns, menu costs, reputation concerns, and strategic pricing techniques prevent market prices from properly adjusting to demand and supply imbalances.
Behavioral Economics is an interdisciplinary field that combines the theories of psychology and economics to analyze and predict the effects of human behavior on decision-making in the marketplace. In many cases, standard microeconomic theory's predictions do not hold because consumers do not behave rationally. The prices of some goods and services are often too low, even if the demand exceeds the supply.
This can be explained by the principles of prospect theory, which is a fundamental concept in behavioral economics. Prospect theory is based on the idea that consumers' decision-making processes are influenced by factors other than objective factors, such as price. For instance, consumers may be more likely to choose a product or service if it is perceived to be a good value for money, even if its price is higher than its competitors. Moreover, consumers may be more likely to choose a product or service if they have positive feelings towards the brand or if they perceive that the purchase will result in social benefits, such as status.
Therefore, companies may choose to set prices lower than the market equilibrium to entice customers, especially if the perceived benefits outweigh the marginal costs. However, companies may also set prices higher than the market equilibrium for premium products, as a way to signal quality or exclusivity.
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Differences between the carrying amounts of an entity’s net assets determined under accounting standards and accrual accounting, and the tax bases of those net assets determined under the Income Tax Assessment Act, are known as:
a.
temporary differences.
b.
tax losses.
c.
permanent differences.
d.
the current income tax liability.
Differences between the carrying amounts of an entity’s net assets determined under accounting standards and accrual accounting, and the tax bases of those net assets determined under the Income Tax Assessment Act, are known as temporary differences.
Temporary differences refer to the disparities between the carrying amounts of an entity's net assets as determined under accounting standards and accrual accounting, and the tax bases of those net assets as determined under the Income Tax Assessment Act. These differences are considered temporary because they are expected to reverse or be resolved in the future.
Temporary differences arise due to the different timing of recognizing transactions for financial accounting purposes and tax purposes. For example, certain expenses or revenues may be recognized in different periods for accounting and tax purposes. This can result in the carrying amount of an asset or liability being different from its tax base.
These temporary differences give rise to deferred tax assets or liabilities. A deferred tax asset represents future tax benefits that will be realized when the temporary differences reverse, resulting in a decrease in future tax payments. On the other hand, a deferred tax liability represents future tax obligations that will arise when the temporary differences reverse, leading to an increase in future tax payments.
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Conroy Consulting Corporation (CCC) has a current dividend of D
0=$2.70. Shareholders require a 9% rate of return. Although the dividend has been growing a rate of 30% per year in recent years, this growth rate is expected to last only for another 2 years (90,1=91,2=30%). After Year 2 , the growth rate will stabilize at g 6% a. What is CCC's stock worth today? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. 5 b. What is the expected stock price at Year 1 ? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. 5 c. What is the Year 1 expected (1) dividend yield, (2) capital gains yield, and ( 3) total return? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places. \begin{tabular}{r|r} Dividend yield: & % \\ Capital gains yield: & % \\ Total return: & % \end{tabular} d. What is its expected dividend yield for the second year? The expected capital gains yield? The expected total return? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.
The stock's worth today for CCC is $5878.56. The expected stock price at Year 1 is $3.21. The Year 1 expected dividend yield is 109.7%, the capital gains yield is -99.95%, and the total return is 9.75%.
a. To calculate the stock's worth today, we need to determine the dividends expected in the future and discount them back to the present value using the required rate of return. The dividend growth rate is expected to be 30% for the next two years and then stabilize at 6% thereafter.
The dividends for the next two years are:
Year 1 dividend: D1 = D0 * (1 + g) = $2.70 * (1 + 0.30) = $3.51
Year 2 dividend: D2 = D1 * (1 + g) = $3.51 * (1 + 0.30) = $4.56
After Year 2, the dividends will grow at a rate of 6% per year. To calculate the future dividends, we can use the Gordon growth model:
D3 = D2 * (1 + g) = $4.56 * (1 + 0.06) = $4.84
D4 = D3 * (1 + g) = $4.84 * (1 + 0.06) = $5.13
...
We can continue this pattern indefinitely. Now, let's calculate the present value of these dividends using the required rate of return of 9%.
PV(D1) = D1 / (1 + r) = $3.51 / (1 + 0.09) = $3.22
PV(D2) = D2 / (1 + r)^2 = $4.56 / (1 + 0.09)^2 = $3.70
The present value of the dividends beyond Year 2 can be calculated using the Gordon growth model:
PV(D3) = D3 / (r - g) = $4.84 / (0.09 - 0.06) = $161.33
To determine the stock's worth today, we sum up the present values of all the expected dividends:
Stock worth today = PV(D1) + PV(D2) + PV(D3) + ...
Since the dividends beyond Year 2 continue indefinitely, we have an infinite geometric series. Using the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series, we can simplify this calculation:
Stock worth today = PV(D1) + PV(D2) + PV(D3) + ... = PV(D1) + PV(D2) + PV(D3) / (1 - (1 + g)/(1 + r))
Substituting the values into the formula:
Stock worth today = $3.22 + $3.70 + $161.33 / (1 - 1.06/1.09) = $3.22 + $3.70 + $161.33 / 0.0275 = $3.22 + $3.70 + $5871.64 = $5878.56
Therefore, CCC's stock is worth approximately $5878.56 today.
b. To calculate the expected stock price at Year 1, we need to discount the Year 1 dividend back to the present value using the required rate of return:
Expected stock price at Year 1 = PV(D1) = D1 / (1 + r) = $3.51 / (1 + 0.09) = $3.21
Therefore, CCC's expected stock price at Year 1 is approximately $3.21.
c. To calculate the Year 1 expected (1) dividend yield, (2) capital gains yield, and (3) total return, we use the following formulas:
(1) Dividend Yield = D1 / Stock price at Year 1
(2) Capital Gains Yield = (Stock price at Year 1 - Stock price today) / Stock price today
(3) Total Return = Dividend Yield + Capital Gains Yield
Substituting the values into the formulas:
Dividend Yield = $3.51 / $3.21 = 1.097 or 109.7%
Capital Gains Yield = ($3.21 - $5878.56) / $5878.56 = -99.95% or -99.95
Total Return = 109.7% - 99.95% = 9.75% or 9.75
Therefore, the Year 1 expected dividend yield is 109.7%, the capital gains yield is -99.95%, and the total return is 9.75%.
d. For the second year, the expected dividend yield remains the same as in Year 1, which is 109.7%.
To calculate the expected capital gains yield for the second year, we need to determine the expected stock price at Year 2 and use the formula:
Expected stock price at Year 2 = PV(D2) = D2 / (1 + r)^2 = $4.56 / (1 + 0.09)^2 = $3.94
Expected capital gains yield = (Stock price at Year 2 - The stock price at Year 1) / Stock price at Year 1
= ($3.94 - $3.21) / $3.21 = 0.227 or 22.7%
Expected total return for the second year = Dividend Yield + Capital Gains Yield
= 109.7% + 22.7% = 132.4%
Therefore, the expected dividend yield for the second year is 109.7%, the expected capital gains yield is 22.7%, and the expected total return is 132.4%.
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A $21,000 bond redeemable at par on June 06,2010 is purchased on February 13, 2002. Interest is 9.7% payable semi-annually and the yield is 5.2% compounded semi-annually. (a) What is the cash price of the bond? (b) What is the accrued interest? (c) What is the quoted price? (a) The cash price is $ (Round the final answer to the nearest cent as needed. Round all intermediate values to six decimal places as needed.)
a) The cash price of the bond is $17,014.34.
b) The accrued interest is $101.77.
c) The quoted price of the bond is $17,116.11.
To calculate the cash price of the bond, we need to consider the present value of both the principal amount and the coupon payments.
Given:
Face value (par value) of the bond = $21,000
Redemption date = June 06, 2010
Purchase date = February 13, 2002
Coupon interest rate = 9.7% (semi-annual)
Yield rate = 5.2% (semi-annual)
(a) Cash Price of the Bond:
To calculate the cash price, we need to discount the future cash flows (principal and coupon payments) to the present value using the yield rate.
Step 1: Calculate the number of semi-annual periods between the purchase date and redemption date:
Number of semi-annual periods = Number of years * Number of semi-annual periods per year
= (2010 - 2002) * 2
= 16
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the principal amount:
Present value of the principal = Face value / [tex](1 + Yield rate/2)^{Number of semi-annual periods[/tex]
= $21,000 / [tex](1 + 0.052/2)^{16[/tex]
= $21,000 / [tex](1.026)^{16[/tex]
≈ $12,262.60
Step 3: Calculate the present value of the coupon payments:
Coupon payment = Face value * Coupon interest rate / 2
Present value of the coupon payments = Coupon payment * [1 - [tex](1 + Yield rate/2)^{-Number of semi-annual periods[/tex]] / (Yield rate/2)
= ($21,000 * 0.097/2) * [1 - [tex](1 + 0.052/2)^{-16[/tex]] / (0.052/2)
≈ $4,751.74
Step 4: Calculate the cash price of the bond:
Cash price of the bond = Present value of the principal + Present value of the coupon payments
= $12,262.60 + $4,751.74
≈ $17,014.34
Therefore, the cash price of the bond is approximately $17,014.34.
Note: The intermediate values are rounded to six decimal places for accuracy in calculations.
(b) Accrued Interest:
The accrued interest is the interest accumulated between the last coupon payment date (prior to the purchase date) and the purchase date.
To calculate the accrued interest, we need to determine the number of days from the last coupon payment date to the purchase date, assuming a 365-day year.
Let's assume the coupon payments are made on January 1 and July 1 each year. As the purchase date is February 13, 2002, the last coupon payment date would be January 1, 2002.
Number of days between the last coupon payment and the purchase date = 31 (days in January) + 13 (days in February)
= 44 days
Accrued interest = (Coupon payment / 182.5) * Number of days
= ($21,000 * 0.097/2) / 182.5 * 44
≈ $101.77
Therefore, the accrued interest is approximately $101.77.
(c) Quoted Price:
The quoted price of the bond includes the cash price plus the accrued interest.
Quoted price = Cash price + Accrued interest
= $17,014.34 + $101.77
≈ $17,116.11
Therefore, the quoted price of the bond is approximately $17,116.11.
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Read the Kraft Heinz Company Form 8-K.
Kraft Heinz was forced to restate nearly three years of financial reports after an investigation. As a financial analyst, would you consider restatements of financial statements of this type to be a red flag to lenders and investors or not? Choose a position and support it.
Position: Restatements of financial statements are a red flag to lenders and investors.
Restatements of financial statements are typically considered red flags by lenders and investors due to the potential implications for financial accuracy and reliability. Restatements indicate that previously reported financial information was incorrect or misleading, which raises concerns about the company's financial controls and governance. Restatements may stem from errors, fraud, or intentional misrepresentation, which erode trust and confidence in the company's financial reporting. Lenders and investors rely on accurate financial information to assess the company's performance, financial health, and potential risks. Restatements introduce uncertainty, make historical comparisons difficult, and may lead to a reassessment of the company's creditworthiness or investment attractiveness. Therefore, restatements of this type should be viewed as a red flag and prompt a thorough analysis before making lending or investment decisions.
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Under environmental legislation, enforcement officers a Are not authorized to examine and seize business records. b Are not authorized to order a suspected offender to cease operatic c Are responsible for monitoring compliance with the legislation. d Are authorized to carry weapons. e Are authorized to carry weapons.
Under environmental legislation, enforcement officers are responsible for monitoring compliance with the legislation.
They are authorized to examine and seize business records, order a suspected offender to cease operations, and carry weapons if necessary.
The correct option is: c) Are responsible for monitoring compliance with the legislation.
Enforcement officers under environmental legislation play a crucial role in ensuring that businesses and individuals comply with environmental regulations. They are authorized to monitor and enforce compliance by conducting inspections, investigations, and taking appropriate actions against non-compliant entities .
Enforcement officers have the authority to examine and seize business records as part of their investigative process. This allows them to gather evidence and assess compliance with environmental laws.
They also have the power to order a suspected offender to cease operations if they find violations that pose a significant risk to the environment or public health. This is done to prevent further harm and ensure immediate compliance with the legislation.
While carrying weapons may not be a standard requirement for all enforcement officers, in certain situations where there may be a potential threat to their safety or when dealing with hazardous environments or criminal activities, they may be authorized to carry weapons for their protection.
Overall, enforcement officers are entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring compliance, enforcing environmental laws, and taking necessary actions to ensure a safe and sustainable environment.
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Question 3
An individual is considering investing in a market with the following term structure of interest rates:
- £150 invested immediately (i.e. at time t=0 ) for a period of two years will provide £170 at time t=2;
- an agreement made now (i.e. at time t=0 ) to invest £120 in one year's time (i.e. at time t=1 ) for a period of one year will provide £128 at time t=2; and
- an agreement made now (i.e. at time t=0 ) to invest £250 in one year's time (i.e. at time t=1 ) for a period of two years will provide £285 at time t=3.
(i) Calculate, to 5 decimal places, the following rates of interest per annum effective, implied by this data:
(a) The two-year spot rate at time t=0.
(b) The one-year spot rate at time t=0.
(c) The three-year spot rate at time t=0. [8 marks]
(ii) Calculate, to 5 decimal places, the three-year par yield at time t=0 in this market. [3 marks]
The question asks to calculate the spot rates and the three-year par yield in a market with given investment returns over specific time periods.
To calculate the spot rates, we need to determine the interest rates per annum effectively implied by the given investment returns. The two-year spot rate at time t=0 can be found by solving the equation (1+r)^2 = 170/150, where r represents the interest rate. Similarly, the one-year spot rate at time t=0 can be calculated using (1+r)^1 = 128/120, and the three-year spot rate at time t=0 can be obtained by solving (1+r)^3 = 285/250. By solving these equations, we can determine the interest rates to five decimal places.
Once the spot rates are calculated, we can proceed to find the three-year par yield at time t=0. The par yield represents the coupon rate that equates the present value of all cash flows from a bond to its current market price. In this case, we can consider a three-year bond with a face value of £100. We need to find the coupon rate that makes the present value of its cash flows, discounted at the respective spot rates, equal to the current market price of the bond. By applying the present value formula and solving for the coupon rate, we can determine the three-year par yield to five decimal places.
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A project requires an initial investment of $225,000 and is expected to generate the following net cash inflows:
Year 1: $95,000
Year 2: $80,000
Year 3: $60,000
Year 4: $55,000
Required: Compute net present value of the project if the minimum desired rate of return is 12%.
The net present value of the project is $44957.27364 if the minimum desired rate of return is 12%.
To calculate the net present value (NPV), we need to discount the net cash inflows at the minimum desired rate of return. The NPV formula is as follows:
NPV = [Cash Flow Year 1 ÷ (1 + r)] + [Cash Flow Year 2 ÷ (1 + r)²] + [Cash Flow Year 3 ÷ (1 + r)³] + [Cash Flow Year 4 ÷ (1 + r)⁴] - Initial Investment
where r represents the minimum desired rate of return.
Using the given cash inflows and the minimum desired rate of return of 12%, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
[tex]NPV = [\frac{95000}{(1+0.12)} ]+[\frac{80000}{(1+0.12)^{2} } ]+[\frac{60000}{(1+0.12)^{3} } ]+[\frac{55000}{(1+0.12)^{4} } ] - 225000[/tex]
= $44957.27364
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In this competitive market, the price and quantity will settle at
a. $15 and 1,600 units.
b.$20 and 900 units.
c.$10 and 2,000 units.
d.$25 and 1,200 units.
The answer to this question is option A. $15 and 1,600 units.
A competitive market is one in which there are several producers who are competing for consumer demand.
Because no one firm has a significant portion of the market share, each firm must try to set prices that are attractive to consumers in order to win market share from rivals.
In this situation, companies strive to reduce the cost of their goods in order to attract more consumers.
In a competitive market, prices and quantities are determined by supply and demand.
The price is determined by the amount of supply available and the level of demand.
In a competitive market, the market is said to be in equilibrium when the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
At this point, there is no pressure on prices to rise or fall because there is no shortage or surplus.
The equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves.
The equilibrium point is where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
Thus, in this competitive market, the price and quantity will settle at $15 and 1,600 units.
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A single-shot static game is played between Billie and Ken who are choosing where to go for their weekend. Billie does not want to spend much money and would like to go to the beach. Ken wants to go to Thorpe Park. Billie will always prefer the beach rather than going to Thorpe Park. In contrast, Ben will always prefer going to Thorpe Park to the Beach. As neither wants to be alone though the most important consideration for both is that they go to the same place.
How would you represent this Nash equilibrium in normal form, ranking each preference from 1-4? Is there a pure strategy Nash equilibria in this game? By constructing the best response lines of both players, identify all Nash equilibrium outcomes in the above game.
The Nash equilibrium in this game is when both Billie and Ken choose to go to Thorpe Park. There is a pure strategy Nash equilibrium in this game.
In this game, there are two players, Billie and Ken, and they have two options: going to the beach or going to Thorpe Park. Billie prefers the beach over Thorpe Park, while Ken prefers Thorpe Park over the beach.
To represent this game in normal form, we can use a matrix where the rows represent Billie's choices and the columns represent Ken's choices. We assign rankings from 1 to 4 for each preference, with 1 being the most preferred and 4 being the least preferred. The matrix would look like this:
markdown
Copy code
| Beach | Thorpe Park |
---------------------------------
Billie | 1 | 4 |
Ken | 4 | 1 |
In this matrix, Billie's preference for the beach is ranked as 1 and her preference for Thorpe Park is ranked as 4. Ken's preference for Thorpe Park is ranked as 1 and his preference for the beach is ranked as 4.
To find the Nash equilibrium, we need to identify the best response for each player given the other player's choice.
For Billie:
If Ken chooses the beach, Billie's best response is also the beach (ranked 1).
If Ken chooses Thorpe Park, Billie's best response is still the beach (ranked 1).
For Ken:
If Billie chooses the beach, Ken's best response is Thorpe Park (ranked 1).
If Billie chooses Thorpe Park, Ken's best response is still Thorpe Park (ranked 1).
Since both players prefer going to Thorpe Park over the beach, the Nash equilibrium is when both players choose to go to Thorpe Park. This is the only pure strategy Nash equilibrium in this game.
Therefore, the Nash equilibrium outcome is that both Billie and Ken choose to go to Thorpe Park.
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(a) The following data was obtained from Belcom Microfinance- a licensed microfinance Bank during the financial year 2020-2021:
Net Income: $. 1,500,000
Number of equity shares (2020): 150,000
Number of equity shares (2021): 250,000
Dividend paid: $.400,000 Required:
Calculate the following market value ratios for Belcom Microfinance.
(i) Earnings per share (EPS)
(ii) Dividen per share (DPS)
(iii) Dividend Payout ratio
(iii) Retention Ratio
(b) You have been tasked by the Belcom Microfinance management to calculate the value of a 3-year bond with face value of Kes. 1,200,000 and coupon rate being 9% paid annually. Calculate the value of the bond and advise whether Belcom microfinance should sell or keep the bond
The following market value ratios for Belcom Microfinance- i) EPS = $6, ii) DPS = $1.6, iii) Dividend Payout Ratio = 0.2667 or 26.67%, iv) Retention Ratio = 0.7333 or 73.33%
To calculate the market value ratios for Belcom Microfinance, we'll use the given data. Let's go step by step:
(a) Market Value Ratios:
(i) Earnings per share (EPS):
EPS = Net Income / Number of equity shares
EPS = $1,500,000 / 250,000
EPS = $6
(ii) Dividend per share (DPS):
DPS = Dividend paid / Number of equity shares
DPS = $400,000 / 250,000
DPS = $1.6
(iii)The Dividend Payout Ratio: Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividend paid / Net Income
Dividend Payout Ratio = $400,000 / $1,500,000
Dividend Payout Ratio = 0.2667 or 26.67%
(iv) Retention Ratio:
Retention Ratio = 1 - Dividend Payout Ratio
Retention Ratio = 1 - 0.2667
Retention Ratio = 0.7333 or 73.33%
(b) Determine the esteem of the bond:
To discover the esteem of the bond, we are able to utilize the show esteem of a bond equation. The equation is:
Bond Value = [tex](Coupon Payment / (1 + r)^1) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + r)^2) + (Coupon Payment + Face Value / (1 + r)^3)[/tex]
Where:
Coupon Payment = Coupon Rate * Face Value
r = Discount Rate or Yield Rate
Face Value = Kes. 1,200,000
Coupon Rate = 9%
Coupon Payment = 0.09 * Kes. 1,200,000
Coupon Payment = Kes. 108,000
Let's accept a discount rate of 10% (0.1) for this calculation.
Bond Value =[tex](108,000 / (1 + 0.1)^1) + (108,000 / (1 + 0.1)^2) + (108,000 + 1,200,000 / (1 + 0.1)^3)[/tex]
Using a calculator, we find:
Bond Value = Kes. 942,809.92 (approximately)
Based on the calculated bond esteem, if Belcom Microfinance needs to offer the bond, they ought to consider the current market conditions and their claim monetary needs. In case they accept that the bond's esteem is palatable and they require the stores, they may select to offer it. However, if they accept the bond's esteem may increment within the future or they can advantage of the settled coupon instalments, they may select to keep the bond.
Eventually, the choice to offer or keep the bond depends on the particular circumstances and objectives of Belcom Microfinance.
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