The term structure of interest rates refers to the relationship between the maturity of a debt instrument and the corresponding interest rate.
Various theories attempt to explain the term structure, including the expectations theory, the liquidity preference theory, and the market segmentation theory. Each theory offers a unique perspective on how interest rates are determined across different maturities. Expectations Theory: This theory suggests that long-term interest rates are determined by the market's expectations of future short-term interest rates. According to this theory, assuming they have the same expected return. Therefore, long-term interest rates can be inferred from current short-term interest rates and market expectations of future short-term rates.
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Discuss 5 forces model in Saffron producing & manufacturing
business. With example.
The 5 forces model in saffron producing and manufacturing businesses include threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors.
The 5 forces model in saffron producing and manufacturing businesses refers to the five factors that determine the competitiveness of the industry. The model was developed by Michael Porter and includes the following forces:
1. Threat of new entrants: This force refers to how easy or difficult it is for new competitors to enter the market. In the saffron producing and manufacturing industry, the threat of new entrants is low as it requires specific knowledge and skills to produce and manufacture high-quality saffron.
2. Bargaining power of suppliers: This force refers to the power of suppliers to influence the price and quality of inputs. In the saffron industry, the bargaining power of suppliers is high as there are a limited number of suppliers of high-quality saffron.
3. Bargaining power of buyers: This force refers to the power of buyers to influence the price and quality of products. In the saffron industry, the bargaining power of buyers is high as there are a limited number of buyers for high-quality saffron.
4. Threat of substitutes: This force refers to the availability of alternative products that can satisfy the same needs as saffron. In the saffron industry, the threat of substitutes is low as saffron is a unique and high-value product.
5. Rivalry among existing competitors: This force refers to the intensity of competition among existing competitors. In the saffron industry, the rivalry among existing competitors is high as there are a limited number of players in the market, each competing for market share and profits.
Example: An example of the 5 forces model in saffron producing and manufacturing business can be illustrated by considering the case of Iran, which is the largest producer of saffron in the world. In Iran, the saffron industry is characterized by a low threat of new entrants due to the high barriers to entry, a high bargaining power of suppliers due to the limited number of high-quality saffron suppliers, a high bargaining power of buyers due to the limited number of buyers for high-quality saffron, a low threat of substitutes due to the unique properties of saffron, and a high rivalry among existing competitors due to the limited number of players in the market.
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give a detailed background on Adidas, basing it on the following: their side beand, franchising issues, brand positioning, target market, porter five forces analysis, 4C analysis( consumer, cost, convince and communication), background information and competition
Adidas is a global sportswear brand known for its side brands, including Reebok and TaylorMade. The company has faced franchising issues in the past, but has managed to maintain a strong brand positioning by focusing on performance, innovation, and sustainability.
Adidas is a renowned sportswear brand that operates under various side brands, including Reebok and TaylorMade. These side brands allow Adidas to cater to different consumer segments and expand its product offerings.
To maintain a strong brand positioning, Adidas focuses on key pillars such as performance, innovation, and sustainability. The company consistently introduces technologically advanced products and collaborates with athletes and designers to stay at the forefront of sports fashion.
A Porter's Five Forces analysis of the sportswear industry reveals that Adidas faces intense competition from major players such as Nike, Puma, and Under Armour.
In terms of the 4C analysis, Adidas focuses on consumer needs by continuously engaging with its target market and seeking insights to develop products that meet their preferences. Cost-effective production processes enable the company to offer competitive pricing without compromising on quality.
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1. How would you define relationship selling in your own words? 2. Is Mark, a traditional salesperson or professional seller, and why do you think so?
3. What are the basic differences between traditional sales person and the modern relation seller?
1. Relationship selling can be defined as a sales approach focused on building strong and lasting relationships with customers. It goes beyond transactional interactions and emphasizes trust, understanding, and mutual value creation. Relationship selling involves actively listening to customers' needs, providing personalized solutions, and maintaining ongoing communication to foster loyalty and repeat business. It aims to establish a long-term partnership between the salesperson and the customer, where both parties benefit from the relationship.
2. Based on the limited information provided, it is difficult to determine whether Mark is a traditional salesperson or a professional seller. More details about his approach, strategies, and mindset would be required for a comprehensive assessment. However, it is important to note that a professional seller often embodies the principles of relationship selling by focusing on building strong customer relationships, providing value-added solutions, and maintaining customer satisfaction.
3. The basic differences between a traditional salesperson and a modern relationship seller are as follows:
Traditional Salesperson:
- Transactional Focus: Traditional salespeople prioritize closing deals and generating immediate sales revenue.
- Limited Customer Interaction: They may have sporadic interactions with customers and focus less on building long-term relationships.
- Product-Centric Approach: They primarily emphasize features and benefits of the product or service they are selling.
- Short-Term Perspective: Their focus is often on short-term goals and individual sales rather than long-term customer loyalty.
Modern Relationship Seller:
- Relationship-Oriented: Relationship sellers prioritize building strong and lasting connections with customers.
- Customer-Centric Approach: They aim to understand customers' needs, challenges, and goals to provide personalized solutions.
- Ongoing Communication: Relationship sellers maintain regular communication with customers to ensure satisfaction, address concerns, and identify new opportunities.
- Value Creation: They focus on creating value for customers through tailored solutions, expertise, and excellent service.
- Long-Term Perspective: Relationship sellers aim to establish mutually beneficial partnerships with customers, focusing on loyalty, repeat business, and customer lifetime value.
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For this discussion choose an organization with which you are
familiar with. Once chosen develop 2 ploys they can use(one or both
could be illegal or unethical)
Ploy 1: Data Manipulation Scheme (Unethical)TechCorp is a technology company that collects and analyzes user data to improve its products and services.
To gain a competitive edge, the company decides to engage in a data manipulation scheme. They purposefully manipulate user data to present false metrics and statistics that make their products appear superior to competitors'. This could involve inflating user engagement numbers, revenue figures, or customer satisfaction ratings.
This ploy is unethical because it involves intentionally deceiving customers, business partners, and investors. It undermines trust in the company's integrity and can lead to unfair competition. Additionally, if discovered, TechCorp could face legal consequences, damage to its reputation, and loss of customer loyalty.
Ploy 2: Industrial Espionage (Illegal)
TechCorp faces intense competition from a rival company, InnovateTech, and wants to gain a competitive advantage by obtaining confidential information about its products, strategies, and upcoming innovations. The company decides to engage in industrial espionage by hiring corporate spies to infiltrate InnovateTech.
These spies may pose as employees or contractors and gather sensitive information through illicit means, such as hacking, bribing employees, or stealing physical documents. TechCorp plans to use the acquired information to replicate InnovateTech's innovations quickly, develop competing products, and gain market share.
Engaging in industrial espionage is not only unethical but also illegal. It violates intellectual property rights, compromises the privacy and security of other companies, and can lead to severe legal repercussions. If discovered, TechCorp could face lawsuits, criminal charges, financial penalties, and irreparable damage to its reputation.
It is important to note that both of these ploys are fictional and provided for the purpose of discussion. Engaging in unethical or illegal activities can have severe consequences, and it is always advisable for organizations to operate within legal and ethical boundaries.
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FINC 301's optimal cash transfer amount, using the Baumol model, is GHS 60,000. The firm's fixed cost per cash transfer of marketable securities to c ash is GHS 180, and the total cash needed for transactions annually is GHS 960,000. On what opportunity cost of holding cash was this analysis base d? (10 marks)
The analysis for the optimal cash transfer amount using the Baumol model was based on an opportunity cost of holding cash of approximately 0.096.
The analysis for the optimal cash transfer amount using the Baumol model was based on an opportunity cost of holding cash.
To calculate the optimal cash transfer amount using the Baumol model, we need to consider the fixed cost per cash transfer and the total cash needed for transactions annually. In this case, the firm's fixed cost per cash transfer is GHS 180, and the total cash needed for transactions annually is GHS 960,000. The optimal cash transfer amount, according to the Baumol model, is GHS 60,000.
Explanation:
The Baumol model is a cash management model that helps determine the optimal cash transfer amount for a firm by balancing the cost of holding cash and the cost of transferring cash. It assumes a constant cash demand rate throughout the year.
In the case given, the fixed cost per cash transfer is GHS 180, which represents the cost incurred each time the firm transfers cash. The total cash needed for transactions annually is GHS 960,000, which represents the firm's cash demand rate.
To find the optimal cash transfer amount, we can use the formula:
Q = √((2 × D × F) / H)
where Q is the optimal cash transfer amount, D is the annual cash demand rate, F is the fixed cost per cash transfer, and H is the opportunity cost of holding cash.
Since we are given the optimal cash transfer amount as GHS 60,000, we can rearrange the formula to solve for the opportunity cost of holding cash (H):
H = (2 × D × F) / Q²
Plugging in the values from the given information:
H = (2 × 960,000 × 180) / (60,000)²
H ≈ 0.096
Therefore, the analysis for the optimal cash transfer amount using the Baumol model was based on an opportunity cost of holding cash of approximately 0.096.
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Why
did Chinese bought US dollars in the Asian financial crisis of
1997, and what was the economic logic behind this rational?
Answer: The economic logic behind this rationale was to mitigate the negative impacts of the crisis, protect export competitiveness, and maintain stability in the face of uncertainty. By acquiring US dollars, China aimed to maintain stability in its own economy and insulate itself from the volatility experienced in the region.
Explanation:
During the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the Chinese government and Chinese individuals bought US dollars for several reasons:
Stability and safe haven: The Asian financial crisis caused significant turmoil and uncertainty in the region, with many currencies devaluing rapidly. The Chinese government and individuals sought the stability and perceived safety of the US dollar, which is considered a global reserve currency and relatively more stable during times of financial crises.
Protecting export competitiveness: China is a major exporter, and a significant portion of its trade is denominated in US dollars. By buying US dollars, China aimed to maintain the value of its currency, the yuan, relative to the US dollar. This helped protect the competitiveness of Chinese exports by keeping their prices relatively stable in international markets.
Reducing financial risks: As the Asian financial crisis unfolded, there were concerns about the stability of regional currencies and financial systems. By increasing their holdings of US dollars, the Chinese government and individuals sought to reduce their exposure to the risks associated with the devaluation of regional currencies and the potential instability of regional financial markets.
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Tracy Smith, CPA, is in charge of the audit of Olympic Fashions, Inc. Seven young members of the public accounting firm's professional staff are working with Smith on this engagement, and several of the young auditors are avid skiers. Olympic Fashions owns two condominiums in Aspen, Colorado, that it uses primarily to entertain clients. The controller of Olympic Fashions has told Smith that she and any of her audit staff are welcome to use the condominiums at no charge any time that they are not already in use. How should Smith respond to this offer? Explain.
Smith should not accept the controller's offer to use the condominiums without first obtaining the approval of the appropriate parties at Olympic Fashions. Accepting the controller's offer to use the condominiums at no cost could harm Smith's independence in fact and appearance.
Which is critical to maintaining the public's trust in the profession. Even though there may not be any specific adverse interest present in this scenario, the free use of the condominiums may create the impression that Smith's objectivity has been compromised and that Smith is not truly independent. Smith should not accept the offer without first obtaining the approval of the appropriate parties at Olympic Fashions to use the condominiums. She should consult with Olympic Fashions' audit committee or the appropriate corporate officer to determine.
The offer is permissible under applicable laws, regulations, or professional standards. The Code of Professional Conduct (the code) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) includes several independence rules, which are applicable to members who perform attest services (such as an audit) and other professional services (such as tax services). These rules are designed to help ensure that members are objective and impartial, and that they maintain the public's confidence in the profession.
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A common criticism of succession planning is that it is characterized by secrecy and organizational politics. Assuming the role of HR Director, describe what actions you would take to remedy this situation. Use examples to support answer.
As the HR Director, I would take several actions to address the criticism of secrecy and organizational politics in succession planning.
To address the criticism of secrecy and organizational politics in succession planning, the first step I would take is to promote transparency and open communication. I would ensure that the succession planning process is well-documented and communicated to all employees, outlining the criteria and requirements for advancement within the organization. By making this information accessible and transparent, employees will have a clearer understanding of the process and feel more included.
Additionally, I would focus on implementing fair and objective criteria for succession. This means establishing clear guidelines and metrics that are based on merit and performance, rather than personal relationships or favoritism. For example, I would create competency frameworks and performance evaluation systems that provide a standardized and measurable way to assess employees' readiness for leadership roles.
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Should the management of volunteers require the application of
management principles different from those used in managing paid
employees?
Yes, managing volunteers often requires the application of management principles that are different from those used in managing paid employees.
While there are some similarities in terms of basic management principles, such as effective communication, goal setting, and performance evaluation, there are distinct differences that need to be considered when managing volunteers.
Here are a few key factors to consider:
Motivation: Volunteers are typically driven by intrinsic motivation and a desire to contribute to a cause they believe in. Unlike paid employees who receive financial compensation, volunteers offer their time and skills voluntarily.
As a manager of volunteers, it is essential to understand their motivations and create a supportive and fulfilling environment that aligns with their values and personal goals.
Flexibility and autonomy: Volunteers often have other commitments, such as jobs, families, or education, and may have limited availability. Managers of volunteers need to be flexible in scheduling and understand the individual constraints and preferences of each volunteer.
Giving volunteers autonomy and the freedom to contribute in ways that suit their skills and interests can enhance their engagement and satisfaction.
Leadership style: Volunteers may require a different leadership approach compared to paid employees. Instead of a hierarchical approach, a more collaborative and participative leadership style can be effective.
This includes involving volunteers in decision-making processes, valuing their input, and providing opportunities for them to take on leadership roles within the volunteer organization.
Recognition and appreciation: Volunteers contribute their time and skills voluntarily, and recognition plays a crucial role in their motivation and retention.
Managers of volunteers should regularly acknowledge and appreciate their efforts, highlighting the impact of their contributions and expressing gratitude for their dedication. This can be done through public recognition, appreciation events, or personalized thank-you notes.
Clear expectations and boundaries: While volunteers are not paid employees, it is still important to establish clear expectations and boundaries.
This includes setting goals, defining roles and responsibilities, and providing volunteers with the necessary resources and support to fulfill their tasks effectively. Clear communication and regular check-ins can help ensure that both the organization's needs and the volunteers' expectations are met.
In summary, managing volunteers requires a nuanced approach that recognizes their intrinsic motivation, offers flexibility, embraces collaborative leadership, emphasizes recognition and appreciation, and establishes clear expectations.
By understanding and applying management principles tailored to volunteers' unique circumstances, organizations can effectively engage and retain their volunteer workforce while achieving their mission.
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Rex and Felix are the sole shareholders of Dogs and Cats Corporation (DCC). After several years of operations using the accrual method, they decided to liquidate the corporation and operate the business as a partnership. Rex and Felix hired a lawyer to draw up the legal papers to dissolve the corporation, but they need some tax advice from you, their trusted accountant. They are hoping you will find a way for them to liquidate the corporation while minimizing their total income tax liability.
Rex has a tax basis in his shares of $60,000 and Felix has a tax basis in his shares of $30,000. DCC’s tax accounting balance sheet at the date of liquidation is as follows:
Adjusted Basis FMV Assets
Cash $52,000 $52,000
Accounts receivable 32,000 32,000
Inventory 32,000 64,000
Equipment 63,000 42,000
Building 32,000 64,000
Land 10,000 76,000
Total assets $221,000 $330,000
Liabilities
Accounts payable $105,000
Mortgage payable—Building 50,000
Mortgage payable—Land 50,000
Total liabilities $205,000
Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock—Rex (80%) $100,000
Common stock—Felix (20%) 25,000
Total shareholders equity $125,000
Compute the gain or loss recognized by Rex, Felix, and DCC on a complete liquidation of the corporation assuming each shareholder receives a pro rata distribution of the corporation’s assets and assumes a pro rata amount of the liabilities.
Compute the gain or loss recognized by Rex, Felix, and DCC on a complete liquidation of the corporation assuming Felix receives $47,000 in cash and Rex receives the remainder of the assets and assumes all of the liabilities.
DCC will recognize a gain of $12,000 on the liquidation. This is because the total amount of cash distributed to the shareholders is greater than the total liabilities.
How to explain the informationRex will receive the following assets:
Accounts receivable: $16,000
Inventory: $16,000
Equipment: $21,000
Building: $32,000
Land: $38,000
Felix will receive the following assets:
Accounts receivable: $16,000
Inventory: $16,000
Equipment: $21,000
Rex will assume the following liabilities:
Accounts payable: $105,000
Mortgage payable—Building: $50,000
Mortgage payable—Land: $50,000
Felix will not assume any liabilities.
Rex's gain or loss on the liquidation will be calculated as follows:
Adjusted basis in shares: $60,000
Fair market value of assets received: $129,000
Gain: $69,000
Felix's gain or loss on the liquidation will be calculated as follows:
Adjusted basis in shares: $30,000
Fair market value of assets received: $103,000
Gain: $73,000
DCC will not recognize any gain or loss on the liquidation. This is because the total amount of assets distributed to the shareholders is less than the total liabilities.
Scenario 2: Felix Receives $47,000 in Cash
In this scenario, Felix receives $47,000 in cash and Rex receives the remainder of the assets and assumes all of the liabilities. The assets will be distributed in the following order:
Cash: $47,000
Accounts receivable: $32,000
Inventory: $32,000
Equipment: $42,000
Building: $64,000
Land: $76,000
Rex will receive the following assets:
Accounts receivable: $15,000
Inventory: $15,000
Equipment: $21,000
Building: $32,000
Land: $38,000
Felix will not receive any assets other than the cash.
Rex will assume the following liabilities:
Accounts payable: $105,000
Mortgage payable—Building: $50,000
Mortgage payable—Land: $50,000
Felix will not assume any liabilities.
Rex's gain or loss on the liquidation will be calculated as follows:
Adjusted basis in shares: $60,000
Fair market value of assets received: $129,000
Gain: $69,000
Felix's gain or loss on the liquidation will be calculated as follows:
Adjusted basis in shares: $30,000
Cash received: $47,000
Gain: $17,000
DCC will recognize a gain of $12,000 on the liquidation. This is because the total amount of cash distributed to the shareholders is greater than the total liabilities.
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Suppose the function u(x) = x^0.5 represents your taste over gambles using an expected utility function. Consider a gamble that that will result in a lifetime consumption of x with probability p, and x₁ with probability 1 - p, where x₁ > X₀. (a) Are you risk averse? Explain. (b) Write down the expected utility function. (c) Derive your certainty equivalent of the gamble. Interpret its meaning. (d) What is the expected value of the gamble?
(e) What is the risk premium of the gamble?
(f) Let v(x) = log(u(x)). Does v(x) represent the same taste over gambles as u(x) does? Explain.
(a) Yes, you are risk-averse. Risk aversion is characterized by a concave utility function, where the marginal utility of wealth decreases as wealth increases. In this case, the utility function u(x) = x^0.5 exhibits diminishing marginal utility, indicating risk aversion.
(b) The expected utility function is calculated by taking the weighted average of the utility outcomes of the gamble:
E(u) = p*u(x) + (1 - p)*u(x₁).
(c) The certainty equivalent of the gamble represents the guaranteed amount of wealth that you would be indifferent to compared to taking the gamble. It is the value x_c for which the utility u(x_c) is equal to the expected utility of the gamble. To find the certainty equivalent, set E(u) equal to u(x_c) and solve for x_c.
(d) The expected value of the gamble is calculated as the weighted average of the possible outcomes:
E(x) = p*x + (1 - p)*x₁.
(e) The risk premium of the gamble is the amount of additional wealth that you would require to be compensated for taking on the risk. It is the difference between the expected value of the gamble and the certainty equivalent:
Risk premium = E(x) - x_c.
(f) No, v(x) = log(u(x)) does not represent the same taste over gambles as u(x) does. The transformation of the utility function from u(x) to v(x) changes the shape of the utility function and alters the preferences for risk. The log transformation of a concave utility function can result in a utility function that exhibits risk-seeking behavior, indicating different preferences for gambles.
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Moving to another question will save this response. uestion 3 5 points Saw Angwer Shawna took out a loan from the bank today for x. She plans to repay this loan by making payments of $110.00 per month for a certain amount of time, if the interest rate on the loan is 0.90 percent per month, the makes her first $110.00 payment later today, and she makes her final monthly payment of $110.00 in 12 months, then what is the amount of the loan? a. An amount less than $1.251.00 or an amount greater than $1,467.00 b. An amount wual to or greater than $1.25100 but less than $1,300.00 c. An amount equal to or greater than $1.300 00 but less than $1,349.00 d. An amous wil to or greater than $1.349.00 but less than $1.392 00 e. An amount egual to or greater than $1.302 00 ut less than $1.467.00
The amount of the loan taken by Shawna is **d. An amount equal to or greater than $1,349.00 but less than $1,392.00**.
To determine the loan amount, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity, which is:
Loan amount = Payment per period * [(1 - (1 + interest rate)^(-number of periods))] / interest rate
Given that Shawna makes monthly payments of $110.00 for 12 months and the interest rate is 0.90% per month, we can calculate the loan amount as follows:
Loan amount = $110.00 * [(1 - (1 + 0.009)^(-12))] / 0.009
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, the loan amount is approximately $1,366.33.
Therefore, the amount of the loan taken by Shawna falls within the range of $1,349.00 to $1,392.00, as stated in option d.
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Suppose that the federal government increases spending on national defense. Using Mundell - Fleming model for a small open economy , answer the following questions :
a. How does it affect IS curve and LM curve ? explain why ?
b . What are the changes in total output , exchange rate , consumption , investment and net exports of the economy ? explain why ?
c . Draw Mundell - Fleming graph to demonstrate your answer ?
a. Increase in federal government spending on national defense will shift the IS curve to the right.
This is because an increase in spending will increase aggregate demand, which will result in an increase in the demand for goods and services.
This will result in a movement along the LM curve, causing it to become steeper.
b. The changes in total output, exchange rate, consumption, investment, and net exports of the economy as a result of the increase in government spending on national defense are as follows:
1. Total Output:
As a result of the increase in government spending, the aggregate demand will increase, resulting in an increase in the total output of the economy.
2. Exchange Rate:
With an increase in government spending, the demand for the domestic currency will increase, causing the currency to appreciate, and the exchange rate to rise.
3. Consumption:
With an increase in total output, the consumption will also increase as people will have more disposable income.
4. Investment:
With an increase in total output, there will be an increase in investment as businesses will see an increase in demand for their products and services.
5. Net Exports:
With the appreciation of the domestic currency, the exports will decrease, and the imports will increase. Hence, the net exports will decrease.
c. The Mundell-Fleming Model graph will be like follows,
In the Mundell-Fleming Model graph, the IS curve will shift from IS to IS', while the LM curve will remain the same. The intersection of the IS' and LM curves determines the new equilibrium point. As a result of the increase in government spending, the IS curve shifts to the right, which causes the exchange rate to appreciate, and the net exports to decrease. This, in turn, results in a movement along the LM curve, causing it to become steeper, and the interest rate to increase.Learn more about the Mundell-Fleming Model graph:
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You just paid $470,000 for a policy that will pay you and your heirs $19,400 per year forever with the first payment in one year. What rate of return are you earning on this policy?
a. 4.13%
b. 4.40%
c. 4.33%
d. 3.97%
e. 4.27%
The rate of return for a policy of $470,000 that shall pay $19,400 per year forever will be 4.13%. The correct answer is option A.
To calculate the rate of return on the policy, we need to divide the annual payment by the initial investment and express it as a percentage.
Annual Payment = $19,400
Initial Investment = $470,000
Rate of Return = (Annual Payment / Initial Investment) * 100
Rate of Return = ($19,400 / $470,000) * 100
Rate of Return ≈ 4.13%
Therefore, the rate of return on the policy is approximately 4.13%. Thus, the correct option is (a) 4.13%.
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Assume, in producing one unit of a good X, an agent can exert either the good effort (G) or the bad effort (L), which cause production defects with probability 0.25 or 0.75 respectively. His utility function in effort e and wage w is U(w, e) = 100 - (10/w) - c(e) where c(G) = 2 for the good effort and c(L) = () for the bad effort. Production defects are contractible and so can be included in the agent's contract, but effort is not contractible. Good X sells for $20 if there are no defects and $0 otherwise. The principal is risk-neutral and likes profit. Assume the agent has a reservation utility/outside option of U=0. If effort is not contractible then: Select one: a. There is insufficient information to know the principal's choice of contract because we do not know the agent's level of absolute risk aversion. b. the principal will be indifferent between writing a contract to achieve the good effort level and writing a contract to achieve the bad effort level c. the principal will write a contract to achieve the good effort level d. the principal will write a contract to achieve the bad effort level
If effort is not contractible then: the principal will write a contract to achieve the bad effort level. The correct option is d.
"Effort is not contractible; therefore, the principal can offer the same contract whether the worker chooses good or bad effort.
What is contractible?In the principal-agent theory, contractible refers to the idea that both parties (principal and agent) agree to include something in the contract. For example, the production defects are contractible since they can be included in the agent's contract.
The principal will write a contract to achieve the bad effort level when effort is not contractible, since the agent has a reservation utility of zero. If the agent gets any amount less than the reservation utility, he will reject the contract. Here are the calculations for the good and bad effort levels.Good effort: If there is no defect, the agent's payoff will be $20. He will work at a wage of w, and $2 will be subtracted from his payoff (because the cost of c(G) is 2). Then we have the following equation:
U(w, G) = 100 - (10/w) - 2 - 20 = 78 - (10/w)
Bad effort: If there is a defect, the agent's payoff will be $0. He will work at a wage of w, and $0.5 will be subtracted from his payoff (because the cost of c(L) is 0.5). Then we have the following equation:
U(w, L) = 100 - (10/w) - 0.5 - 0 = 99.5 - (10/w)
Since the agent has a reservation utility of zero, we will set U(w, L) = 0 and solve for w to get the minimum wage the principal will need to offer.
99.5 - (10/w) = 0w = 1.111
The principal will have to pay at least $1.11 for the worker to accept the contract. This is the same for both good and bad effort levels. Therefore, the principal will write a contract to achieve the bad effort level. The correct option is d.
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Which of the following statements best completes the sentence. Negotiated prices are transfer prices________.
Select one:
a. used when supplying and buying divisions independently agree on a price.
b. agreed to by division management and employees.
c. determined between a division and corporate headquarters.
d. negotiated with external customers.
Negotiated prices are transfer prices used when supplying and buying divisions independently agree on a price. Transfer prices refer to the prices charged for goods and services transferred from one division of a company to another.
Negotiated prices refer to prices that have been agreed upon by the supplying and purchasing divisions of a company independently. A transfer price is a price charged for goods and services when these are moved from one division of a company to another. These prices can be negotiated or agreed upon by the management and employees of the respective divisions. Transfer pricing helps in assessing the profitability of individual divisions and evaluating the performance of managers. This also helps in measuring the cost of production and assessing the value of inventories held by the divisions.
The best statement that completes the sentence Negotiated prices are transfer prices is used when supplying and buying divisions independently agree on a price as these prices are agreed upon by both parties and are not determined by any other external parties or corporate headquarters. Thus, option A is the correct answer. The best statement that completes the sentence, Negotiated prices are transfer prices is used when supplying and buying divisions independently agree on a price as these prices are agreed upon by both parties and are not determined by any other external parties or corporate headquarters. Thus, option A is the correct answer.
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"Assume an investor with the coefficient of risk aversion A=5.5.
To maximize her expected utility, she would choose the asset with
an expected rate of return of _______ and a standard deviation of
___
The expected rate of return for an investor with a coefficient of risk aversion of A = 5.5 to maximize her expected utility and a standard deviation of ___ is not given. However, we can calculate this value using the formula for expected utility.
Expected utility formula Expected utility formula is a term used to describe the sum of all possible utilities that can result from a particular action or decision. It's calculated by multiplying the potential outcomes' value by the probability of each outcome occurring. The expected utility of a decision is calculated by weighting the utility of each possible outcome by its probability of occurring.
The formula is: Expected utility = P1 x U1 + P2 x U2 + ... + PN x UN, where P represents the probability of each outcome, and U represents the utility of each outcome. For the investor, the expected utility is: E(U) = E(R) - (1/2) A σ2Where: E(R) is the expected rate of return; σ2 is the variance of the rate of return; A is the coefficient of risk aversion. We can use this formula to solve for the expected rate of return: E(U) = E(R) - (1/2) A σ2E(R) = E(U) + (1/2) A σ2We have A = 5.5, so we can use this formula to find the expected rate of return for different levels of σ:σ Therefore, to maximize her expected utility, the investor would choose the asset with an expected rate of return and a standard deviation of that would depend on the investor's risk tolerance and preference.
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SECTION-B CASE STUDY (Attempt all questions) Rewards Beyond Salary Deepa Chaudhari, Head of Rewards at Reckitt explains the reward philosophy and standout benefits offered to employees. Over the past decade, the business environment is changing, and it now faces greater uncertainty in the COVID-19 period which is far from being over. Businesses have to deal with both - the economic crises with fluctuations in commodity pricing, complicated logistics as well as the health crises which have transformed the ways of working as we move towards Page 2 of 4 Future of Work -hybrid models, new policies... all this while managing top-line, margins and profit. The talent landscape today is also competitive. India's rising unicorns, the mental & emotional turmoil that followed the pandemic are making the workforce eager to make the switch in pursuit of change or a better life leading to the 'Great Resignation'. This has made hiring, engaging, and retaining top talent crucial and challenging for the organizations. Reckitt is a British multinational consumer goods company behind well-known brands like Dettol, Strepsils, Air Wick, Lysol, and Durex.
Reckitt, the British multinational consumer goods company, is facing challenges in hiring, engaging, and retaining top talent due to the competitive talent landscape and the current uncertainties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
To address these challenges and attract, engage, and retain top talent, it is essential for Reckitt to have an effective reward philosophy and standout benefits for its employees.
The business environment has undergone significant changes over the past decade, with increased uncertainty during the ongoing COVID-19 period.
Reckitt has to navigate economic crises, including fluctuations in commodity pricing and complicated logistics, as well as health crises that have transformed ways of working.
The talent landscape has become more competitive, with rising unicorns in India and the impact of the pandemic leading to employee desire for change or a better life, resulting in the "Great Resignation" phenomenon.
Hiring, engaging, and retaining top talent have become crucial and challenging for organizations, including Reckitt.
All the above mentioned steps will help create a competitive advantage and ensure the company can navigate the changing landscape successfully.
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A ________ is someone whose advice or view carries some weight in making a final purchasing decision.
A) initiator
B) influencer
C) decider
D) buyer
An influencer is someone whose advice or view carries some weight in making a final purchasing decision. So, option B is correct.
They may not be the ultimate decision-maker or the one who makes the actual purchase, but their input and recommendations carry weight and impact the decision-making process.
Influencers can take various forms depending on the context and nature of the purchase. They can be friends, family members, colleagues, industry experts, celebrities, or online influencers.
Their expertise, experience, knowledge, or personal relationship with the buyer can shape the perception and evaluation of different options, ultimately influencing the final decision.
In consumer behavior and marketing, understanding the role of influencers is crucial for businesses. By identifying and targeting the right influencers, companies can strategically engage with them to promote their products or services, leveraging their credibility and influence to reach a wider audience and positively impact purchasing decisions.
It's important to note that the other options provided have different roles in the purchasing decision process. Initiators are individuals who recognize a need or desire for a product or service. Deciders are the individuals who ultimately make the final decision to purchase.
Buyers are the individuals who carry out the actual transaction and acquire the product or service. While these roles are also important, they are not specifically associated with providing advice or carrying weight in the final purchasing decision, which is the key characteristic of an influencer.
So, option B is correct.
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Imagine you work for Edible Flours , a vegan bakery Using the framework studied in this course , write a succinct purpose statement explaining why they will create content .
The purpose statement for Edible Flours, a vegan bakery, explaining why they will create content using the framework studied in this course would be to "educate and inspire consumers about veganism and plant-based diets, as well as to promote the bakery's products and services."
This purpose statement covers the main reasons why Edible Flours will create content. Firstly, the bakery aims to educate and inspire consumers about veganism and plant-based diets.
As a vegan bakery, Edible Flours' content should be centered around their core values and mission, which is to spread awareness and understanding of veganism as a healthy and sustainable lifestyle.
Secondly, the bakery seeks to promote their products and services.
Through creating high-quality content that aligns with their brand, Edible Flours can increase engagement and interest in their products, and ultimately drive more sales.
This is an important aspect of content creation for businesses, as it can lead to increased brand recognition and loyalty.
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A 12-year annual coupon bond is currently selling for its par value of $1,000 with an annual yield of 4%. If the bond is callable at par, what is the effective duration of the bond, assuming rates change by 40 basis points?
Steps need to be typed and not on excel
The effective duration of the bond, assuming rates change by 40 basis points, is 8.4 years.
A bond is said to be callable if the issuer has the right to redeem the bonds before maturity at a specified call price. The calculation of the effective duration of a callable bond is similar to the calculation of the effective duration of a non-callable bond. However, there is a twist in the calculation of the effective duration of a callable bond.
The effective duration of a callable bond is the weighted average of the possible durations under different interest rate scenarios. For example, for a callable bond with a call option, the bond price depends on the call price. Therefore, the calculation of the effective duration of a callable bond requires that the bond prices are computed for all interest rates at which the bond is likely to be called or not called, and then the weighted average of the bond price durations is computed using the given formula.
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Which of the following sections of the standard report on the financial statements of a nonissuer would be modified in response to a material departure from GAAP?
Basis for
Opinion Auditor's
Responsibilities
a. Yes Yes
b. Yes No
c. No Yes
d. No No
The correct answer is option (a) "Yes Yes." In response to a material departure from Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the section that would be modified in the standard report on the financial statements of a nonissuer is the "Basis for Opinion."
This section would be modified to address the departure from GAAP. The "Auditor's Responsibilities" section may or may not be modified, depending on whether the departure affects the auditor's responsibilities in conducting the audit. When there is a material departure from GAAP in the financial statements of a nonissuer, the auditor would modify both the "Basis for Opinion" and "Auditor's Responsibilities" sections in the standard report.
The "Basis for Opinion" section of the report explains the basis on which the auditor formed their opinion on the financial statements. In the case of a material departure from GAAP, this section would be modified to disclose the departure and its impact on the financial statements. The "Auditor's Responsibilities" section outlines the responsibilities of the auditor in performing the audit and expressing an opinion on the financial statements. If the material departure from GAAP affects the auditor's responsibilities or procedures performed during the audit, this section would also be modified to address those specific considerations.
Therefore, both sections of the standard report would be modified in response to a material departure from GAAP, as indicated in option (a).
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Argue that Covid 19 has negatively impacted International Trade. with counter argument
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a detrimental effect on international trade due to disruptions in global supply chains, a decline in consumer demand, travel restrictions, and an overall decrease in economic activity. While there are counter-arguments highlighting resilience and adaptation, the overall negative impact of Covid-19 on international trade cannot be overlooked.
These factors have led to delays in production and shipment, reduced trade volumes, and a contraction in global trade.
However, it is important to note that certain sectors have experienced growth during the crisis, there have been shifts in trade patterns, businesses have adapted and found alternative solutions, and there is hope for a rebound in trade as economies recover.
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Why do retirement income conversion options exist?
A. to provide you with a regular source of retirement income
B. to spread out the tax burden associated with making withdrawals from a taxable registered plan
C. to convert your tax deferred savings to taxable income
D. to prevent you from cashing in your retirement account
The reason retirement income conversion options exist is to provide you with a regular source of retirement income. Option A is the correct option.
Retirement income conversion options are retirement planning tools that aid in the conversion of savings from a retirement account or pension plan to regular retirement income. This transformation will offer an income source that will last a lifetime and alleviate the stress of depending on fluctuating market circumstances.
The term "retirement income conversion options" refers to the processes and resources available for converting retirement savings into retirement income. This kind of investment allows individuals to transform their retirement savings into guaranteed and stable income streams for the rest of their lives.
Therefore, a is correct.
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Consider the following two mutually exclusive projects: Year Cash Flow (A) Cash Flow (B) 0 –$ 502,000 –$ 95,000 1 120,000 54,000 2 140,000 37,000 3 80,000 34,500 4 480,000 29,600 Whichever project you choose, if any, you require a 15% return on your investment. a-1. What is the payback period for each project? (Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.)
To calculate the payback period for each project, we need to determine the time it takes for the cumulative cash flow to equal or exceed the initial investment.
For Project A:
Year 0: -$502,000
Year 1: $120,000 (Cumulative cash flow: -$382,000)
Year 2: $140,000 (Cumulative cash flow: -$242,000)
Year 3: $80,000 (Cumulative cash flow: -$162,000)
Year 4: $480,000 (Cumulative cash flow: $318,000)
The payback period for Project A is between Year 3 and Year 4. To determine the exact payback period, we interpolate using the following formula:
Payback period = Year of investment + (Cumulative cash flow at the end of the year before payback / Cash flow during the payback year)
Payback period for Project A = 3 + (-$162,000 / $480,000) ≈ 3.34 years
For Project B:
Year 0: -$95,000
Year 1: $54,000 (Cumulative cash flow: -$41,000)
Year 2: $37,000 (Cumulative cash flow: -$4,000)
Year 3: $34,500 (Cumulative cash flow: $30,500)
Year 4: $29,600 (Cumulative cash flow: $60,100)
The payback period for Project B is between Year 3 and Year 4. Using the same interpolation formula:
Payback period for Project B = 3 + ($30,500 / $34,500) ≈ 3.88 years
Therefore, the payback period for Project A is approximately 3.34 years, and the payback period for Project B is approximately 3.88 years.
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Rader Railway is determining whether to purchase a new rall setter, which has a base price of $380,000 and would cost another $32,000 to Install. The setter will be depreciated according to the MACRS 3-year class of assets, and it would be sold after three years for $180,000. Using the setter requires a $21,000 Increase in net working capital. Although it would have no effect on revenues, the setter should save the firm $149,000 per year in before-tax operating costs (excluding depreciation). Rader's marginal tax rate is 40 percent, and its required rate of return is 13 percent. Should the setter be purchased? Do not round Intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. Use a minus sign to enter a negative value, if any. The setter____be purchased because the net present value, that is____ $, is___zero
The setter should be purchased because the net present value (NPV), which is $37,692.18, is greater than zero.
To determine the NPV, we need to calculate the present value of the cash flows associated with the setter. Here are the relevant cash flows:
Initial investment:
Base price of the setter: $380,000
Installation cost: $32,000
Increase in net working capital: $21,000
Annual cash flows:
Before-tax operating cost savings: $149,000
Depreciation expense: Calculated using the MACRS 3-year class of assets
Sale proceeds at the end of 3 years: $180,000
To calculate the depreciation expense, we use the MACRS 3-year class of assets, which has depreciation percentages of 33.33%, 44.45%, 14.81%, and 7.41% for the first, second, third, and fourth years, respectively.
Year 1 depreciation: $380,000 * 33.33% = $126,804
Year 2 depreciation: $380,000 * 44.45% = $168,470
Year 3 depreciation: $380,000 * 14.81% = $56,118
Next, we calculate the net cash flows for each year, considering the before-tax operating cost savings and depreciation expense:
Year 1 net cash flow: ($149,000 + $126,804) * (1 - 0.40) = $90,282.24
Year 2 net cash flow: ($149,000 + $168,470) * (1 - 0.40) = $183,082.20
Year 3 net cash flow: ($149,000 + $56,118) * (1 - 0.40) + $180,000 = $200,070.80
Now, we discount these net cash flows to the present value using the required rate of return of 13%:
PV of Year 1 cash flow: $90,282.24 / (1 + 0.13)^1 = $79,876.10
PV of Year 2 cash flow: $183,082.20 / (1 + 0.13)^2 = $141,298.68
PV of Year 3 cash flow: $200,070.80 / (1 + 0.13)^3 = $139,737.40
Finally, we calculate the NPV by summing the present values of the cash flows and subtracting the initial investment:
NPV = (PV of Year 1 cash flow) + (PV of Year 2 cash flow) + (PV of Year 3 cash flow) - Initial investment
= $79,876.10 + $141,298.68 + $139,737.40 - ($380,000 + $32,000 + $21,000)
= $37,692.18
Since the NPV is positive, the setter should be purchased as it provides a positive net present value.
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Question 13 If a project costs $368,228, and has the cash flows outlined in the table below, what is this project's payback period in years (use two decimal places in your response)? Year 1 Year 2 54,
The project's payback period is 4.66 years.
What is the payback period in years?To get payback period, we will sum up the cash flows until the total reaches or exceeds the initial investment of $368,228.
Year 1 cash flow: $54,425
Year 2 cash flow: $56,715
Year 3 cash flow: $122,678
Year 4 cash flow: $79,503
Year 5 cash flow: $82,915
Year 6 cash flow: $83,661
Year 7 cash flow: $63,448
Year 8 cash flow: $108,797
Cumulative cash flows:
Year 1: $54,425
Year 2: $54,425 + $56,715 = $111,140
Year 3: $111,140 + $122,678 = $233,818
Year 4: $233,818 + $79,503 = $313,321
Year 5: $313,321 + $82,915 = $396,236
Year 6: $396,236 + $83,661 = $479,897
Year 7: $479,897 + $63,448 = $543,345
Year 8: $543,345 + $108,797 = $652,142
The cumulative cash flows reach or exceed the initial investment of $368,228 between Year 4 and Year 5.
To know exact payback period, we will use linear interpolation:
Payback Period = Year 4 + (Initial Investment - Cumulative Cash Flow in Year 4) / Cash Flow in Year 5
Payback Period = 4 + ($368,228 - $313,321) / $82,915
Payback Period = 4 + $54,907 / $82,915
Payback Period ≈ 4.66 years.
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Morning Dove Company manufactures one model of birdbath, which is very popular. Morning Dove sells all units it produces each month. The relevant range is 0-2,000 units, and monthly production costs for the production of 1,600 units follow. Morning Dove's utilities and maintenance costs are mixed with the fixed components shown in parentheses.
Production Costs Total Cost
Direct materials $2,700
Direct labor 6,700
Utilities ($130 fixed) 570
Supervisor's salary. 3,400
Maintenance ($260 fixed). 490
Depreciation 850
E5-4 (Algo) Determining Cost Behavior and Calculating Expected [LO 5-1]
Required: 1. Identify each cost as variable, fixed, or mixed, and express each cost as a rate per month or per unit (or combination thereof). 2. Determine the total fixed cost per month and the variable cost per unit for Morning Dove. 3. State Morning Dove's linear cost equation for a production level of 0-2,000 units. Enter answer as an equation in the form of y= a + bx.
Variable costs: Direct materials, Direct labor
Fixed costs: Utilities (mixed), Supervisor's salary, Maintenance (mixed), Depreciation
Total fixed cost per month: $4,570
Variable cost per unit: $6.19
Morning Dove's linear cost equation: y = $4,570 + $6.19x
Variable costs are costs that vary in direct proportion to the level of production. In this case, the variable costs for Morning Dove are direct materials and direct labor. These costs increase as more units are produced.
Fixed costs, on the other hand, remain constant within the relevant range of production. The fixed costs for Morning Dove are the supervisor's salary and depreciation.
The utilities and maintenance costs are mixed costs, which means they contain both fixed and variable components. In this scenario, the utilities cost has a fixed component of $130 and a variable component that varies with the level of production. The maintenance cost has a fixed component of $260 and a variable component that also varies with production.
To determine the total fixed cost per month, we add up the fixed components of the mixed costs: $130 for utilities and $260 for maintenance. This gives us a total fixed cost of $390.
The variable cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total variable cost by the number of units produced. In this case, the variable costs consist of direct materials and direct labor, which amount to $9,400. Therefore, the variable cost per unit is $9,400/1,600 = $5.875. Rounded to two decimal places, it is $6.19.
The linear cost equation represents Morning Dove's total cost as a function of the number of units produced. The fixed costs per month are $4,570, which represents the y-intercept of the equation. The variable cost per unit is $6.19, denoted by 'b' in the equation. 'x' represents the number of units produced. Therefore, the linear cost equation for Morning Dove is y = $4,570 + $6.19x.
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COMPLETE WOTH EXCEL AND SHOW EXCEL FORMULAS
1. Given the following conditional value table of profits, determine the appropriate decision under uncertainty using: (a) Maximax (b) Maximin (c) Criterion of realism with a 0.3 (d) Equally likely (e
(a) Based on the maximax method, the appropriate decision is to choose the large plant, which has the maximum potential payoff of $275,000. The calculation is shown below in the attached image.
(b) Based on the maximin method, the appropriate decision is to choose the large plant, which has the highest minimum payoff of $100,000. The calculation is shown below in the attached image.
(c) Based on the equally likely method, the appropriate decision is to choose the small plant, which has the highest average payoff of $83,333.33. The calculation is shown below in the attached image.
The maximax method is a decision-making criterion used under uncertainty to select the alternative with the maximum potential payoff or outcome. It is an optimistic approach that focuses on maximizing the best possible outcome without considering the likelihood of occurrence.
In the maximax method, the decision-maker identifies the maximum payoff for each alternative across all possible states of nature and selects the alternative with the highest maximum payoff.
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The image of the complete question is attached below.
Create a complete international marking plan for one of the following companies: a Japanese company seeking to export rice to other Asian countries Italian automobile company seeking to sell fuel-efficient cars in Africa Information technology software company in India seeking to expand to Australia Spanish winery seeking to enter markets in Central America
4. Make a list of the emerging trends in international marketing that you identify. Explain how they have appeared, or become less relevant in the past decade. What new trends do you believe will affect international marketing? Explain your answer.
The growing importance of e-commerce, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the increasing significance of data analytics and digital marketing are also crucial factors to consider in international marketing.
To create an international marketing plan, first, it's essential to determine the target market and its characteristics. It would involve identifying the market size and growth rate, the competition, pricing, and promotional strategies.
The following are the steps to creating an international marketing plan:
Step 1: Conduct market research
Step 2: Analyze the competition
Step 3: Develop a pricing strategy
Step 4: Determine a marketing budget
Step 5: Establish distribution channels
Step 6: Develop a promotional strategy for the target market
Step 7: Establish measurable goals and objectives.
Step 8: Monitor and adapt the marketing plan according to market conditions.
The trends above became less relevant in the past decade due to the rapid pace of technological advancements and the change in consumer behavior and preferences. Some of the emerging trends that will affect international marketing are personalization, chatbots, voice search, video marketing, and augmented reality.
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