The cache memory has a set associative organization with 4 block frames per set and 64 words per block. The main memory is word-addressable with a capacity of 256K X-bit words. The cache is Y times faster than the main memory. The CPU fetches a sequence of 3584 words and repeats it 14 more times. The LRU algorithm is used for block replacement in the cache. We need to estimate the speedup resulting from the use of the cache.
To estimate the speedup, we need to consider the cache hit and miss rates. Since the cache is initially empty, all the fetches in the first sequence will result in cache misses. Each fetch sequence of 3584 words will result in 3584/64 = 56 cache misses.
Without cache:
The time taken to fetch 3584 words from the main memory = 3584 * (1 + Y) (Y times faster than main memory)
The total time for 15 fetch sequences without cache = 15 * 3584 * (1 + Y)
With cache:
After the first fetch sequence, subsequent fetches will have cache hits for some of the words. The cache will have a hit rate depending on the replacement policy (LRU in this case) and the number of block frames. Let's assume a certain hit rate, say H. The miss rate is then 1 - H.
The time taken for a cache hit = 1 unit of time
The time taken for a cache miss = 1 + Y units of time (including the time to fetch the block from the main memory)
The total time for 15 fetch sequences with cache = 15 * (H * 3584 + (1 - H) * (3584 * (1 + Y)))
By comparing the times without cache and with cache, we can calculate the speedup ratio: Speedup = (time without cache) / (time with cache)
To calculate the exact speedup, we need to know the cache hit rate (H). With the given information about the cache organization and memory system, the speedup resulting from the use of the cache can be estimated by comparing the times taken with and without the cache.
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1. Why are context switches used?
(Please answer in detail).
Context switches are used in computer systems to allow for multitasking and efficient utilization of system resources. They enable the system to switch between different processes or threads, saving and restoring their execution contexts. Context switches are essential for achieving concurrency, fairness, and responsiveness in modern operating systems.
Context switches are employed in computer systems to facilitate multitasking, which allows multiple processes or threads to run concurrently. A context switch occurs when the operating system interrupts the execution of a process or thread and saves its current execution context, including the values of registers, program counters, and other necessary information. The system then restores the context of another process or thread, allowing it to resume execution from the point where it was interrupted.
Context switches are crucial for achieving fairness and maximizing resource utilization. By dividing the available CPU time among multiple processes or threads, context switches ensure that each process gets a fair share of the system's resources. This enables efficient multitasking and prevents any single process from monopolizing the CPU. Context switches also contribute to system responsiveness by allowing the operating system to quickly switch between processes or threads, providing the illusion of simultaneous execution.
However, context switches come with a cost in terms of performance overhead. Switching between contexts involves saving and restoring large amounts of data, which takes time and computational resources. Therefore, minimizing the number of unnecessary context switches is important for optimizing system performance. Modern operating systems employ various scheduling algorithms and techniques to efficiently manage context switches and strike a balance between system responsiveness and performance.
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The last Assembly program we did in class displayed the following: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_ `abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz You can see that it includes a few characters that are not letters. Accordingly, edit the existing and create a new program that Displays the following ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz .data ; to declare variables .code; the code for the program main proc mov dl, 41h LP1: mov ah, 6; displays the value of the DL register int 21h ; library call INC DL ; DL = DL + 1 CMP DL, 7BH JS LP1 mov ax, 4c00h ; ends the program int 21h ; library call main endp end main I
We need to update the value of the DL register in the program to display only the English alphabet without the additional characters. By changing the initial value to 41h (the ASCII value for 'A') and adjusting the comparison condition in the loop, we can display the desired output.
The modified Assembly program would look as follows:
.data
; no variables to declare
.code
; the code for the program
main proc
mov dl, 41h ; sets DL to 'A'
LP1:
mov ah, 2 ; display character
mov dl, al ; move value of AL to DL (ASCII code)
int 21h ; library call
inc dl ; increment DL (move to next character)
cmp dl, 5Bh ; compare DL with 5Bh ('[')
jns LP1 ; jump if not signed (DL is less than 5Bh)
mov ax, 4c00h ; ends the program
int 21h ; library call
main endp
end main
In this modified program, we initialize the DL register with the value 41h, which corresponds to the ASCII code of 'A'. Then, we enter a loop labeled LP1, where we display the character represented by the current value of DL using the mov ah, 2 instruction followed by int 21h (an interrupt call). After displaying the character, we increment the value of DL by one using the inc dl instruction.
To ensure that only the English alphabet is displayed, we modify the comparison condition in the loop. The new condition cmp dl, 5Bh compares DL with the ASCII code of '[' (5Bh). If DL exceeds this value, the jump instruction jns LP1 jumps back to the LP1 label, continuing the loop. This effectively skips the unwanted characters in the ASCII table.
Once the loop reaches the character represented by 'z', DL will exceed the ASCII code of '[', and the program will proceed to the termination part. The mov ax, 4c00h instruction terminates the program, and int 21h is used to make the corresponding interrupt call.
By modifying the program in this way, it will display only the English alphabet as requested.
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Create the following class Vehicle
abstract class Vehicle
personsOnBoard: Person [ ][ ]
numberOfRows: int
maxSeatsPerRow: int
numSeatsPerRow: int [ ]
Vehicle(int numRows, int
numSeatsPerRow)
In Java programming language, an abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated (object of the abstract class cannot be created), but it can have abstract methods (methods that do not have a body).In the class, there are two integer attributes, numberers and Maxsen Ats Perrow.
The Vehicle class also has an abstract attribute named persons Onboard. This attribute is declared as an array of Person objects. The Person class is not defined in this class, but we can assume that it is a class that stores the details of the person on board the vehicle.
The number of rows in the array equals the numberers' attribute, while the number of columns in the array is equal to the max Seats Perrow attribute multiplied by the number of rows. Hence, the total number of seats on board equals ma seats merrow times numberers.
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What does this printf function cal display? Write in the blank space for answer Int x[3] - (10, 20) into y 8x[1]: printf("%d", y): Here are two different push functions and two different pop functions
We can see here that the printf function in the given code will display the value stored in variable y.
What is a printf function?The printf function is a commonly used function in programming languages like C and C++. It stands for "print formatted" and is used to display formatted output on the console or terminal.
The printf function takes a format string as its first argument, followed by optional additional arguments. The format string specifies the desired output format and may contain format specifiers that are replaced with corresponding values from the additional arguments.
Based on the provided information, the code segment can be written as:
int x[3] = {10, 20}; // Initialize an integer array x with values 10 and 20
int y = 8 * x[1]; // Multiply the value at index 1 (20) of array x by 8 and store the result in y
printf("%d", y); // Display the value of y using printf
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In a demo class, write a java static method called add After NNodes that receives a reference parameter named list of type LLNode of integer values, int N and int value. Your method should add a new node with an info value after first N nodes form the LLNode. Hint [The value of N should not be greater than the number of nodes in the LLNode list] For example, if the list contains: list Then after calling the method addAfter NNodes with N=4, and value=30 the list becomes as follows: list Example2, if the list contains: list Then after calling the method addAfterNNodes with N-3, and value=10 the list becomes as follows:
The `addAfterNNodes` method allows you to add a new node with a specified value after the first N nodes of a linked list.
Here's a Java static method called `addAfterNNodes` that adds a new node with a given value after the first N nodes of a linked list:
```java
public class LLNode {
int info;
LLNode next;
}
public class LinkedListUtils {
public static void addAfterNNodes(LLNode list, int N, int value) {
int count = 0;
LLNode currentNode = list;
// Traverse the linked list until we reach the Nth node or the end of the list
while (currentNode != null && count < N) {
currentNode = currentNode.next;
count++;
}
// If N is greater than the number of nodes, throw an exception or handle it accordingly
if (count < N) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("N is greater than the number of nodes in the list");
}
// Create a new node with the given value
LLNode newNode = new LLNode();
newNode.info = value;
// Insert the new node after the Nth node
newNode.next = currentNode.next;
currentNode.next = newNode;
}
}
```
The method `addAfterNNodes` takes a reference to the head node of the linked list, an integer N, and a value as parameters. It first initializes a count variable to keep track of the number of nodes visited and sets the current node as the head of the list.
The method then traverses the linked list until it reaches the Nth node or the end of the list. It increments the count for each node visited. If the count is less than N after the traversal, it means that N is greater than the number of nodes in the list, so an exception is thrown.
If the count is equal to or greater than N, a new node is created with the given value. The new node's `next` pointer is set to the `next` pointer of the current node, and the `next` pointer of the current node is updated to point to the new node.
The `addAfterNNodes` method allows you to add a new node with a specified value after the first N nodes of a linked list. It handles cases where N is greater than the number of nodes in the list and ensures that the new node is inserted correctly.
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Debugging Exercise 14-2
i'm having trouble finding the error in this program. any help
would be greatly appreciated. please use comment so i may better
understand. thank you.
/ Displays list of paymen
Debugging Exercise 14-2:
Errors in the program debugging Exercise 14-2 has the following errors:
Syntax error:
Line 7 has a syntax error that involves a misspelled word- should be `Payment`;
the correct spelling should be:
payment.Semantic error: Line 15 and Line 17 are incorrectly nested.
To fix this error, the second loop's closing brace } should be after Line 20, so the second loop's variables are in scope when they are needed.
Finally, there is a logical error in Line 20 that causes an infinite loop since the for loop's condition is always true.
To correct the logical error, the variable `payment` should be used as the loop's control variable.
Here's the corrected code:```
// Displays list of payments
public class DebugFourteen2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] payments = { 10.99, 27.45, 54.67, 36.45, 43.99 };
int x;
double pay;
String payStr;
String message = "Pay";
for (x = 0; x < payments.length; ++x)
message = message + " " + payments[x] + " ";
payStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, message);
pay = Double.parseDouble(payStr);
for (x = 0; x < payments.length; ++x)
if (payments[x] > pay) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Payment #" + (x + 1) + " is over the limit with amount of " + payments[x]);
}
for (x = 0; x < payments.length; ++x) {
if (payments[x] < pay) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Payment #" + (x + 1) + " is under the limit with amount of " + payments[x]);
}
}
}
}
```
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I've reviewed the Java code and found a few errors and typos. I have added comments to explain the changes and fixes made. Please see the corrected code attached.
What errors were fixed?I have addressed the following issues -
Corrected the typo in setDefaultClosetOperation to setDefaultCloseOperation.Fixed the typo in the addItem method calls for adding items to payMethod.Renamed the variable fee to feeIndex in the itemStateChanged method to avoid confusion.Changed setTheText to setText when setting the text of totFees.Learn more about Java at:
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(Theoretical Computer Science)
For the following decision problem, show that the problem is undecidable. Given a TM T and a nonhalting state q of T, does T ever enter state q when it begins with a blank tape?
In the field of theoretical computer science, there are several computational complexity classifications. These classifications are grouped based on the amount of time and space required for a given problem to be resolved. Furthermore, a problem can be classified as decidable or undecidable if it can be solved algorithmically or not.
Now, let's take a look at the given problem. In this question, we are given a Turing Machine T and a non-halting state q. We are asked if T will ever enter state q when it starts with a blank tape.
To prove that this problem is undecidable, we will use a reduction from the halting problem. In particular, we will construct a TM S that will use a subroutine to solve the given problem.
The TM S works as follows:
1. Given an input (M, x), where M is a TM and x is an input string, construct a new TM T as follows:
2. For any input y, T will first erase y and then copy x onto the tape.
3. T will then simulate M on x. If M enters a non-halting state q, T will immediately halt. Otherwise, T will enter an infinite loop.
4. Run the subroutine on T and q.
5. If the subroutine determines that T enters q when started with a blank tape, S will halt and output "yes". Otherwise, S will loop indefinitely.
Now, we can see that if (M, x) is a yes-instance of the halting problem, then T will halt when simulating M on x, and the subroutine will determine that T enters q when started with a blank tape. Therefore, S will halt and output "yes".
On the other hand, if (M, x) is a no-instance of the halting problem, then T will loop indefinitely when simulating M on x, and the subroutine will not determine that T enters q when started with a blank tape. Therefore, S will loop indefinitely.
Since the halting problem is undecidable, we have shown that the given problem is also undecidable. This completes the proof.
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Please answer if you know the solution only. I am on a time crunch, some "expert" keep copying random answer and paste to make it look like they answer. This is the third time I have to post this. I WILL UPVOTE if you actually answer to my problem. Thank you!
How do I declare a dynamic dynamic STL set in default constructor if I have a pointer to the Set as private variable?
And also I have a class Pizza that has accessor function like getTopping(), getPrice(), with private variable: int amountOfTopping, double price. If I have a different class called PizzaStore, which has a pointer to dynamic set of type Pizza as a private variable. How do I use the getTopping() and getPrice() function using the pointer?
The provided code demonstrates how to declare a dynamic STL set as a private member variable in a class, and also provides an example of a different class called PizzaStore that uses a pointer to a dynamic set of type Pizza as a private variable.
The getTopping() and getPrice() functions are used to access the member variables of the Pizza objects using the arrow operator ->.
Here's the corrected code:
cpp
Copy code
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
using namespace std;
class Pizza {
private:
int amountOfTopping;
double price;
public:
Pizza(int amt, double pr) {
amountOfTopping = amt;
price = pr;
}
int getTopping() {
return amountOfTopping;
}
double getPrice() {
return price;
}
};
class PizzaStore {
private:
set<Pizza>* pizzaSet;
public:
PizzaStore() {
pizzaSet = new set<Pizza>();
}
~PizzaStore() {
delete pizzaSet;
}
void addPizza(Pizza p) {
pizzaSet->insert(p);
}
void displayPizza() {
set<Pizza>::iterator itr;
for (itr = pizzaSet->begin(); itr != pizzaSet->end(); ++itr) {
cout << "Toppings: " << itr->getTopping() << endl;
cout << "Price: " << itr->getPrice() << endl;
}
}
};
int main() {
Pizza p1(3, 5.0);
Pizza p2(4, 7.0);
PizzaStore ps;
ps.addPizza(p1);
ps.addPizza(p2);
ps.displayPizza();
return 0;
}
This updated code should work correctly, allowing you to declare a dynamic set as a private member variable and utilize it within the PizzaStore class.
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What is the default value of the orientation attribute in
LinearLayout?
Select one:
a. There is no default value of orientation attribute in
LinearLayout
b. None of the above
c. Vertical
d. Horizontal
The default value of the orientation attribute in LinearLayout is "Vertical." A LinearLayout is a view group that aligns its child views horizontally or vertically. If you do not explicitly specify an orientation value in the XML, the LinearLayout will assume that the orientation is vertical by default.
As the name implies, LinearLayout creates a linear layout. You can arrange your elements in a single column or row, depending on your preference. By using this layout, you can arrange your elements in either a horizontal or vertical orientation. It's simple and can be used for creating simple user interfaces. It's one of the most commonly used layout managers.The LinearLayout allows you to add views within other views, such as a TextView within a Button view. These views can be centered, horizontally or vertically.
The LinearLayout will determine the best position to place the views based on their size and the overall size of the LinearLayout. You can also specify weight values for each view, which determines the percentage of space they will take up within the layout. Views with a higher weight value will take up more space than those with a lower weight value.Therefore, the correct option is C. "Vertical" is the default value of the orientation attribute in LinearLayout.
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1. The signal x[n] {1,0,2,0,3) is passed through an LTI filter with the impulse response h[n] = {1,0, -1). (a) Find the output by using the convolution theorem (b) Find the output by using Z-transform. (c) Find the poles and zeros of this filter and plot them on the Z-plane. (d) Determine the frequency response of this filter? Explain which type of filter this is and which frequencies are nullified. (e) Without computing the output, which ones would you expect the output of this system would be zero when steady-state is reached: (a) x(n) = cos(in) (b) x(n) = = cos(zn) (c) x(n) = cos(-n) ) n= ) 4 (d) x(n) = cos(0.n) IT
The given LTI filter with impulse response h[n] = {1, 0, -1} can be analyzed using different methods. By using the convolution theorem, the output can be obtained by convolving the input signal x[n] = {1, 0, 2, 0, 3} with the impulse response.
Alternatively, the Z-transform can be applied to find the output in the Z-domain. The poles and zeros of the filter can be determined, and their locations on the Z-plane can be plotted. The frequency response of the filter can be evaluated to determine the type of filter and identify the frequencies that are nullified. Lastly, by analyzing the given input signals, one can predict whether the output of the system will be zero when steady-state is reached.
(a) Using the convolution theorem, the output y[n] can be obtained by convolving the input x[n] and impulse response h[n]. The result is obtained by taking the sum of the product of corresponding samples.
(b) To find the output using the Z-transform, the Z-transform of the input signal and the Z-transform of the impulse response are multiplied, and then the inverse Z-transform is applied to obtain the output in the time domain.
(c) The poles and zeros of the filter can be found by factoring the transfer function or analyzing the coefficients of the difference equation. These poles and zeros represent the locations on the Z-plane where the transfer function becomes infinite or zero, respectively.
(d) The frequency response of the filter can be determined by evaluating the transfer function at different frequencies in the complex plane. Based on the location of the poles and zeros, the type of filter can be determined (e.g., low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass). The frequencies that are nullified correspond to the frequencies where the transfer function becomes zero.
(e) Without computing the output, one can analyze the given input signals to predict whether the output will be zero when steady-state is reached. By substituting the input signals into the difference equation or transfer function, it is possible to identify the conditions under which the output will be zero.
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What does overriding a method mean? Implementing a method in a subclass with the same signature of the superclass. O Implementing a method in an interface. O Implementing an instance method with the same name as a static method. Implementing a method with the same name but different parameters
Overriding a method is implementing a method in a subclass with the same signature as the method in the superclass. This means that the subclass creates its own implementation of the method that was already defined in the superclass. When the overridden method is called, the subclass method is executed instead of the superclass method.
When overriding a method, the subclass method must have the same name, return type, and parameter list as the superclass method. The access modifier of the subclass method can be the same or more accessible than the superclass method, but not less accessible.
Overriding a method is often used to customize or extend the behavior of a superclass method in a subclass. For example, if a superclass has a method that calculates the area of a rectangle, a subclass can override that method to calculate the area of a triangle instead.
Implementing a method in an interface is not considered overriding, but rather implementing a method required by the interface. Implementing an instance method with the same name as a static method is also not considered overriding because they have different signatures.
Implementing a method with the same name but different parameters is called method overloading, not overriding. Method overloading allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists.
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Java- Write a program that reads a text file with numbers and displays (on the screen) the averages of negative and non-negative numbers. Your program should obtain the file name from the user as a command line argument. Assume that there is one number per line in the text file. Note that the numbers in the file can be of any data type (i.e., int, float, etc.). i am Really struggling with this one, can someone walk me through it?
To write a program that reads a text file with numbers and displays (on the screen) the averages of negative and non-negative numbers in Java, you can follow these steps:
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
public class NumberAverages {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length == 0) {
System.out.println("Please provide the file name as a command line argument.");
return;
}
String fileName = args[0];
double negativeSum = 0;
int negativeCount = 0;
double nonNegativeSum = 0;
int nonNegativeCount = 0;
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName))) {
String line;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
double number = Double.parseDouble(line);
if (number < 0) {
negativeSum += number;
negativeCount++;
} else {
nonNegativeSum += number;
nonNegativeCount++;
}
}
double negativeAverage = negativeCount > 0 ? negativeSum / negativeCount : 0;
double nonNegativeAverage = nonNegativeCount > 0 ? nonNegativeSum / nonNegativeCount : 0;
System.out.println("Average of negative numbers: " + negativeAverage);
System.out.println("Average of non-negative numbers: " + nonNegativeAverage);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred while reading the file.");
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("The file contains an invalid number format.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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Compare Circuit Switching with Packet Switching. What are the
pros/cons of each approach? Use an analogy to illustrate your
answer.
Circuit switching is a method of communication in which a dedicated communication path is established between two nodes on a network.
What happens in contrast ?In contrast, packet switching breaks data down into packets, which are then sent over the network, with each packet taking its own path to its destination.
Pros of Circuit Switching:
Circuit switching ensures a constant connection throughout the communication process, ensuring that data arrives at its intended destination without interruption.
Circuit switching is ideal for situations that require uninterrupted data flow, such as phone calls or video chats.
Cons of Circuit Switching:
An analogy for Circuit Switching: Imagine a road trip where you follow the same route from your starting point to your destination. No matter what, you will continue to drive on the same route to reach your destination.
Pros of Packet Switching:
Packet switching is more efficient than circuit switching. It can transmit large volumes of data more quickly than circuit switching, allowing for more efficient use of network resources.
Packet switching is also more flexible, as packets can take different paths to their destination.
This means that even if one path is blocked, packets can be rerouted to reach their destination.
Cons of Packet Switching:
Packets can get lost or delayed, resulting in incomplete data transmission.
There is also the possibility that packets may arrive out of order, causing the data to be jumbled.
An analogy for Packet Switching:
Imagine that you are taking a road trip. Instead of taking the same route, you take multiple routes to reach your destination.
You may encounter traffic or road closures, but you can adjust your route to reach your destination.
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Suppose we have a simple pendulum that consists of a mass m(kg) hung by an inextensible string of the length L(m) attached to a fixed ceiling. The gravity of g=9.8(m/s^2) acting on the mass. There is a viscous friction due to the air with the drag coefficient D(N.s/m) Let θy be the instantaneous angular displacement of the string with respect to the vertical axis. Here we consider a simple drag force that is linear to the velocity of the object, where Fdrag=−Dv=−DLθ′. When a pendulum is hanging, the tension in the string acts against the force of gravity. As a result, only that component of gravity which acts perpendicular to the string will accelerate the pendulum. By Newton’s second law we know that force equals mass times acceleration and hence mLθ″=−mgsinθ−DLθ′ This is a second order constant coefficient ODE (Ordinary Differential Equations). Note that Lθ″=Ld2θdt2y ″ = d 2 y d t 2is the acceleration and Lθ′=Ldθdty ′ = d y d tis the velocity. Here we let Y=transposed[θθ′]Y = transposed[ y y ′ ]and, thus, Y′=[θ′θ″]=[θ′−gLsinθ−Dmθ′]=f(Y,t) where g=9.8(m/s^2). Since the system of the equation forms Y′=f(Y,t) we can use boost::odeint provided by boost library.
Develop a c++ code that solves the problem above with the
initial angle, θ=π/4
the initial angular velocity, zero,
the weight of object, m=1(kg)
the string length, L=1(m)
the drag coefficient,
D=0.2(N.s/m)
Use 'boost::numeric::odeint::integrate' to integrate the ODE for time exports the progress every 0.05 second.
until the elapsed time 50 seconds. exports to a file Make a plot θ for the vertical axis and the elapsed time for the horizontal axis.
You can use any software such as Excel, Matlab, python
Please show plot code for matlab or python or excel
The provided C++ code uses the Boost library to solve a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) that represents the motion of a simple pendulum with drag.
To create a plot in MATLAB, Python, or Excel, you can use the data exported from the C++ code. The exported data should contain the values of the angle (θ) and the corresponding elapsed time. Here's an example of how you can create a plot in Python using the matplotlib library:
```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Read the data from the exported file
data = []
with open('pendulum_data.txt', 'r') as file:
for line in file:
time, angle = line.strip().split(',')
data.append((float(time), float(angle)))
# Extract the time and angle values
time = [entry[0] for entry in data]
angle = [entry[1] for entry in data]
# Create the plot
plt.plot(time, angle)
plt.xlabel('Elapsed Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Angle (θ)')
plt.title('Simple Pendulum Motion')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
```
This code reads the exported data from the file 'pendulum_data.txt' and separates the time and angle values into separate lists. It then uses the `plt.plot` function from the matplotlib library to create a plot of angle (θ) against elapsed time. Additional formatting options like axis labels, title, and grid lines are set before displaying the plot using `plt.show()`.
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a 26 bit virtual address space and 8 GB of physical memory, and a 4KB page size, answer the following questions:
16.a. ( 3.0 pts) How many bits required by the Page Table Entry to hold the physical page number?
16.b. ( 3.0 pts) How many rows would be required for the page table - assume it is the simple implementation we have discussed in class.
16.c. ( 3.0 pts) Suppose we add a TLB that can hold 32 entries. How many bits required for the tag in the TLB?
In a system with a 26-bit virtual address space, 8 GB of physical memory, and a 4 KB page size, the Page Table Entry (PTE) would require 18 bits to hold the physical page number. The number of rows required for the page table would be [tex]2^8[/tex] = 256, assuming a simple implementation. With a TLB that can hold 32 entries, the tag in the TLB would require 14 bits.
a. To determine the number of bits required by the Page Table Entry (PTE) to hold the physical page number, we need to calculate the number of bits needed to represent the physical address space. With 8 GB of physical memory [tex](which is 2^33 bytes)[/tex]and a 4 KB page size (which is 2^12 bytes), we have [tex]2^33 / 2^12 = 2^21[/tex]physical pages. Therefore, the PTE would require 21 bits to hold the physical page number. However, since we have a 26-bit virtual address space, the remaining 5 bits can be used for other purposes, such as flags or other page-related information. Hence, the PTE would require 18 bits to hold the physical page number.
b. For the page table, assuming a simple implementation where each entry corresponds to a page, the number of rows required can be calculated by dividing the virtual address space by the page size. In this case, the virtual address space is [tex]2^26[/tex] and the page size is [tex]2^12.[/tex] Therefore, the number of rows required for the page table would be [tex]2^26 / 2^12 = 2^14 = 16,384.[/tex]
c. With a TLB that can hold 32 entries, we need to determine the number of bits required for the tag. The tag is used to identify the virtual page number stored in the TLB. Since the virtual address space is 26 bits, and we have 32 entries in the TLB, each entry can hold a portion of the virtual address space. The number of bits required for the tag can be calculated as [tex]log2(2^26 / 32)[/tex]= 14 bits. Therefore, the tag in the TLB would require 14 bits.
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CNS2102 Data Structures and Algorithms Assignment 3 - Trees Implement five methods to: 1. Print out all ancestors of a given node 2. Print out all descendants of a root node 3. Check if a tree is a BST or not (Boolean) 4. Print the height of a tree 5. Print the depth of a tree. Implement your five algorithms as java methods within the same class with the actual algorithm steps commented above the method. Since all of these are done in the same Java class, submit 1 Java File. (DO NOT SUBMIT ANY FILES VIA EMAIL.) This task can be done in groups (max 2 members) or individually.
Implementing five methods of Trees in CNS2102 Data Structures and Algorithms Assignment
3:1. Print out all ancestors of a given node The algorithm to print out all ancestors of a given node in a tree is as follows :Start by passing the root node and the node whose ancestors are to be found .Call the recursive function get Ancestors() with the following parameters: the root node, the node whose ancestors are to be found, and an Array List to store the ancestors .If the root node is null, return false. If the root node is equal to the node whose ancestors are to be found, return true .If either the left or right subtree of the root node contains the node whose ancestors are to be found, add the root node to the ancestors list and return true. Else return false.
2. Print out all descendants of a root node The algorithm to print out all descendants of a root node in a tree is as follows :Pass the root node to the recursive function get Descendants().Inside the function, traverse the tree recursively and print the data of each node.
3. Check if a tree is a BST or not The algorithm to check if a tree is a BST or not is as follows: Create a helper function is BST Util() that takes three arguments: the root node of the tree, a minimum value, and a maximum value. Traverse the tree using recursion and check if the data of each node is between the minimum and maximum values.
4. Print the height of a tree The algorithm to print the height of a tree is as follows :If the root node is null, return 0.Else, find the height of the left subtree and the right subtree recursively and return the maximum height plus1.
5. Print the depth of a tree The algorithm to print the depth of a tree is as follows :Pass the root node and a value of 0 to the recursive function get Depth().Inside the function, traverse the tree and increment the depth value for each level.
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Explain, in your own words, the distinction between user information bit rate and trans-mission rate. In particular, show that the GSM user rate is 22.8 kbps while the transmissio nrate is 270.833 kbps. Calculate the corresponding information bit rates and transmission rates for IS-136 (D-AMPS).
The user information bit rate is 48 kbps, while the transmission rate is 324 kbps.
User information bit rate and transmission rate are two significant terms that are used in communication systems. The former represents the amount of information or data sent to the user in a particular amount of time, while the latter represents the amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a given time.
User information bit rate (UIBR) represents the amount of information or data that can be sent to the user per unit time. It indicates the data rate or the number of bits that can be sent to the user in a second or any given time.
On the other hand, transmission rate (TR) represents the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a given time. It is determined by the bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and other factors that affect the channel. The GSM user rate is 22.8 kbps while the transmission rate is 270.833 kbps.The corresponding information bit rates and transmission rates for IS-136 (D-AMPS) are as follows:User information bit rate (UIBR) = 48 kbps.
Transmission rate (TR) = 324 kbps.
This means that in a D-AMPS network, the user information bit rate is 48 kbps, while the transmission rate is 324 kbps. Therefore, the distinction between user information bit rate and transmission rate is that the former represents the rate at which data is sent to the user, while the latter represents the maximum data rate that can be transmitted through a communication channel.
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(a) Use OpenSSL to generate RSA keys with 2048 bits and examine the key file structure.
(b) Simulate the public key encryption/decryption process using the keys generate. Please provide
screenshot for each step.
Use OpenSSL to generate RSA keys with 2048 bits and examine the key file structure OpenSSL is an open-source software library for SSL/TLS encryption and decryption that is widely used. In cryptography.
The RSA algorithm is a public-key encryption algorithm. RSA keys are often used to encrypt or decrypt files. The OpenSSL can be used to generate RSA keys with 2048 bits. Here's how you can do it: Step.
Open Terminal and type the command: opens' Genkei -algorithm RSA -out private key. pem -aes256Step 2: In this step, you will be prompted to enter a password to protect your key file. Type your password and press Enter. Step 3: Now, we will extract the public key from the private key.
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Debug the following code in C++. This file is used to
print integers from highest to lowest, inclusive.
void functionOne(int &one, int two, int &three)
{
cout << "Enter the first integer
Debugged code
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
void functionOne(int& one, int two, int& three) {
std::cout << "Enter the first integer: ";
std::cin >> one;
std::cout << "Enter the second integer: ";
std::cin >> two;
std::cout << "Enter the third integer: ";
std::cin >> three;
}
int main() {
int one, two, three;
functionOne(one, two, three);
std::vector<int> numbers = { one, two, three };
std::sort(numbers.rbegin(), numbers.rend());
std::cout << "Integers in descending order: ";
for (int num : numbers) {
std::cout << num << " ";
}
return 0;
}
```
The given code has a few issues that need to be addressed. Firstly, the code is missing necessary header files. We need to include `<iostream>` and `<vector>` for the code to work properly.
Secondly, the `functionOne()` function is not implemented correctly. It should take three integer references (`int&`) as parameters to modify the values in the `main()` function. However, the code incorrectly defines `two` as a regular `int` instead of a reference, which means the changes made inside `functionOne()` won't affect the original variable in `main()`. We should modify the parameter list to pass `two` as a reference as well.
Thirdly, the code lacks user input prompts in the `functionOne()` function. We need to add appropriate prompts to ask the user for the values of the three integers. We can use `std::cin` to read the user input and assign the values to `one`, `two`, and `three`.
Finally, to print the integers from highest to lowest, we need to sort the numbers in descending order. We can accomplish this by using the `std::sort()` function from the `<algorithm>` library, along with the `numbers.rbegin()` and `numbers.rend()` iterators. This will sort the vector in reverse order.
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(a) What is the least positive value of such that 89 = (x + 3) (mod 4)? [3] (b) If x is congruent to 11 modulo 19 then, 7x-3 is congruent to which number modulo 19? [4] (c) Evaluate -97 mod 11. [2] (d) Find the modulo 4 residue of 311. [3] (e) What is the the remainder of 17 x 18 when it is divided by 19. Show your working. [3]
(a)To find the least positive value of x such that 89 = (x + 3) (mod 4), we need to solve the congruence for x. We have:89 ≡ (x + 3) (mod 4)Subtracting 3 from both sides, we get:86 ≡ x (mod 4)Dividing both sides by 2, we get:43 ≡ x (mod 2)Therefore, the least positive value of x that satisfies the congruence is x = 3.
(b)Given that x ≡ 11 (mod 19)To find the value of 7x - 3 (mod 19), we substitute x = 11 into the expression:7x - 3 ≡ 7(11) - 3 (mod 19)
≡ 73 (mod 19)Now, we need to find the least non-negative residue of 73 modulo 19:73
= 3(19) + 16Therefore, the remainder is 16 and we have:7x - 3
≡ 16 (mod 19)(c)To find the modulo 11 residue of -97, we use the definition of congruence modulo m: a
≡ b (mod m) if and only if m divides a - b.Using this definition, we get:-97
≡ x (mod 11)if and only if 11 divides -97 - x.We know that 11 divides -88 (since 11 is a divisor of 88) so we can write:-97
≡ -88 - 9 (mod 11)Therefore, -97 has the same modulo 11 residue as -9.
Hence,-97 ≡ -9 (mod 11)(d)To find the modulo 4 residue of 311, we notice that 4 divides 100, so we can use the following rule: If a is a positive integer and n is a positive divisor of 10, then the last digit of a is its modulo n residue.Let's write 311 as a sum of powers of 10:311 = 3(100) + 1(10) + 1(1)Therefore, the last digit of 311 is 1, which is its modulo 4 residue. Hence, 311 ≡ 1 (mod 4).(e)To find the remainder of 17 x 18 when it is divided by 19, we can use the fact that (a x b) (mod m) = [(a mod m) x (b mod m)] mod mWe have:17 x 18
≡ (17 mod 19) x (18 mod 19) (mod 19)Now, we need to find the least non-negative residue of 17 and 18 modulo 19:17
≡ -2 (mod 19) (since 17 - 19 = -2)18
≡ -1 (mod 19) (since 18 - 19 = -1)Substituting these values into the formula above, we get:17 x 18
≡ (-2) x (-1) (mod 19)
≡ 2 (mod 19)Therefore, the remainder of 17 x 18 when it is divided by 19 is 2.
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Create the activity diagram illustrated in Slide 15 of
B3.UseCaseDiagrams.pdf, and then add the flow of
actions for the "Remove Book" use case of Assignment 1.
Slide 15 of B3.UseCaseDiagrams.pdf,
"R
Notations of Activity Diagrams "Exit" final node action nodes- Select Catalog Catalog Info - meaningful names Book Info control flows initial node object nodes data store - output pin input pin • de
An activity diagram is a type of flowchart that depicts the flow of actions or steps in a process or system. It is primarily used in software engineering to model the logic of complex systems or processes. To create the activity diagram for the "Remove Book" use case of Assignment 1, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Create the initial nodeThe initial node represents the starting point of the activity diagram. In this case, it represents the starting point of the "Remove Book" use case. Add it to the diagram and label it appropriately.
Step 2: Add the object nodesThe object nodes represent the entities that perform actions in the system or process. In this case, the object nodes represent the catalog and book info. Add them to the diagram and label them appropriately.
Step 3: Add the action nodesThe action nodes represent the actions that are performed by the entities in the system or process. In this case, the action nodes represent selecting catalog, selecting book, and removing book. Add them to the diagram and label them appropriately.
Step 4: Add the control flowsThe control flows represent the flow of actions in the system or process. They connect the object and action nodes and indicate the order in which actions are performed. Add them to the diagram and label them appropriately.
Step 5: Add the output pinThe output pin represents the output data produced by the system or process. In this case, it represents the removed book. Add it to the diagram and label it appropriately.
step 6: Add the final nodeThe final node represents the end point of the activity diagram. In this case, it represents the end point of the "Remove Book" use case. Add it to the diagram and label it appropriately.
Overall, the activity diagram for the "Remove Book" use case of Assignment 1 should resemble the one in Slide 15 of B3.UseCaseDiagrams.pdf, with the flow of actions for the "Remove Book" use case added. The diagram should be clear, concise, and easy to understand. It should also use meaningful names and notations for all the nodes and flows.
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Consider the 14-bit simple floating-point model given in your text with exponent represented with excess-15 bias and no implied bits in the significand. The model assumes the significand is "normalized", i.e., it must start with a 1 bit.
1 bit 5 bits 8 bits
Sign Bit Exponent Significand
What is the binary string equivalent to the decimal -0.25 using this model? Note: 0.25 is a power of 2.
the binary string equivalent to the decimal -0.25 using this model is 1 00000 11100000. The 14-bit simple floating-point model given in the question is as follows:1 bit 5 bit 8 bits Significand The model assumes the significand is "normalized," i.e., it must begin with a 1 bit.
A negative decimal number may be transformed to binary using the following method: Convert the number to its absolute value and convert it to binary .Invert all of the digits. Add 1 to the result .The binary string equivalent to the decimal -0.25 using this model can be determined as follows:
Firstly, convert the absolute value of -0.25 to binary and get 0.01Since the number is negative, you must invert all of the digits. Therefore, 1.10 is the inverted value for 0.01Finally, add 1 to the result, which gives 1.11 as the final value.
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Enter the first line of a HTTP request, using the version discussed in the unit slides, that your browser sends when you request a resource called holidays.html from a website and you do not specify any further path components (that is, the resource is not in a "subfolder"). Do not enter any line ending characters.
The first line of a HTTP request sent by a browser when requesting a resource called holidays.html from a website and no further path components have been specified is: `GET /holidays.html HTTP/1.1`
The first line of a HTTP request is called a request line and it contains three main elements which are: request method, path of the requested resource and the version of HTTP that the browser is using. In this case, since the request method is `GET`, it implies that the browser is requesting a resource that is available on the server. `HTTP/1.1` is the version of HTTP protocol that the browser is using to communicate with the server. When no further path components have been specified, it implies that the requested resource is located in the root directory of the server.
The first line of a HTTP request that a browser sends when requesting a resource called holidays.html from a website and no further path components have been specified is `GET /holidays.html HTTP/1.1`.
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Purpose: Defining a simple Java class based on a detailed speciication. Degree of Difficulty: Easy. Restrictions: This question is homework assigned to students and will be graded. This question shall not be istributed to any person except by the instructors of CMPT 270. Solutions will be made available to students registered in CMPT 270 after the due date. There is no educational or pedagogical reason for tutors or experts outside the CMPT 270 instructional team to provide solutions to this question to a student registered in the course. Students who solicit such solutions are committing an act of Academic Misconduct, according to the University of Saskatchewan Policy on Academic Misconduct The Basic Manager class. This class is the representation for a residence manager. We will keep this basic version very simple, but we could add a lot more information in the future. It will have the following features: • A first name . A last name . A constructor with parameter(s) for the manager's first name and last name An accessor method for the first name . An accessor method for the last name A mutator method for the first name A mutator method for the last name • AtoString() method that returns a string representation of all the information about the manager in a form suitable for printing . A main method that will test all of the above features What to Hand In • The completed BasicManager.java program. When compiled, executing the BasicManager.class executable will perform all the test cases, reporting only the errors (no output for successful test cases). Be sure to include your name, NSID, student number and course number at the top of all documents. Evaluation Attributes: 4 marks. 2 marks for each attribute. Full marks if it is appropriately named, has an appropriate type, has appropriate Javadoc comment, and is declared private. Methods: 12 marks. 2 marks for each method. Full marks if it is appropriately named, has an appropriate interface (parameters, return value), has appropriate Javadoc comment, has an appropriate imple- mentation, and is declared public. Testing: 6 marks. 1 mark for each method, including the constructor. Full marks if each method's return value or effect is checked at least once.
The Basic Manager class represents a residence manager and will have the following features: A first name, a last name, a constructor with parameter(s) for the manager's first name and last name, an accessor method for the first name, an accessor method for the last name, a mutator method for the first name, a mutator method for the last name, a to String() method that returns a string representation of all the information about the manager in a form suitable for printing and a main method that will test all of the above features.
The Basic Manager class is a Java class that is used to represent a residence manager. The class is kept very simple, but more information can be added in the future. It includes a first name and a last name, and it has a constructor with parameter(s) for the manager's first name and last name. The class also includes an accessor method for the first name and an accessor method for the last name. It also has a mutator method for the first name and a mutator method for the last name. Lastly, it includes a to String() method that returns a string representation of all the information about the manager in a form suitable for printing, and a main method that will test all of the above features.
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Questions 1. Draw the DFD of College Automation System. 2.How we balance a DFD. 3.Draw the DFD of Banking Mgmt System.. 4. How we choose the level of DFD. 5. What is the need of DFD in a project.
1. Draw the DFD of College Automation System : DFD, or Data Flow Diagram, is a graphical representation of the flow of data through a system.
A DFD shows how data is input to a system, how it is processed and stored, and how it is output. Below is the DFD of a College Automation System:2. How we balance a DFD:A DFD must be balanced, which means that the input and output of each process must be equal. We can balance a DFD by adding or removing data flows or processes. If the input and output of a process are not equal, it can lead to errors and inconsistencies in the system.3.
DFD is an essential tool in project management because it helps to understand the flow of data and information in the system. It helps to identify areas of inefficiency and opportunities for improvement. It also provides a basis for communication between different stakeholders in the project, such as developers, designers, and business analysts. A DFD can help to identify areas of potential risk in the system and can aid in the development of contingency plans.
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hich of the following statements is true?
A. Every macro begins with the keyword Sub followed by the name (identifier) of the macro and an empty pair of parentheses
B. Every macro begins with the keyword Option Explicit
C. In a macro, comments can only consist of statements that refer to Excel Object model, VBA keywords, or both.
D. In a macro, comments start with a double quotation mark (")
E. If we do not include the keyword Option Explicit in a module, we would get an error when we declare a variable
The following statement is true D) In a macro, comments start with a double quotation mark (").
In VBA, comments are used to add explanatory notes to the code, and they always begin with a double quotation mark ("). Single-line comments begin with the double quotation mark and continue until the end of the line. Multi-line comments start with the keyword Rem and end with the keyword End If, as in the following example:
' This is a single-line comment
'
' This is
' a multi-line comment
'
Rem Another way to start a multi-line comment
'
' Statements go here...
'End If
Option Explicit is a VBA statement that forces the programmer to explicitly declare all variables used in the code. This statement is optional, but it is considered good programming practice to include it in all modules to prevent errors caused by undefined variables.
In summary, the statement that is true is D. In a macro, comments start with a double quotation mark ("). Option Explicit is not necessary for every macro, and comments are not restricted to statements that refer to the Excel Object model or VBA keywords.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Symmetric Encryption? Performance Speed Simplicity of Algorithm Out-of-Band Key Transfer Mechanism
The advantage of symmetric encryption is its performance speed, simplicity of algorithm, and out-of-band key transfer mechanism.
However, the disadvantage is that it requires a secure and reliable out-of-band key transfer mechanism. So, the answer is "Out-of-Band Key Transfer Mechanism" is not an advantage of symmetric encryption.
Symmetric encryption uses a single shared key for both encryption and decryption, making it faster than asymmetric encryption, which involves complex mathematical operations. The simplicity of the symmetric encryption algorithm allows for efficient and quick processing of large volumes of data, making it suitable for real-time applications.
The out-of-band key transfer mechanism refers to the secure exchange of the encryption key between the sender and recipient. While this is a critical aspect of symmetric encryption, it is not an inherent advantage of the encryption technique itself. The security of the key transfer mechanism depends on the implementation and protocols used, rather than being an inherent advantage of symmetric encryption.
The out-of-band key transfer mechanism is not an advantage of symmetric encryption. However, symmetric encryption still offers advantages in terms of performance speed and simplicity of algorithm, making it a widely used encryption technique in various applications.
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Compute a linear approximation to f(x) = sin ( 77%) on [0, 1] as follows: Define L(x) = mx + b choose m, b to minimize || 1 – fl|, where || L – f || = V S. (L(x) – f(x))dæ (see the similar example in Lecture 22). - = Note: I strongly encourage you to use a software package like Matlab, Octave, or Mathematica to perform the necessary calculations
To compute a linear approximation of the function f(x) = sin(7x) over the interval [0,1], we define a linear function L(x) = mx + b. The coefficients m and b are chosen to minimize the norm of the difference between L(x) and f(x).
The task here involves creating a linear approximation or a "best fit" line to the function f(x) = sin(7x). This can be achieved using least squares approximation method. This method seeks to minimize the sum of the squares of the residuals, which is the difference between the actual and the estimated values. In this case, we are minimizing the norm ||L – f|| = sqrt(Integral((L(x) – f(x))^2 dx)). We can solve for m and b using techniques such as gradient descent or using a mathematical software package like MATLAB, Octave, or Mathematica to perform the necessary calculations.
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Which of the following is considered a "strategic" formal security control? Security Policy Recommended Guidelines Standard Operating Procedures Security Standards
A strategic formal security control refers to the plan that an organization uses to secure its information and data. It is a comprehensive security policy that includes guidelines, standard operating procedures, and security standards.
A security policy is considered a strategic formal security control. Security policies set forth the rules and standards for the handling of information and data within an organization, it is also a set of formal guidelines and procedures governing the safeguarding of an organization's data and the conduct of its employees with respect to that data.
It specifies the responsibilities of various roles in the organization, from upper management to end-users. Security policies may also include recommendations for hardware and software configurations to ensure that security requirements are met.
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5. Using the same database schema , write SQL statements for the following queries.
a) Display all hotel information according to their star rating in descending order.
b) Find room id and hotel id of those with 'Executive' as a substring in their room type.
c) Find the average room price of hotels for each city. Do not include the cities which have less than 2 hotels in that city
d) Produce a report that shows full details of a room including roomld, hotelName, hotelCity, roomType, roomPrice and roomPrice after giving 20% discount. Rename the column header of the result relation appropriately. Tuples must be sorted in the descending order of room price. If two rooms have the same price, they must be sorted in the ascending order of room type.
a) Display all hotel information according to their star rating in descending order.SELECT * FROM Hotels ORDER BY StarRating DESC;The query above selects all the columns of the table Hotels and orders it by the StarRating column in descending order.
b) Find room id and hotel id of those with 'Executive' as a substring in their room type.SELECT RoomID, HotelID FROM Rooms WHERE RoomType LIKE '%Executive%';The query above selects RoomID and HotelID columns of the table Rooms, but only when the RoomType column contains the substring "Executive".
c) Find the average room price of hotels for each city. Do not include the cities which have less than 2 hotels in that city.SELECT HotelCity, AVG(RoomPrice) AS AveragePrice FROM Rooms GROUP BY HotelCity HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT HotelID) > 1; If the city has only one hotel, the average will not be calculated.
d) Produce a report that shows full details of a room including RoomID, HotelName, HotelCity, RoomType, RoomPrice, and RoomPrice after giving a 20% discount. Rename the column header of the result relation appropriately.
Tuples must be sorted in the descending order of room price. If two rooms have the same price, they must be sorted in the ascending order of room type.SELECT Rooms.RoomID, Hotels.HotelName, Hotels.HotelCity, Rooms.RoomType, Rooms.RoomPrice, (Rooms.RoomPrice * 0.8) AS DiscountedPrice FROM Rooms JOIN Hotels ON Rooms.HotelID = Hotels.HotelID ORDER BY Rooms.RoomPrice DESC, Rooms.RoomType ASC .
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