Bus transit routes are a type of mixed traffic and operate on a designated lane. Bus routes have stops where the bus picks or drops passengers. Bus stops have different capacities, and some are more critical than others based on the ridership observations.
This article will discuss how to calculate the bus lane capacity of a transit route with vehicles operating in mixed traffic with a total of 5 bus stops. The critical bus stop is the fourth one in this instance. The dwell time at bus stop 4 is 40 seconds, and it has two loading areas. The curb lane volume is 500 pc/h, and the right curb lane capacity is 700 pc/h. The signal has a cycle length of 70 secs, and the bus approach gets the green for 45 s. The goal is to limit the probability of a queue forming behind the bus to less than 5%. The following steps can be used to calculate the bus lane capacity
Determine the maximum green time for the bus lane. The bus lane will need to be green for the entire dwell time (40 seconds) plus the time for the bus to reach the next signalized intersection, assuming it starts moving immediately.
Lane Utilization Factor = Curb Lane Volume / Lane Capacity Bus Arrival Rate = 1 / Time between buses arriving at the bus stop= 1 / (40 s + 45 s) = 0.0154 s^-1Lane Utilization Factor = [tex]500 pc/h / 700 pc/h= 0.7143[/tex]
Determine the bus lane capacity. The bus lane capacity is equal to the bus arrival rate divided by the lane utilization factor. The desired probability of a queue forming behind the bus is less than 5%.Bus Lane Capacity = Bus Arrival Rate / Lane Utilization Factor= [tex]0.0154 s^-1 / 0.05= 0.3088 s^-1≈ 0.31 s^-1[/tex]
The bus lane capacity is [tex]0.31 s^-1,[/tex] and it is desired to limit the probability of a queue forming behind the bus to less than 5%.
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The slendemess ratio of a column determines if it is short, intermediate or long column Select the correct response: I don't know True False None enough data
The slenderness ratio is a measure of how slender a column is. It is defined as the effective length of a column divided by the least radius of gyration of its cross-section.
A column with a high slenderness ratio is considered more prone to buckling. The slenderness ratio is an important aspect of column design since it determines whether the column will be classified as a short column, intermediate column, or long column. For short columns, the slenderness ratio is less than or equal to 10, while for intermediate columns, the slenderns esratio is between 10 and 30. For long columns, the slenderness ratio is greater than 30.In conclusion, the slenderness ratio of a column determines whether it is classified as a short, intermediate, or long column. It is calculated by dividing the effective length of the column by the least radius of gyration of its cross-section.
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1. a) For the initial value theorem (IVT) and the final value theorem (FVT) properties for Laplace transforms i) Explain both properties in your own words and comment on why they are advantageous for engineers. ii) Explaining all steps, show the proof for the final value theorem. b) Determine the following for the first order differential equation and initial condition shown using the Laplace transform properties. 3+ 2y = 5, where y(0) = 2 dy dt i) The following transfer function, Y(s), using the derivative property 6s + 5 Y(S) = s(3s +2) The value of the time domain function as the time approaches zero, lim y(t) using the initial value theorem property.
ii) The value of the time domšin function as the time approaches infinity, lim y(t) using the final value theorem property.
Initial value theorem (IVT):According to the initial value theorem, the value of the time-domain function at time 0 is equal to the limit of the Laplace transform of the function as s approaches infinity.
Final value theorem (FVT):According to the final value theorem, the value of the time-domain function at time infinity is equal to the limit of the Laplace transform of the function as s approaches zero. These properties are advantageous for engineers as they provide a convenient way to determine the behavior of a system at initial and final states, respectively.
This information can be used to design and optimize the system accordingly.ii) Proof for Final Value Theorem:Given a Laplace transform of a function f(t), F(s), the final value theorem states that if the function is stable and all poles of F(s) are on the left side of the s-plane, then the limit of the function as t approaches infinity is equal to the limit. the Laplace transform as s approaches zero.
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The minimum amount of steel for one-way slab C with thickness h= 150 mm, f' = 28 MPa and f = 420 MPa (Grade 60) is: Select one: a. 220 2 mm/m 2 O b. 270 mm/m c. 240 2 mm/m 2 d. 290 mm/m
The correct answer is 240 2 mm/m2. The minimum amount of steel for one-way slab C with thickness h= 150 mm, f' = 28 MPa and f = 420 MPa (Grade 60) is 240 2 mm/m2.
The minimum amount of steel required for one-way slab is greater than 100. So, option (c) is correct.How to determine minimum amount of steel for a one-way slab?A minimum amount of steel is required for one-way slabs to ensure adequate structural strength.
The following is the process for calculating the minimum amount of steel required for a one-way slab:C = Cmin + Cfwhere,Cmin = 0.26(100A/Ast) (fy/f'c)^0.5Cf = 0.15(Ast/f'c)Here,Ast = area of tension reinforcement,fy = yield strength of tension reinforcement,f'c = compressive strength of concrete.
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A Contractor Has A Job Which Should Be Completed In 100 Days. At Present, He Has 80 Men On The Job And It Is Estimated That They Will Finish The Work In 130 Days. Of The 80 Men, 50 Are Each Paid ₱120.00 A Day, 25 At ₱180.00 A Day, And 5 At ₱250.00 A Day. For Each Day Beyond The Original 100 Days, A Contractor Has To Pay ₱500.00 Liquidated Damages.A) How Many
A contractor has a job which should be completed in 100 days. At present, he has 80 men on the job and it is estimated that they will finish the work in 130 days. Of the 80 men, 50 are each paid ₱120.00 a day, 25 at ₱180.00 a day, and 5 at ₱250.00 a day. For each day beyond the original 100 days, a contractor has to pay ₱500.00 liquidated damages.
a) How many more men should the contactor add so that he would complete the work on time?
b) If of the additional men, 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day, and the rest at ₱120.00 a day, would the contractor save money by employing more men and not paying the fine?
A contractor has a job that should be completed in 100 days. At present, he has 80 men on the job and it is estimated that they will finish the work in 130 days. Of the 80 men, 50 are each paid ₱120.00 a day, 25 at ₱180.00 a day, and 5 at ₱250.00 a day. For each day beyond the original 100 days, a contractor has to pay ₱500.00.
liquidated damages.(a) How many more men should the contractor add so that he would complete the work on time?In the first case, we see that the contractor already has 80 men and they are working for 130 days to complete the job. So, we can use the following formula to determine the additional number of workers required to finish the work in 100 days.
b) If of the additional men, 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day, and the rest at ₱120.00 a day, would the contractor save money by employing more men and not paying the fine Let’s assume that the contractor adds 440 workers, of which 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day and the rest are paid ₱120.00 a day.
The total cost of the new workers is, therefore, ₱9600.00 + ₱4500.00 + ₱49800.00 = ₱63,900.00.The cost of liquidated damages would be calculated as follows: $$LD = (130-100) \cdot 500 = ₱15,000.00$$.
Therefore, the contractor would save money if he employs more men and not pays the fine. The contractor’s savings would be:$$Savings = LD - Additional cost$$$$= 15000.00 - 63900.00 $$$$= -48900.00$$
Thus, we can see that the contractor would save ₱48,900.00 by employing more men and not paying the fine.
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A short column is designed to carry a factored load (P) 2140 kN and factored moment (M) = 690 kN.m about the strong axis. Cost studies indicate that p-0.03 % is optimum with steel arrangement in two layers parallel to the axis of bending. Find the required dimensions b and h of the column. Use f=28 MPa, fy=420 MPa.
Factored load, P = 2140 k N Factored moment, M = 690 k N. m Percent of steel, p = 0.03%Maximum Compressive stress, f = 28 M Pa.
Characteristic strength, f y = 420 M Pa Let the dimensions of the column be breadth (b) and depth (h).From the given problem, the maximum compression stress is given by the formula fc = P / A + M h / I, where fc is the compressive stress, P is the axial load acting on the column, A is the area of the column, M is the bending moment acting on the column, h is the depth of the column, and I is the moment of inertia of the column section.
or the rectangular section, the area (A) is given by the formula A = b x hand the moment of inertia (I) is given by the formula I = (b x h³) / 12.The values of P and M are factored values of the axial load and bending moment, respectively. Therefore, the nominal values of the axial load and bending moment are calculated by dividing the factored.
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conditions that determine the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight are
The pitch attitude required for maintaining level flight is determined by factors such as lift, weight, speed, and angle of attack. Adjusting the pitch allows the pilot to balance these forces. Lift should equal weight, and the pitch needs adjustment if they are not balanced. The airspeed affects the pitch, with higher speeds requiring increased lift. Conversely, lower speeds require decreased lift. The angle of attack must also be considered to avoid stalling. Maintaining level flight involves adjusting the pitch attitude to achieve a balance between lift, weight, and speed.
In level flight, the pitch attitude required is determined by several factors, including the wing's lift, weight, and speed. The pilot can adjust the pitch to maintain level flight by changing the airspeed, angle of attack, or altitude.
The following are the conditions that determine the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight:
Lift: Lift is the force that keeps the aircraft aloft. In level flight, the lift must equal the weight of the aircraft. To maintain this balance, the aircraft's pitch attitude must be adjusted. If the lift is too low, the aircraft will descend, and if the lift is too high, the aircraft will climb.
Weight: Weight is the force that pulls the aircraft towards the ground. The weight of the aircraft must be equal to the lift in level flight. If the weight is too high, the aircraft will descend, and if it is too low, the aircraft will climb.
Speed: The airspeed of the aircraft also affects the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight. The faster the aircraft flies, the more lift is required to keep it in level flight. This means that the pitch attitude must be increased as the airspeed increases. Conversely, as the airspeed decreases, the pitch attitude must be decreased to maintain level flight.
Angle of Attack: The angle of attack is the angle between the wing and the relative wind. If the angle of attack is too high, the aircraft will stall. Therefore, the pitch attitude must be adjusted to maintain a safe angle of attack.
In conclusion, level flight is maintained by adjusting the pitch attitude of the aircraft to balance the forces of lift, weight, and speed.
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Answer the following Questions 1. A group of students in Civil engineering department were asked to design a neighbourhood for their final year project. In their first meeting one of the members suggested to use graphs and its characteristic to get an intuition about the design before proceeding to a software. The design suppose to contain five houses, one garden and mosque. The meeting ended with the following:
(a) The design will be simple. The two houses are connected with all other three houses. The garden and mosque are isolated.
(b) Two houses are surrounded by road and connected by the garden with only one road for each. The rest of the houses are pendent.
(c) The design based on one way road. It starts from garden then reaches five houses, three of
them designed to have return to the garden. The mosque is far away and located inside a big
round about.
Answer the following questions:
i. Draw a graph for the design in (a). What is the type of graph? explain.
ii. Draw a graph for the design in (b). What is the type of graph? Explain.
iii. Draw a graph for the design in (c). What is the type of graph? explain.
iv. If the five houses have four roads for each. What will be the total number of roads?
v. If the design based on one way road, the road getting in and out from each house. What will be the total number of roads?
The graph for the design in (a) is connected and simple. The type of graph is a tree because it contains a path between two vertices that are connected by exactly one path.
The graph for the design in (b) is not connected, and it is a forest graph. The type of graph is a forest because it contains many trees, where each tree is a component. The graph for the design in (c) is connected and simple. The type of graph is a path because it is a graph with vertices and edges, but there are no cycles, loops, or branches. Therefore, the graph is a linear arrangement of vertices connected by edges.
If the five houses have four roads for each, the total number of roads will be 20 because each house has four roads, so the total number of roads for the five houses is (5 x 4 = 20).(v) If the design is based on one-way road, the road getting in and out from each house, then the total number of roads will be 40 because each house has two roads.
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A certain confined aquifer in the Inanda area in South Africa has a thickness of 18.5 m, a hydraulic conductivity of 12.5 m/day and a storativity of 0.0045. A pumping well drawing from this aquifer has a pumping rate of 0.035 L/s.
1.1 Calculate the transmissivity of the aquifer.
1.2 What is the drawdown at a distance of 15 m from the well after 24 hours of pumping?
1.3 What will be the drawdown after 12 months of pumping?
1.4 What are the basic assumptions that govern groundwater flow? All geologic formations are horizontal and of infinite horizontal extent.
1.1 Transmissivity is given by the product of the hydraulic conductivity (K) and aquifer thickness (b), or T = Kb. So, the transmissivity of the aquifer is T = 12.5 m/day x 18.5 m = 231.25 m2/day. 1.2 Drawdown (s) is given by s = Q / (4 π T) * ln(r / rw) where Q is the pumping rate.
T is transmissivity, r is the radial distance from the well and rw is the well radius. Since well radius is not given, we can assume it to be 0.1 m, and the distance r is 15 m. Thus,
1.3 The drawdown after 12 months of pumping can be estimated using the Theis equation which is given by s = Q / (4 π T) * W(u) where W(u) is the well function that describes the rate of water flow from the aquifer to the well at any time during pumping.
Therefore, s = 0.035 / (4 π x 231.25) * 0.42 = 0.002 m or 2 mm.
So, the drawdown after 12 months of pumping is 2 mm.
1.4The basic assumptions that govern groundwater flow are:
(i) The geologic formations are horizontal and of infinite horizontal extent.
(ii) The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic.
(iii) The aquifer is confined or unconfined.
(iv) Darcy's law is applicable for calculating groundwater flow.
(v) The rate of water flow from the aquifer to the well is proportional to the hydraulic gradient and is described by the Theis equation.
(vi) The water level in the well is the same as the water level in the surrounding aquifer.
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Transportation Engineering A traffic is moving at 60 kph speed & density of 15 vpk along a one lane road. A truck enters Q2 (25 pts) that road moving at a speed of 16.55 kph in front of that traffic. The traffic slows down behind the truck to its speed moving at a high density of 120 vpk. The truck stays on this road for 5 min. then turns off. The traffic accelerates to maximum conditions after the truck leaves the road. Find the platoon length accumulated behind the slow truck when it leaves the road and how long does it take for that platoon to dissipate?
Transportation Engineering deals with the movement of people, goods, and materials across the world. It incorporates the practical aspects of transportation planning and design, infrastructure management, and operations, including highways, railways, airports, urban transit, and seaports.
Moreover, transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on designing and maintaining transportation systems to provide safe, reliable, efficient, and sustainable transportation. The following is the solution for the question: A truck enters Q2 moving at a speed of 16.55 kph in front of that traffic. The traffic slows down behind the truck to its speed moving at a high density of 120 vp k. The truck stays on this road for 5 min.
Now, the platoon would take a total time to pass the road which is equal to the time it would take to cover the length of the platoon while moving at the maximum speed (60 km/hr) minus the time it would take to cover the length of the platoon while moving at 16.55 km/hr. Time taken at a maximum speed = Length/Speed = 0.0331/60 km/hr = 0.00055167 hours Time taken at 16.55 km/hr = Length/Speed = 0.0331/16.55 km/hr = 0.0019977 hours Total time taken to pass the platoon = 0.00055167 - 0.0019977 = -0.00144603 hours The total time taken for the platoon to dissipate = 6 to 8 minutes which is equal to 0.1 to 0.133 hours. Therefore, the platoon length accumulated behind the slow truck when it leaves the road is 0.0331 km and the time taken for that platoon to dissipate is between 0.1 to 0.133 hours.
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rue or false. The Domain Naming System (DNS) is basically the phone book of the Internet as it stores all the IP addresses (phone numbers) and domain names (people, places, and businesses). O True False QUESTION 4 Virtual law concerns digital lawyers arguing real world cases before virtual judges in a simulated world. True False
The statement "The Domain Naming System (DNS) is basically the phone book of the Internet as it stores all the IP addresses (phone numbers) and domain names (people, places, and businesses)" is true.
On the other hand, the statement "Virtual law concerns digital lawyers arguing real-world cases before virtual judges in a simulated world" is false.
The Domain Naming System (DNS) serves as the phone book of the Internet. It is responsible for translating domain names, such as www.example.com, into IP addresses, which are unique identifiers for devices connected to the internet. DNS stores the mapping between domain names and IP addresses, allowing users to access websites by typing domain names instead of remembering complex IP addresses. Thus, the statement about DNS is true.
On the other hand, the statement about virtual law is false. Virtual law typically refers to legal issues arising from virtual environments, such as virtual reality or online platforms. It involves legal considerations related to digital transactions, online privacy, intellectual property, and cybercrime. However, the concept of digital lawyers arguing real-world cases before virtual judges in a simulated world is not a commonly practiced scenario in the legal field. While technology can play a role in facilitating legal processes, the traditional legal system primarily operates in the physical world with real judges presiding over cases.
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1165ft 3 /hr is a feed rate for one reformer reactor used platinum catalyst. Volume hour space velocity around 4v/hr/v, the catalyst dimeter 6ft, catalyst bulk density =60lb/ft 3 with 32API. i. What is the area of reactor, ii. Estimate both (volume and high) of catalyst in cracker? iii. Calculate the time in day to regenerate the catalyst in a reformer, if the catalyst deactivates after processing 76 bbl of feed per pound of catalyst?
The area of the reactor is approximately 291.25 ft². The volume of the catalyst is 60 ft³, with a height of 52.76 ft. The catalyst regeneration time is estimated to be around 1.68 hours or 0.07 days.
i. Area of reactor
The area of the reactor can be determined using the volumetric space velocity. The formula to calculate the area of the reactor is given by:
Area of reactor = Q / Volumetric space velocity
Where:
Q = Feed rate (ft³/hr)
Volumetric space velocity = V / Q
By substituting the given values, we can calculate the area of the reactor:
Area of reactor = (1165 ft³/hr) / (4 (ft³/hr/ft³))
Area of reactor = 291.25 ft²
ii. Catalyst volume and height
To calculate the volume of the catalyst, we use the formula:
V = πd²h/4
Where:
π = 3.1416
d = Diameter of the catalyst (6 ft)
h = Height of the catalyst
To estimate the height of the catalyst, we need to determine its bulk density in lb/in³. Using the given information:
32 API = (141.5 / bulk density) - 131.5
Bulk density = 58.128 lb/ft³
Bulk density = 58.128 / 1728 = 0.0336 lb/in³
Substituting the values, we can calculate the volume of the catalyst:
V = πd²h/4
V = π(6 ft)²h/4
V = 28.2743h ft³
Calculating the height of the catalyst:
h = V / 28.2743
h = (60 ft³) / (28.2743 × 0.0336)
h = 52.76 ft
Therefore, the volume of the catalyst is 60 ft³, and the height is 52.76 ft.
iii. Catalyst regeneration time
The time required to process 1 lb of feed can be determined as follows:
1 lb of catalyst processes 76 bbl of feed per day
(1 lb catalyst) / (76 bbl feed/day) × (42 gal/bbl) × (8.34 lb/gal) = 0.454 lb feed/lb catalyst/day
To calculate the catalyst regeneration time, we use the following formula:
(60 ft³) × (60 lb/ft³) × (0.454 lb feed/lb catalyst/day) = 1,957 lb feed/day
The time to regenerate the catalyst in a day is calculated as:
1,957 lb feed/day / 1165 ft³/hr = 1.68 hours or 0.07 days (approx).
Therefore, the catalyst regeneration time is approximately 1.68 hours or 0.07 days.
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Determinte the required reinforcement for a beam that has a section of b=300 mm and ts) a total depth h=600 mm to resist Mu=696 KN . m. Given: f' c= 30 Nmm2 and fy =420 N/mm2.
Given data: Total depth of the beam, h = 600mmWidth of the beam, b = 300mmUltimate bending moment, Mu = 696 KN.mGrade of concrete, f’c = 30 N/mm2Grade of steel, fy = 420 N/mm2The formula to calculate the required area of steel to resist bending moment Mu for a rectangular beam is, Ast
= (Mu * 10^6) / (0.87 * fy * (d - 0.42 * x)) Where,d = Total depth of the beam x = Depth of neutral axis = h / 2 - ((h / 2)^2 - (Mu * 10^6) / (0.87 * f'c * b * d))^0.5Substituting the given values in the above equation, x = 0.245mAst = (696 * 10^6) / (0.87 * 420 * (0.6 - 0.42 * 0.245)) Ast = 1208.75 mm2Therefore, the required area of steel is 1208.75 mm2.
To determine the reinforcement required for a beam having a section of b = 300 mm and total depth h = 600 mm to resist Mu = 696 KN. m, the formula for calculating the required area of steel to resist bending moment Mu for a rectangular beam is used.
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A steam turbine, operating reversibly and adiabatically, takes in superheated steam at 2000kPa and discharges at 50kPa. (a) What is the minimum superheat required so that the exhaust contains no moisture? (b) What is the power output of the turbine if it operates under these conditions and the steam rate is 5 kg⋅s −1 ?
A) The turbine cannot prevent moisture in the exhaust through superheating.
B) The power output of the turbine is 4802.9 kW.
A) Calculation of minimum superheat required to avoid moisture in exhaust:
For the condition of no moisture in the exhaust, the quality of the steam at state 2 (x2) is 0. To determine the superheat required to prevent moisture, the process from state 1 to 2 is divided into two parts.
1. Isentropic expansion (2a) to the saturation state (2s):
During the isentropic expansion (2a), the entropy remains constant, s2a = s1. The discharge pressure is 50 kPa, and the enthalpy at this pressure is given by the steam tables as hf = 2776.3 kJ/kg and hg = 2835.8 kJ/kg. The quality at state 2a (x2a) can be calculated using the formula: X2a = (h2a - hf) / (hg - hf).
2. From state 2a to 2s:
At state 2s, the steam is dry saturated, x2s = 1. This means hf = hfg, where hfg is the latent heat of vaporization at the saturation temperature T2s. From the steam tables, hf = 2837.1 kJ/kg at T2s = 45.8°C. The heat that must be extracted during this constant-pressure heat-rejection process is given by: Q2a-2s = h2a - hf = h2a - hfg.
Since the turbine operates adiabatically, there is no heat transfer. Therefore, ΔS = S2s - S2a = S1 - S2a. And since the turbine operates reversibly, ΔS = Q / T1. By combining these equations, we get: Q = T1 (S1 - S2a). Also, Q = h1 - h2a. Substituting these equations, we can solve for h2a: h2a = h1 - T1 (S1 - S2a).
The superheat required to avoid moisture at the exhaust is given by: T2s - T2a = T2s - T1 (S1 - S2a) / Cp, where Cp is the specific heat capacity of steam at constant pressure.
B) Calculation of Power Output of Turbine:
Given the steam rate of 5 kg/s, we can calculate the power output of the turbine using the formula: Power Output = Mass Flow Rate x Specific Work done by Turbine. The specific work done by the turbine is the difference in enthalpy between the inlet and exit states, which can be expressed as: Specific work done = h1 - h2. Substituting the given values, we find: Power Output = 5 x (3390.9 - 2435.1) = 4802.9 kW.
Therefore, the power output of the turbine is 4802.9 kW.
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1. Department of Transportation sometimes choose Design-Build delivery method for a project to
A. chose the best quality contractor
B. reduce the project time
C. avoid budget overrun
2. The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is
A. request for bid
B. request for information
C. request for proposal
D. request for qualification
D. avoid the bidding process
The Department of Transportation (DOT) uses Design-Build delivery method for projects to choose the best quality contractor, reduce the project time, and avoid budget overruns. the solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is request for proposal (RFP).
Design-Build is a construction delivery method that entails hiring a single entity to manage both the design and construction of a project. Design-Build can result in faster project completion times, fewer claims and disputes, fewer change orders, and better quality. In the U.S.
The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is the request for proposal (RFP). The RFP is a detailed, written document that defines the scope of the project, the services required, the contract terms, and conditions, and any other relevant information.
The Department of Transportation sometimes chooses the Design-Build delivery method for projects to choose the best quality contractor, reduce project time, and avoid budget overruns. The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is the request for proposal (RFP).
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Heat transfer
1) Please list the different modes (types) of heat transfer? Please provide definition, drawing and equations of each mode?
The three modes of heat transfer are conduction (transfer through direct contact), convection (transfer through fluid motion), and radiation (transfer through electromagnetic waves emitted by a hot body).
The three different modes (types) of heat transfer are as follows:Conduction: It occurs when two bodies at different temperatures come into contact with one another. The heat transfers from the hot object to the cold object via conduction. The heat flow direction is from higher temperature to lower temperature. It occurs in solids only and in metals, heat transfer occurs through the free electrons. The formula for heat conduction is given by:Q/t = kAΔT/Lwhere Q/t is the heat flow rate, k is the thermal conductivity, A is the surface area, ΔT is the temperature difference, and L is the thickness.Convection: This is the type of heat transfer that occurs due to the motion of fluids. Convection takes place in liquids and gases. Convection occurs due to density differences caused by the temperature differences. Natural convection occurs without any external force, whereas forced convection takes place due to the external force. The formula for heat convection is given by:Q/t = hA(Ts-T∞)where Q/t is the heat flow rate, h is the convection heat transfer coefficient, A is the surface area, Ts is the surface temperature, and T∞ is the fluid temperature.Radiation: It occurs due to the emission of electromagnetic waves by the body that is at a high temperature. Radiation does not require any medium to transfer heat. It occurs in a vacuum. The rate of heat transfer by radiation depends on the surface emissivity, temperature, and surface area. The formula for heat radiation is given by:Q/t = σAε(Ts^4 - T∞^4)where Q/t is the heat flow rate, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area, ε is the emissivity of the surface, Ts is the surface temperature, and T∞ is the fluid temperature.
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The difference between the time available to do a job and the time required to do the job, is known as
a) Float
b) Constraint
c) Duration
d) Event
The difference between the time available to do a job and the time to do the job, is known as float.What is Float?Float is defined as the of time by which a task or series of tasks can be postponed without altering the task's completion date, and it's calculated by subtracting the early start date of the task from its late start date.
The four options you've provided, a), b), c) and d), are all Project Management terms. But from the options provided, only the term "Float" is more than 100.How to calculate float?In project management, float is the amount of time that a project start date can be postponed without delaying the scheduled completion date of the project. The float may be calculated using the following formula:Float = (LS - ES) - (LF - EF)Where,ES = Early StartLS = Late StartEF = Early FinishLF = Late Finish.
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during which season you will recommend to carryout
excavation for construction. also give reason
Excavation for construction is best carried out in a dry season, particularly in the summer months, depending on the location. This is because the dry season usually has less rainfall and drier soil, making it easier to excavate and construct without any complications.
The excavation process involves removing dirt, rocks, and other materials from the ground to create a foundation for construction. If the soil is too wet or the ground is soaked with water due to excessive rainfall, it can cause problems such as mudslides or erosion.
The dry season is also beneficial because it allows for better visibility and access to the site. It can be challenging to navigate through a construction site in the rainy season, as the mud and slippery surfaces make it challenging to move equipment and materials around.
The dry season can also help to reduce costs and increase efficiency as excavation can be carried out more quickly and efficiently without any weather-related disruptions. carrying out excavation for construction during the dry season is the best option due to less rainfall, drier soil, better visibility, and accessibility.
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En. Hakimie, a senior site engineer, has worked for the construction company for almost five (5) years. However, he started to feel bored due to the monotonous, repetitive type of work and started to lose enthusiasm for his job. Provide THREE (3) drawbacks for this kind of organizational structure adopted at En. Hakimie company.
En. Hakimie, a senior site engineer, has worked for the construction company for almost five years. However, he started to feel bored due to the monotonous, repetitive type of work and started to lose enthusiasm for his job. Following are the three drawbacks of this kind of organizational structure adopted at En. Hakimie's company: The first drawback of a monotonous organizational structure is that employees tend to get bored with their jobs.
Employees are given repetitive and routine tasks, which can lead to a lack of motivation and enthusiasm for their jobs. Employees feel demotivated and bored with their daily routines, which can lead to decreased productivity.The second drawback is a lack of innovation and creativity.
A monotonous organizational structure is focused on routine work, and it does not provide opportunities for employees to showcase their creativity. As a result, employees' creativity is stifled, and the company may miss out on innovative ideas that could have helped the company grow.
The third drawback is that it may lead to high turnover rates. Employees who are not satisfied with their work and who are bored with their job may leave the company.
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Q3. What is anisotrophy? How it affects your engineering design?
Q4. Deep foundation works in limestone area always create concern to the safety and cost
incurred. Discuss the issues, mitigation and correction measures.
Anisotropy is a property of a material that causes its physical properties to vary depending on the direction of measurement. It is commonly encountered in engineering materials such as wood, composites, and rocks. The property of anisotropy can have a significant impact on the design of engineering structures.
Anisotropic materials exhibit different mechanical and physical properties in different directions. it becomes challenging to predict their behavior under various loading conditions. it may be necessary to modify the design or select an alternate material to ensure that the structure will be able to withstand the loads it will encounter.
Deep foundation works in limestone areas can create safety and cost concerns due to the unique properties of the rock. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. It is known for its hardness, durability, and ability to hold up well under pressure.
Another issue with deep foundation works in limestone areas is the cost. Due to the unique properties of the rock, it can be challenging and expensive to drill deep into the limestone to create the necessary foundation supports.
They must also work closely with contractors to ensure that the work is completed efficiently and within budget.
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A piple is carrying water under steady flow condition. At end point 1, the pipe diameter is 1.2 m and velocity is (48+ 30) mm/h. At other end called point 2, the pipe diameter is 1.1 m, calculate velocity in m/s at this end.
A pipe is carrying water under steady flow conditions. At end point 1, the pipe diameter is 1.2 m, and the velocity is (48+30) mm/h. called point 2, the pipe diameter is 1.1 m.
We need to calculate the velocity in m/s at this end
[tex]Q = A1V1 = A2V2[/tex],where Q is the flow rate, A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe at point 1 and point 2, respectively, and V1 and V2 are the velocities at point 1 and point 2,
Firstly, we will calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe at point 1: Area at point 1 = [tex]π(1.2/2)²= 1.131 m²[/tex]
Now, we can calculate the flow rate at point 1:[tex]Q = A1V1(48+30) × 10⁻³ = 1.131 × V1V1 = (78/1.131) m/s = 68.89 m/s[/tex](approx)Next, we can calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe at point 2:Area at point 2 = [tex]π(1.1/2)²= 0.95 m²[/tex]
Finally, we can use the continuity equation to find the velocity at point 2:[tex]Q = A1V1 = A2V2V2 = Q/A2= (48+30) × 10⁻³ / 0.95= 0.089 m/s[/tex]
Therefore, the velocity in m/s at point 2 is 0.089 m/s.
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Compare typical single beam UVNis and IR (either dispersive or Fourier transform) instruments in terms of both their respective configurations as well as differences in specific components. / Vergelyk tipiese enkelbundel UVNis en IR (óf dispersiewe of Fourier transform) instrumente in terme van beide hul onderskeie konfigurasies asook verskille in spesifieke komponente.
Single beam UVNis and IR instruments differ in their configurations and specific components. Single beam UVNis instruments use a single beam of light passing through a sample cell, while IR instruments can be utilizing different methods for analyzing light.
Single beam UVNis (Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared) instruments and IR (Infrared) instruments are both widely used in spectroscopy for analyzing the interaction of light with matter. However, they differ in their configurations and specific components.
In a typical single beam UVNis instrument, a single beam of light passes through a sample cell containing the substance to be analyzed. The light beam is split into two paths: the sample beam that passes through the sample cell and the reference beam that bypasses the sample. The intensity of both beams is measured separately by a detector, and the ratio of their intensities is used to determine the absorption or transmission of light by the sample. This configuration allows for accurate measurement of the sample's optical properties.
On the other hand, IR instruments can be either dispersive or Fourier transform (FT) instruments. Dispersive IR instruments use a prism or a diffraction grating to disperse the infrared light into its different wavelengths. The dispersed light is then detected by a detector array, and the resulting spectrum is used for analysis.
FT-IR instruments, on the other hand, use an interferometer to measure the interference pattern produced by combining the sample and reference beams. This pattern is then mathematically transformed into a spectrum using a Fourier transformation. FT-IR instruments offer advantages such as higher spectral resolution and faster data acquisition.
In terms of specific components, single beam UVNis instruments typically consist of a light source (such as a lamp), a monochromator for selecting specific wavelengths, a sample cell, a detector, and a data analysis system. IR instruments, whether dispersive or FT, also include a source (such as a globar or a laser), an interferometer (for FT-IR instruments), a detector, and a data analysis system.
However, FT-IR instruments additionally require a beam splitter and a mirror for generating the interference pattern.
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A sample of dry sand is tested in direct shear. The shear box holding the sample has a circular cross section with a diameter of 2 inches. The normal (compressive) load imposed is 45 lb. The shear force at failure is 30 lb.
a) Determine the test normal stress and shear stress at failure.
b) Determine the angle of internal friction for this soil
Given that a sample of dry sand is tested in direct shear. The shear box holding the sample has a circular cross section with a diameter of 2 inches. The normal (compressive) load imposed is 45 lb. The shear force at failure is 30 lb.
Normal stress is given by:σ = F/AWhere σ is normal stress, F is the normal load and A is the area of the shear box holding the sample.So,[tex]σ = 45 lb / (π x (2 in. / 2)²)= 45 / (π)= 14.323 psi[/tex]
The shear stress is given by:[tex]τ = F/A[/tex]Where τ is shear stress, F is the shear force and A is the area of the shear box holding the sample.
So,
[tex]τ = 30 lb / (π x (2 in. / 2)²)= 30 / (π)= 9.55 psi[/tex] Angle of Internal Friction
Angle of internal friction (φ) can be calculated as:
[tex]φ = tan⁻¹(τ/σ)[/tex]Where τ is shear stress and σ is normal stress.
So,
[tex]φ = tan⁻¹(9.55/14.323)= tan⁻¹(0.666)= 33.982°[/tex]
The angle of internal friction for this soil is approximately 34°.
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A catchment area having D index value of (15) mm/hr experienced the storm of the following intension: 1) 50 mm/hr for 2 hrs 2) 30 mm/hr for 1/2 hr The resulting surface runoff was (10x106) m³. Find the catchment area.
The D index value is a method of estimating the time of concentration in an area and has units of mm/hr. In this case, a catchment area has a D index value of 15 mm/ hr and has experienced a storm of two different intensities:
50 mm/hr for 2 hours and 30 mm/hr for 0.5 hours. The resulting surface runoff was 10x10^6 m³. The catchment area can be determined using the following steps:
1. Determine the rainfall depth: To calculate the rainfall depth for each of the storm intensities, multiply the intensity by the duration.
2. Determine the total rainfall depth: The total rainfall depth is the sum of the rainfall depths for each storm.
Total rainfall depth = 100 mm + 15 mm = 115 mm
3. Calculate the runoff volume: The runoff volume can be calculated using the following equation:
Runoff volume = Catchment area * Rainfall depth * (1 + 0.007 * Rainfall depth)
where the rainfall depth is in mm and the runoff volume is in m³.
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A wooden log is to be used as a foot bridge to span a gap. The log is required to support a concentrated load 0f 30 kN at midspan. Allowable shear stress is 70 MPa. What is the diameter of the log that would be needed?
The given details are: Force acting on the wooden log = 30kNThe allowable shear stress = 70 MPa Formula to be used: Shear stress (τ) = F/(π/4)d² where F is the force acting on the wooden log, d is the diameter of the wooden log.
Let us calculate the diameter of the wooden log: Diameter of the wooden log = √(4F/(πτ))Substituting the values in the above formula: Diameter of the wooden log = √(4 × 30000 N/(3.14 × 70 × 10⁶ N/m²)).
Diameter of the wooden log = √(120000/21980000)Diameter of the wooden log = √0.00547Diameter of the wooden log = 0.074m or 74mmTherefore, the diameter of the log that would be needed is 74mm.
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A footing whose base is 0.76m and 0.61m from the ground surface is subjected for carrying a load. Using γ=18.08 kN/m3, C = 19.15 KPa, ø = 25 deg, Nc=25.13, Nq=12.72, Nγ=8.34. Find the ultimate bearing capacity (kPa) under general shear failure
The ultimate bearing capacity (kPa) under general shear failure in the footing is given by; qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγwhere c = 19.15 KPa, Nc = 25.13, q = 0, Nq = 12.72, γ = 18.08 kN/m³ and Nγ = 8.34.
Given that the base is 0.76m and 0.61m from the ground surface. Hence the width of the footing; B = 0.76 mThe depth of the footing ;D = Bγ = 0.76 × 18.08 = 13.76 cm
Depth of foundation = D + 0.61 = 13.76 + 6.1 = 19.86 cm ≈ 20 cm The net ultimate bearing capacity of soil; qn = qult × B × D = (cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγ) × B × D = (19.15 × 25.13 + 0 + 0.5 × 18.08 × 8.34 × 0.76 × 25.13) × 0.76 × 0.20qn = 225.13 KPa
The ultimate bearing capacity of soil is 225.13 kPa (rounded off to two decimal places).
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Sustainable buildings provide many types of benefits to stakeholders and the environment. Despite so, some building developers still have some concerns over implementing sustainable designs to their new building developments. (a) Suggest reasons why some building developers still have some concerns over implementing sustainable designs to their new building developments. (b) Some city governments favor granting 'density bonus' while some others favor giving out 'tax rebates or credits' for encouraging sustainable building developments. Compare and contrast the underlying rationales of these two approaches. The government in Hong Kong has made the BEAM-Plus assessment as one of the pre-requisites for obtaining Gross Floor Area (GFA) concessions for new sustainable building developments. Comment on the appropriateness of the above government action, and outline the basic framework and operating principles of the BEAM-Plus currently adopted for assessing the sustainability of the building developments in Hong Kong
Sustainable designs often require additional upfront investments compared to conventional designs. Developers may be concerned about the initial costs of incorporating sustainable features and technologies, which can sometimes be higher.
Some developers may not fully understand the benefits and long-term cost savings associated with sustainable designs. They may be unaware of the latest sustainable technologies and practices or may have misconceptions about their effectiveness.
Developers might be hesitant to implement sustainable designs if they perceive a lack of demand or market preference for sustainable buildings. They may be concerned about the potential impact on property values or the perception of their projects by potential buyers or tenants.
Evaluation of indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, acoustic performance, and occupant well-being through the use of sustainable building materials, ventilation systems, and daylighting.
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2. How are igneous rocks formed?
3. What is referring texture of igneous rocks?
4. What is peridotite?
5. What are the causes of earthquake?
6. Define Bowen's reaction series
7. Distinguish between high temperature and low pressure in magma origins?
8. Define Atom?
9. What is Atomic Structure?
10. What are Isotopes?
11. What is Chemical Bonding?
12. What is a Mineral?
13. What is Crystal's habit?
2. Igneous rocks are formed when magma or lava cools and solidifies. If the cooling occurs slowly and underground, intrusive igneous rocks are formed, while extrusive igneous rocks form if the cooling occurs quickly on the Earth's surface.
3. Texture is the appearance of the igneous rock when viewed under a microscope. It depends on the rate at which the magma cooled and how long it took to solidify.
4. Peridotite is a dark, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that makes up the Earth's mantle. It is primarily composed of the minerals olivine and pyroxene.
5. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust. This energy is released due to the movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity, or human activity such as mining or drilling.
6. Bowen's reaction series is a sequence of minerals that form as magma cools and solidifies. It explains the order in which minerals crystallize from a cooling magma, starting with the minerals that have the highest melting points.
7. High temperature and low pressure are magma origins that result from melting at shallow depths in the Earth's crust, typically in areas with high heat flow.
8. An atom is the basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
9. Atomic structure is the study of the composition and behavior of atoms. It includes the number and arrangement of subatomic particles in the nucleus and the arrangement of electrons in orbit around the nucleus.
10. Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
11. Chemical bonding is the process by which two or more atoms are joined together to form a compound. It occurs when the outermost electrons of two atoms interact with each other.
12. A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid that has a crystalline structure and a specific chemical composition.
13. Crystal habit refers to the shape and size of crystals that form in a mineral. It is influenced by the conditions in which the mineral formed, such as temperature and pressure.
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The results of two drained tri axial tests on a saturated clay are recorded as follows:
Specimen A: Chamber-confining pressure = 104 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 210 kPa
Specimen B:
Chamber-confining pressure = 170 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 324 kPa
1 Compute the angle of friction.
2 Compute the cohesion of soil.
3 If the clay specimen above is tested in a tri axial apparatus with a chamber- confining pressure of 248 kPa, compute the major principal stress at failure.
1. Computation of the angle of frictionUsing the drained tri-axial test results given below, it is required to calculate the angle of friction:Specimen A:
Chamber-confining pressure = 104 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 210 kPa Specimen B:Chamber-confining pressure = 170 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 324 kPa.
The relationship between the angle of friction and deviator stress is given by the following equation:
Computation of the cohesion of soilThe cohesion of soil is given by the following equation:$C = \sigma_1 \; sin^2 \frac{φ}{2} - \sigma_3 \; cos^2 \frac{φ}{2}$
where σ1 and σ3 are the principal stresses For specimen A, assuming σ3 = 0, the cohesion of soil is given by:$C = \sigma_1 \; sin^2 \frac{φ}{2}$Using Mohr's circle, we can obtain σ1 as follows:
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a)Differentiated into a hierarchy of royalty, nobility, landlords and peasants
B)Present in medieval Europe
c)Marked by extreme inequality
D)Associaled with free movement across social levels
2: Quebec's Quiet Revolution:
a)Saw the government intervene to reform sectors such as health, education and social welfare
b)Was the movement to separate from Canada
c) Was a force of change that transformed Quebec society between 1850 and 1870s
d)Saw the shift in Quebec society from a radical society to a conservative one
Question 3:Govemment interventions in Quebec after the 1970s included which of the followinga)Universal health care system
b)Nationalization of all industries
c)Freeing of economic controls by the government
d)Privatization of unversile
1. In medieval Europe, social organization was characterized by extreme inequality. It was divided into royalty, nobility, landlords, and peasants, and free movement across social levels was not possible. Royalty occupied the top tier of society. The nobility, landlords, and peasants are the next levels.
The monarch of the realm was the highest-ranked individual in medieval European social hierarchy. The nobility is made up of high-ranking people who inherit their titles. Landlords are property owners who rent land or real estate to others. Peasants, on the other hand, are individuals who work on the land owned by nobility and landlords.
2. Quebec's Quiet Revolution was a period of significant social and economic change that occurred in Quebec, Canada, between 1960 and 1966. It was aimed at modernizing the province's economy and society. It was brought about by the government's intervention, which sought to reform various sectors such as health, education, and social welfare. Quebec's Quiet Revolution transformed the province into a modern, secular society.
3. Government interventions in Quebec after the 1970s included the creation of a universal healthcare system, as well as the privatization of various state-owned enterprises. The government's intervention also resulted in the freeing of economic controls and the nationalization of all industries in Quebec.
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Estimate the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation in Question 1 if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40psig, Repeat question 1 with the following information: (Qn 1 info: A hydroelectric water dam with 1000000 m
3
capacity is built 50 m above sea level, 2 km away from the sea. A pump, powered by renewable energy, is used to pump water from the sea to fill up the dam at a maximum flow rate of 20 m
3
/s. When energy is required, the water from the dam will be released to the sea, flowing through a turbine at the same flow rate. Both pump and turbine have an effective height of 1 m and efficiency of 85%. Assuming frictionless flow) (i) The water dam is connected to the sea with stainless steel pipes (ii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the pump (iii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the turbine
The minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation, considering a minimum pressure requirement of 40 psig at the turbine, is 1.5 meters (Diameter of the Pipe) for steel pipes and 1.35 meters (Diameter of the Pipe) for stainless steel pipes.
Q1: Estimate the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig.
Solution:
The information provided in the question is as follows:
Height of dam = 50 m
Water capacity of dam = 1000000 m^3
Distance between dam and sea = 2 km
Maximum flow rate of water = 20 m^3/s
Effective height of pump = 1 m
Efficiency of pump = 85%
Efficiency of turbine = 85%
Pressure required at the turbine = 40 psig
Pipe Material = Steel
Since the given pump has an effective height of 1m, the water level in the dam needs to be 51m to pump the water. Thus, the potential energy required to pump the water from the sea to the dam is equal to the potential energy gained by water when it flows down through the turbine. Hence, the height difference between the dam and sea is the head (pressure) generated. The height difference is 50 m – 0 m = 50 m.
The head generated = 50 m × 9.81 m/s^2 = 490.5 kPa = 71.07 psig
Total head = Head generated – Head loss
Head loss is neglected between the sea and pump and also between the sea and turbine.
Minimum pressure at the turbine = 40 psig
Thus, the pressure at the pump inlet is 40 + Head loss.
The pressure at the pump inlet must be sufficient to prevent cavitation. If the pressure at the inlet of the pump is lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid, then cavitation may occur. The vapor pressure of water at 60°C is 25.2 psig.
For pressure at inlet > vapor pressure
Head loss = Pressure at inlet - Pressure at the turbine = 40 + 25.2 - 71.07 = -5.87 psig
For pipe material steel, the friction loss at the maximum flow rate of 20 m^3/s through a 1 km long pipe can be calculated as:
Hf = 0.00002 × f × (L/D) × (V^2/2g)
Where Hf = head loss, f = friction factor, L = length of the pipe, D = diameter of the pipe, V = velocity of the fluid, and g = gravitational constant.
The above equation can be written as:
Q = (π/4) × D^2 × V
Substituting the value of V from the given flow rate and diameter of the pipe, we get:
D = 1.37 m
Let's take D = 1.5 m (Standard pipe diameter) for design purposes.
Hence, the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig is 1.5 meters (Diameter of the Pipe).
Q2: Repeat question 1 with the following information:
(i) The water dam is connected to the sea with stainless steel pipes
(ii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the pump
(iii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the turbine
Solution:
In this question, head loss between the sea and the pump, and also between the sea and turbine is neglected. The head generated is still 71.07 psig. The pump inlet pressure is equal to the turbine pressure, i.e., 40 psig. Therefore, the head loss will be:
Head loss = Pressure drop = 71.07 - 40 = 31.07 psig
The diameter of the pipe can be calculated in the same way as the previous question.
Q2 Answer: The minimum standard pipe
size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig with stainless steel pipes is 1.35 meters (Diameter of the Pipe).
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