a) The machine B should be selected using the annual equivalent price approach since its equivalent annual worth ($3,319.40) is higher compared to the value of machine A ($3,386). b) The machine A should be selected using the present worth comparison approach since its net present value, which is $8,132.50, is lower than that of machine B's, which is $13,647.22.
Machine A
The investment's net present value at a MARR level 12% (or 0.12) is calculated as follows: =
[tex]- $2,000/1.12¹ - $2,000/1.12² - $2,000/1.12³ + $100/ 1.12³ - 3,400 = -$ 8 ,132.50[/tex]
The equivalent average annual worth (A) in every one of the three years in question can be calculated by adding the net future value of all annuities, as illustrated below:
[tex]-\$ 8 ,132.50= A 1.12¹ + A 1.12²+A/1.12³[/tex]
We get equivalent uniform yearly worth (A) =-$3,386 when we solve the preceding equation.
Machine B
The net present value of the investment at MARR of 12% (or 0.12) is given by:
*=[tex]- $1,800/ 1.12¹ - $1,800/ 1.12² -...- $1,800/1.12⁶ + $500/ 1.12⁶ -$6,500 =-$ 13.647.22[/tex]
The equivalent uniform annual worth (A) for each of the three years can be determined by equating the net present value to the sum of present value of all annuities as shown [tex]-$13,647.22= A/(1.12¹) + A/(1.12 ²) +...+ A 1.12⁶[/tex]
On solving the above equation we get, equivalent uniform annual worth (A) = -$3,319.40
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1. In deciding whether to establish a foreign operation, which factor(s) might a multinati corporation (MNC) consider?
a. After-tax returns from competing investment locations.
b. The tax treatments of branches versus subsidiaries.
c. Withholding rates on dividend and interest payments.
d. All of the above.
2. Why might a company involved in international business find it beneficial to estal an operation in a tax haven?
a. The OECD recommends the use of tax havens for corporate income tax avoida
b. Tax havens never tax corporate income.
c. Tax havens are jurisdictions that tend to have abnormally low corporate income tax rates.
d. Tax havens' banking systems are less secretive.
3. Which of the following items might provide an MNC with a tax-planning opportunity
as it decides where to locate a foreign operation?
a. Differences in corporate tax rates across countries.
b. Differences in local tax rates across countries.
c. Whether a country offers a tax holiday.
d. All of the above.
4. Why might companies have an incentive to finance their foreign operations with as much debt as possible?
a. Interest payments are generally tax deductible.
b. Withholding rates are lower for dividends.
c. Withholding rates are lower for interest.
d. Both (a) and (c).
All of the above. Tax havens are jurisdictions that tend to have abnormally low corporate income tax rates.All of the above.
Both (a) and (c).
When considering whether to establish a foreign operation, MNCs take into account various factors. After-tax returns from competing investment locations are important because the MNC wants to ensure that the investment in a foreign operation will generate a profitable return after accounting for taxes. The tax treatments of branches versus subsidiaries also come into play as MNCs need to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each structure in terms of tax liabilities and operational flexibility. Additionally, withholding rates on dividend and interest payments are considered to assess the impact on cash flows and overall profitability.
Establishing an operation in a tax haven can be beneficial for companies involved in international business due to several reasons. While the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) does not explicitly recommend the use of tax havens, these jurisdictions often have abnormally low corporate income tax rates, making them attractive for companies seeking to minimize their tax obligations. Moreover, tax havens are known for their banking systems' secrecy, which can provide additional advantages in terms of financial privacy and asset protection.
Tax planning opportunities arise when deciding where to locate a foreign operation. Differences in corporate tax rates across countries can significantly impact the overall tax burden on the MNC's operations, making some locations more favorable than others. Similarly, variations in local tax rates, such as value-added tax or property taxes, can influence the overall cost structure and profitability of the foreign operation. Furthermore, if a country offers a tax holiday, where certain tax incentives or exemptions are provided for a specific period, it can be an attractive opportunity for an MNC to reduce its tax liabilities during the initial years of operation.
Companies may have an incentive to finance their foreign operations with substantial debt due to the tax benefits associated with interest payments. In most jurisdictions, interest payments are generally tax deductible, meaning the company can reduce its taxable income by deducting the interest expenses incurred from its foreign operations. Additionally, withholding rates for interest payments are typically lower compared to dividends, making debt financing a more tax-efficient option for repatriating funds from foreign operations. Therefore, by maximizing debt financing, companies can optimize their tax positions and improve their overall financial performance.
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New-Project Analysis
The president of your company, MorChuck Enterprises, has asked you to evaluate the proposed acquisition of a new chromatograph for the firm's R&D department. The equipment's basic price is $76,000, and it would cost another $15,500 to modify it for special use by your firm. The chromatograph, which falls into the MACRS 3-year class, would be sold after 3 years for $30,100. The MACRS rates for the first three years are 0.3333, 0.4445 and 0.1481. (Ignore the half-year convention for the straight-line method.) Use of the equipment would require an increase in net working capital (spare parts inventory) of $2,840. The machine would have no effect on revenues, but it is expected to save the firm $24,880 per year in before-tax operating costs, mainly labor. The firm's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 25%. Cash outflows and negative NPV value, if any, should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to the nearest dollar.
a. What is the Year-0 net cash flow?
$
b. What are the net operating cash flows in Years 1, 2, and 3? (Note: Do not include recovery of NWC or salvage value in Year 3's calculation here.)
Year 1: $
Year 2: $
Year 3: $
c. What is the additional (nonoperating) cash flow in Year 3?
$
d. If the project's cost of capital is 10%, what is the NPV of the project?
$
Should the chromatograph be purchased?
The proposed acquisition of the chromatograph for MorChuck Enterprises has a negative net cash flow and NPV, indicating it is not advisable to purchase the equipment.
a. The Year-0 net cash flow is the initial cost of the equipment plus the cost of modification and the increase in net working capital:
Year-0 Net Cash Flow = -($76,000 + $15,500 + $2,840) = -$94,340
b. The net operating cash flows in Years 1, 2, and 3 are calculated by subtracting the before-tax operating cost savings from the depreciation expense:
Year 1 Net Operating Cash Flow = -$24,880 + ($76,000 × 0.3333) = -$2,212
Year 2 Net Operating Cash Flow = -$24,880 + ($76,000 × 0.4445) = -$13,615
Year 3 Net Operating Cash Flow = -$24,880 + ($76,000 × 0.1481) = -$14,970
c. The additional (nonoperating) cash flow in Year 3 is the sum of the salvage value and the recovery of net working capital:
Additional (Nonoperating) Cash Flow in Year 3 = $30,100 + $2,840 = $32,940
d. To calculate the NPV of the project, we discount the cash flows at the project's cost of capital (10%) and sum them up:
NPV = Year-0 Net Cash Flow + (Year 1 Net Operating Cash Flow / (1 + Cost of Capital)^1) + (Year 2 Net Operating Cash Flow / (1 + Cost of Capital)^2) + (Year 3 Net Operating Cash Flow + Additional Cash Flow in Year 3) / (1 + Cost of Capital)^3
NPV = -$94,340 + (-$2,212 / (1 + 0.10)¹) + (-$13,615 / (1 + 0.10)²) + (-$14,970 + $32,940) / (1 + 0.10)³
NPV = -$94,340 + (-$2,012) + (-$11,609) + $13,650 ≈ -$94,311
The NPV of the project is approximately -$94,311.
Since the NPV is negative, the project has a negative NPV and should not be purchased.
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Firm A had the following selected items on its balance
sheet:
Cash
$
32,000,000
Common stock ($50 par; 2,500,000 shares outstanding)
125,000,000
Additional paid-in capital
12,500,000
Retain
To calculate the retained earnings for Firm A, the amount of the beginning retained earnings, net income (or loss), and dividends paid need to be provided. If that information is not given, retained earnings cannot be calculated.
Firm A had the following selected items on its balance sheet:
Cash $ 32,000,000,
Common stock ($50 par; 2,500,000 shares outstanding) 125,000,000,
Additional paid-in capital of $12,500,000 and retained earnings are missing.
Retained earnings are the portion of a business's profits that are not distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends but are instead kept in the company for reinvestment. A business's retained earnings are calculated as follows:
Retained earnings= Beginning retained earnings+ Net income (or loss) – Dividends paid
For example, a company with beginning retained earnings of $10 million that has net income of $5 million and pays out $2 million in dividends would have ending retained earnings of $13 million.
Retained earnings = $10 million + $5 million - $2 million
= $13 million
Therefore, to calculate the retained earnings for Firm A, the amount of the beginning retained earnings, net income (or loss), and dividends paid need to be provided. If that information is not given, retained earnings cannot be calculated.
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Trip to the GAO
Visit the Web site of the federal Governmental Accounting Office (GAO). Under the tab where it says "Reports" select a report on a topic that interests you. What did you learn from this report? Share what you found with the class.
The Government Accountability Office is an independent agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the U.S. Congress. Their reports cover a wide range of topics related to government programs, policies, and operations.
To access GAO reports, you can visit their official website at www.gao.gov. Under the "Reports" tab, you will find various options to search for reports based on different categories such as audits, testimonies, legal decisions, and more. You can also use the search bar to look for specific reports on topics that interest you.
Once you select a report that catches your interest, you can review its contents to gain insights and information on the subject matter. GAO reports typically provide detailed analysis, findings, and recommendations based on their evaluations and audits of government programs.
Remember that the specific content and insights you'll find in a report will depend on the topic you choose and the nature of the report itself. It's recommended to explore different reports and topics that align with your interests or are relevant to your field of study or profession.
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Suppose that products A, B, C and D have price elasticity of demand coefficients of 0.67, 1.24, 2.01 and 0.2 respectively. A 10% rise in price would result in increased total revenue with which products?
1) A and B.
2) A and C.
3) A and D.
4) B and C.
5) B and D.
The products A and D will have increased total revenue. Therefore, option 3 (A and D) is the correct answer.
Suppose that products A, B, C and D have price elasticity of demand coefficients of 0.67, 1.24, 2.01 and 0.2 respectively. A 10% rise in price would result in increased total revenue with The products A and D would have an increased total revenue with a 10% rise in price. A product is said to have price elasticity of demand if a 1% change in price results in a greater than 1% change in quantity demanded and vice versa. It may be calculated using the formula % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price. As a result, if the elasticity is less than 1, the percentage shift in quantity is less than the percentage shift in price. Product A, Product B, Product C, and Product D all have price elasticity coefficients of demand of 0.67, 1.24, 2.01, and 0.2, respectively. We can see that all of the items are inelastic as a result of the given details. This is because the price elasticity coefficients for all products are less than one. If a company raises the price of an inelastic commodity, the total revenue would rise as well. As a result, in the given scenario, we may say that if there is a 10% rise in price.
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M9-6 (Algo) Computing Working Capital LO9-5
The balance sheet for Stevenson Corporation reported the following: noncurrent assets, $160,000: total assets, $400,000; noncurrent liabilities, $200,000; total stockholders' equity, $89,000.
Compute Stevenson's working capital.
Working capital______
By using current Assets and current Liabilities, Stevenson Corporation's working capital is $129,000.
Working capital is a measure of a company's short-term liquidity and its ability to cover its immediate operational expenses.
Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one year or the operating cycle of the business, whichever is longer.
Current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term debt, and other obligations that are due within one year or the operating cycle.
A positive working capital indicates that a company has sufficient assets to cover its short-term obligations, while a negative working capital suggests potential liquidity issues and difficulties in meeting short-term obligations.
WC = CA - CL
A=L+OE
CA=400,000-160,000 = 240,000
Current liabilities+(200,000) +89,000 = 400,000
Current Liabilities CL= 111,000
Current Assets (CA) = $240,000
Current Liabilities (CL) = $111,000
Working Capital (WC) can be calculated as:
WC = CA - CL
WC = $240,000 - $111,000
WC = $129,000
Therefore, Stevenson Corporation's working capital is $129,000.
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Transcribed image text: Question 12 of 13 Current Attempt in Progress Sharon Lee started her own consulting firm, Lee Consulting on May 1, 2022. The trial balance at May 21s LEE CONSULTING Trial Balance May 31, 2022 Account Number Debit Credit 101 $4,000 112 5,900 126 2,000 130 149 10200 201 209 301 400 726 729 Cash Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid insurance Equipment Accounts Payable Uneamed Service Revenue Owner's Capital Service Revenue Salaries and Wages Expense Rent Expense 3.500 1400 $32.400 14.200 1.900 18.200 8.100 $32,400 -13 1 Question Question Ang Dipe Question Question 7 Question Question Agri Question 10 Question Viewing Question 12 Quest Stand ME San W me AN A aft ut +13 AXA 729 1,400 $32.400 $32.400 In addition to those accounts listed on the trial balance, the chart of accounts for Lee Consulting also contains the following accounts and account mambers: No. 150 Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment, No. 212 Salaries and Wages Payable. No 631 Supples Expense, No. 717 Depreciation Expense, No. 722 Insurance Expense, and No. 732 Utilities Expe Other data 1 $900 of supplies have been used during the month 2. Utilities expense incurred but not paid on May 31, 2022, $200 Animurance policy for 2 years was purchased on May 1 $300 of the balance in the uneared service revenue account remains unearned at the end of the month S May 31 is a Wednesday and employees are paid on Fridays. Lee Consulting has two employees, who are paid $900 each for a 5-day work week 6 The office furniture has a 5-year te with no salvage value. It is being depreciated at $170 per month for 60 months 7. twoices representing $1.700 of services performed during the month have not been recorded as May 31 MacBook Air 1 Question Question Question 7 Acc Question Questions Question 10 Question 11 Viewing Question 12 ng ng Question 13 Ne 141 wt WAN GA 441 +45 ww HE Question 12 of 13 < > /31 Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of May List all debit entries before credit entries Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually) No. Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit May 1 631 31 126 Mar 31 732 201 722 130 209 400 226 212 2 3 4 3 May 31 May 31 May 31 Question 4 Question S Ating Question 6 Question 7 Question Ag Question Accounting D Question 10 Question 11 Viewing Question 12 Question 13 -11 Ma non arted -/1 tran +41 Nase -/1 /1 1 ated 13 ustat 4/1 Me CH 3 Homework Question 12 of 13 May 31 May 31 May 31 May T 4 5. 6 31 May 3. 31 eTextbook and Media List of Accounts N 722 130 209 400 726 212 717 150 112 400 -73 f Question & Questions Question Question 7 Question Question Question 10, Question 11 Viewing Question 12 Question 13 De KIC prote LA 17- #1 PAR AL +11 PARCE EPP -/1
The adjusting entries are as follows: No. Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit1 Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment (150) Equipment (126) Depreciation Expense (717) $170 $170 $1702 Supplies Expense (631) Supplies (126) $900 $9003 Salaries and Wages Payable (212) Salaries and Wages Expense (726) $900 $9004 Prepaid Insurance (130) Insurance Expense (722) $150 $1505 Service Revenue (400) Unearned Service Revenue (149) $1,400 $1,4006 Utilities Expense (732) Utilities Payable (209) $200 $200
In accounting, the process of updating an account's balance is known as an adjusting entry. An adjusting entry is made at the end of the accounting cycle after all of the day-to-day transactions have been recorded, to ensure that the account balance reflects the company's actual financial condition. The adjusting entries for Lee Consulting for the month of May are as follows: May 31 Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment (150)Equipment (126)Depreciation Expense (717) - Depreciation expense is recorded for office furniture supplies used up during the month. Supplies Expense (631) - Supplies that were used up during the month are expensed.Salaries and Wages Payable (212)Salaries and Wages Expense (726) - Employee pay is recorded for the last three days of the month.Prepaid Insurance (130)Insurance Expense (722) - Insurance expense is recorded for May 1 to May 31, 2022.Service Revenue (400)Unearned Service Revenue (149) - A portion of unearned service revenue for the month is recorded, given that $300 is unearned as of May 31, 2022. Utilities Expense (732)Utilities Payable (209) - Utility expenses incurred but not yet paid as of May 31, 2022, are recorded.
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When direct materials are requisitioned from the storage warehouse and transferred to the production floor, the journal entry to record this transfer in the general ledger would result in: A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Cost of Goods Sold O A debit to Materials Inventory and a credit to Work in Process Inventory O A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Work in Process Inventory A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Finished Goods Inventory
The correct answer is: A debit to Materials Inventory and a credit to Work in Process Inventory.
When direct materials are requisitioned from the storage warehouse and transferred to the production floor, it means that materials are being used in the manufacturing process. This transfer represents a movement from the Materials Inventory (asset) to the Work in Process Inventory (asset) account.
Debiting Materials Inventory increases the cost of materials used in production and reduces the quantity of materials available in inventory. At the same time, crediting Work in Process Inventory reflects the addition of the materials to the work in progress for the production process.
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During the year, Sheffield Inc. reported an $6400 increase in Inventory and a $4100 increase in Accounts Payable. Cost of goods sold for the year was $126400. What were the cash payments made to suppliers during the year? $128700
$115900
$136900
$124100
the cash payments made to suppliers during the year were $136,100. TO calculate the cash payments made to suppliers during the year, we need to determine the change in accounts payable and adjust it for the increase in inventory.
Change in Accounts Payable = $4100
Increase in Inventory = $6400
Cash Payments to Suppliers = Cost of Goods Sold + Change in Accounts Payable - Increase in Inventory
= $126400 + $4100 - $6400
= $136100
Therefore, the cash payments made to suppliers during the year were $136,100.
None of the options provided match the calculated amount.
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the cash payments made to suppliers during the year were $136,100. TO calculate the cash payments made to suppliers during the year, we need to determine the change in accounts payable and adjust it for the increase in inventory.
Change in Accounts Payable = $4100
Increase in Inventory = $6400
Cash Payments to Suppliers = Cost of Goods Sold + Change in Accounts Payable - Increase in Inventory
= $126400 + $4100 - $6400
= $136100
Therefore, the cash payments made to suppliers during the year were $136,100.
None of the options provided match the calculated amount.
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AJUSTED BANK BALANCE=$4,320 Question 2 (3 marks) Locker Rentals Corp. (LRC) operates locker rental services at several locations throughout the city including the airport, bus depot, shopping malls, and athletics facilities. Unlike some of the old mechanical lockers that charge a fixed amount per use, LRC's lockers operate electronically and are able to charge based on hours of use. The locker system transmits a daily message to LRC's office indicating the number of hours that lockers have been used, which the office manager uses to determine when cash should be picked up at each location. LRC's cash receipts system is described below. a. Two employees ("cash collection clerks") are responsible for collecting cash from the lockers. Based on instructions from the office manager, one clerk collects cash from specific locations on the west side of the city and the other collects from specific locations on the east side. b. When each cash collection clerk returns with the cash, a supervisor counts the cash and prepares a cash count sheet. c. The supervisor places the cash in a locked cashbox until it is taken to the bank for deposit. d. The supervisor, not the cash collection clerks, takes the cash to the bank for deposit. e. The supervisor prepares a duplicate deposit slip, which the bank stamps after the deposit is made to indicate the date and amount of the deposit. f. The supervisor sends the stamped bank deposit slip and daily cash summary to the accountant, who compares them before preparing a journal entry debiting Cash and ing Locker Rental Revenue. Required: 1. For each statement (a)-(f), identify the internal control principle being applied. Question 3 (2 marks) What are the limitations of internal control? Explain each one of them.
1. Internal control principles applied to each statement:
a. Segregation of duties: By assigning specific cash collection clerks to specific locations, the company ensures that the responsibility for collecting cash is divided between two individuals, reducing the risk of collusion or fraudulent activities.
b. Independent internal verification: The supervisor independently counts the cash and prepares a cash count sheet, providing a secondary check on the accuracy of the cash collected by the clerks.
c. Physical controls: Placing the cash in a locked cashbox helps prevent unauthorized access and protects the cash until it is taken to the bank.
d. Segregation of duties: The supervisor, separate from the cash collection clerks, takes the cash to the bank for deposit, ensuring that the custody and transportation of cash are handled by different individuals.
e. Documentation procedures: The duplicate deposit slip serves as evidence of the bank deposit and provides a record of the date and amount of the deposit.
f. Independent internal verification: The accountant compares the stamped bank deposit slip with the daily cash summary, conducting an independent verification of the accuracy of the deposit before preparing the journal entry.
2. Limitations of internal control:
a. Human error: Internal controls can be affected by human mistakes, such as data entry errors or misinterpretation of procedures.
b. Management override: In some cases, management may override or circumvent internal controls for personal gain or to manipulate financial results.
c. Collusion: If two or more employees collude, they can bypass internal controls and commit fraud without detection.
d. Cost-benefit trade-off: Implementing strong internal controls can be costly, and organizations need to weigh the costs against the potential benefits.
e. Changing environment: Internal controls may become outdated or ineffective as the business environment changes, such as advancements in technology or shifts in operational processes.
f. Limited scope: Internal controls are designed to mitigate specific risks and may not address all potential risks or provide absolute assurance against fraud or errors.
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Please help urgently and show work Power up trail mix co.. makes a trail mix in two departments: roasting and blending. Direct materials are added at the beginning of each process, and conversion costs are added evenly throughout each process. The company uses the FIFO method of process costing. During May , the roasting department completed and transferred 22,800 units to the blending department. Of the units completed, 3,350 were from beginning inventory and the remaining 19,520 were started and completed during the month. Beginning work in process was 100% complete with respect to direct materials and 30% complete with respect to conversion. The company has 2,740 units (100% complete with respect to direct materials and 70% complete with respect to conversion) in process at month-end. Information on the roasting departments costs of beginning work in process inventory and costs added during the month follows. COST Of beginning work in process inventory Added during the month $ 7,890 239,100 $ 103,650 1,032,900 1. Prepare the roasting department process cost summary for October using the FIFO method. Prepare the journal entry dated May 31 to transfer the cost of completed units to the blending department Power Up Trail Mix Co Process Cost Summary Costs charged to production: Costs of beginning work in process: Direct materials S Conversion (Direct Labor & Overhead) Is Costs incurred this period: Direct materials Conversion Total costs to account for: S Units to account for: Beginning work in process Units started this period Total units to account for Units accounted for: Completed & Transferred out Ending work in process Total units accounted for Equivalent units of production: Beginning work in process Units started and completed Units of ending work in process Equivalent units of production Costs incurred this period Cost per equivalent unit of production Direct Materials Conversion S IS IS S Cost assignment and reconciliation: Cost of units completed and transferred out: Cost of beginning work in process Cost to complete beginning work in process Direct materials ( x Conversion Cost of units started and completed this period Direct materials ( + S Conversion + )s Total cost of goods finished this period Cost of ending work in process: Direct materials ( X )s Conversion x )s Total costs accounted for (must agree to figure above) S S S S S
Here is the process cost summary for the roasting department using the FIFO method:
The process cost summaryPower Up Trail Mix Co
Roasting Department
Process Cost Summary
For the Month Ended May 31, 2023
Costs charged to production:
* Costs of beginning work in process:
* Direct materials: $7,890
* Conversion costs: $103,650
* Costs incurred this period:
* Direct materials: $239,100
* Conversion costs: $1,032,900
Total costs to account for: $1,373,540
Units to account for:
* Beginning work in process: 3,350 units
* Units started this period: 22,800 units
Total units to account for: 26,150 units
Units accounted for:
* Completed and transferred out: 22,800 units
* Ending work in process: 2,740 units
Total units accounted for: 25,540 units
Equivalent units of production:
* Beginning work in process: 3,350 units * 100% complete = 3,350 units
* Units started and completed: 22,800 units * 100% complete = 22,800 units
* Units of ending work in process: 2,740 units * 70% complete = 1,918 units
Equivalent units of production: 33,058 units
Costs incurred this period:
* Cost per equivalent unit of production:
* Direct materials: $239,100 / 33,058 units = $7.24 per unit
* Conversion costs: $1,032,900 / 33,058 units = $31.04 per unit
Cost assignment and reconciliation:
* Cost of units completed and transferred out:
* Cost of beginning work in process: $7,890
* Cost to complete beginning work in process: $7,890 * 31.04 per unit = $244,387
* Cost of units started and completed this period: $239,100 + $1,032,900 = $1,272,000
* Total cost of goods finished this period: $1,296,387
* Cost of ending work in process: $7,24 per unit * 1,918 units = $13,897
* Total costs accounted for: $1,310,284
The journal entry to transfer the cost of completed units to the blending department is as follows:
Work in Process - Blending
Dr. $1,310,284
Work in Process - Roasting
Cr. $1,310,284
To record the transfer of completed units from the roasting department to the blending department.
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Six years ago, Donna purchased land as an investment. The land cost $150,000 and is now worth $480,000. Donna plans to transfer the land to Development Corporation, which will subdivide it and sell individual tracts. Development's income on the land sales will be ordinary in character. Read the requirements Requirement a. What are the tax consequences of the asset transfer and land sales if Donna contributes the land to Development in exchange for all its stock? Donna recognizes no gain or loss on the transfer of land to Development Corporation $ 150,000. All gain on the subsequent sales will be ordinary income Development's basis in the land will be to Development pre-contribution gain that accrued prior to Donna's transfer and the This alternative results in the post-contribution profit earned from subdividing the land Requirement b. In what alternative ways can the transaction be structured to achieve more favorable tax results? Assume Donna's marginal tax rate for capital gains is 23.8% (20% + 3.8% on net investment income), and Development's tax rate is 21% O A. Donna could transfer the land to Development in exchange for stock and debt instruments equal to her realized gain. In this case, Donna would recognize a long-term capital gain and Development's basis in the land would be the FMV of the land. The pre-contribution capital gain (net of any capital losses that Donna has recognized) is taxed at the applicable capital gains tax rate (in this case, 23.8%, including the 3.8% net investment tax). The step-up in basis permits Development to use the additional basis to offset income earned from subdividing the land that otherwise would be taxed at a 21% marginal tax rate. O B Donna could find another investor who is willing to contribute property valued at $150,000 in exchange for 50% of the stock of the corporation OC. There are no alternatives that will allow Donna to avoid Sec. 351 O D Donna could elect out of the Sec. 351 provisions. By including an election with her timely filed income tax return in the year of the transfer, Donna can avoid the Sec. 351 provisions.
Option A is the correct alternative to achieve more favorable tax results. MThe tax consequences of Donna transferring the land to Development Corporation in exchange for all its stock would result in Donna recognizing no gain or loss on the transfer.
When Donna transfers the land to Development Corporation in exchange for all its stock, she does not recognize any gain or loss on the transfer. This means that the appreciation in the value of the land from $150,000 to $480,000 is not subject to immediate taxation for Donna. Instead, the gain will be realized when Development Corporation sells the individual tracts of land.
The basis of the land for Development Corporation will be the pre-contribution gain that accrued prior to Donna's transfer. This means that the corporation will take over Donna's basis in the land, including any unrealized appreciation. Development Corporation will then be responsible for recognizing the gain as ordinary income when it sells the subdivided tracts of land.
By structuring the transaction in this way, Donna avoids immediate taxation on the gain and instead defers it until the land is sold by Development Corporation. The income from land sales will be treated as ordinary income for the corporation, subject to the applicable tax rate.
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On January 1, 2022, Sunland Company had a balance of $388,000 of goodwill on its balance sheet that resulted from the purchase of a small business in a prior year. The goodwill had an indefinite life. During 2022, the company had the following additional transactions. 2 Purchased a patent (5-year life) $360,150. July 1 Acquired a 10-year franchise; expiration date July 1, 2,032, $576,000. Sept. 1 Research and development costs $178,500. Jan. (b) Make an entry as of December 31, 2022, recording any necessary amortization. (Round answers to 0 decimal places, e.g. 125. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts.) Account Titles and Explanation Amortization Expense Patents Franchise Debit Credit
Amortization Expense for Patents and Franchise for the year ended December 31, 2022, is $72,030 and $57,600 respectively.
Goodwill is not amortized but it is tested for impairment every year. Goodwill has an indefinite life span. It is only recorded when a company acquires another business and pays a premium for the business over the fair market value of the identifiable assets. If there is no premium paid, there is no goodwill.
The journal entry for the purchased patent will be Debit Patent $360,150 and Credit Cash $360,150.The journal entry for the acquired franchise will be Debit Franchise $576,000 and Credit Cash $576,000.The journal entry for research and development costs will be Debit Research and Development Expenses $178,500 and Credit Cash $178,500.Since there is no amortization entry given for the patent and franchise in question, hence we can conclude that no amortization is required for these accounts.
The journal entry for recording amortization for Patents and Franchise will be as follows:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit CreditAmortization Expense Patents $72,030, Amortization Expense Franchise $57,600, Patents $72,030, Franchise $57,600.
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Most collective bargaining agreements provide for a system of disciplinary procedures for all the following reasons except:
a. Employers use a discipline system to maintain control over the workforce.
b. A discipline system reduces the ability of managers to treat employees in a biased manner.
c. Employees want to know what to expect from work rule violations.
d. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
Most collective bargaining agreements provide for a system of disciplinary procedures for all the following reasons except a discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction. This statement is false. The correct answer is option d.
What is collective bargaining?Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and workers to reach agreements on various issues such as working conditions, pay, and benefits.
When the union and employer reach an agreement, they formalize it in a collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which is a contract governing the relationship between the employer and the unionized employees.
It provides rules, regulations, policies, and procedures for management and workers to follow. Disciplinary procedures are an essential aspect of collective bargaining agreements, and they exist for the following reasons: Employers use a discipline system to maintain control over the workforce.
A discipline system reduces the ability of managers to treat employees in a biased manner. Employees want to know what to expect from work rule violations. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
The correct answer is option d. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
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Hi, I need some help with this question. Thank you so much.
What are the three broad objectives of promotion?
Explain each of them briefly.
The three broad objectives of promotion are 1. To inform. 2. To persuade. 3. To remind.
The three broad objectives of promotion are:
1. To inform: Informative advertising is used to generate interest in a newly launched product, new stores, changes in prices, etc. Its main objective is to create brand awareness and educate customers about the product's benefits and features.
2. To persuade: Persuasive advertising is designed to convince the audience to take action. Its primary goal is to encourage consumers to try a new product, switch brands, or take some other form of action.
3. To remind: Reminder advertising is used to remind customers about a product they may have forgotten or haven't purchased in a while. The primary objective is to maintain top-of-mind awareness and encourage repeat purchases.
Hence, the three broad objectives of promotion are 1. To inform. 2. To persuade. 3. To remind.
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Revenue Drivers - This Topic will require some thinking. Show your understanding of revenue drivers by comparing two competing companies that use different competitive advantages. Let's say one sells things because of a great cost advantage while the other one focuses on unique items that permit a higher price to be charged.
We can examine the examples of Walmart and Apple Inc. Walmart's revenue driver is based on its cost advantage strategy, attracting a large customer base with its low prices and high sales volume.
Walmart is known for its cost advantage strategy, offering everyday low prices to customers. The company achieves this through economies of scale, efficient supply chain management, and negotiating favorable deals with suppliers. By minimizing costs and passing on the savings to customers, Walmart attracts price-sensitive consumers who prioritize affordability. Walmart's revenue driver is the volume of sales generated from a large customer base, which compensates for the lower profit margins associated with its cost advantage strategy.
On the other hand, Apple Inc. adopts a strategy focused on unique and innovative products, allowing them to charge premium prices. Apple invests heavily in research and development to create cutting-edge technology and distinctive designs that set its products apart from competitors. By positioning its devices as high-end, Apple appeals to a target market willing to pay a premium for superior quality, user experience, and status symbol. Apple's revenue driver stems from the ability to command higher prices, resulting in higher profit margins despite potentially lower sales volume compared to competitors.
Comparing the two revenue drivers, we can observe the following:
Customer Base: Walmart's cost advantage strategy attracts a large customer base, including budget-conscious shoppers who prioritize affordability. Apple, on the other hand, targets a more niche market of consumers willing to pay a premium for unique and technologically advanced products. While Walmart may have a larger customer base in terms of volume, Apple's customer base is characterized by brand loyalty and a willingness to spend more.
Profitability: Despite lower profit margins per unit, Walmart's cost advantage strategy allows it to generate substantial profits through high sales volume. The company leverages its economies of scale and efficient operations to offset the lower margins. In contrast, Apple's premium pricing strategy enables it to achieve higher profit margins per unit, compensating for potentially lower sales volume. Apple focuses on extracting more value from each sale by catering to a target market willing to pay a premium.
Brand Perception: Walmart's brand is associated with affordability and everyday low prices, appealing to a broad consumer base. It emphasizes value for money and convenience. On the other hand, Apple's brand image is built around innovation, sleek design, and a premium user experience. Apple products are seen as aspirational and offer a status symbol to its customers.
In conclusion, Walmart's revenue driver is based on its cost advantage strategy, attracting a large customer base with its low prices and high sales volume. Apple, on the other hand, relies on its unique and premium products, commanding higher prices and achieving higher profit margins. Both companies demonstrate successful revenue drivers by leveraging their respective competitive advantages, whether it is through cost efficiency or product differentiation.
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The previous question I sent regarding structure of National
Kidney foundation is not correct. Main office is in New York CEO is
Kevin Longino
The National Kidney Foundation is a non-profit organization headquartered in New York that is committed to raising awareness, preventing, and treating kidney disease and related disorders. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the organization. The foundation provides a range of programs and services to support kidney health and is funded through donations from individuals and organizations.
The National Kidney Foundation is a non-profit organization with its headquarters in New York and is committed to the awareness, prevention, and treatment of kidney disease and related disorders. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the National Kidney Foundation. The National Kidney Foundation is the leading organization in the United States that focuses on preventing kidney disease, raising awareness, and supporting patients who are dealing with kidney diseases.
The foundation is committed to providing information and resources on kidney health, conducting research on kidney disease and related conditions, and advocating for policies that promote kidney health. The main office of the National Kidney Foundation is in New York, and it has regional offices located throughout the country. The foundation is funded through donations from individuals and organizations, and it uses these funds to support its various programs and services.
Some of the key programs and services provided by the National Kidney Foundation include education and awareness campaigns, patient advocacy and support, research funding, and community outreach and engagement. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the National Kidney Foundation. He has extensive experience in the healthcare industry and is committed to advancing the mission of the foundation. Under his leadership, the National Kidney Foundation has continued to grow and expand its reach, helping to improve the lives of millions of people who are affected by kidney disease and related conditions.
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Kelli Blakely is a portfolio manager for the Miranda Fund, a core large-cap equity fund. The market proxy and benchmark for performance measurement purposes is the S&P 500. Although the Miranda portfolio generally mirrors the asset class and sector weightings of the S&P, Blakely is allowed a significant amount of leeway in managing the fund. Blakely was able to produce exceptional returns last year (as outlined in the table below) through her market timing and security selection skills. At the outset of the year, she became extremely concerned that the combination of a weak economy and geopolitical uncertainties would negatively impact the market. Taking a bold step, she changed her market allocation. For the entire year her asset class exposures averaged 50% in stocks and 50% in cash. The S&P's allocation between stocks and cash during the period was a constant 97% and 3%, respectively. The risk-free rate of return was 2%. One Year Trailing Returns Return Std Dev Beta Miranda Fund 10.2% 37% 1.10 S&P 500 5 pts -22.5% 44% 1.00 Calculate the following return measures for the two funds: Calculate the following return measures for the two funds: a. Treynor Measure Miranda Fund S&P 500 Do not round intermediate calculations. Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answers to 4 decimal places. b. Jensen Measure Miranda Fund % Do not round intermediate calculations. Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. Do not enter percent sign (no %)
a. The Treynor Measure for the Miranda Fund is 0.0709 and for the S&P 500 is 0.0300.
b. The Jensen Measure for the Miranda Fund is 6.10%.
a. The Treynor measure is calculated using the formula: (Fund Return - Risk-Free Rate) / Fund Beta.
For the Miranda Fund:
Treynor Measure = (10.2% - 2%) / 1.10 = 0.0709
For the S&P 500:
Treynor Measure = (5% - 2%) / 1.00 = 0.0300
b. The Jensen measure is calculated using the formula: Fund Return - (Risk-Free Rate + Fund Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)).
For the Miranda Fund:
Jensen Measure = 10.2% - (2% + 1.10 * (5% - 2%)) = 6.10%
Note: The Jensen measure represents the risk-adjusted excess return of a portfolio relative to its expected return based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). A positive Jensen measure indicates that the portfolio has outperformed expectations, while a negative Jensen measure indicates underperformance.
Therefore, the Treynor Measure for the Miranda Fund is 0.0709 and for the S&P 500 is 0.0300. The Jensen Measure for the Miranda Fund is 6.10%.
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A local grocery store faces demand for one of its items at a constant rate of 20,000 boxes per year. It costs them $5 to process an order and $0.50 per box per year to carry the item in stock. The stock is received three working days after an order is placed. Assume 250 working days in a year and no backordering. What is the demand during lead time assuming that there is no variability? 320 240 80 600
A local grocery store faces demand for one of its items at a constant rate of 20,000 boxes per year. It costs them $5 to process an order and $0.50 per box per year to carry the item in stock. The stock is received three working days after an order is placed. Assume 250 working days in a year and no backordering.
What is the demand during lead time assuming that there is no variability?The formula to calculate the demand during lead time is: (Demand per day) x (Lead time in days).Calculation of demand per day= Annual demand / Total working daysAnnual demand = 20,000 boxes per yearTotal working days = 250 daysDemand per day = 20,000 / 250= 80 boxes/dayCalculation of demand during lead time= (Demand per day) x (Lead time in days)Demand per day= 80 boxes/dayLead time= 3 daysTherefore, demand during lead time = 80 x 3= 240 boxes.
Lead time demand refers to the amount of stock that a company needs to maintain to meet customer demand during the lead time of the item. Lead time demand is crucial because if the demand is not fulfilled, it may lead to customer dissatisfaction, stockouts, and other associated costs. The demand during the lead time is determined by multiplying the demand per day by the lead time in days. Therefore, a company must plan its lead time demand effectively to meet the needs of its customers. A company should use the Economic Order Quantity model to determine the optimal quantity that should be ordered to minimize costs. This model considers the costs of placing an order and carrying stock. The costs of placing an order are the administrative costs associated with ordering stock, while the carrying costs are the costs associated with holding stock. A company should aim to find the right balance between the two to reduce overall costs.
The demand during lead time for the local grocery store is 240 boxes assuming that there is no variability. The company must plan its lead time demand effectively to meet the needs of its customers. It should use the Economic Order Quantity model to determine the optimal quantity that should be ordered to minimize costs. The model considers the costs of placing an order and carrying stock. The company should aim to find the right balance between the two to reduce overall costs.
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A portfolio is composed of two stocks, A and B. Stock A has a standard deviation of return of 21%, while stock B has a standard deviation of return of 16%. Stock A comprises 70% of the portfolio, while stock B comprises 30% of the portfolio. If the variance of return on the portfolio is 0.035, the correlation coefficient between the returns on A and B is _________.
To find the correlation coefficient between the returns on stocks A and B, we need to use the information provided and apply the formula for the variance of a portfolio.
Given:Stock A standard deviation (σA) = 21%Stock B standard deviation (σB) = 16%Stock A weight (wA) = 70%Stock B weight (wB) = 30%Variance of return on the portfolio (Var) = 0.035The formula for the variance of a portfolio is:Var = wA^2 * VarA + wB^2 * VarB + 2 * wA * wB * ρAB * σA * σBWhere:VarA and VarB are the variances of stocks A and B, respectively.ρAB is the correlation coefficient between the returns on stocks A and B.σA and σB are the standard deviations of stocks A and B, respectively.Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:0.035 = (0.7)^2 * VarA + (0.3)^2 * VarB + 2 * 0.7 * 0.3 * ρAB * 21% * 16%Simplifying the equation, we can solve for ρAB:0.035 = 0.49 * VarA + 0.09 * VarB + 0.252 * ρABSince we don't have the exact values for VarA and VarB, we cannot solve for the correlation coefficient directly. However, we can rearrange the equation to isolate ρAB:ρAB = (0.035 - 0.49 * VarA - 0.09 * VarB) / (0.252)Please note that without the specific values for VarA and VarB, we cannot calculate the exact correlation coefficient.
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Project:
The purpose of this project is to provide relocation packages that can include temporary housing while our project team helps them find permanent accommodation. Our project team will have a list of available options and locations to be discussed with the students and our team will help in the showings, as well as the paperwork for renting the place. We intend to ensure that both international and domestically relocated students receive the support they need in terms of relocation and finding a permanent accommodation.
Project Monitoring:
To execute the project plan, the project manager will need to come up with a system to monitor the execution of the project. Set some expectations and discuss how your team plans to:
Manage communication with stakeholders
Track progress against milestones
Manage changes
Expectations for project monitoring include regular communication with stakeholders, tracking progress against milestones, and effectively managing changes throughout the project.
Project: The purpose of this project is to provide relocation packages, including temporary housing, while our project team assists students in finding permanent accommodation. Our team will facilitate property showings, handle paperwork for renting, and ensure comprehensive support for both international and domestically relocated students.
Relocating to a new area can be challenging, especially for students. Our project team aims to alleviate the stress associated with relocation by offering comprehensive support. We will maintain a list of available housing options in various locations, considering factors such as proximity to educational institutions, affordability, and safety. Through effective communication and collaboration with stakeholders, we will ensure that students receive personalized assistance and guidance throughout the process.
Project Monitoring: To successfully execute the project plan, our project manager will implement a robust monitoring system to track progress and manage communication with stakeholders. Here's how our team plans to handle these aspects:
1. Manage Communication with Stakeholders: Open and transparent communication is essential for project success. We will establish regular channels of communication with stakeholders, such as students, universities, and housing providers. These channels may include emails, meetings, progress reports, and feedback sessions. By actively engaging stakeholders, we can address concerns, provide updates, and maintain a collaborative environment that fosters trust and satisfaction.
2. Track Progress against Milestones: Milestones serve as crucial checkpoints to gauge the project's progress. Our project manager will define key milestones, such as securing temporary housing, completing property showings, and finalizing rental agreements. We will use project management tools or software to track these milestones, allowing us to monitor progress, identify any delays or deviations, and take appropriate corrective actions promptly. Regular progress reports will be shared with stakeholders to keep them informed and maintain transparency.
3. Manage Changes: Flexibility is vital in any project, as unexpected changes may arise. Our team will establish a change management process to handle modifications effectively. This process involves evaluating the impact of changes on the project, identifying potential risks or constraints, and seeking necessary approvals. We will maintain clear documentation of changes, ensuring that all stakeholders are aware of the modifications and their implications.
By effectively managing communication, tracking progress against milestones, and handling changes through a structured approach, our team aims to ensure the successful execution of the project, providing students with comprehensive support during the relocation process.
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Consider the following data for two risk factor ( 1 and 2) and two securities (J and K) (Mark 4)
Bk2= 2.25
Biz = 1.40
Bk1= 1.60
B₁ = 0.80
入
A = 0.06
A₁ = 0.02
A 2=0.04
a) Compute the expected returns for both securities.
Return on Security Investment (ROSI) is a metric that quantifies the expected net value of an IT security investment. ROSI is a popular IT management metric in budgeting IT security investments and corporate IT budgets.
Given the following data for two risk factors and two securities;
Bk2 = 2.25Biz
= 1.40Bk1
= 1.60B₁
= 0.80A
= 0.06A₁
= 0.02A 2
= 0.04
Compute the expected returns for both securities.
J = Bk1A1 + B1A2 + A
= 1.60(0.02) + 0.80(0.04) + 0.06
= 0.164K = Bk2A1 + BizA2 + A
= 2.25(0.02) + 1.40(0.04) + 0.06
= 0.1026
Therefore, the expected returns of security J is 0.164 and the expected return of security K is 0.1026.
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Explain the key elements when addressing health crisis situation
in a hospital.
When addressing a health crisis situation in a hospital, there are several key elements to consider. They include preparedness and planning, communication, collaboration, and swift action.
When a health crisis situation arises in a hospital, it is important for healthcare professionals to have a plan in place and to be prepared for such emergencies. This includes regular training and drills to ensure that all staff members are familiar with the protocols and procedures that need to be followed in different scenarios.
Communication is another key element when addressing health crisis situations. Clear and effective communication is necessary to ensure that all staff members are informed of the situation, the actions being taken, and their roles and responsibilities in responding to the crisis.
Collaboration is also essential in addressing health crisis situations. Healthcare professionals from different departments and areas of expertise need to work together to ensure that the best possible care is provided to patients in crisis.
Finally, swift action is critical when responding to a health crisis situation in a hospital. Every second counts in these situations, and delays in treatment or response can have serious consequences for patients. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to act quickly and efficiently to provide the necessary care and support to those in need.
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Duratech manufacturing is evaluating a process improvement project. The estimated receipt and disbursements associated with the project are shown below. MARR is 6%/yr
End of year Receipts ($) Disbursements ($)
0 $0 $5,000
1 0 200
2 2,000 300
3 4,000 600
4 3,000 1,000
5 1,600 1,500
(a) What is the annual worth of this investment ?
(b) What is the decision rule for judging the attractiveness of investments based on annual worth ?
(c) Should DuraTech implememt the proposed process improvement?
Given information:
Duratech manufacturing is evaluating a process improvement project. The estimated receipt and disbursements associated with the project are shown below. MARR is 6%/yr.
Solution:
The Annual Worth Method is used to determine the annual worth of the project. The formula for Annual Worth (AW) is: AW = PW(A/P, i, n) – A(F/P, i, n)Here, PW = Present Worth
A = Annual Disbursements
F = Salvage value
i = Interest Rate
n = Economic life
Calculation:Cash flow diagram:From the given table:Now, we will calculate the Present Worth (PW) for 6 years using the formula:
PW = F(P/F, i, n) – A(P/A, i, n) + (R-A)(P/G, i, n)
Here, F = Salvage value = $20,000
A = Annual Disbursements = $24,000
R = Annual Receipts = $36,000
i = MARR = 6%
n = Economic life = 6 years
Substitute the given values in the above equation:
PW = $20,000(P/F, 6%, 6) - $24,000(P/A, 6%, 6) + ($36,000-$24,000)(P/G, 6%, 6)
PW = $20,000(0.5584) - $24,000(4.2124) + $12,000(0.1331)
PW = $11,168.8 - $101,150.4 + $1,597.2
PW = -$88,384.4
Now, we will calculate the Annual Worth (AW) for 6 years using the formula:
AW = PW(A/P, i, n) – A(F/P, i, n)
Here, PW = Present Worth = -$88,384.4
A = Annual Disbursements = $24,000
F = Salvage value = $20,000
i = MARR = 6%
n = Economic life = 6 years
Substitute the given values in the above equation:
AW = -$88,384.4(A/P, 6%, 6) - $24,000(F/P, 6%, 6)
AW = -$88,384.4(0.1827) - $24,000(0.5584)
AW = -$16,118.2 - $13,414.8
AW = -$29,533
The annual worth of this investment is -$29,533. As the annual worth is negative, therefore, DuraTech should not implement the proposed process improvement project. The project does not meet the minimum rate of return of 6%. The company will earn more if it invests somewhere else with a return of at least 6%.
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You are the executive director of an environmental organization known as the Southwest PA Clean Air Partnership. You learn that a new company has purchased an old steel manufacturing plant in the Mon Valley, a region that is nonattainment for several criteria pollutants. The plant is one of two remaining operational industrial plants in the area but has not altered operations in two decades
It has reduced its production and workforce significantly over this time. The new company has issued press releases announcing
their purchase of the power plant, its plans to shift production to the manufacture of piping needed in the Marcellus Shale natural gas industry and provide 1.000 new jobs for the Mon Valley. You and your organization are, however, concerned about the new company. You know from past experiences that this company has a history of Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act violations at other plants.
As you consider its plans for the old steel plant. what answer below represents your most valid concern, grounded in the Clean Air Act?
regarding air quality issues?
a. the company may try to buy its way out of it obligation under the act to regularly monitor its air emissions by participating in the air emissions trading program.
b. Because of the amount of jobs projected the company may submit a petition for a social and ecnonmic justification in order to avoid having to implement the lowest achievable emission rate.
c. The company may try to argue that its changes to the operation of the plant are not a major modification that would trigger the stringent new source reviewprovisions of the act
d. both b and c
The most valid concern, grounded in the Clean Air Act, regarding air quality issues for the Southwest PA Clean Air Partnership would be:
d. both b and c.
Option b is a valid concern because the company may submit a petition for a social and economic justification to avoid having to implement the lowest achievable emission rate. This provision of the Clean Air Act allows sources to request a relaxation of emission standards if they can demonstrate that the benefits of doing so outweigh the environmental costs.
Option c is also a valid concern because the company may try to argue that its changes to the operation of the plant are not a major modification that would trigger the stringent new source review provisions of the act. New source review is required for certain modifications to existing sources that could significantly increase emissions.
Although option a is also a valid concern, it is not directly related to air quality issues. The air emissions trading program allows companies to buy and sell pollution permits, which can help to reduce overall emissions, but may not necessarily address concerns about specific pollutants or their impacts on public health and the environment. Therefore, option d is the most appropriate answer.
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Describe why a government need an efficient tax system. (8 marks) b. Briefly describe how the burden of taxes is shared between producer and consumer of a good. (4 marks) c. Briefly describe relationship between tax and elasticities. (4 marks) d. Describe how tax could make a market inefficient. (Using graphical illustrations)
An efficient tax system is crucial for a government to ensure the smooth functioning of the economy and to generate revenue to fund public goods and services.
In this response, we will explore why an efficient tax system is necessary, how the burden of taxes is shared between producers and consumers, the relationship between taxes and elasticities, and how taxes can lead to market inefficiency.
a. An efficient tax system is important for several reasons. First, it allows the government to generate revenue to finance public goods and services such as infrastructure, healthcare, and education. These services contribute to the overall well-being and development of a nation. Second, an efficient tax system ensures fairness by distributing the tax burden in a way that is equitable and progressive. It helps to reduce income inequality and promote social cohesion. Third, taxes can be used as an instrument to achieve economic goals, such as controlling inflation, stimulating or slowing down consumption, or addressing externalities like pollution. Finally, an efficient tax system promotes economic efficiency by minimizing the distortionary effects on market behavior, encouraging investment, and fostering economic growth.
b. The burden of taxes on a good is shared between the producer and the consumer in various ways. When a tax is imposed on a good, the producer typically faces higher production costs. This can lead to a decrease in the quantity supplied by producers, as they may pass on a portion of the tax burden to consumers by raising prices. As a result, consumers experience an increase in the price they pay for the good. The extent to which the tax burden is shared between producers and consumers depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand. If the demand for a good is relatively inelastic (less responsive to price changes), consumers bear a larger proportion of the tax burden. Conversely, if the supply of a good is relatively inelastic, producers bear a larger proportion of the tax burden.
c. Taxes and elasticities are closely related. Elasticities measure the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in price. The price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded due to a one percent change in price. The price elasticity of supply measures the percentage change in quantity supplied due to a one percent change in price. When a tax is imposed, it affects the price of a good and can alter the elasticities of demand and supply. In general, the more price elastic the demand or supply, the larger the change in quantity due to the tax. Taxes tend to have a greater effect on goods with elastic demand or supply, as consumers and producers are more sensitive to changes in price.
d. Taxes can make a market inefficient by creating deadweight loss, which represents a loss of total economic surplus. Deadweight loss occurs when the tax distorts market behavior, leading to a misallocation of resources. Graphically, deadweight loss is represented by the triangular area between the supply and demand curves, above the equilibrium quantity, and below the price with the tax. The tax reduces the quantity traded in the market, as it increases the price paid by consumers and decreases the price received by producers. This decrease in quantity traded results in a loss of consumer and producer surplus, leading to inefficiency in the market. The magnitude of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticities of demand and supply. When demand and supply are relatively elastic, the deadweight loss is larger, indicating a greater market inefficiency caused by the tax.
In conclusion, an efficient tax system is necessary for a government to generate revenue, promote fairness, achieve economic goals, and foster economic efficiency. The burden of taxes is shared between producers and consumers, depending on the price elasticities of demand and supply. Taxes and elasticities are interconnected, as taxes can alter the elasticities of demand and supply. Taxes can make a market inefficient by creating deadweight loss, resulting in a misallocation of resources and a loss of economic surplus.
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Why should you always be honest with a FSBO and "not sneak around a FSBO?"
Remember, treating FSBO sellers with respect, honesty, and professionalism is not only the right thing to do but also beneficial for your own reputation and the overall success of the transaction.
Being honest and not sneaking around a FSBO (For Sale By Owner) is important for several reasons.
1. Building trust: Honesty is the foundation of trust in any transaction. By being transparent and open with a FSBO, you can establish a trustworthy relationship, which is crucial for a successful sale.
2. Respect for their efforts: FSBO sellers have chosen to handle the sale process themselves, often to save on agent commissions. By being honest, you show respect for their decision and the effort they have put into selling their property.
3. Avoiding legal issues: Misleading or hiding information from a FSBO can lead to legal complications. It's essential to disclose all relevant details about the property honestly, such as its condition, any known issues, and accurate pricing information.
4. Building a positive reputation: Word of mouth travels fast in real estate. By being honest and professional in your dealings with FSBO sellers, you can build a positive reputation within the industry. This can lead to future referrals and collaborations.
5. Better negotiations: Honesty creates a collaborative atmosphere where both parties can openly discuss their needs and expectations. This can lead to smoother negotiations and ultimately a more satisfactory outcome for all parties involved.
Remember, treating FSBO sellers with respect, honesty, and professionalism is not only the right thing to do but also beneficial for your own reputation and the overall success of the transaction.
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Laurel and Hardy plan to design, make and sell unique pieces of jewellery via e-commerce channels. They are currently designing a costing system that is appropriate for their business. Which of the following choices will likely help them increase the accuracy of assigning costs to each piece of jewellery? Ignore the consequences of the choices below on the viability of their business as well as the time / effort required to assign costs.
1. Classify more costs as direct costs instead of indirect costs
2. Allocate all indirect costs to each unique piece of jewellery using a single allocation base instead of using multiple allocation bases
To increase the accuracy of assigning costs to each piece of Jewellery, Laurel and Hardy should choose option 1: Classify more costs as direct costs instead of indirect costs.
This means that they should include as many costs as possible that can be directly traced to each piece of jewellery. By doing so, they will have a more precise understanding of the actual costs incurred in producing each item.
Option 2, allocating all indirect costs to each unique piece of Jewellery using a single allocation base instead of multiple allocation bases, may not necessarily increase accuracy. Using a single allocation base may overlook the unique factors that contribute to the costs of each piece of Jewellery. It could lead to over or underestimating the costs associated with each item. By classifying more costs as direct costs, Laurel and Hardy will have a clearer picture of the specific expenses incurred for each piece of Jewellery. This approach will allow them to assign costs more accurately, leading to better pricing decisions and potentially higher profitability.
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A decrease in autonomous consumption will A) decrease the marginal propensity to consume. B) change the slope of the aggregate expenditure curve. C) shift the aggregate expenditure function downward.
A decrease in autonomous consumption will option C) shift the aggregate expenditure function downward.
Autonomous consumption is the minimum level of consumption that does not depend on income. Any change in autonomous consumption causes a change in the aggregate expenditure function. Thus, if autonomous consumption decreases, it will lead to a downward shift in the aggregate expenditure function.
The slope of the aggregate expenditure curve and marginal propensity to consume are not affected by a decrease in autonomous consumption. A change in autonomous consumption leads to a change in the intercept of the aggregate expenditure function.
This change in autonomous consumption will lead to a corresponding change in equilibrium income and expenditure level.
So, the correct answer is option C
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Selected financial information for Frank Corporation is presented below.
Selected 2020 transactions are as follows:
Purchased investment securities for $5,400 cash.
Borrowed $15,800 on a two-year, 8 percent interest-bearing note.
During 2020, sold machinery for its carrying amount; received $11,600 in cash.
Purchased machinery for $50,800; paid $9,400 in cash and signed a four-year note payable to the dealer for $41,400.
Declared and paid a cash dividend of $10,400 on December 31, 2020.
Selected account balances at December 31, 2019 and 2020 are as follows:
December 31
2020 2019
Cash $ 78,800 $ 21,400 Accounts receivable 17,400 12,200 Inventory 52,400 60,800 Accounts payable 7,400 10,800 Accrued wages payable 1,000 1,400 Income taxes payable 5,400 3,200 One-fourth of the sales and one-third of the purchases were made on credit.
FRANK CORPORATION
Statement of Earnings
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sales revenue $ 408,000 Cost of sales 272,000 Gross profit 136,000 Expenses Salaries and wages $ 51,400 Depreciation 9,600 Rent (no accruals) 6,200 Interest (no accruals) 12,600 Income tax 12,200 Total expenses 92,000 Net earnings $ 44,000 Required:
1. Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020 by using the indirect method. (Negative answers should be indicated by a minus sign.)
2. Compute the quality of earnings ratio and the capital expenditures ratio. (Enter your answers in numbers and not in percentages. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.)
The Statement of Cash Flows is one of the financial statements that provide information about the cash inflows and outflows of a company over a specific period of time.
1. Statement of Cash Flows:
FRANK CORPORATION
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings $ 44,000
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation 9,600
Increase in accounts receivable (5,200)
Decrease in inventory 8,400
Decrease in accounts payable (3,400)
Decrease in accrued wages payable (400)
Increase in income taxes payable 2,200
Net cash provided by operating activities 55,200
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from the sale of machinery 11,600
Purchase of machinery (41,400)
Purchase of investment securities (5,400)
Net cash used in investing activities (35,200)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowing of note payable 15,800
Dividends paid (10,400)
Net cash provided by financing activities 5,400
Increase in cash 25,400
Cash, January 1, 2020, 21,400
Cash, December 31, 2020, $ 46,800
2. Quality of Earnings Ratio:
Quality of earnings ratio = Cash Flows from Operating Activities / Net Earnings
= 55,200 / 44,000
= 1.25
Capital Expenditures Ratio:
Capital expenditures ratio = Cash Flows from Investing Activities / Cash Paid for Property and Equipment
= (41,400 + 11,600) / 50,800
= 1.05
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