An experimental manipulation in which animals come to lack functional copies of a gene is called?

The article "Winter activity of bat-eared foxes Otocyon megalotis in the Cape West Coast" by Lourens S, Nel JAJ discusses the activity patterns of bat-eared foxes in the winter season on the Cape West Coast.

According to the authors, these foxes exhibit nocturnal activity in the winter season to avoid the high temperatures experienced during the day. The article "Winter activity of bat-eared foxes Otocyon megalotis in the Cape West Coast" written by Lourens S, Nel JAJ discusses the winter activity of bat-eared foxes in the Cape West Coast. The authors found out that these foxes tend to exhibit nocturnal activity in the winter season to avoid the high temperatures experienced during the day. The results suggest that this could be a way for the foxes to conserve water and remain hydrated in their arid habitat.

The article focused on the winter activity of bat-eared foxes in the Cape West Coast. The foxes exhibit nocturnal activity in the winter season to avoid high temperatures and conserve water. Overall, this study adds to our understanding of the ecological adaptations of these fascinating animals.

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The correct answer is D. In the glacier, the particles slow down and get closer together, staying solid. When a glacier undergoes sublimation, part of it changes directly from a solid state to a gaseous state (water vapor) without going through the liquid phase.

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It is not possible to be certain about the type of blood you received without conducting further tests. If you were a blood recipient and received blood without it clumping or experiencing complications.


Blood typing is typically determined using the ABO and Rh systems. The ABO system classifies blood types as A, B, AB, or O, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system categorizes blood as Rh positive or Rh negative, depending on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.

When a person receives blood that is compatible with their own blood type, there should be no clumping or complications. However, this does not provide definitive information about the exact blood type received. For example, if you are blood type B and you receive blood that does not clump, it could be either type B blood or type AB blood, as both are compatible.


In order to accurately determine the type of blood received, further tests would be required. These tests may include additional blood typing procedures or more specific tests to identify the exact blood type and Rh factor.

It is important to identify the correct blood type for transfusions to ensure compatibility and prevent potential complications.

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Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP, as a source of energy.

Symbolically, this reaction can be represented as follows:

ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate)

The hydrolysis of ATP, abbreviated as adenosine triphosphate, is the main answer to how cells derive energy. When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is generated along with a release of energy that is used to fuel cellular processes.

ATP is a molecule that contains energy that cells can use. It has three phosphate groups that are bound together by high-energy bonds. When one of these phosphate groups is removed through hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

Cells use the hydrolysis of ATP, or the breakdown of ATP into ADP, as an immediate source of energy. ATP is converted to ADP through the addition of a phosphate group, which requires energy. When the phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released, and the cell can use this energy to perform work.

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The Punnett square would predict that there is a 25% chance of having a child who inherits two copies of the sickle-cell allele (DD), a 50% chance of having a child who is a carrier like their parents (Dd), and a 25% chance of having a child who does not inherit the sickle-cell allele (dd).

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. In this scenario, both the man and the woman are heterozygous carriers, meaning they have one normal allele (D) and one sickle-cell allele (d). When they have children, each parent can pass on either the normal allele (D) or the sickle-cell allele (d).

A Punnett square is a graphical tool used to determine the possible combinations of alleles that offspring can inherit from their parents. In this case, the Punnett square would show four possible combinations: DD, Dd, Dd, and dd.

The Punnett square predicts that there is a 25% chance of having a child who inherits two copies of the normal allele (DD), which means they will not have sickle-cell disease. There is a 50% chance of having a child who is a carrier like their parents (Dd), meaning they have one normal allele and one sickle-cell allele but do not show symptoms of the disease. Lastly, there is a 25% chance of having a child who inherits two copies of the sickle-cell allele (dd), resulting in sickle-cell disease.

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Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

The human body requires a total of twenty amino acids to synthesize proteins, and these can be sourced from the food we consume. Among the twenty amino acids, nine are classified as essential, while the remaining eleven are considered non-essential. While the body can produce non-essential amino acids, it lacks the ability to synthesize essential amino acids. Hence, it is crucial to acquire them through dietary sources or supplementation.

Contrary to the statement, essential amino acids are not the only ones needed by the body. Non-essential amino acids also play a vital role in the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, and various other biological molecules. Additionally, both essential and non-essential amino acids contain nitrogen, debunking the claim that essential amino acids are the sole nitrogen-containing components.

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The study also found that the minimum spanning tree analysis method is a powerful tool for understanding network alterations in epilepsy patients who have undergone surgery.

This method provides a means for detecting changes in network topology that may be related to seizure activity and may help guide treatment decisions in the future.

Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Some individuals may undergo surgery as a treatment option for their seizures.

Therefore, the analysis of epilepsy surgery outcomes and functional network alterations in longitudinal meg can provide valuable insights into this disease and its treatment. This was done in a study that used a minimum spanning tree analysis method.

The researchers analyzed the functional network alterations in patients who underwent epilepsy surgery.

They utilized magnetoencephalography (MEG) to map the functional network alterations longitudinally. They also used a minimum spanning tree analysis method to explore the changes in the network topology after the surgery.

The study found that patients who had better surgical outcomes had fewer alterations in their functional network topology.

They also had greater network connectivity in regions involved in seizure propagation, which suggests that these regions may play a significant role in seizure onset.

The study also found that the minimum spanning tree analysis method is a powerful tool for understanding network alterations in epilepsy patients who have undergone surgery.

This method provides a means for detecting changes in network topology that may be related to seizure activity and may help guide treatment decisions in the future.
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The inactivation of one x chromosome is established by the directed spreading of heterochromatin and the silent state of the inactivated X chromosome is maintained in subsequent cell divisions.

The silent state of the inactivated X chromosome is perpetuated in subsequent cell divisions. Once one X chromosome is inactivated in female cells during early embryonic development, a process called X chromosome inactivation or lyonization, it remains inactive throughout the lifespan of the cell and its daughter cells.

This is achieved through the directed spreading of heterochromatin, which results in gene silencing on the inactivated X chromosome. The inactivated X chromosome is tightly packaged and forms a condensed structure known as a Barr body.

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Answer:

non-disjunction

Explanation:

During meiosis, errors can occur, resulting in an irregular number of chromosomes in the resulting cells. One such error is called non-disjunction. Non-disjunction can happen in either meiosis I or meiosis II and involves the failure of chromosomes to separate properly.

If non-disjunction occurs in meiosis I, it means that homologous chromosomes fail to separate, resulting in one cell receiving both chromosomes and the other cell not receiving any. This leads to a pair of cells with an irregular number of chromosomes (one cell with an extra chromosome and the other missing a chromosome).

If non-disjunction occurs in meiosis II, it means that sister chromatids fail to separate, resulting in one cell receiving both chromatids and the other cell not receiving any. Again, this leads to a pair of cells with an irregular number of chromosomes.

Increased ammonium ion uptake in muscle tissue promotes protein synthesis and enhances muscle growth and development.

Trenbolone, a synthetic anabolic steroid, increases muscle tissue ammonium ion absorption through multiple routes after metabolism. Trenbolone increases protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, and amino acid need.

Transamination transfers amino groups from amino acids to α-ketoglutarate, generating glutamate and ammonium ions. Trenbolone activates glutamate dehydrogenase, which transforms ammonium ions into glutamine. Glutamine buffers ammonium ions to prevent hazardous ammonia accumulation. Trenbolone promotes muscle tissue ammonium ion absorption, which supports protein synthesis and nitrogen balance.

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If a mutation in protein kinase 3 (PK₃) makes its phosphorylation impossible, PK₃ would be unable to activate its downstream targets. This would have several consequences, including:

Decreased cell signaling: PK₃ is involved in multiple signaling pathways, so its inactivation would lead to decreased cell signaling. This can have different effects on cell function depending on the specific pathway affected.  

Altered gene expression: PK₃ is also involved in the regulation of gene expression. Its inactivation would lead to changes in gene expression, which could also have differential effects on cell function.  

Increased cell death: PK₃ is involved in the regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Its inactivation can lead to an increase in cell death, which can have serious consequences for the body.

The specific effects of a PK₃ mutation depend on the type of mutation and the location of the mutation in the protein. In general, however, a mutation that disables PK₃ phosphorylation has several negative consequences for cellular function.

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The nurse should prioritize assessment of the cardiovascular system when caring for a client with hyperkalemia.

What is hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by a high concentration of potassium in the bloodstream, which can affect the normal functioning of the body system. A healthy body requires a constant potassium level of between 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L, which is important for the normal functioning of the muscle and nerve cells.

If the level of potassium in the blood increases beyond the required range, hyperkalemia occurs. Common causes of hyperkalemia include kidney disease, medications, and trauma or injury to the muscles. Hyperkalemia can affect the cardiovascular system, making it the primary system that a nurse should assess while caring for a client with this condition.

In conclusion, when caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of the cardiovascular system.

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Correct answer is histamines and leukotrienes. Chemicals that are responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting include histamines and leukotrienes.

The chemicals that are responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting include histamines and leukotrienes. When a person is stung by a bee, the bee venom contains various substances that can trigger an allergic response in susceptible individuals.

Histamines are released by the body in response to an allergen, such as bee venom, and they cause the blood vessels to widen and become more permeable, resulting in swelling, redness, and itching at the site of the sting.

Histamines can also cause symptoms such as hives and difficulty breathing. Leukotrienes are another group of chemicals involved in allergic reactions. They are produced by certain immune cells, called leukocytes, in response to the allergen.

Leukotrienes can cause smooth muscle contraction, leading to bronchoconstriction and difficulty breathing. They can also cause increased mucus production, resulting in a runny nose or cough.

Adrenaline and epinephrine are not directly responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting, but they are commonly used in the treatment of severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis.

These medications work by constricting blood vessels, opening up airways, and reducing the release of histamines and other inflammatory chemicals.

In summary, histamines and leukotrienes are the primary chemicals responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting. Adrenaline and epinephrine are used in the treatment of severe allergic reactions.

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The cells of a sponge that are responsible for water flow and capture of some particles are the choanocytes.

The distinctive structure of choanocytes is characterised by a core cylindrical cell body surrounded by a collar of microvilli and a flagellum. A repetitive flagellum beat causes water currents inside the sponge. Choanocytes catch tiny particles, including bacteria and organic waste, by trapping them on their collar of microvilli as water passes through the sponge.

The choanocytes subsequently take up and digest the particles they have collected, or they may send them to other cells for additional processing. Choanocytes in sponges play a part in gas exchange and waste elimination in addition to particle capture and feeding. Through their participation in water circulation, they aid in the circulation of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

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A protein that is combined with another type of molecule, such as a carbohydrate, becomes conjugated

A protein is described to as conjugated when it joins forces with another kind of molecule, such as a lipid or a carbohydrate. A non-protein component, which may be a carbohydrate, lipid, or other type of molecule, plus a protein component, known as the apoprotein, make up conjugated proteins. A conjugated protein is created when non-protein component is covalently bound to the protein.

Many different biological processes depend on conjugated proteins. Examples of conjugated proteins with carbohydrates attached to them include glycoproteins. These glycoproteins perform a variety of tasks, such as cell recognition and immunological responses. Similar to lipids, which are transported in bloodstream via lipoproteins, which are conjugated proteins that carry lipids.

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The percentage of cytosine residues is 25%.

In DNA double helix, A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.

Therefore, the number of adenine (A) is equal to the number of thymine (T), and the number of guanine (G) is equal to the number of cytosine (C).

This implies that, if there are 12 adenine residues in a DNA molecule, there will also be 12 thymine residues.

Therefore, we can calculate the percentage of cytosine residues as follows:

Number of guanine (G) = Number of cytosine (C)

Number of adenine (A) = Number of thymine (T)

Total number of nucleotides

= Number of adenine (A) + Number of thymine (T) + Number of guanine (G) + Number of cytosine (C)

= 12 + 12 + G + C

= 24 + G + C

Thus, percentage of cytosine residues is given by:

Percentage of cytosine (C) = (Number of cytosine / Total number of nucleotides) x 100

We can express the number of cytosine as:

G = C,

thus, 24 + G + C = 24 + 2C

Therefore, Percentage of cytosine residues:

= (C / (24 + 2C)) x 100

To get the value of C, we substitute G = C in the equation above:

24 + 2C

= 12 + 2C + C12

= C

Thus, Number of cytosine residues = 12

Percentage of cytosine residues:

= (12 / 24+2(12)) x 100

= (12 / 48) x 100

= 25%

Thus, the percentage of cytosine residues is 25%.

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The similarity between glucose export from intestinal epithelial cells and Ca2+ export from cardiac muscle cells is that they are both examples of active transport.

Glucose is actively transported out of intestinal epithelial cells against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP hydrolysis, whereas Ca2+ is actively transported out of cardiac muscle cells using the energy stored in an electrochemical gradient.

Thus, we can say that both glucose and calcium ion export from the cells requires energy, unlike passive transport. Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against the concentration gradient, which consumes energy from the cell.

Glucose export from the intestinal epithelial cells requires a carrier protein named GLUT2, while Ca2+ is extruded by an ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump, or Ca2+ ATPase, present in the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle cells.

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There are a ton of c) bonds with tightly bound electrons in the tail of fatty acids.

A fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid having a saturated or unsaturated chain that is used in chemistry, notably in biochemistry. The majority of fatty acids that are found in nature contain an unbranched chain with an even number of carbon atoms, ranging from 4 to 28.

In some species, like microalgae, fatty acids make up a significant portion of the lipids (up to 70% by weight), while in some other organisms, they are not present in their pure form but rather exist as one of the three main groups of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. Fatty acids are crucial dietary sources of energy for animals and crucial cellular building blocks in any of these forms.

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Correct question:

Four of the five options below finish the sentence in a way that results in a true statement. Find the one that results in a false statement. A fatty acid tail contains lots and lots of

a) C-C bonds

b) C-H bonds

c) bonds with tightly held electrons

d) bonds with loosely held electrons

e) energy

The following term refers to the small and numerous cysts that are known to be present within the cells of skin.

The following term given to us is also known by the term epidermoid cyst(EC), and they are also said to be located within the cells of the skin.  They are considered to be small in the size and they are found to be numerous in number present.

These cysts are considered to be the primary cause of the types of cancer, which are typically known as firstly classified as the benign cancer and it usually comes under the research category of dermatology.

There should be awareness among the researchers to understand the mechanism of any cysts as well as the procedure to find the cure for it. There are various diagnosis that are used to understand the primary cause of any kind of cysts and several types of treatment are offered such as the excision mechanism.

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The complete question is

What do you understand by the term multiple calcified subungual epidermoid inclusions?

The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of nucleotides.

These nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and are arranged in a specific order to create the genetic information that determines our traits and characteristics. The human genetic code is made up of four different nucleotides:

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These nucleotides form base pairs, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. The specific arrangement of these nucleotides in our genes determines the instructions for building and maintaining our bodies, including the production of proteins.

The human genetic code is incredibly complex, with billions of nucleotides forming the complete set of instructions for human life.

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Mutations are arbitrary. For the organism, mutations can be helpful, neutral, or destructive, but they never "try" to provide what the organism "needs." Environment-related factors may affect the rate of mutation, but they are not typically believed to affect the direction of mutation.

After one generation of mutation, we discover that the frequency of A2 does not significantly alter. This equation can be used to determine the number of generations required to change allele frequencies if mutation is the only evolutionary agent affecting a population.

Genetic problems are only caused by a small number of mutations; the majority have no effect on development or health. For instance, certain mutations modify the DNA sequence of a gene without changing how that gene functions.

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Resource partitioning is a situation where several different species occupying the same ecosystem share resources. In resource partitioning, competition for resources is reduced by using the resources at different times or in different ways.

A good example of resource partitioning is the case of a small rodent species, Peromyscus maniculatus, that arrives on an island with a wide diversity of seed-producing species and high insect diversity. The small rodent can adjust its diet by consuming different food sources, including seeds and insects. For instance, Peromyscus maniculatus can feed on various plant seeds during the day when other insect predators are active.

 Alternatively, the rodent can feed on insects at night when the other animals are sleeping. By doing so, the small rodent avoids direct competition with other seed-eating animals and insect predators. The adaptation of Peromyscus maniculatus to eating different food sources at different times is a good example of how resource partitioning helps reduce competition among different species.

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A scaffold is a temporary framework or support structure used in tissue engineering to direct and encourage the regeneration of injured or missing tissue. It has the capacity to replicate the extracellular matrix  and offer a supportive environment for cell growth, migration, and tissue creation.

It is advantageous to use hydrogels that exhibit shear thinning behavior within the shear rate range produced by the bioprinting technology when creating a biodegradable polymeric hydrogel scaffold for soft tissue engineering via 3D extrusion bioprinting. Under shear stress, the hydrogel's viscosity decreases, making it easier for the hydrogel to flow through the printing nozzle.

The selection of an appropriate biodegradable polymer, picking the best crosslinking technique, running rheological experiments to verify shear-thinning behavior, and guaranteeing biocompatibility and degradability for tissue engineering applications are important factors to take into account.

The objective is to create a hydrogel with smooth flow during the bioprinting procedure, retaining printability and enabling successful production of the necessary scaffold structures.

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We can see here that "Individualized Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Tailored Approaches across the Phenotype Spectrum" is a research work that was carried out to reveal the use of tailored or customized approaches for treating HCC based on the specific characteristics and phenotype spectrum of the tumor.

Individualized ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) refers to the use of tailored or customized approaches for treating HCC based on the specific characteristics and phenotype spectrum of the tumor. HCC is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can vary in terms of size, location, and other characteristics, requiring personalized treatment strategies.

The phenotype spectrum of HCC encompasses a range of tumor characteristics, including tumor size, number of lesions, location, vascular invasion, and liver function. Tailored approaches consider these factors to determine the most appropriate ablation technique and treatment plan for each individual patient.

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Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by various glands and organs in the body. They are released into the bloodstream and travel to specific target cells or organs, where they exert their effects by binding to specific receptors.

1. Hormone enters the cell directly: Steroid hormones can enter the cell directly due to their lipid-soluble nature. Option 1 is the answer.

2. Receptor is inside the cell: Steroid hormones have receptors located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Option 1.

3. Stimulates transcription of DNA: option 3 is the answer. Both steroid and nonsteroid hormones can stimulate transcription of DNA. Steroid hormones directly influence gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, while nonsteroid hormones initiate signaling cascades that ultimately lead to the regulation of gene expression.

4. Receptor is on the cell membrane: Nonsteroid hormones have receptors located on the cell membrane. Option 2.

+5. Causes metabolic changes in the cell: Both steroid and nonsteroid hormones can cause metabolic changes in the cell. Steroid hormones regulate the synthesis of specific proteins and enzymes involved in metabolic processes, while nonsteroid hormones modulate the activity of existing proteins and enzymes through signaling cascades. Option 3.

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Question:

Hormones can be classified based on the chemical composition. Answer the following questions comparing steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones. 1. Hormone enters the cell directly • Steroid hormone Nonsteroid hormone O Both 2. Receptor is inside the cell. Steroid hormone Nonsteroid hormone O Both 3. Stimulates transcription of DNA •Steroid hormone Nonsteroid hormone Both 4. Receptor is on the cell membrane. Steroid hormone Nonsteroid hormone O Both 5. Causes metabolic changes in the cell. Steroid hormone O Nonsteroid hormone Both

Answer:

One effect of regularly washing with antibacterial agents is the removal of beneficial microorganisms known as normal microbiota or normal flora.

Explanation:

This can result in several issues:

Increased susceptibility to infections - The normal microbiota play an important role in defending against pathogens and regulating immune function. Removing too much of the normal flora can weaken these defenses and make you more prone to infections.

Disruption of metabolic processes - Many of the microbes in the normal microbiota assist in digestive and metabolic processes. Disrupting these populations can impair nutrient breakdown and absorption. This can lead to malnutrition, diarrhea, and other GI issues.

Overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens - When the normal microbiota are repeatedly exposed to antibacterial agents, the resistant bacteria within those populations are selected for and amplified. This can lead to overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant strains that are harder to treat.

Skin conditions - The microbes that naturally colonize healthy skin play an important role in maintaining skin health. Removing too much of the normal skin flora can upset this balance and potentially cause conditions like dermatitis, folliculitis, and skin infections.

Issues with microbiome recolonization - Once the normal flora are severely disrupted, they may have difficulty reestablishing themselves even after antibacterial use is stopped. This can prolong any negative effects on immune function, metabolism, etc.

In summary, overuse of antibacterial agents can disturb the normal balance of beneficial microorganisms living on and inside us. This disruption of the microbiota and microbiome can increase susceptibility to infections, impair metabolic processes, facilitate antibiotic resistance, and potentially cause skin conditions and other issues.

When the phenotype is that of the dominant trait (e.g., purple flowers), the genotype can be homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous (Pp).Let's take an example of Mendel's pea plant experiment. Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments.

Pea plants have several clearly distinguishable characteristics or traits, such as flower color, seed color, seed shape, and so on. These traits are controlled by genes. The genes exist in alternative forms called alleles, which are located on chromosomes. The phenotype of a pea plant depends on the genotype of its two alleles.Purple flowers (PP or Pp) are the dominant trait and white flowers (pp) are the recessive trait. So, a purple-flowered pea plant can be homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous (Pp). A white-flowered pea plant, on the other hand, must be homozygous recessive (pp).So, based on the phenotype of the purple flower, possible genotypes are homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous (Pp).

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Cubes can be used to model the surface area and volume of a cell, with the benefits and limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell are as follows:

The benefits of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell include the following:

Cubes are simple and can be readily understood by students.

Cubes can be used to model many different shapes.

Cubes can be used to model the surface area and volume of a cell.

Limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell include the following:

Cubes can be difficult to work with because they do not naturally occur in biological systems.

Cubes do not provide a complete picture of the cell's structure.

Cubes can be used to model the surface area and volume of a cell, but they have limitations as well. The advantages of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell are that they are simple and easy to understand for students, they can be used to model many different shapes, and they can be used to model the surface area and volume of a cell. The disadvantage of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell is that cubes do not naturally occur in biological systems, so they can be difficult to work with. Additionally, cubes do not provide a complete picture of the cell's structure.

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True. In at least one group of fish, called osteichthyes, the swim bladder has been modified to become a primitive lung.

This adaptation allows these fish to breathe air when oxygen levels are low in the water. The swim bladder, which is typically used for buoyancy control, has evolved in these fish to take in oxygen directly from the air. This adaptation is believed to have occurred as a response to environments with low oxygen levels, such as stagnant or oxygen-depleted waters. The ability to breathe air provides an advantage to these fish, allowing them to survive in challenging conditions.

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Paramecium and Spirogyra have the same shape and parts.

In continuation:

Lastly, Both Paramecium and Spirogyra have a unique shape. Paramecium is like a long slipper while Spirogyra looks like a spiral thread.

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