Prion is an infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA. A new class of pathogens, described by Starlet Prusiner.
When the normal prion protein, which is present on the surface of many cells, changes and clumps in the brain, causing brain damage, prion diseases develop. This abnormal protein buildup in the brain can lead to personality changes, memory loss, and movement issues. Many uncommon but terrible neurological disorders, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are thought to be caused by prions. These improperly folded proteins effectively eat tiny moth holes into the brain. They are fatal and untreatable.
Hence, prion is an infectious protein.
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in mendel's monohybrid cross of true-breeding purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the f1 generation were of the___phenotype because their genotype was___for the flower-color gene.
In mendel's monohybrid cross of true-breeding purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the f1 generation were of the purple-flowered phenotype because their genotype was heterozygous for the flower-color gene.
What exactly is the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast?
A chloroplast's thylakoid membranes are an internal system of interconnected membranes that carry out photosynthesis's light reactions. They are organized into stacked and unstacked regions known as grana and stroma thylakoids, which are differentially enriched in photosystem I and II complexes.
What is the monohybrid ratio of Mendel?
Although the terms 'phenotype' (an individual's appearance) and 'genotype' (the gene variants present) were not yet in use, Mendel demonstrated the classic 3:1 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross (one trait present in two forms, or alleles).
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What are the 4 biological contamination?.
The Four biological contamination are
Bacteria, Viruses, ParasitesFungi.The primary source of nutrition and energy for humans is food. Despite this, all living things, not just humans, can benefit from eating. Microorganisms utilise food and transform it into energy in a manner similar to humans. They disassemble complicated food structures into simpler parts and use these for biological processes like reproduction.
Microorganisms decompose organic waste in nature frequently, but they can also easily find their way into the food sector. Biological contamination is the term for bacteria that are accidentally present in food. The majority of foodborne illness cases that have been documented globally are caused by this kind of contamination.
Hence, Biological contamination of bacteria, virus, parasites and fungi causes diseases.
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1. a bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication. how many cells would result, and how many of those cells would still have part of an original dna strand from the starting bacterium?
There would be 16 cells after four rounds of replication. Only two of the 16 cells would have an original DNA strand.
What is replication?
Replication process by which the genomic DNA of an organism is copied in cells. It is important that before dividing, a cell replicates its entire genome so that each resulting daughter cell has its own complete genome. this method has 3 steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
What is DNA?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which codes for the every characteristic of body. this DNA is the hereditary materials in humans and nearly in all the organisms . All the cells in a organism, that has DNA as genetic material, has same DNA sequence.
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consider a supersaturated solid solution consisting of components a and b, where the abundant species b precipitates out to form particles of pure b. following nucleation, the particles grow to much larger sizes through diffusion. this coarsening, known as ostwald ripening, has important effects on the physical properties of alloys. assume the precipitate to consist of widely dispersed spherical particles of radius r(t) which do not interact with each other (so that you may consider one representative particle). the concentration of a at the particle surface depends on particle size according to
With respect to factors like the system's temperature and pressure, supersaturation is a non-equilibrium physical state in which a solution contains more solute than the equilibrium solubility permits.
The amount at which a solute's concentration surpasses its solubility under specific circumstances is referred to as supersaturation.
When a solute concentration in a chemical solution surpasses the concentration allowed by its equilibrium solubility, supersaturation takes place. In order to bring a supersaturated solution to equilibrium, the excess solute must be forced to separate from the solution. Supersaturated solutions are in a metastable state.
A supersaturated solution can be produced if the volume of the solvent is reduced and the concentration of the solute is above the saturation point.
Evaporation is the process that most frequently causes the volume to decrease. Similar to this, a rise in pressure can cause a solution to become supersaturated.
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which of these statements is true regarding the semiconservative nature of dna? which of these statements is true regarding the semiconservative nature of dna? daughter dna digests the parental strand during replication. the two strands of newly replicated daughter dna is of parental nature. one strand of newly replicated daughter dna is of parental nature. replication creates novel daughter dna.
The statement that is true regarding the semiconservative nature of DNA is option(c)i.e, one strand of newly replicated daughter DNA is of parental nature.
According to the semiconservative nature, subsequently individual rounds of copy, each new DNA double loop hopeful a hybrid that contained individual fiber outdated DNA in charge of the individual filament of recently combined DNA.
The semi conservative nature is so named cause the individual strings of DNA in each of two together copies of DNA are old and conserved while the added is recently presented at the presence of copy. DNA replication is a semi-conservative process, cause when a new double-abandoned DNA fragment is made: One string will be from the original design particle. One filament will be recently synthesized.
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The name of the botanist who devised a hierarchical system for classifying species was.
Carolus Linnaeus devised a hierarchical system for classifying species
Carl Linnaeus, also called Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is frequently known as the father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use nowadays (with many adjustments). His ideas on type have inspired generations of biologists for the duration of and after his very own lifetime, even the ones opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work.
He advanced a way to name and organize species that we nevertheless use nowadays. His maximum important contributions to taxonomy were:
1.A hierarchical classification system
2.The system of binomial nomenclature (a 2-part naming method)
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The human genome project was launched in 1986 to better understand the human genome, when was it completed?.
The Human genome project was launched in 1986 to understand the human genome better and completed in April 2003.
The Human Genome Project was a significant international scientific undertaking with the primary objective of producing the first sequence of the human genome. Among the objectives of the human genome project is the improvement of data analysis. completing the genome's sequence. discovery of the entire human genome. Better disease diagnostics, early disease detection, gene therapy, and drug dosage control systems could all be advantages in this field.
Hence, HGP was launched to explore entire human genome.
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what would you expect to happen to levels of mevalonate in human plasma if an individual were to go from a meat-containing diet to a vegetarian diet? match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. resethelp decrease increase substitution of vegetable fats for animal fats could blank cholesterol levels. this would ultimately blank inhibition of hmg-coa reductase levels by cholesterol, which could blank mevalonate levels.
If someone shifts to a vegetarian diet, the level of mevalonate will increase in the human plasma because the vegetarian diet reduces cholesterol.
Match the words in the column:
Substitution of vegetable fats for animal fats could decrease cholesterol levels. This would ultimately increase the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase levels by cholesterol, which could increase mevalonate levels.
How can the level of mevalonate increase when someone switches to a vegetarian diet?The mevаlonаte pаthwаy is known to generаte isopentenyl pyrophosphаte аnd dimethylаllyl pyrophosphаte, which аre used to synthesize diverse compounds including cholesterol аnd steroid hormones. The levels of mevаlonаte in humаn plаsmа mаy be used аs а meаsure of cholesterol synthesis. When the cholesterol level is low, it stimulаtes its endogenous production by the mevаlonаte pаthwаy. Since it is well known thаt the vegetаriаn diet reduces cholesterol, this diet аlso increаses mevаlonаte levels.
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assume that simple mendelian inheritance is at play. which of the following represent the possible genotypes resulting from a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for black hair (bb; where b is black and b is blonde)?
Bb, bb and BB. A mating experiment between two heterozygous organisms that are equally hybrid for two allele traits is referred to as a dihybrid cross.
A heterozygous organism is one that possesses two distinct alleles at a certain genetic location, making it a hybrid. Only gametes with particular parental genetic combinations will result from a cross between two heterozygous parents with connected loci. Progeny with the paternal phenotype will result from the fusion of these parental gametes. An organism with a heterozygous genotype possesses both a dominant and a recessive allele. This genotype's designation in our case is Bb. Finally, homozygous recessive refers to an organism's genotype that consists of two recessive alleles.
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Which of the following can kill cells infected with an intracellular pathogen such as a virus or bacterium? A toll-like receptors B cells C. natural killer cells D. Basophils
An intracellular infection, such as a virus or bacteria, has infected natural killer cells.
What kind of cell aids in the management of intracellular pathogens?Mononuclear phagocytes (MP) and occasionally other host cells are gifted with the ability for intracellular bacteria to live and reproduce. Several bacterial intruders can be engulfed and killed by MP, which are powerful effector cells.
Are intracellular pathogens eliminated by antibodies?The processes by which antibodies protect an organism against secondary threats are as varied as the tactics employed by intracellular pathogens to elude host eradication. Antibodies mediate protection against infections by a variety of distinct intracellular pathogens.
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which of the following plant pigments would absorb light at 420 nm. check all that apply.chlorophyll aphycocyaninphycoerythrinbeta carotene
400 to 600 nm is the range of light wavelengths that carotenoids absorb. Blue and green make up the majority of this region of the spectrum.
Which of the subsequent plant pigments is a 580 nm light absorber?Chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs light in photosynthetic plants. Chlorophyll is an insoluble in water magnesium porphyrin molecule. Light of a wavelength between 550 and 700 nm and less than 480 nm can both be absorbed by it.
What pigment absorbs light at 700 nm?The most prevalent of the six, chlorophyll an is found in all plants that engage in photosynthesis. Each pigment has a different region of the electromagnetic spectrum where it is more effective at absorbing light. Chlorophyll an absorbs well at wavelengths between 400 and 450 nm.
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(q004) the human genome encodes about 21,000 protein-coding genes. approximately how many such genes does the typical differentiated human cell express at any one time?
The human genome encodes about 21,000 protein-coding genes. The typical differentiated human cell expresses 5000 and 15,000 genes at any one time.
The term "gene therapy" refers to a broad range of in vitro and in vivo applications that use nucleic acids for therapeutic purposes. As stated earlier, there is no shortage of information and data regarding the structure of human genomes today. There were between 30,000 and 40,000 protein-coding genes present when the first draught of the human genome sequence was published in 2001. The number of protein-coding genes and functional, non-coding RNA sequences estimated in the most recent revisions is closer to 20,000. It is now much simpler to pinpoint the molecular causes of inherited genetic illnesses. In the meantime, 3674 human phenotypes have been identified by researchers, the bulk of which are single-gene alterations.
Hence, protein are synthesized based on need and after completion of their role are degraded.
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what is/are the major outputs of cellular respiration, assuming a single glucose molecule has been processed? select all that apply.
A glucose molecule is progressively broken down into CO2 and H20 during cellular respiration. Along the route, a little amount of ATP is directly created in the reaction that changes glucose.
The ideal choice is d.
What is cell respiration, exactly?
The metabolic process known as cellular respiration utilizes glucose to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic chemical the body may use as fuel. A single glucose molecule can generate a net of 30-32 ATP.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
One molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and six molecules of oxygen (O2) combine to form six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and six molecules of water, which is the main chemical process for cellular respiration (H2O). The equation is written as C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O using chemical symbols.
What does cellular respiration look like in practice?
For instance, oxygen may be coupled with the monosaccharide glucose, the most fundamental kind of carbohydrate. Potential energy is released when the glucose's high-energy electrons are transferred to the oxygen. ATP serves as a sort of energy storage.
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
what is/are the major outputs of cellular respiration, assuming a single glucose molecule has been processed? select all that apply.
a) ATP
b) CO2
c) Glucose
d) All of the above
What are the three 3 types of chronological order?.
The three types of chronological order are Chronological, Sequential, and Consecutive Order.
The chronological order of events is frequently referred to as being in "chronological order." The time segments could advance or regress. This organization works well for telling a story. The narration of historical events frequently follows a chronological order.
Sequential Order is a common way to refer to steps in a process or event. This pattern works well when instructions are followed step-by-step. Owner's manuals and cookbooks both employ this motif. The sequential organization may show a process.
Consecutive order means that something happened in that order. It could take a few days to do this. Consecutive time periods include any recurring intervals, such as each year, each month, and so forth. Numbers are frequently used when referring to sequential order. Following are some illustrations of consecutive numbers: 1, 2, 3, 9, and 11. Sequential writing is not an acceptable writing style.
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When must the cleaning step occur when cleaning and sanitizing in a three compartment sink before rinsing?.
The cleaning step must occur when cleaning and sanitizing in a three compartment sink food according to the CDC. There are four steps in the process, which are clean, rinse, sanitize, and air dry. The CDC recommends that the cleaning step should occur before the sanitizing step.
When cleaning and sanitizing in a three compartment sink food, the cleaning step must occur prior to the sanitizing step. This is because sanitizing is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on a surface, and cleaning is the process of removing food and other debris from a surface. If food and other debris are not removed from a surface prior to sanitizing, the sanitizing step will be less effective.
Thus, the three compartment sink must have hot water, soap, and sanitizer. The sink must be emptied and refilled with hot water after each use. The cleaning step must be done with a clean cloth or sponge and hot water. The sanitizing step must be done with a clean cloth or sponge and sanitizer.
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Crossing an individual who is homozygous dominant for a trait with an individual whose genotype is unknown will most likely produce which set of offspring?.
Answer:
at least one dominant allele
Explanation:
what interaction takes place between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite?
Mutualism is the interaction takes place between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite.
What are Termites?
Any of a group of cellulose-eating insects, the social systems of which bear striking similarities to those of ants and bees despite having evolved independently.
Despite the fact that termites are not related to ants, they are sometimes referred to as white ants.
Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the termite's closest relative is the cockroach; as a result, termites are sometimes classified in the order Dictyoptera, which also includes the mantids.
Termites, which have about 2,750 species, are found all over the world, but they are most abundant in terms of both numbers and species in tropical rainforests.
Aside from naturally occurring termites, humans have unintentionally transported many species from their native habitats to new parts of the world. Termites, specifically Cryptotermes and Coptotermes, have been found in wooden items such as shipping crates, boat timbers, lumber, and furniture.
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What is the correct order of events in mitosis?.
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the five phases. After telophase, cytokinesis is the final physical cell division and is referred to as the sixth stage of mitosis containing centrosomes.
1. The prophase marks the start of mitosis.
Chromosomes assemble and become apparent.
Spindle fibres originate from centrosomes.
Nuclear membrane shatters as the nucleolus melts.
2. Prometaphase, the second mitotic phase
Chromosomes are still getting smaller.
The kinetochores are discernible at the centromeres.
As microtubules from the mitotic spindle cling to kinetochores, centrosomes move in the direction of their opposing poles.
3. Third mitotic division: metaphase.
Each sister chromatid is connected to a spindle fibre that originates from opposite poles, the mitotic spindle has fully grown, the centrosomes are at the cell's poles, and the chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate. Every chromosome is in the centre.
4. Mitosis's fourth stage is anaphase.
Sister chromatids (now known as chromosomes), which were previously bound together by cohesin proteins, separate and are drawn in opposite directions.
The cell lengthens as non-kinetochore spindle fibres grow longer.
5. The fifth stage of mitosis is called telophase.
The nuclear envelope material that surrounds each set of chromosomes decondenses as the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles.
6. The sixth and last stage of mitosis is cytokinesis.
Animal cells: the daughter cells are divided by a cleavage furrow.
A cell plate separates the daughter cells in plant cells.
the splitting of the cytoplasm into the two distinct daughter cells.
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Which cranial nerve is in charge of the motor control of the muscles that move the tongue?.
Hypoglossal nerve The cranial nerve is in charge of the motor control of the tongue-moving muscles.
Which cranial nerve governs tongue movement?Hypoglossal Nerve
The Hypoglossal Nerve is the 12th Cranial Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII). It primarily functions as an efferent nerve for the muscles of the tongue. The nerve leaves the medulla and travels caudally and dorsally to the tongue.
Only general somatic efferent fibers are carried by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), a motor nerve. All of the tongue's intrinsic and nearly all extrinsic muscles are innervated by it, in addition to one suprahyoid muscle called the geniohyoid.
Tongue motion is made possible by the hypoglossal nerve. It regulates the intrinsic, genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus muscles.
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If an x-linked recessive trait has a frequency of 5% in males, what percentage of females are carriers?.
If a male x-linked recessive trait occurs 5% of the time, then 9.5 percent of females carry the gene.
Given that it is X linked, a male will only have the one chromosome that is afflicted. 0.05 is the frequency. Since the trait is recessive and the man has only one X chromosome, there is no need to root it before making it q. Find p, using
[tex]p+q=1\\p+0.05=1\\p=1-0.05\\p= 0.95[/tex]
Heterozygous female carriers yield a 9.5% result when 2pq is solved.
[tex]2*(0.95*0.05)\\ 2*0.0475\\0.95[/tex]
Converting into percent, we will get our desired result, i.e., 9.5%.
Gametes, or sexual cells, are the byproducts of meiosis. These cells have a haploid number of chromosomes. Sperm and egg, which represent the male and female gametes, respectively, are the components of the human sex. There are n = 23 chromosomes in human sex cells. 22 of the 23 chromosomes are autosomes, and the remaining one is the sex chromosome. Any genetic condition can be brought on by deviation from this pattern.
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what is the name of the tubing that attaches to the iv bag and iv cather thereby allowing the fluid to dlow into the body
Administration set is the tubing that attached the IV bag to the IV catheter.
Intravenous fluids are administered into the body through a tubing which has a flexible, thin plastic tube called infusion or primary tube. The infusion tubing or the administrative set connects to the bag of the IV to the catheter. The drip chamber is located just below the IV bag. Nurses can regulate the fluid flow using this drip chamber.
This instrument is usually used in intravenous therapy to administer fluids, medications and nutrients directly into the patients vein. The catheter is inserted into a small peripheral vein for therapeutic purposes.
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although all of the cells in your body contain a complete set of dna, different cells have different functions because .
Despite having a full set of DNA, each type of cell in your body has a different function because various genes are turned on and off in that type of cell.
Even though all the cells in a multicellular organism have the same DNA, they may express quite diverse gene sets. A cell's distinctive characteristics are determined by the collection of proteins and functional RNA that are expressed from the set of genes in that cell. Because they create and accumulate various collections of RNA and protein molecules, the various cell types in a multicellular organism become distinct from one another. Typically, they do this without changing the DNA's sequence.
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Alternate splicing helps eukaryotic cells in providing ______________________ in the proteins made from a single precursor rna.
Answer:
variation of exon combinations
Explanation:
on the quick summary table of biocontainment or biosafety levels (bsl’s), what is the lowest bsl that recommends the use of a biological safety cabinet to contain aerosols based on risk assessment?
Biosafety Level-2 or BSL-2 is the lowest BSL that recommends the use of a biological safety cabinet to contain aerosols based on risk assessment.
What are biosafety levels?A biosafety level or pathogen/protection level, is a set of biocontainment precautions which is required to isolate the dangerous biological agents in a given enclosed laboratory facility for the experimentation.
The standard BSL-2 is the lowest BSL which recommends the use of a biological safety cabinet to contain the aerosols based on risk assessment. BSL-2 PPE consists of a dedicated lab coat, gloves, and eye protection. Other PPE may also be required. These PPE are not wore in people.
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Which experiment best described DNA was the genetic material?.
Answer:transformation experiment by Griffin
Explanation:
transient microorganisms are less associated with the skin than resident microorganisms true or false
Although transient microorganisms seldom proliferate on the skin, they do occasionally persist and do so.
They are the pathogens most frequently linked to HCAIs and are frequently acquired by HCWs through direct patient contact or contaminated ambient surfaces close to the patient. The microbes that live inside or on top of our bodies continuously make up the resident microbiota. Microorganisms that are only momentarily present in the human body are referred to as transient microbiota, and this group may include pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms known as normal (resident) flora are always present on or in a person and typically do not cause any disease.
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match the four pathways of sympathetic neurons with the region of the body having effector organs innervated by each pathway. 1. postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathwey; 2. adrenal medulla pathwey; 3. spinal nerve pathwe; 4. splanchnic nerve pathway
1. postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway; Head/eye
2. adrenal medulla pathway; Adrenal Gland
3. spinal nerve pathway; Neck, torso, and limbs
4. splanchnic nerve pathway; Abdomen/Pelvis
What is a nerve pathway?
Neuronal or nerve pathways are collections of nerve fibers that transmit data throughout the CNS. The CNS and spinal cord's neural tracts are referred to as tracts.
While descending tracts travel from the brain to the spinal cord, ascending tracts do the opposite. They are in charge of sending and receiving peripheral sensory and motor information.
For instance, this is how your brain receives information from your fingertips and how conscious and reflexive actions are transmitted back to your fingers.
Three types of neural pathways can be distinguished.
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Describe the pattern of inheritance that is most likely associated with a mutation in the mt-nd5.
This gene is a mitochondrial gene and therefore it is maternally inherited.
What is MT- ND5 ?
The pattern of inheritance that is most likely associated with a mutation in the MT-ND5 gene is
MT-ND5 is a mitochondrial genome coded gene responsible for the protein NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain V protein (ND5).
Individuals are not typically heterozygous with respect to mitochondrial genes because
Heterozygousity of alleles of a particular gene arises due to contribution of both maternal and paternal genes. This is what happens for nuclear chromosomes. Mitochondria is an organelle that contains its independent genome. Only maternal mitochondria gets selected and thus are successfully transferred to the next generation post fertilization.To know more about MT-NDS from the given link
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Resistance to which of the following drugs develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid?
1. erythromycin
2. trimethoprim
3. cephalosporins
4. sulfonamides
5. aminoglycosides
Resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid.
Bacteria produce folic acid from the substrate para-amino-benzoic acid (PABA), and all cells require folic acid to grow. Folic acid (as a food vitamin) diffuses or is transported into mammalian cells. Folic acid, on the other hand, cannot cross bacterial cell walls via diffusion or active transport.
Vitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is one of the eight B vitamins. All B vitamins aid the body in the conversion of food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is then used to generate energy. These B vitamins, also known as B-complex vitamins, aid the body's utilization of fats and protein. It participates in cell division and tissue growth. It also aids in the development of the baby's brain and spine, known as the neural tube.
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a muscle spasm that results from excessive sweat loss coupled with high fluid intake, low urine output, and inadequate sodium intake is known as a
A muscle spasm that results from excessive sweat loss coupled with high fluid intake, low urine output, and inadequate sodium intake is known as a Heat cramp.
What do you mean by Heat Cramp ?
Heat cramps can be defined as the painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur during heavy exercise in hot environments. They may be more intense and more prolonged than are typical nighttime leg cramps. Fluid and electrolyte loss often contribute to heat crampsCauses of heat cramps include :
sweating excessively.engaging in intense activity, especially in the heat.running a high fever.having diarrhea.vomiting.To know more about Heat cramps from the given link
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