If a scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material, then RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate would be a workable alternate hypothesis (Option B).
What are the functions of RNA?The functions of RNA are not limited to transporting the genetic material from DNA to protein but also act as catalytic agents in some situations, which are called ribozymes, in addition to the reservoir of genetic information for viruses.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the functions of RNA are not limited to transport genetic information.
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Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Answer:
Vicarious reinforcement real-life examples include: Your child learns to say “please” because he/she saw a sibling say the same and get rewarded for it. The child learns to eat his/her vegetables to get dessert because he/she saw a sibling finish their veggies and was allowed the sweets.
Explanation:
You are a paleontologist working on a dig site in southern
South America and Antarctica. You have uncovered a fossilized animal
that has previously only been found in Australia (not anywhere else, like
Africa). Without need for further dating, what can you estimate about
when this animal probably evolved? (4 pts)
Australopithecus afarensis is one of the best-known early hominins thanks to an extraordinary skeleton known as Lucy.
What makes Australia distinct from other continents?The Australian continent, which has a total surface area of 8.56 million square kilometers (3,310,000 sq mi), is the world's smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-dryest continent (behind Antarctica).Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America are all southern continents where the Glossopteris fossil can be found. As the Glossopteris seed is known to be huge and clumsy, it cannot have flown or drifted over the oceans to another continent.Australia has never yielded any remains of Homo erectus. Evidence suggests that the Denisovans, a second species that was also known to have lived in this area, interbred with modern humans. About 3-5% of the DNA of Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians comes from Denisova.To learn more about Denisova refer to:
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The cross between a male blue lizard and a female yellow lizard that produces green offspring likely exhibits what kind of dominance?
The cross between a male blue lizard and a female yellow lizard that produces green offspring likely exhibits the incomplete type of dominance.
What is Incomplete dominance?This is referred to as the process in which both alleles of a gene are partially expressed, which often results in an intermediate or different phenotype.
In this scenario, we were told that the allele of the male blue and that of the female yellow were partially expressed which is therefore the reason why the intermediate color which is green was formed and is the reason why incomplete dominance was chosen as the correct choice.
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The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially ADDED to the chain?
NADH and FADH2 serve as the electron transport chain's precursors, whereas ATP and water serve as their end products.
What is the electron transport chain?Complex I, Complex II, Coenzyme Q, Complex III, Cytochrome C, and Complex IV are the ETC proteins in the general order.
A nucleoside diphosphate (ADP or GDP) is phosphorylated by a substrate to form a nucleoside triphosphate in a process known as substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP or GTP).
Therefore, with the help of the free energy generated by redox events in the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation converts ADP to ATP.
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Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT
A) interference with viral replication.
B) bacterial cell lysis.
C) opsonization.
D) increased phagocytic activity.
E) increased blood vessel permeability.
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT interference with viral replication (Option A).
What is the complement activation of the immune system?The complement activation of the immune system is defined as a group of specific immune proteins that are activated when a pathogen bind to antibodies or directly by these pathogenic agents.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the complement activation of the immune system is activated by different types of pathogenic agents but it does not cause interference with viral replication.
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Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?
The incorrect statement about nephron is: (a) The collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
Nephron is the basic unit that makes up the kidney. Millions of nephrons together constitute the kidney. A nephron itself is constituted of several components. These are: Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
Collecting duct is the last portion of the nephron that is involved in the collection of urine from the kidney and then move it further to the renal pelvis and ureters. The collecting duct also participates in the reabsorption of water.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?
a. The collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
b. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus.
c. The loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
d. The loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule.
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Which of the following accurately describes an individual using science to make a daily decision?
A. Fernando switches to a different toothpaste. He doesn't like the taste of the one he currently uses.
B. Sam buys a red bicycle at a garage sale. In his opinion, red is the best color.
C. Kylie researches several dog foods. She chooses the one with the highest meat to grain ratio. There is evidence to show meats are better for a dogs health than grains.
D. Sophia watches the news and hears that it will be 27°C (80°F) and rainy tomorrow afternoon.
Answer: C
Explanation: It's talking about data and research.
hope this helps!
please give brainliest!
which of the following sequences represents the correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration?
A) glucose – glycolysis → citric acid cycle pyruvate oxidation + electron transport chain
B) glucose + citric acid cycle glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain
C) glucose pyruvate oxidation - glycolysis → electron transport chain → citric acid cycle
D) glucose → pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - glycolysis → electron transport chain
E) glucose – glycolysis pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain
The correct order in which metabolic reactions occur during the complete oxidation of glucose through aerobic respiration is:
glucose – glycolysis pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain; option E.What is aerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration refers to the process by which the body breaks down food molecules in the body in the form of glucose to produce energy in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen in order for it to proceed.
The steps of aerobic respiration are as follows:
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describe how genetic information is coded in dna, listing the characteristics of the code and explaining its degeneracy.
The genetic information is coded in DNA because this molecule contains all the info to synthesize proteins, the genetic code is degenerated because different codons can be used to synthesize the same amino acid during the translation.
Why the genetic code is degenerated?The genetic code is degenerated because different triplets of nucleotides in the DNA sequence can be used to synthesize the same amino acid, which are called synonym codons.
The DNA molecule contains fragments called genes that generate proteins by the successive processes of transcription and translation, as well as regulatory non coding sequences that control the process of transcription
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the genetic code is degenerated because there are different codons are also able to generate the same amino acid during the process of protein synthesis, i.e., during the translation.
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Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
You are studying leaf development in a member of the mustard family. You identify several mutants of interest in this plant and make pure (true-breeding) lines of each mutant for further study.
Part A - Determining relationships between alleles
You decide to conduct a genetic analysis of these mutant lines by crossing each with a pure wild-type line. The numbers in the F2 indicate the number of progeny in each phenotypic class.
From these results, determine the relationship between the mutant allele and its corresponding wild-type allele in each line.
Label each mutant line with the best statement from the list below. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. COMPLETE DOMINANCE
2. COMPLETE DOMINANCE
3. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
What do you mean by complete and incomplete dominance?In complete dominance, there is no difference in phenotype between AA and Aa individuals. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype in a heterozygous individual is visibly less intense than that in an individual homozygous for the dominant allele, so that AA and Aa genotypes produce different phenotypes.
Moreover, the phenomenon of inheritance of completely linked genes is called complete linkage. The phenomenon of inheritance of incompletely linked genes is called incomplete linkage. 2. In complete linkage, the linked genes which are closely located on the chromosome do not separate (no crossing over) and inherit together.
Hence, dominancy is the main difference between complete and incomplete dominance. In complete dominance, one allele is dominant over the other allele.
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believing that dichotomous, or “black-and-white,” thinking plays a key role in producing and maintaining dependent personality disorder comes from the _____ perspective.
Believing that dichotomous, or “black-and-white,” thinking plays a key role in producing and maintaining dependent personality disorder comes from the cognitive-behavioral perspective.
How do those who have dependent personality disorder behave?According to CBT theory, how we think and act affects how we feel. Our thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and behavior are all interconnected. Numerous studies have shown that CBT is a successful treatment for ailments ranging from anxiety and depression to pain as well as insomnia.
Therefore, A specific form of anxious personality disorder is dependent personality disorder (DPD). People with DPD frequently experience helplessness, submission, or an inability to care for themselves. Simple decisions might be challenging for them. However, a person with a dependent personality can develop self-assurance and independence with assistance.
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Confused on this step
Answer: Flip the lid or the box around so the positive (red) electrode is on the side opposite of the wells that hold your sample in the agarose gel.
Explanation:
DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate backbone. So in order for electrophoresis to function properly the DNA has to travel through the gel towards the positive electrode.
42. the primary motor cortex is arranged such that neurons near one another send signals to areas of muscles that are close to each other. this arrangement illustrates the:
The notion of topographic organisation is illustrated by the primary motor cortex's configuration, which allows neurons that are close to one another to communicate with adjacent regions of the muscle tissue.
What is primary motor cortex?At the primary motor cortex, motor representation is neatly structured (inverted) along a fold in the cortex known as the central sulcus, running from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom).
Particular cortical regions may, however, govern some body parts in a somewhat overlapping manner. Before the start of a movement, primary motor cortex neurons fire 5 to 100 ms in advance. These neurons are therefore engaged in relaying motor orders to the alpha motor neurons, which in turn cause the proper muscles to contract, rather than firing as a result of muscular activation.
Therefore, The notion of topographic organisation is illustrated by the primary motor cortex's configuration, which allows neurons that are close to one another to communicate with adjacent regions of the muscle tissue.
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assume that blood pressure drops in a person because of an injury, and given the drop in blood pressure, indicate whether the statement on the body’s responses is true or false.
The statement on the drop in blood pressure of of a person due to injury is true.
What is blood pressure?The force or pressure of the blood inside the arteries is measured as blood pressure. The heart pumps blood into the arteries that carry it throughout your body each time it beats. This occurs 60 to 100 times each minute, every single day. The entire body receives oxygen and nutrients through the arteries so that it can function.
The blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day. Depending on what an individual doing, it changes. Exercise and excitement both cause an increase in blood pressure. The blood pressure drops while an individual is sleeping.
Blood pressure can also affected by:
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Assume that blood pressure drops in a person because of an injury, and given the drop in blood pressure, indicate whether the statement on the body's responses is true or false.
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands
The desk for Caron’s new office weighs 500 Newtons. What would be the impact of an applied force that pushes from below at 475 Newtons?
A. The desk would move forward.
B. The desk would stay where it is.
C. The desk would change directions.
D. The desk would move upward.
The impact of the applied force will have no effect as the desk would stay where it is (Option B)
How do I determine if the desk will move or not?From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
Weight of desk = 500 NApplied force from below = 475 NWe can see that the weight of the desk (i.e 500 N) is greater than the applied force (i.e 475 N).
Thus, we can say that the impact of the applied force will have no effect since it is lesser.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is:
Option B: The desk would stay where it is.
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In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur. As a rabbit breeder, you crossed a BB male with a Bb female, please complete the Punnett square for the possible genotypes of the offspring. Then complete, the percent chance for the phenotypes of the offspring. Fill in all blanks ( _________ ) 1-10.
..............................................................................
________ ________ .
offspring 1 offspring 2 .
_______ ________ ________ .
offspring 3 offspring 4 .
_______ ________ ________ .
..............................................................................
% Black ___
% White ___
Answer:Offspring one- BB
Offspring 2 -BB
Offspring 3 -Bb
Offspring 4 - Bb
Black % - 100%
White % - 0%
Explanation:
B is dominant over white, And when you draw out the punnett square it all start with a dominant trait.
The possible genotypes for the progeny will be BB, and Bb. and the percentage of black fur will be 100% and for white will be 0%.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a square diagram often used predict genetic traits of a specific cross or breeding experiment.
It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who invented it in 1905. Biologists use the diagram to calculate the likelihood of an offspring having a specific genotype.
The Punnett square is a chart that enumerates all of the potential scenarios of a genetic cross between two people with known genotypes.
The Punnett square, in its most basic form, is a square divided into four quadrants.
A Punnett Square is a useful tool for predicting the variations and probabilities that can result from cross breeding. This includes predicting the intercrossing of plants, animals, and even humans.
For the given scenario, the genotype of the offspring will be BB and Bb as per the attached Punnett Square.
Thus, the possibility of the black fur rabbits will be 100% and for white ones it will be 0%.
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based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Answer: sympathetic: thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic: craniosacral
Explanation:
Whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes all have similar adaptations that enable them to live in the ocean. Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic relationships of selected vertebrates.
Based on the phylogenetic relationships shown in Figure 1, which of the following best explains the similarities exhibited by whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes?
Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor.
Adaptive radiation, because all three groups evolved from a unique, shared common ancestor from the cartilaginous fishes group.
Mutation, because the shared traits can be traced back to a shared tecent common ancestor
Founder effect, because all three groups formerly existed together as one population that then wan disrupted, causing speciation
Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor.
What is convergent evolution?Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.
Moreover, convergent evolution occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures. Traits that arise through convergent evolution are referred to as 'analogous structures'. They are contrasted with 'homologous structures', which have a common origin.
Therefore, convergent evolution—in which distinct lineages independently evolve similar traits—has fascinated evolutionary biologists for centuries, in large part because convergent evolution is often thought to represent a visible manifestation of the power of natural selection.
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Write two paragraphs on fossils: What are they? How are they formed? Where are they found? What we learn from fossils
Fossils are traces or remains of ancient (dead) organisms. Examples of fossils can be a tooth of a dinosaur, a foot print, bones, stone imprints, shells or even animal waste!
Fossils can be formed in many ways! The two major types of fossils are body fossils and trace fossils.
Let's start with the simpler one!
Trace fossils- They are left-behind tracks, trails or burrows of the actual organism.
Body fossils are the remains of the actual organism. Usually, the soft part of the organism, such as the skin, tissue, muscle, rots away after the animal/creature dies. The hard part, such as the skeleton or bones are more likely to get preserved. Examples of body fossils can be molds and casts.
Fossils can be found all around the world! However, fossils are usually located in sedimentary rocks. They can also be formed in metamorphic rocks, but that's not the usual case. They will never be present in igneous rocks since they are made of substances like molten lava- cooled down.
The study of fossils is known as "paleontology." Scientists who studies fossils are known as "paleontologist"
Fossils can be used to find out when an animal was extinct, where it lived, how it lived, the cause of it's death, how long it lived and even when it first appeared.
What are staphylococci
A.cocci that form cluster
B.cocci that form a line
C.cocci form a ring
Answer:
the answer is your first opinion
there is an immediate energetic advantage to muscle in using its own glycogen stores in glycolysis rather than glucose from the bloodstream. why?
The reason why there is an immediate energetic advantage to muscle in using its own glycogen stores is broken down by phosphorolysis and this reduces the number of ATP molecules that must be invested in the hexoses stage of glycolysis.
What is glycolysis?The term glycolysis involves the breaking down of the sugar molecules to produce ATP. We know that in the muscle cells the process by which the ATP is produced is by the anaerobic pathway and this implies that there is the breakdown of glucose with the production of much lesser ATP molecules.
As such, we must be able to remind ourselves that the energy molecule of the body is the ATP molecule and as such it must be part of the processes that gives energy to the cells of the muscle which are found in the human body.
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Missing parts;
There is an immediate energetic advantage to muscle in using its own glycogen stores in glycolysis rather than glucose from the bloodstream. Which statement accurately explains why this is so?
a. Glucose transport into muscle cells is an active transport process.
b. Glycogen is broken down by phosphorolysis and this reduces the number of ATP molecules that must be invested in the hexoses stage of glycolysis.
c. Glycogen is broken down to glucose-1-phosphate, which is a high-energy intermediate.
d. UDP-glucose is a high-energy intermediate which includes a phosphoanhydride bond equivalent to that in ATP.
do you think humans in modern society are still adapted for endurance running. Why or why not?
Yes humans still have the ability to be adapted for endurance running by strict training.
Can humans still do endurance running?We know that humans have an unusual ability to adapt to the changes in the environment also we know that humans can be able to achieve very great feats by the training of the body.
It is clear that the body is able to do a lot of things if an individual is able to strictly train the body and enable it to carry out a lot of training and the endurance ability of the body can only be developed by strict training in which the muscles are trained to be able to absorb stress without breaking down.
Thus the ability to retain endurance still persists in humans but it must be cultivated by the process of a strict trainning.
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if you want to measure how much power it took to accomplish work in a certain amount of time, you would use the _____, a unit equivalent to 1 joule of work done in one second.
Answer:
the answer is watt
Explanation:
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which type of membrane protein might be dissociated from the membrane by changing the ph or the ionic strength?
The type of membrane protein that might be dissociated from the membrane by changing the ph or the ionic strength is the peripheral membrane protein (Option B).
What is the peripheral membrane protein?The peripheral membrane proteins are specific proteins in terms of the function that attach to the plasma membrane in a temporal way and thus change the physicochemical properties of the membrane.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the peripheral membrane protein can modify the physicochemical features in the plasma membrane.
Complete question:
Which type of membrane protein might be dissociated from the membrane by changing the pH or the ionic strength?
A) Integral membrane protein.
B) Peripheral membrane protein.
C) Lipid-anchored membrane protein.
D) All of the above.
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Part A
Which Of The Following Student-Drawn Cell Models Contain Two Chromosomes? Select All That Apply.
Answer:
the last one , the second to last one and the first one I am pretty sure
A, C and D are the student-Drawn Cell Models that Contain Two Chromosomes.
Every cell in your body has DNA, which is the form in which your genetic code is stored. It creates your body's manual of operations. Each cell's nucleus contains chromosomes, which are structures that resemble threads and contain the DNA molecule.
A chromosome is referred to be a "homologous chromosome" if it has a similar genetic makeup but also includes replication-induced variations. Sister chromatids are the two halves of a certain chromosome that are joined at the centromere. Chromosomes known as "replication chromosomes" arise after the cell has undergone the process of DNA replication to prepare for cell division.
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parathyroid hormone (pth) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
a. true
b. false
Parathyroid hormone binds to the receptors of the osteoblast. This is a completely true statement because this parathyroid hormone regulates the calcium homeostasis in the body by regulating the level of calcium.
What is a hormone?Hormones can be of different types, such as peptide hormones, amino acid hormones, etc., and these are secreted by the endocrine glands in the animal body and regulate the functions of different organs. The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels by acting on osteoblasts to release calcium into the blood, increasing calcium levels and regulating cellular activities.
hence Parathyroid hormone binds to the receptors of the osteoblast. This is completely true.
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Ensuring that managers operate firms in the best interest of the owners rather than themselves is called ____________.
The instructions are in the picture.
REAL ANSWERS ONLY!
NO LINKS!!!!
A: -70 mV
B: depolarizing stimulus
D: hyperpolarization
E: -55 mV
F: +30 mV
A single base substitution mutation is likely to have a less deleterious effect when the base change exhibits which of the following results?
an amino acid substitution that alters the tertiary structure of the protein
an amino acid substitution at the active site of an enzyme
a codon that specifies the same amino acid as the original codon
a stop codon
A single base substitution in the GGU codon, such as GGU-AGU, can occur, changing the amino acid, hence option c is correct.
What is a genetic codon?A single base substitution in the GGU codon, such as GGU-AGU, can occur, changing the amino acid that this codon codes for, glycine, to another.
Thus, this codon may be changed to code for a different amino acid by around six single-base substitutions.
Therefore, single base substitution mutation is the less deleterious effect if the codon changes specify the same amino acid, hence option c is correct.
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Drag the labels onto the flow chart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell
This is the sequence of protein synthesis and transport of secreted proteins: the first step is rough ER, the vesicle from ER, golgi appartus, the vesicle from golgi, and then finally it goes out of the plasma membrane.
How do the proteins go out of the cell?
The protein is synthesized on the rough ER surface and then enters the ER lumen. The vesicle exits the ER and travels to the golgi apparatus, which contains the protein, where it undergoes further modification. From the golgi, the modified protein goes out of the cell through the vesicle.
Hence, the sequence is rough ER-vesicles from ER- Golgi apparatus, vesicles from Golgi apparatus- and plasma membrane.
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