The given statement "Another term for Delphi techniques is social intelligence. It allows experts to review the final results and provide additional feedback" is False.
What is the Delphi method?
The Delphi method is a qualitative research technique that is primarily utilized in forecasting processes, policy, and decision-making. The Delphi method is a multistage procedure that involves extracting knowledge or judgments from a group of experts while maintaining their anonymity.
The Delphi method is used in group communication, which means that individuals don't need to be present in the same place, and in this method, participants are asked to share their ideas through questionnaires. They are not required to interact face-to-face. The method was initially developed in the early 1950s by the RAND Corporation.
What is Social Intelligence?
Social intelligence is the capacity to comprehend and manage social situations, social norms, and relationships in general. Social intelligence entails the ability to understand social cues and adapt to changing social situations, as well as empathize with others and establish strong interpersonal relationships. Social intelligence is an important skill in both personal and professional contexts.
As per the explanation, "Another term for Delphi techniques is social intelligence. It allows experts to review the final results and provide additional feedback" is False.
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Three weeks ago, you purchased a May $47.50 put option on 18 stock at an option price of $.60 per share. The market price of the stock three weeks ago was $47.20. Today, the stock is selling at $48.10 a share. What is the intrinsic value of your put contract? Three weeks ago, you purchased a May $47.50 put option on 18 stock at an option price of $.60 per share. The market price of the stock three weeks ago was $47.20. Today, the stock is selling at $48.10 a share. What is the intrinsic value of your put contract?
The intrinsic value of a put contract is calculated by subtracting the strike price from the market price of the underlying asset. In this case, the underlying asset is 18 shares of stock.
The market price of the stock three weeks ago was $47.20, and the strike price is $47.50. Today, the market price of the stock is $48.10.
Therefore, the intrinsic value of the put contract can be calculated as follows:
Intrinsic value = strike price - market price of the stock
Intrinsic value = $47.50 - $48.10
Intrinsic value = -$0.60Since the intrinsic value is negative, it means that the option is out of the money. This means that if the option were exercised today, the investor would lose money.
The total cost of the option was 18 shares x $0.60, or $10.80.
Therefore, if the option was exercised today, the investor would lose $10.80.
It is important to note that the intrinsic value only takes into account the current market price of the underlying asset and the strike price of the option. It does not take into account the time value of the option or any other factors that may affect the price of the option.
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Use the data in LAWSCH85 for this exercise.
a) Estimate: log(salary)= βo + β1SAT + β₂GPA+ β3log(libvol) + B4log(cost) + B4rank + u, and then state and test the null hypothesis that the rank of law schools has no ceteris paribus effect on median starting salary. b) Are features of the incoming class of students namely, LSAT and GPA-individually or jointly significant for explaining salary? (Be sure to account for missing data on LSAT and GPA.) c) Test whether the size of the entering class (clsize) or the size of the faculty (faculty) needs to be added to this equation; carry out a single test. (Be careful to account for missing data on clsize and faculty.)
d) What factors might influence the rank of the law school that are not included in the salary regression?
The provided question seems to refer to a statistical analysis related to law school rankings, salaries, and various features of law schools.
While I can provide some general guidance on conducting statistical tests and discussing factors that might influence law school rankings, it's important to note that answering the specific questions requires access to the dataset and a detailed statistical analysis. Therefore, I recommend consulting with a statistician or conducting the analysis using statistical software.Testing the null hypothesis: To test the null hypothesis that the rank of law schools has no ceteris paribus effect on median starting salary, a statistical test can be conducted. This test typically involves estimating the coefficients in the regression model mentioned (β₂, β₃, B₄) and examining the significance of the coefficient associated with the rank variable.
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All of the following are examples of NTBs that hinder trade in Africa EXCEPT
A. high tariffs B. high transaction costs C. costly licensing requirements D. lack of investment in trade associations
All of the following are examples of NTBs that hinder trade in Africa EXCEPT lack of investment in trade associations. The correct option is d.
Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are any trade restrictions that prevent international trade in addition to tariffs. High tariffs (A), which are taxes on imported goods, high transaction costs associated with customs procedures, documentation, and transportation, and expensive licensing requirements , which impose regulatory burdens on trade activities, are a few typical examples of NTBs in the context of Africa.
But the absence of investment in trade associations does not qualify as a NTB. Trade associations are institutions set up by companies to advance and facilitate trade; their absence would not be regarded as a trade barrier but rather as a gap in the infrastructure supporting trade.
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There are times when the cost of the fixed assets of the business are exactly equal to the amount in the related accumulated depreciation account. Please let us know when an entry should be made to remove the cost and the accumulated depreciation from the accounts. Also, let us know if it is permissible to record additional depreciation on the assets if they are still useful to the business. Please let us know why or why not.
When a fixed asset has fully depreciated, is sold or retired from the company, an entry should be made to remove the cost and accrued depreciation from the accounts.
This is due to the fact that the asset has reached the end of its useful life and that depreciation has fully allocated its cost.
An item has been fully depreciated when its cost is exactly equal to the sum in the associated accumulated depreciation account. The asset should now be deleted from the records by documenting its retirement or disposal.
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I want 2 full page’s talking about
ETHICAL THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES in Islam
Islam promotes ethical theories and principles that encompass virtues such as justice, compassion, honesty, and accountability, guided by the teachings of the Quran and the example of Prophet Muhammad.
Ethical theories and principles in Islam are deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran, which Muslims believe to be the divine revelation from Allah (God). The Quran emphasizes the importance of justice, compassion, honesty, and accountability in human behavior. Muslims are encouraged to adhere to these virtues in their personal, social, and business dealings. The ethical framework in Islam is also influenced by the example of Prophet Muhammad, whose life and actions serve as a guide for Muslims to follow. The principles of justice and compassion are at the core of Islamic ethics, as Muslims are encouraged to treat others with fairness, kindness, and respect. Honesty and accountability are also emphasized, as Muslims are expected to be truthful and responsible in their actions. Overall, ethical theories and principles in Islam promote a moral and virtuous life, emphasizing the importance of treating others with kindness and upholding justice in all aspects of life.
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What do you understand by ‘market failure’? Using examples, explain the causes of ‘market failure’ and possible solutions.
Market failure is a situation where the market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net welfare loss. There are several causes of market failure, including externalities, public goods, imperfect competition, and asymmetric information.
Externalities occur when the actions of one economic agent affect the welfare of others who are not compensated or penalized. Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that they are not provided efficiently by the private sector. Imperfect competition arises when firms have market power, leading to suboptimal prices and output. Asymmetric information occurs when one party has more information than the other, leading to adverse selection and moral hazard problems. To address market failure, governments can intervene through regulatory measures, such as taxes, subsidies, and price controls. For example, pollution taxes can internalize the external cost of production, while public subsidies can encourage the provision of public goods. Anti-trust laws can also promote competition, while disclosure requirements can reduce information asymmetry. However, government intervention can also lead to unintended consequences and efficiency losses, so it is important to strike a balance between market efficiency and social welfare.
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Suppose you are 40 years old and plan to retire in exactly 20 years. 21 years from now you will need to withdraw RM5,000 per year from a retirement fund to supplement your social security payments. You expect to live to the age of 85. How much money should you place in the retirement fund each year for the next 20 years to reach your retirement goal if you can earn 12% interest per year from the fund? 2. You intend to purchase a new car upon graduation in two years. It will have a cost of RM29,371, including all extra features and sales tax. You just received a RM3,000 pre-graduation gift from your rich uncle that you intend to deposit in a money market account that pays 6% interest, compounded monthly. If you use the amount in the money market account for a down payment, and take out an auto loan for the remainder, how much will you need to borrow? 3. Anna and Bob have decided to buy an apartment. The cost of the apartment is RM150,000. They can get a 25-year mortgage at 8% and plan to make a down payment of 20% of the selling price. What will be their monthly mortgage payment? 4. You have just graduated and need money to buy a new car. Your rich Uncle Chan will lend you the money so long as you agree to him back within four years, and you offer to pay him the rate of interest that he would otherwise get by putting his money in a savings account. Based on your earnings and living expenses, you think you will be able to pay him RM5,000 in one year, and then RM8,000 each year for the next three years. If Uncle Chan would otherwise earn 6% per year on his savings, how much can you borrow from him?
The retirement goal, an annual deposit of RM 4,464.07 is needed. The car purchase requires a loan of RM 26,721.06, while Anna and Bob's mortgage loan is RM 120,000 with a monthly payment of RM 5.83. Uncle Chan can lend a maximum of RM 10,838.34.
1. The amount of money to be placed in the retirement fund each year for the next 20 years to reach your retirement goal if you can earn 12% interest per year from the fund can be calculated using the Present Value of an Annuity formula.
[tex]$$Present Value of an Annuity = Payment \times (1 - (1 + r)^{-n)} / r[/tex]
Where,
[tex]$$Payment = RM5,000 \\r = 12% = 0.12\\\\n = 21-20 = 1[/tex]
Using the formula, we get,
[tex]$$Present Value of Annuity = [5000 \times (1 - (1 + 0.12)^{-1)}] / 0.12\\\\= [5000 \times (1 - 0.892857)] / 0.12\\\\= [5000 \times 0.107143] / 0.12\\\\= $ RM 4464.07[/tex]
Therefore, the amount of money that should be placed in the retirement fund each year for the next 20 years to reach the retirement goal is RM 4,464.07.
2. The amount that needs to be borrowed can be calculated by finding the Present Value of the RM 3,000 deposit after 2 years.
[tex]$$Present Value of the deposit = Future Value / (1 + (r/n))^{nt}[/tex]
Where,[tex]$$Future Value = RM 3,000\\r = 6% = 0.06\\\\n = 12t = 2[/tex]
Using the formula, we get,
[tex]$$Present Value of the deposit = 3000 / (1 + (0.06/12))^{24}\\\\= 3000 / (1 + 0.005)^{24}\\\\= 3000 / 1.1317\\\\= $RM 2,649.94[/tex]
Therefore, the amount that needs to be borrowed to purchase the car is [tex]$$RM 29,371 - RM 2,649.94 = RM 26,721.06[/tex]
3.The mortgage loan amount that Anna and Bob need to borrow is given as follows:
[tex]$$Total cost of the apartment = RM 150,000\\Down payment = 20% of 150,000 = 0.2 x 150,000 = RM 30,000[/tex]
[tex]$$Mortgage loan amount = Total cost - Down payment\\\\= RM 150,000 - RM 30,000\\\\= RM 120,000[/tex]
The monthly mortgage payment can be calculated using the PMT function in Excel as follows:
[tex]$$PMT = (Rate / 12) \times PVA\\\\$Where,\\\\Rate = 8% / 12 = 0.0066667\\PVA = Present Value of Annuity = PV((1 + r)^{n - 1}) / (r(1 + r)^n)[/tex]
Where,[tex]$$PV = Present Value of the mortgage loan = RM 120,000\\\\r = Rate per month = 0.0066667\\\\n = Total number of payments = 25 x 12 = 300[/tex]
Using the formula, we get,
[tex]$$PVA = 120000((1 + 0.0066667)^{300 - 1}) / (0.0066667(1 + 0.0066667)^{300})\\\\= 120000(4.54169) / 622.831\\\\= 874.14[/tex]
[tex]PMT = 0.0066667 \times 874.14\\\\= $RM 5.83[/tex]
Therefore, the monthly mortgage payment for Anna and Bob would be RM 5.83.
4. The amount that can be borrowed from Uncle Chan can be calculated using the Present Value of the Annuity formula.
[tex]$$Present Value of the Annuity = [Payment x (1 - (1 + r)^{-n})] / $r + Principal[/tex]
Where,[tex]$$Payment = RM 5,000\\\\r = 0.06\\\\n = 3[/tex]
Principal = Amount borrowed from Uncle Chan
Using the formula, we get,
[tex]5000[(1 - (1 + 0.06)^{-3}) / 0.06] + Principal= $RM 15,838.34 + Principal[/tex]
Since Uncle Chan would otherwise earn 6% per year on his savings, he would expect to receive RM 15,838.34 in four years for lending RM 10,000 to his nephew.
Therefore, the maximum amount that can be borrowed from Uncle Chan is RM 10,838.34.
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Beverly took a loan of 390,625 from a bank. After 5 years, she
had to pay back 478,000. If the company compounds interest
quarterly, what was the interest rate charged on her debt?
The interest rate charged on Beverly's debt is 11.04%, if beverly took a loan of 390,625 from a bank.
To find the interest rate charged on the loan, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the final amount (478,000)
P = the principal amount (390,625)
r = the interest rate
n = the number of times interest is compounded per year (quarterly)
t = the number of years (5)
Plugging in the values into the formula, we have:
478,000 = 390,625(1 + r/4)^(4*5)
Simplifying the equation, we can isolate the interest rate (r):
478,000/390,625 = (1 + r/4)²⁰
1.2246 = (1 + r/4)²⁰
(1.2246)^(1/20) = 1 + r/4
1.0276 = 1 + r/4
0.0276 = r/4
Multiplying both sides by 4:
0.1104 = r
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Please explain clearly with the help of cash flow diagrams and DON'T COPY
A financial services consulting company bought an office building for $900,000. The company has 10 professional staff members. Monthly expenses for salaries, utilities, grounds maintenance, etc. are $1.1 million. The average billing rate per professional is $90 per hour. Use an interest rate of 1% per month and assume the building will have a resale value of $1.5 million after 10 years. (a) How many hours per month must be billed in order to make a profit of $15,000 per month? (b) How many hours per professional per month must be billed? (c) There are 260 eight-hour workdays per year. Of the total work hours available per month, what percentage does the hours per professional in part (b) represent?
In this scenario, a financial services consulting company has purchased an office building for $900,000. The company has 10 professional staff members, and their monthly expenses amount to $1.1 million, including salaries, utilities, and grounds maintenance. The company aims to make a monthly profit of $15,000. The average billing rate per professional is $90 per hour, and the interest rate is 1% per month. The office building is expected to have a resale value of $1.5 million after 10 years. To determine the number of hours that need to be billed per month to achieve the target profit, as well as the hours per professional and the percentage they represent, we will perform calculations and analysis.
(a) To calculate the number of hours that need to be billed per month to make a profit of $15,000, we need to consider the company's monthly expenses and the billing rate. Let's assume X represents the required number of billable hours per month. The revenue generated from billing hours is given by X * $90. The expenses are $1.1 million. We can set up the equation: X * $90 - $1.1 million = $15,000. Solving for X, we find that approximately 13,778 hours need to be billed per month.
(b) To determine the number of hours per professional per month, we divide the total billable hours by the number of professionals. Thus, 13,778 hours / 10 professionals ≈ 1,378 hours per professional per month.
(c) To find the percentage of hours per professional per month out of the total work hours available per month, we need to consider the number of workdays per year and the number of work hours per day. There are 260 eight-hour workdays per year, which totals 2,080 work hours per year (260 days * 8 hours). Assuming an average of 21 workdays per month, we have 168 work hours per month (21 days * 8 hours). Therefore, the percentage represented by the hours per professional is approximately (1,378 hours / 168 hours) * 100 ≈ 820.24%.
In summary, the company needs to bill approximately 13,778 hours per month to achieve a profit of $15,000. This translates to approximately 1,378 hours per professional per month. The hours per professional represent approximately 820.24% of the total work hours available per month.
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In this scenario, a financial services consulting company has purchased an office building for $900,000. The company has 10 professional staff members, and their monthly expenses amount to $1.1 million, including salaries, utilities, and grounds maintenance. The company aims to make a monthly profit of $15,000. The average billing rate per professional is $90 per hour, and the interest rate is 1% per month. The office building is expected to have a resale value of $1.5 million after 10 years. To determine the number of hours that need to be billed per month to achieve the target profit, as well as the hours per professional and the percentage they represent, we will perform calculations and analysis.
(a) To calculate the number of hours that need to be billed per month to make a profit of $15,000, we need to consider the company's monthly expenses and the billing rate. Let's assume X represents the required number of billable hours per month. The revenue generated from billing hours is given by X * $90. The expenses are $1.1 million. We can set up the equation: X * $90 - $1.1 million = $15,000. Solving for X, we find that approximately 13,778 hours need to be billed per month.
(b) To determine the number of hours per professional per month, we divide the total billable hours by the number of professionals. Thus, 13,778 hours / 10 professionals ≈ 1,378 hours per professional per month.
(c) To find the percentage of hours per professional per month out of the total work hours available per month, we need to consider the number of workdays per year and the number of work hours per day. There are 260 eight-hour workdays per year, which totals 2,080 work hours per year (260 days * 8 hours). Assuming an average of 21 workdays per month, we have 168 work hours per month (21 days * 8 hours). Therefore, the percentage represented by the hours per professional is approximately (1,378 hours / 168 hours) * 100 ≈ 820.24%.
In summary, the company needs to bill approximately 13,778 hours per month to achieve a profit of $15,000. This translates to approximately 1,378 hours per professional per month. The hours per professional represent approximately 820.24% of the total work hours available per month.
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Arial X ✓ fx A 3 Retirement income today $60,000 4 Years to retirement 10 5 Years of retirement 25 6 Inflation rate 6.00% 7 Savings $90,000 8 Rate of return 9.00% 0 Calculate value of savings in 10 years: Savings at t = 10 1 $213,062.73 _2 Calculate value of fixed retirement income in 10 3 years: 4 Retirement income at t = 10 $213,062.73 5 Calculate value of 25 beginning-of-year retirement 6 payments at t = 10: 7 Retirement payments at t = 10 $2,281,179.94 8 19 Calculate net amount needed at t = 10: 20 Value of retirement payments $2,281,179.94 21 Value of savings 2 Net amount needed 23 24 Calculate annual savings needed for next 10 years: 25 Annual savings needed for retirement $150,147.47 26 27 28 29 30 > 9 B 6:23 < C : D Formulas =FV(B8,B4,0,-B7) =FV(B8,B4,0,-B7) =PV(B8,B5,-B11,0,1) =PV(B8,B5,-B14,0,1) #N/A #N/A =PMT(B8,B4,0,-B20) |||| E F HI G Gener Activity: Required annuity payments 1 X 8 Video Excel Online Structured Activity: Required annuity payments Your father is 50 years old and will retire in 10 years. He expects to live for 25 years after he retires, until he is 85. He wants a fixed retirement income that has the same purchasing power at the time he retires as $60,000 has today. (The real value of his retirement income will decline annually after he retires.) His retirement income will begin the day he retires, 10 years from today, at which time he will receive 24 additional annual payments. Annual inflation is expected to be 6%. He currently has $90,000 saved, and he expects to earn 9% annually on his savings. The data has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file below. Open the spreadsheet and perform the required analysis to answer the question below. Open spreadsheet How much must he save during each of the next 10 years (end-of-year deposits) to meet his retirement goal? Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
To meet his retirement goal, he must save approximately $150,147.47 during each of the next 10 years. To calculate the amount he needs to save each year, we can use the annuity payment formula.
The formula for calculating the annuity payment is:
PMT = PV * (r / (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)))
Where:
PMT = Annuity payment (the amount to be saved each year)
PV = Present value of the retirement income goal (value of retirement payments at t = 10)
r = Rate of return (9%)
n = Number of years (10)
Plugging in the values, we have:
PMT = $2,281,179.94 * (0.09 / (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-10)))
PMT ≈ $150,147.47
Therefore, he needs to save approximately $150,147.47 at the end of each year for the next 10 years to meet his retirement goal.
In this scenario, the individual wants a fixed retirement income that maintains the same purchasing power as $60,000 today. To calculate the amount he must save each year, we consider several factors. His retirement will begin in 10 years, and he expects to live for 25 years after retirement. The inflation rate is 6%, and he currently has $90,000 in savings, which will earn a 9% annual return.
To determine the required annual savings, we use the annuity payment formula. This formula takes into account the present value of the retirement income goal, the rate of return, and the number of years. Plugging in the values, we calculate an annuity payment of approximately $150,147.47.
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Lowell Inc. just purchased a new tractor. Assume that the firm planned to depreciate the tractor equally over 7 years on a straight-line basis, but Congress then passed a provision that requires the company to depreciate the equipment equally on a straight-line basis over 5 years. Other things held constant, which of the following will occur as a result of this Congressional action? Assume that the company uses the same depreciation method for tax and stockholder reporting purposes.
a. Lowell's tax liability for the year will be higher.
b. Lowell's tax liability for the year will be lower.
c. Lowell's cash position will decrease.
What will occur as a result of Congressional action is b. Lowell's tax liability for the year will be lower.
When Congress passed a provision requiring the company to depreciate the equipment equally over 5 years instead of 7 years, it means the company can claim higher depreciation expense each year for tax purposes.
By depreciating the tractor over a shorter period, Lowell will be able to deduct a larger portion of the tractor's cost from its taxable income each year. As a result, the company's taxable income will decrease, leading to a lower tax liability for the year.
The cash position of the company, as mentioned in option c, would not necessarily decrease as a direct result of the change in depreciation period. The cash position would depend on various other factors such as operating activities, investments, and financing decisions.
Therefore the correct option is b. Lowell's tax liability for the year will be lower.
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Shirley took out a loan from the bank today for X. She plans to repay this loan by making payments of $440.00 per month for a certain amount of time. If the interest rate on the loan is 0.84 percent per month, she makes her first $440.00 payment later today, and she makes her final monthly payment of $440.00 in 5 months, then what is X, the amount of the loan? An amount less than $2,154.00 or an anmount greater than $2,667.00 An amount equal to or greater than $2,154.00 but less than $2,363.00 An amount equal to or greater than $2,363.00 but less than $2,574.00 An amount equal to or greater than $2,574.00 but less than $2,612.00 An amount equal to or greater than $2,612.00 but less than $2,667.00
The loan amount (X) can be calculated by finding the present value of the loan payments using the given information.
We can use the formula for the present value of an annuity to calculate X:
X = Payment Amount * [(1 - (1 + Interest Rate)^(-Number of Payments))] / Interest Rate
In this case, the payment amount is $440.00, the interest rate is 0.84% per month, and the number of payments is 5.
Using the formula, we can calculate X:
X = $440.00 * [(1 - (1 + 0.0084)^(-5))] / 0.0084
X ≈ $2,574.79
Therefore, the loan amount (X) is an amount equal to or greater than $2,574.00 but less than $2,612.00.
The loan amount (X) can be calculated using the present value formula for an annuity. By plugging in the given information of a payment amount of $440.00 per month, an interest rate of 0.84% per month, and a total of 5 monthly payments, we can determine that X is approximately $2,574.79. Therefore, the loan amount falls within the range of being equal to or greater than $2,574.00 but less than $2,612.00.
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If the MPC is 0.90, and exports decrease by $400, what is the change in consumption in the first round of the multiplier process? A decrease of $400. A decrease of $360. An increase of $400. An increase of $360.
The change in consumption in the first round of the multiplier process is a decrease of $4,000.
To determine the change in consumption in the first round of the multiplier process, we need to calculate the multiplier effect using the marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
The multiplier is calculated using the formula:
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC)
In this case, the MPC is given as 0.90, which means that for every additional dollar of income, individuals consume 90 cents and save 10 cents.
Using the formula, we can calculate the multiplier:
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.90)
Multiplier = 1 / 0.10
Multiplier = 10
Now, we can determine the change in consumption resulting from the decrease in exports by $400. Since the multiplier is 10, the initial change in consumption will be equal to the initial change in spending multiplied by the multiplier.
Change in Consumption = Initial Change in Spending * Multiplier
Change in Consumption = -$400 * 10
Change in Consumption = -$4,000
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The business of life settlements may include all of the following except:
a) conversion of Term Life insurance contracts
b) effectuating life settlement contracts
c) procuring life settlement contracts
d) tracking life settlement contracts
The correct statement is D) tracking life settlement contracts .The business of life settlements typically involves the conversion of life insurance contracts, effectuating life settlement contracts, and procuring life settlement contracts.
Settlement refers to the resolution or conclusion of a dispute, disagreement, or legal matter between parties. It involves reaching an agreement or compromise that satisfies the interests and concerns of all parties involved. Settlements can occur in various contexts, including legal disputes, civil cases, business negotiations, and interpersonal conflicts.
The process of settlement typically involves negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, where parties discuss their positions, explore potential solutions, and work towards a mutually acceptable resolution. Once an agreement is reached, it is often formalized through a settlement agreement or contract, outlining the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties. Settlements can provide benefits such as avoiding costly and time-consuming litigation, preserving relationships, and providing closure to the parties involved.
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Jack is analyzing the following two bonds with the same risk for investment: Bond A: A 20-year $1,000-par 6% quarterly coupon bond issued by Company A Bond B: A 30-year zero coupon bond issued by Company B (i) Determine the market price of Bond A given its current YTM (APR) is 8%. (4 marks) (ii) Suppose Bond A's YTM (APR) drops by 2% one year later. 1) Compute the current yield and capital gains yield of Jack's investment in Bond A. (6 marks) 2) Compute the 1-year total yield of Jack's investment in Bond A assuming the YTM remains unchanged (at 6% APR) until t-4 (quarters). (5 marks) (iii) If Jack expects the interest rate to drop in the coming year, which bond (Bond A or Bond B) should Jack choose? Explain. (2 marks) (b) The costs of common stock, preferred stock and debt of UWRL Inc. are 18%, 6.5% and 8% respectively. Assume that the firm's (targeted/optimal) capital structure is 50% common stock, 5% preferred stock and 45% debt. The relevant corporate income tax rate is 35%. (i) Compute UWRL's WACC. (4 marks) (ii) In terms of the risks faced by investors, debt should carry a lower risk than that of preferred shares. Provide a possible explanation for the difference between the two costs stated above. Support your answer with calculation. (3 marks) E ffe 31/5 usid rojeof stron 3
The market price of Bond A, given its current YTM (APR) of 8%, is $1,193.80. The current yield of Jack's investment in Bond A, after the YTM drops by 2%, would be 5.05%. 2) The capital gains yield would be -1.05%. If Jack expects the interest rate to drop in the coming year, he should choose Bond A over Bond B.
Bond A is a 20-year $1,000-par 6% quarterly coupon bond issued by Company A. To calculate its market price, we need to discount the bond's future cash flows (coupon payments and par value) at the given yield to maturity (YTM). Using the formula for present value of a bond, the market price of Bond A can be computed as the present value of its coupon payments and par value.
To calculate the current yield, we divide the annual coupon payment by the market price of the bond. The capital gains yield is the change in price divided by the initial price. Assuming the YTM remains at 6% APR until t-4 (quarters), the 1-year total yield can be obtained by summing the current yield and capital gains yield.
Since Bond A has a fixed coupon rate, its price is negatively affected by a drop in interest rates, resulting in capital gains. Conversely, the price of a zero-coupon bond like Bond B is not impacted by changes in interest rates. Therefore, if Jack expects the interest rate to decrease, Bond A offers the potential for higher returns due to its capital gains yield.
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aggregate safety stock inventory ______ as the number of distribution centers increase.
The aggregate safety stock inventory typically increases as the number of distribution centers increases. This is because having multiple distribution centers increases the likelihood of unexpected disruptions in the supply chain. These disruptions could include delays in transit, unexpected demand spikes, or supplier issues. To mitigate the risk of running out of stock, companies often maintain safety stock inventory. Safety stock inventory refers to the additional inventory that companies hold in reserve to cover unexpected demand or supply chain disruptions.
When there are multiple distribution centers, companies need to hold safety stock inventory at each location to ensure that they can meet demand even if there are issues with one of the centers. Additionally, having multiple centers may increase lead times and transportation costs, which can further increase the need for safety stock inventory. Therefore, companies need to balance the cost of holding safety stock inventory with the benefits of increased resilience in the supply chain. Overall, while increasing the number of distribution centers can provide benefits in terms of faster delivery times and greater geographic coverage, it also increases the need for safety stock inventory. Companies must carefully manage their safety stock inventory levels to ensure that they are adequately prepared for unexpected disruptions while also minimizing costs.
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Which of the following is true about the relationship between Ru (unlevered cost of capital), Re (cost of equity), and WACC for a levered firm?
a WACC>Ru>Re
b Ru>Re>WACC
c WACC>Re>Ru
d Re>Ru>WACC
The correct answer is:
c) WACC > Re > Ru
The relationship between Ru (unlevered cost of capital), Re (cost of equity), and WACC (weighted average cost of capital) for a levered firm is as follows:
Ru (unlevered cost of capital) represents the cost of capital for a firm with no debt. It is the required return on the firm's assets, considering only equity financing.
Re (cost of equity) represents the return required by equity investors to invest in the firm. It takes into account the risk associated with investing in the firm's equity.
WACC (weighted average cost of capital) represents the average cost of capital for the firm, taking into account both equity and debt financing. It is a weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt, where the weights are determined by the proportion of equity and debt in the firm's capital structure.
In a levered firm, where debt is present, the relationship between these variables is as follows:
WACC > Re > Ru
The WACC is higher than the cost of equity because debt is cheaper than equity due to the tax shield provided by interest expense. The cost of equity is higher than the unlevered cost of capital (Ru) because equity investors require a higher return to compensate for the additional risk associated with equity investments.
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Case 2: Sibanye Digital Cell Phone Company Nkosinathi Maduna has just been hired as a management analyst at Sibanye Digital Cell Phone Company, Digital Cell manufactures a broad line of phones for the
The appointment of Maduna as a management analyst at Sibanye Digital Cell Phone Company helped the company to address the issue of time-consuming procedures of retrieving phone records and contact details of users.
Nkosinathi Maduna has recently been appointed as a management analyst at Sibanye Digital Cell Phone Company, which produces a wide range of phones for the local market. The company's management has been concerned about the time-consuming procedure of retrieving the phone records and contact details of users.
Maduna was hired to investigate the issue and devise a strategy that would help the company to improve its efficiency and customer service. He examined the existing system and found that the company did not have a centralized database for storing and managing user data. He also discovered that the system was not user-friendly, and many employees lacked the required skills to use the system efficiently.
Maduna recommended that the company should create a centralized database that would store all the user data. The database would be accessible to all the employees, and it would be user-friendly. He also suggested that the company should conduct training programs for employees to improve their skills in using the system.
Maduna believed that this approach would help the company to retrieve phone records and contact details of users quickly and efficiently.
Maduna's recommendations were well received by the management of the company, and they implemented his suggestions. The company saw an immediate improvement in its efficiency and customer service. The new system helped the employees to retrieve phone records and contact details of users quickly and efficiently, and the company was able to respond to customers' queries in a more timely and accurate manner.
In conclusion, the implementation of a centralized database and the training of employees were the key recommendations made by Maduna, which significantly improved the efficiency and customer service of the company.
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7. CALCULATING DISCOUNTED PAYBACK Barak H.O. is considering a project which will produce cash inflows of $950 a year for 4 years. The project has a 9.2% discount rate (rate or return) and an initial cost of $2,800. What is the discounted payback period? 8. DOLLAR RETURNS A year ago, Joe B. Den purchased 300 shares of Simon A. Technologies, Inc. stock at a price of $9.03 per share. The stock pays an annual dividend of $.10 per share. Today, you sold all of your shares for $28.64 per share. What is Joe's total dollar return on this investment? 9. ARITHMETIC VS. GEOMETRIC AVERAGES What are the arithmetic and geometric average returns for a stock with annual returns of 21%, 8%, -32%, 41%, and -5%?
Arithmetic Average Return: 6.6%, Geometric Average Return: 2.3%
Arithmetic and geometric average returns for annual returns of 21%, 8%, -32%, 41%, and -5%?To calculate the discounted payback period, we need to determine the time it takes for the discounted cash inflows to recover the initial investment. Here's how to calculate it:
Step 1: Calculate the present value (PV) of each cash inflow using the discount rate.
[tex]PV = Cash Inflow / (1 + Discount Rate)^n[/tex]
In this case, the cash inflow is $950, the discount rate is 9.2%, and n represents the year. So, we have:
[tex]PV1 = 950 / (1 + 0.092)^1 = 870.18PV2 = 950 / (1 + 0.092)^2 = 797.70PV3 = 950 / (1 + 0.092)^3 = 730.97PV4 = 950 / (1 + 0.092)^4 = 669.52[/tex]
Step 2: Calculate the cumulative present value (CPV) of the cash inflows.
CPV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4
CPV = 870.18 + 797.70 + 730.97 + 669.52 = 3,068.37
Step 3: Determine the year in which the cumulative present value surpasses or equals the initial investment.
Since the initial investment is 2,800, we need to determine when the CPV reaches or exceeds this amount.
In this case, the discounted payback period occurs between year 3 and year 4 because CPV at year 3 is 2,398.85 and CPV at year 4 is 3,068.37.
Step 4: Calculate the discounted payback period.
To calculate the precise discounted payback period, we can use interpolation.
Discounted Payback Period = Year 3 + (Cumulative PV at Year 3 - Initial Investment) / Cash Inflow at Year 4
Discounted Payback Period = 3 + (2,800 - 2,398.85) / 950
Discounted Payback Period = 3 + 401.15 / 950
Discounted Payback Period ≈ 3 + 0.4217
Therefore, the discounted payback period is approximately 3.42 years.
To calculate Joe's total dollar return on his investment, we need to consider the initial investment, dividends received, and the proceeds from selling the shares.
Step 1: Calculate the initial investment.
Initial Investment = Number of Shares * Purchase Price per Share
Initial Investment = 300 * 9.03 = 2,709
Step 2: Calculate the dividends received.
Dividends = Number of Shares * Dividend per Share * Holding Period
Dividends = 300 * 0.10 * 1 (as it has been held for 1 year)
Dividends = 30
Step 3: Calculate the proceeds from selling the shares.
Proceeds = Number of Shares * Selling Price per Share
Proceeds = 300 * 28.64 = 8,592
Step 4: Calculate the total dollar return.
Total Dollar Return = Proceeds + Dividends - Initial Investment
Total Dollar Return = 8,592 + 30 - 2,709
Total Dollar Return = 5,913
Joe's total dollar return on this investment is 5,913.
To calculate the arithmetic and geometric average returns, we use the following formulas:
Arithmetic Average Return = (Return1 + Return2 + ... + Returnn) / n
Geometric Average Return = (1 + Return1) * (1 + Return2) * ... * (1 + Returnn)
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"You want to wake up in the morning and think the future is
going to be great ‒ and that’s what being a spacefaring
civilization is all about. It’s about believing in the future and
thinking t
The key to being a spacefaring civilization is believing in and embracing a positive future.
What is the essence of being a spacefaring civilization?Believing in the future and envisioning a positive trajectory is at the heart of being a spacefaring civilization. It goes beyond technological advancements and exploration; it's a mindset that fuels progress and inspires innovation. When we wake up in the morning with a sense of optimism, viewing the future as full of possibilities and opportunities, we embody the spirit of a spacefaring civilization.
Being a spacefaring civilization means having faith in our collective potential and our ability to overcome challenges. It's about nurturing a culture that fosters curiosity, encourages scientific breakthroughs, and seeks to understand the mysteries of the universe. It requires us to constantly push boundaries, both in terms of scientific knowledge and our own limitations. By embracing the unknown and embracing the belief that the future holds great promise, we can continue to evolve and expand as a civilization.
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If 15,000 is invested at 10% per year, in approximately how many years will the investment double?
If 15,000 is invested at 10% per year, the investment will double in approximately 7.2 years. This can be calculated using the Rule of 72, which is a quick and easy way to estimate how long it takes for an investment to double.
If $15,000 is invested at a 10% interest rate per year, the investment will double in approximately 7.2 years. This can be determined using the Rule of 72, a simple formula for estimating the number of years required to double an investment with a fixed annual interest rate. By dividing 72 by the interest rate (10%), we get 7.2 years. This means that in about 7.2 years, the initial investment of $15,000 will grow to $30,000 due to the compounding interest at a 10% annual rate. To use the Rule of 72, simply divide 72 by the annual rate of return. In this case, 72 divided by 10 equals 7.2. Therefore, it will take approximately 7.2 years for the investment to double. It is important to note that this is an estimate and does not take into account any fluctuations in the market or changes in the interest rate. Additionally, it is important to consider factors such as inflation and taxes when making investment decisions.
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EXPERTS ONLY SOLVE A motor company invests in a new transmission lubricant that increases fuel mileage by 10% and extends the life of the transmission by 30,000 miles. Tradeoffs between different types of costs and performance for this project need a response to time, weight, reliability, etc. for decision-making and to choose the best alternative. In a few steps, show how the engineering economy can play a role in the analysis of this project.
By employing engineering economy principles, the motor company can make informed decisions, optimize cost-effectiveness, and ensure the project aligns with their financial goals and performance requirements.
Engineering economy can play a role in the analysis of this project by:
Quantifying costs and benefits: Engineering economy helps quantify the costs associated with implementing the new transmission lubricant, such as the cost of research, development, and implementation, as well as the costs saved from increased fuel mileage and extended transmission life. It also quantifies the benefits in terms of fuel savings and increased transmission lifespan.
Evaluating alternative options: Engineering economy provides tools like cost-benefit analysis, net present value, and internal rate of return to evaluate different alternatives and determine the most economically viable option. It considers factors like time, weight, reliability, and other performance metrics to assess trade-offs and select the best alternative.
Assessing the project's financial feasibility: Engineering economy techniques help assess the financial feasibility of the project by considering the costs, benefits, and time value of money. It takes into account factors like the initial investment, operating costs, cash flows, and project duration to determine if the project will generate a positive return on investment and meet the company's financial objectives.
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For a firm whose total cost and total revenue functions are given by: TC = mQ + c, TR = Po.Q which of the following statements is true? (m is the per unit cost, c the fixed costs and Po the market price) a. If variable costs per unit (m) increase, the break even point (Q) will fall. b. If fixed costs (c) rise, the break even point will be unchanged. c. If fixed costs (c) fall, the break even point will fall. d. If market price (PO) rises, the break even point will rise.
For a firm whose total cost and total revenue functions are given by: TC = mQ + c, TR = Po , If fixed costs (c) fall, the break even point will fall is true statement .
Option C is correct .
First things first, we need to know the company's breakeven point. The breakeven point is the lowest point at which prices fall below the average variable cost. The company won't be able to make a profit equal to the average variable cost if the price falls below it. Therefore, the break even point would also decrease when a company's fixed costs decrease.
What happens when all out cost is equivalent to add up to income?The make back the initial investment point is the place where complete expense and absolute income are equivalent, significance there is no misfortune or gain for your independent company. To put it another way, you have reached the point where a product's revenues and costs of production are equal.
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Your factory has been offered a contract to produce a part for a new printer. The contract would last for 3 years and your cash flows from the contract would be $ 5.18 million per year. Your upfront setup costs to be ready to produce the part would be $ 8.13 million. Your discount rate for this contract is 8.1 %.
a. What does the NPV rule say you should do?
b. If you take the contract, what will be the change in the value of you
a, The value of NPV is $6.72 million which states that you should accept the deal. b, If your company decides to proceed with the contract, the value of your company would increase by $6.72 million, reflecting the net present value (NPV) of the deal.
a. According to the NPV (Net Present Value) rule, you should accept the contract if it has a positive NPV and reject it if it has a negative NPV.
Finding the present value of the contract's cash inflows, in this example $5.18 million each year for three years, is necessary to get the NPV. The following formula may be used to determine the current value:
The present value of the contract's cash flows according to this formula is:
PV is equal to $5.18 million divided by (1 + 0.081).($2.18 million + $1.081 million)3 PV = $14,85,000,000.
By deducting the upfront setup expenses from the present value, the contract's net present value may be calculated:
NPV = $14.85 million - $8.13 million
$6.72 million is the NPV.
The NPV rule advises that you accept the deal since the NPV is positive.
b. If you accept the contract, your company's worth would change by an amount equal to the deal's NPV, which is $6.72 million. This indicates that signing the deal would result in a $6.72 million rise in the worth of your business.
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ABC Pty Ltd. is a small Australia insurance company operating in Adelaide. It is an Australian resident private company for tax purpose. The accounting profit and loss statement for the year ended 30 June 2018 is as follows:
Income $ $
Fees 1,000,000
Less operation expenses Accounting fees 15,000 Advertising 12,000 Accounting Depreciation (note1) 15,000 Fringe benefits tax paid 15,000 Gifts (note 2) 10,000 Light, power and heating 30,000 Provision for long service leave (note 3) 20,000 Provision for doubtful debts (note 4) 10,000 Provision for unreported claims (note 5) 8,000 Rent 50,000 Repairs (note 6) 20,000 Stationary 5,000 Wages 400,000 (610,000)
Net profit 390,000
Additional Information
1) The Tax Depreciation schedule based on Division 40 ITAA 1997 shows depreciation for the year as $20,000
2) The Gift were as follows:
Royal Melbourne Hospital $5,000
Melbourne Football Club $5,000
3) The long service leave paid in cash during the year was $10,000
4) The bad debts written off during the year were $15,000.
5) The provision for unreported claims was based on an estimate of accidents that had occurred before the end of the financial year but had not yet been reported to the company. The company anticipated making the payments of $8,000 during the months of July and August 2018 in respect of these claims.
6) The repairs of $20,000 consisted of painting the company premises for $5,000 and replacing the old rotting wooden office window frames with new steel window frames for $15,000. The cost of replacing the old wooden office window frames with new wooden window frames would have been $16,000. The new steel window frames had the advantage of not being subject to rotting.
7) On the 30 June 2018, the ABC Pty Ltd also received a dividend of $100,000 (franked to 80%) from Halo Pty Ltd is not a small business entity for tax purposes.
8) The accounting net profit of $ 390,000 included $60,000 of net exempt income.
9) The company has an unabsorbed income loss of $80,000 from the 2016 income year. The company satisfies the continuity of ownership and continuity of business tests.
Required
Calculate the company’s tax liability for the year ended 30 June 2018.
Figures can be rounded to the nearest dollar.
You should briefly explain your treatment of every item in this question
If you fail to explain your inclusion or exclusion of any item, you will lose marks.
Use the following format in answering this question:
Item Explanation Amount
Bad debts Normal risk in carrying on a business - deduction (s25-35 and s8-1, ITAA97) $ XXX
The tax liability can be calculated by considering the company's assessable income, deductible operating expenses, dividends received, net exempt income, and any applicable carry-forward losses.
How do you calculate the tax liability for ABC Pty Ltd. for the year ended 30 June 2018?To calculate the company's tax liability for the year ended 30 June 2018, we need to consider the following items and their treatment:
1) Fees: Included as assessable income. Amount: $1,000,000.
2) Accounting fees: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $15,000.
3) Advertising: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $12,000.
4) Accounting depreciation: Deductible operating expense based on Tax Depreciation schedule. Amount: $20,000.
5) Fringe benefits tax paid: Not deductible for tax purposes.
6) Gifts: Deductible as long as they are not entertainment-related. Amount: $10,000.
7) Light, power, and heating: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $30,000.
8) Provision for long service leave: Deductible. Amount: $10,000 (cash paid) + $10,000 (provision). Total: $20,000.
9) Provision for doubtful debts: Deductible. Amount: $10,000.
10) Provision for unreported claims: Deductible. Amount: $8,000.
11) Rent: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $50,000.
12) Repairs: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $20,000.
13) Stationary: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $5,000.
14) Wages: Deductible operating expense. Amount: $400,000.
15) Net profit: Taxable income. Amount: $390,000.
Other items to consider:
16) Dividend received: Included as assessable income. Amount: $100,000 (80% franked).
17) Net exempt income: Excluded from taxable income. Amount: $60,000.
18) Unabsorbed income loss: Can be carried forward to offset against future income.
Using the above information, the company's tax liability can be calculated based on the applicable tax rate for the year and any applicable deductions or offsets from prior years.
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Suppose that the distribution within an industry is as shown in the table.
Firm Share of Total Market Sales
A 13
B 10
C 8
D 7
E 5
F 4
G 2
H 2
All Other 49
Total 100%
A. What is the four-firm concentration ratio for this industry?
B. What is the eight-firm concentration for this country?
A) The four-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 38%.
B) The eight-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 51%.
To calculate the concentration ratio for an industry, we sum up the market shares of the largest firms in the industry. In this case, we are given the market shares of various firms in the industry, and we need to determine the four-firm and eight-firm concentration ratios.
A. Four-firm concentration ratio:
To calculate the four-firm concentration ratio, we add up the market shares of the four largest firms in the industry.
Four-firm concentration ratio = Share of Firm A + Share of Firm B + Share of Firm C + Share of Firm D
= 13% + 10% + 8% + 7%
= 38%
Therefore, the four-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 38%.
B. Eight-firm concentration ratio:
To calculate the eight-firm concentration ratio, we add up the market shares of the eight largest firms in the industry.
Eight-firm concentration ratio = Four-firm concentration ratio + Share of Firm E + Share of Firm F + Share of Firm G + Share of Firm H
= 38% + 5% + 4% + 2% + 2%
= 51%
Therefore, the eight-firm concentration ratio for this industry is 51%.
The concentration ratio measures the degree of market concentration within an industry. A higher concentration ratio indicates a greater level of market control by a few large firms, while a lower concentration ratio suggests a more competitive market with a larger number of smaller firms.
In this case, the industry has a four-firm concentration ratio of 38%, indicating that the four largest firms hold a significant share of the total market sales. The eight-firm concentration ratio of 51% suggests that a slightly larger group of firms controls a majority of the market. This indicates a moderately concentrated industry, where a few firms have a significant presence but the market is not highly concentrated.
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The real exposure of an interest or currency swap is not the total notional principal, but the mark-to-market values of differentials in interest or currency interest payments since the inception of the swap agreement.
Select one: True False
The statement is true because swaps are a financial instrument used by companies or institutions to manage the risks involved in their cash flows.
Swaps are not used to borrow or lend money, but rather to reduce exposure to interest rate and currency fluctuations. These instruments help in reducing credit risk, manage debt portfolios and provide liquidity management. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows based on two different financial instruments, typically a fixed-rate and a variable-rate instrument.
The real exposure of a swap lies in the mark-to-market values of the interest rate or currency differentials, and not in the total notional principal. The mark-to-market value is the current value of the swap that is derived by discounting future cash flows to the present value using the appropriate discount rate.
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On December 1, 2019, an advance rent payment of $11,400, representing a three-month prepayment for the months of December, January, and February, was received in cash from the company’s tenant.
Required:
Complete the below table. Indicate the financial statement effect. (Enter decreases with a minus sign to indicate a negative financial statement effect.)
The financial statement effect of the prepayment of rent of $11,400 for December, January, and February will be shown in the following table
Prepaid rent represents an asset and it increases the assets' amount (row 1)
because it is an advance payment. Also, the cash account increases by $11,400 (row 2).
The amount of prepaid rent that expires in December is $3,800 (calculated by dividing the prepaid rent of $11,400 by three months). This amount is shown in row 3,
which increases the rent expense. Rent expense represents a decrease in owners' equity (row 4).
This decrease is by $3,800.
Therefore, the financial statement effects can be summarized as follows:
Assets Cash +11,400
Prepaid Rent +11,400
Total Assets +22,800
Liabilities None
Owners’ Equity None
Expense s Rent Expense -3,800
Total Owners’ Equity -3,800
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Street Bank has $100 million in commercial loans with an average duration of 0.40 years; $40 million in consumer loans with an average duration of 1.75 years, and $30 million in U.S. Treasury s with an average duration of 6 years. will be the bank's dollar-weighted asset portfolio duration?
Main Street Bank's asset portfolio duration is approximately 1.71 years, calculated based on weighted durations of commercial loans, consumer loans, and Treasury bonds.
To calculate the asset portfolio duration of Main Street Bank, we need to calculate the weighted average duration of each asset class based on their respective amounts.
First, let's calculate the weighted duration of commercial loans:
Weighted Duration of Commercial Loans = (Amount of Commercial Loans × Duration of Commercial Loans) ÷ Total Assets
Weighted Duration of Commercial Loans = ($100 million × 0.40 years) ÷ ($100 million + $40 million + $30 million)
= $40 million ÷ $170 million
= 0.2353 years
Next, let's calculate the weighted duration of consumer loans:
Weighted Duration of Consumer Loans = ($40 million × 1.75 years) ÷ ($100 million + $40 million + $30 million)
= $70 million ÷ $170 million
= 0.4118 years
Finally, let's calculate the weighted duration of U.S. Treasury bonds:
Weighted Duration of U.S. Treasury Bonds = ($30 million × 6 years) ÷ ($100 million + $40 million + $30 million)
= $180 million ÷ $170 million
= 1.0588 years
Now, let's calculate the asset portfolio duration:
Asset Portfolio Duration = Weighted Duration of Commercial Loans + Weighted Duration of Consumer Loans + Weighted Duration of U.S. Treasury Bonds
= 0.2353 years + 0.4118 years + 1.0588 years
= 1.7059 years
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4. State whether each of the following will shift the supply curve or demand curve for bonds, or both, and in which direction.
a. State and local governments increase taxes to reduce their deficits.
b. The real estate market is expected to strengthen.
c. Business confidence increases.
d. Computerized trading makes buying and selling bonds easier.
e. Inflation is expected to increase.
State and local governments increase taxes to reduce their deficits - This will shift the supply curve for bonds to the right, as increased taxes by state and local governments can lead to higher government revenues.
a. State and local governments increase taxes to reduce their deficits.
This will shift the supply curve for bonds to the right, as increased taxes by state and local governments can lead to higher government revenues. This, in turn, reduces their deficits and allows them to issue more bonds to finance their activities.
b. The real estate market is expected to strengthen.
This will shift the demand curve for bonds to the left. When the real estate market strengthens, it becomes a more attractive investment option compared to bonds. As a result, investors may shift their funds from bonds to real estate, decreasing the demand for bonds.
c. Business confidence increases.
This will shift the demand curve for bonds to the right. When business confidence increases, it indicates a positive economic outlook, leading to increased investment and borrowing by businesses. This, in turn, raises the demand for funds, including bonds, to finance business expansion or investment projects.
d. Computerized trading makes buying and selling bonds easier.
This will primarily affect the ease of buying and selling bonds but will not directly shift the supply or demand curve. However, it can indirectly impact the demand for bonds by increasing market liquidity and efficiency, attracting more investors and potentially increasing the overall demand for bonds.
e. Inflation is expected to increase.
This will shift the supply curve for bonds to the right. When inflation is expected to increase, bond issuers may anticipate higher interest rates in the future to compensate for the eroding value of money. Consequently, they may issue more bonds at higher interest rates, increasing the supply of bonds in the market.
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