This seems to be Mason's Trichrome staining that is used to study the connective tissue fibers in a section of tissue. In this method, college fibers (as depicted by arrows in given image) are stained blue.
Moreover, nuclei is stained in blue-black hue. Other components like keratin, cytoplasm, muscle fibers etc., paper in pink/red hue Connective tissue includes 3 foremost components: cells, protein fibers, and an amorphous floor substance. Together the fibers and floor substance make up the extracellular matrix. Tissue that supports, protects, and offers shape to different tissues and organs withinside the body. Connective tissue additionally shops fat, facilitates circulate vitamins and different materials among tissues and organs, and facilitates restore broken tissue. Connective tissue is made of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. Unlike epithelial tissue, which consists of cells carefully filled with very little extracellular area in among, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix.
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what inheritance patter ecplains how a particular version of a regulatory gene can activate or deactivate a gene that controls a particular trait
Gene-by-gene interactions: .inheritance patter ecplains how a particular version of a regulatory gene can activate or deactivate a gene that controls a particular trait
Epistasis. Surprisingly, the Greek roots for the word "epistasis" mean "standing upon." The coat color of the well-known dog breed Labrador retrievers is an excellent illustration of epistasis. There are only two coat color genes for labrador retrievers: black or chocolate.
However, you see dogs roaming the dog park that is yellow Labrador retrievers. This happens when "extension genes," recessive epistatic genes that prevent color pigment from actually reaching the fur, are present. when the allele(s) present at one gene affects the phenotype associated with another gene. In a quantitative trait, alleles from various genes are additive, but not in this case. Epistasis is another name for the gene-by-gene inheritance pattern
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hat is the disadvantage of this approach? what is the disadvantage of this approach? it is difficult to determine the age of fossils and thus to define the order of speciation of human's ancestors. it is very difficult to determine whether morphological differences among fossils represented normal variation within populations or meaningful differences among species. it is quite complicated to evaluate the causes that lead to the speciation of ancient humans. it is impossible to determine whether the differences were left on fossils by some catastrophe or by time or they are meaningful differences among specie
It can apprehend the have an effect on of records withinside the formation of species. Also, it is easy to practice this idea to extinct species.
Disadvantage: Knowing the evolutionary records of all of the species isn't possible. The hazards of ecological species concept are as follows: Too many selections on how a whole lot distinction among people is an excessive amount of variation. Nearly the whole are made of non-same people. There also are numerous hazards. The first being that it can not be carried out to all cases. The Biological Species Concept neglects to keep in mind organisms that reproduce asexually considering that they breed independently. It additionally claims that species can not breed with every different however there are a few acceptations in nature.
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why are the lengths of the cells usually approximated when we record their values for length?
The lengths of cells are usually approximated because of the small size and dynamic nature of the cells, as well as the limitations of the measuring tools available.
The lengths of cells are usually approximated when recorded because they are difficult to measure with complete accuracy. Cells are small and delicate structures, often less than a micrometer in length, making precise measurement challenging. Additionally, cells are often moving, changing shape, or interacting with other cells, further complicating the measurement process.
To overcome these challenges, cell lengths are usually measured with an optical microscope equipped with a calibrated micrometer or other measuring tool. The cell is usually placed on a slide and visualized under the microscope, and its length is estimated based on the scale of the micrometer or other measuring tool. The measurement is made to the nearest division of the measuring tool, which is typically in increments of tens or hundreds of nanometers.
In this way, the length of the cell is approximated, rather than precisely measured. The purpose of the measurement is to gain a general idea of the size of the cell, rather than to determine its length with complete accuracy.
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what type of research design is bryophyte responses to fragmentation in temperate coastal rainforests: a functional group approach
The research design "Bryophyte responses to fragmentation in temperate coastal rainforests: a functional group approach" is a quasi-experimental study.
It employs a fragmented-intact forest comparison design, where researchers compare the responses of bryophyte (mosses and liverworts) functional groups to fragmentation in temperate coastal rainforests. The study uses both fragmented and intact forests as the two treatments, and the bryophyte functional groups as the response variables. The study also uses a before-after control-impact (BACI) design, where the researchers compare the bryophyte functional groups before and after fragmentation.
The functional group approach allows the researchers to generalize the findings to a larger group of species and determine how different functional groups of bryophytes respond to fragmentation. The study can provide valuable insights into the role of bryophytes in temperate coastal rainforest ecosystems and their responses to fragmentation, which can inform conservation and management efforts.
In conclusion, the "Bryophyte responses to fragmentation in temperate coastal rainforests: a functional group approach" research design is a quasi-experimental study that employs a fragmented-intact forest comparison and a before-after control-impact design to determine the responses of bryophyte functional groups to fragmentation.
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Question:
Describe how the respiratory system works to adjust blood pH. What is the link between Carbon Dioxide and pH? How does the respiratory system is linked to blood pH?
Blood Gasses
The cardiorespiratory system is very important for supplying the body with oxygen and ridding the system of carbon dioxide. Oxygen is important because it acts as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, while carbon dioxide is an important byproduct of metabolism that can be easily expelled through breathing.
The respiratory system collaborates with the circulatory system to supply oxygen and eliminate metabolic waste products. It also aids in blood pH regulation. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the bodily cells is referred to as respiration.
Carbon dioxide is used by the pulmonary system to regulate pH; during expiration, carbon dioxide is released into the environment. Because carbonic acid is formed in the body when carbon dioxide combines with water, the amount of carbon dioxide expelled can cause pH to rise or fall. The respiratory system is a biological system found in both animals and plants that comprises of diverse organs and structures that allow for gas exchange.
Carbon dioxide has an impact on water pH regulation; the quantity of CO2 in a solution is one technique to calculate the pH. The higher the CO2 concentration in water, the lower the pH. When pH levels drop as a result of increased CO2 levels, it generates unstable aquatic ecosystems, acid rain, and accelerates ocean acidification.
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The pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of dwarfism in humans over three generations. The gene forno-dwarfism (N) is dominant over the gene for dwarfism (n).
Which two individuals have identical genotypes for dwarfism?
A.
Daughter 1 and daughter 2
B.
Grandmother and grandfather
C.
Grandfather and son
D.
Mother and father
Grandfather and son are the two individuals that have identical genotypes for dwarfism.
What is genotypes?An organism's genotype is its whole collection of genetic material. The term "genotype" can also refer to the alleles or variations that an individual possesses in a certain gene or genetic region. In a general sense, the term "genotype" refers to an organism's genetic composition; in other words, it characterizes an organism's whole collection of genes. In one sense, the term "genotype," like the phrase "genome," refers to the full collection of genes in an organism's cells. However, in a broader sense, it can refer to distinct alleles, or variant versions of a gene, for certain qualities or features.
Here,
The two people with identical dwarfism genes are a grandfather and his son.
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normally, red blood cells are flexible and , and can easily move through blood vessels. in sickle cell disease, the red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are described as .
Typically rounded and flexible, red blood cells can flow through blood veins with ease. Red blood cells with sickle or crescent shapes are characteristic of sickle cell anaemia.
Additionally, these sickle cells develop a hard and sticky coating that can hinder or delay blood flow. The red blood cell (RBC) of a person is known to have a biconcave disc shape.
Two genes that code for haemoglobin "S" are inherited by people with this kind of SCD, one from each parent. The aberrant form of haemoglobin known as haemoglobin S makes red blood cells stiff and sickle-shaped. This condition, also known as sickle cell anaemia, is typically the most severe type of the illness.
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an increase in thyroid hormone will increase metabolism of macromolecules inside cells. this correlates with an increase in oxygen consumption related to oxidative phosphorylation. True/False
The claim that a rise in thyroid hormone will result in an increase in the metabolism of macromolecules inside of cells is true. This is associated with oxidative phosphorylation-related increases in oxygen consumption.
The thyroid hormone raises a person's basal metabolic rate. It denotes an increase in the individual's energy consumption, or the rate at which ATP is broken down. Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP. Consequently, oxidative phosphorylation is increased in order to keep up with the increased demand for ATP.
The findings suggest that thyroid hormones have an impact on mitochondrial function in human embryos. They promote mitochondrial replication and energy production within mitochondria by switching metabolism from the inefficient glycolytic pathway to the more effective oxidative phosphorylation.
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a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) is often the result of an occlusion to one or more coronary arteries. soon after coronary artery occlusion, the interstitial fluid [k ] can rise substantially in the flow-deprived region. in this region, the elevated extracellular [k ] would:
The primary cause of heart attacks is coronary artery obstruction, which results from the narrowing of the coronary arteries over time and as a result of specific chemicals like cholesterol.
Heart attacks and reduced blood flow to the heart are both influenced by coronary artery disease. When myocardial infarction develops, it is believed that blood circulation to a particular region of the heart is compromised or absent. Usually, this causes damage to the cardiac muscles. A heart attack is sometimes referred to as a myocardial infarction. Coronary artery obstructions frequently result in myocardial infarction. The coronary arteries carry blood to the heart muscles and cholesterol. Therefore, these coronary arteries may constrict or get blocked.
Atherosclerosis can cause these coronary arteries to constrict or obstruct. Myocardial infarction is brought on by the difficulty of oxygenated blood getting to the heart when the arteries are clogged.
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3. examine the figure of insulin signaling. why does one receptor have so many different signal transduction proteins/pathways?
The cell could have to react by going through a lot of modifications (short-term and long-term). The presence of several signal transduction proteins guarantees that the signal is amplified and that numerous responses are produced (if necessary).
The insulin transduction pathway is a biological process that helps insulin boost glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells while decreasing liver glucose production, helping to maintain glucose homeostasis. Stress levels, the fed or fasted state, and a number of other hormones all have an impact on this system.
When ingested, digested, and absorbed, carbohydrates cause a rise in blood glucose levels. The pancreas detects this and releases insulin to encourage the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. A series of biological events are triggered when insulin attaches to the insulin receptor, promoting the use or, in certain situations, the storage of glucose in the cell.
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which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls.
As the weight of the fluid increases when a downward force is applied, hydrostatic pressure is inversely proportional to the depth measured from the surface.
In a closed container, forces, acceleration, or gravity may all contribute to the fluid's pressure. Take a look at the top layer of the bottle's water. In addition, the water layer pressing against the bottle's sides exerts pressure. The pressure that the top layer places on the bottom of the bottle increases as we descend. Greater pressure at the container's bottom is caused by this phenomena.
A real solvent cannot enter a solution across a semi-permeable membrane due to the osmotic pressure. The capillaries return the substance to them. Since there is a difference between the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures at the artery's side, more material can pass through the capillaries' walls overall.
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Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
A. hydrostatic pressure only
B. plasma and formed element concentration
C. blood volume and viscosity
D. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Which statement describes evolution?
Answer:
"Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction."
Explanation:
Answer:
Evolution is the process by which different species of living organisms develop and change over time through natural selection, genetic variation, and adaptation to their environment. It explains the diversity of life on Earth and how different species are related through common ancestry. It is a scientific theory that has been supported by a vast amount of evidence from many different fields of study, including paleontology, genetics, and ecology.
pls help me with this question too
Answer:
(D)600
Explanation:
u approximate it
how does the signal travel from one neuron to the next? (not in simulation)
A neuron is a specialized type of cell that transmits information throughout the brain. It has three main parts: the soma, the dendrites, and the axon. The soma is the cell body, which contains the nucleus and other cellular machinery. The dendrites are branches that receive signals from other neurons. The axon is a long, thin extension that carries signals away from the cell body to other neurons.
When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron at its dendrites, it integrates this information and determines whether to generate an action potential. An action potential is an electrical signal that travels down the axon to the end of the neuron, known as the axon terminal.
At the axon terminal, the neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across a small gap called a synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the next neuron, causing the flow of ions into or out of the cell and altering the electrical potential of the dendrite.
In summary, information travels from one neuron to another by the combination of an action potential in the transmitting neuron and the release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, leading to the initiation of an action potential in the next neuron.
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whole blood collected from a donor should remain at what temperature before the separation and preparation of platelet concentrates?
Whole blood collected from a donor should remain at room temperature (20-24°C) before the separation and preparation of platelet concentrates.
Platelets (also known as thrombocytes) are small, disk-shaped blood cells that play a critical role in blood clotting and wound healing. They are produced in the bone marrow along with red blood cells and white blood cells. Platelets are essential for preventing blood loss from damaged blood vessels and promoting healing of injured tissues.
Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures of donated whole blood can cause platelet dysfunction, which can result in reduced survival and efficacy of the platelets. Keeping the whole blood at room temperature also allows for proper mixing of the anticoagulant used to preserve the blood, ensuring that the platelets are protected from activation and clumping.
The American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) recommends that whole blood should not be refrigerated and should be processed within 4 hours of collection.
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Cracking the code of life
The code of life means The whole letter-by-letter sequencing of the genetic material that defines human life—the human genome—is one of the largest scientific prizes ever, and this programme follows the intensely competitive quest to get it.
What does the code of life mean?Our individual genetic code is found in a lengthy molecule called DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. It contains the directions for generating every protein in our body, much like a recipe book.The genetic composition of every human being is 99.9% same. Differences in the 0.1 percent that is left can provide crucial information about the origins of illnesses.Every known living thing possesses genes made of DNA, which is why DNA is regarded as a universal genetic code.The whole letter-by-letter sequencing of the genetic material that defines human life—the human genome—is one of the largest scientific prizes ever, and this programme follows the intensely competitive quest to get it.To learn more about human genome refer to:
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A bacterial strain was previously known to be resistant to ampicillin but is no longer growing on ampicillin plates. However, researchers found that the bacteria still grow normally on plates without the presence of ampicillin. Which of the following would most likely cause this experimental observation?
A. DNA mutation
B. Defunct DNA replication
C. Defunct mRNA transcription.
D. Defunct mRNA translation
Defunct mRNA translation is most likely to cause the experimental observation so option D is correct.
When bacteria are no longer able to grow on ampicillin plates, it suggests that the bacteria have developed resistance to the antibiotic. In many cases, this is due to a change in the bacteria's genetic makeup, such as a mutation in the DNA.
However, if the bacteria are still able to grow normally on plates without ampicillin, it is less likely to be a result of a DNA mutation and more likely to be due to a problem with mRNA translation.
mRNA translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to build proteins, including those that are responsible for antibiotic resistance. If there is a problem with mRNA translation, the bacteria will not be able to produce the proteins necessary for resistance and will be susceptible to the antibiotic once again.
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four out of the five following cell types make up one particular complex tissue. which cell type is a misft
Out of five following cell types Sieve tube members make up one particular complex tissue.
Complex tissue is a tissue consisting of more than one type of cells working together as a unit. Xylem is a permanent complex tissue comprising tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and fibers.
Cells in plants' phloem tissue called sieve tube members aid in the movement of organic materials (such as sugar and amino acids) from the leaves to other sections of the plant. They are organized end to end to create a continuous tube and are elongated without a nucleus. Members of the sieve tube have perforations at their ends that allow cytoplasmic materials to pass through.
On the other hand, the sieve tube members are living cells (which do not contain a nucleus) that are responsible for transporting carbohydrates throughout the plant. Sieve tube members are associated with companion cells, which are cells that combine with sieve tubes to create the sieve element-companion cell complex. Sieve tube members form phloem in the plants.
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Four out of the five following cell types make up one particular complex tissue. which cell type is a misft?
-Fibers
-Parenchyma Cells
-Sieve tube members
-Tracheids
-Vessel members
Explain how the automated sequencing machine orders the DNA fragments from PCR reaction into the size order
Automated sequencing machines order the DNA fragments from a PCR reaction into size order using a technique called capillary electrophoresis.
In capillary electrophoresis, the DNA fragments are loaded into a narrow, tube-like capillary filled with a gel-like matrix. An electric field is then applied, causing the DNA fragments to move through the gel based on their size and charge.
Automated sequencing machines use capillary electrophoresis to order the DNA fragments in a fast, efficient, and accurate manner, making it possible to sequence large amounts of DNA quickly.
The resulting data is then used to determine the sequence of the DNA, which is important in a wide range of applications, including genetic research and disease diagnosis.
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does a similarity in sequence between two proteins guarantee a similarity in function? explain your position.
Answer:
A similarity in sequence between two proteins does not necessarily guarantee a similarity in function. While sequence similarity can indicate evolutionary relatedness and the possibility of functional similarity, there are many examples of proteins with highly similar sequences that have vastly different functions. Additionally, proteins can have similar functions but have little sequence similarity. The structure and interactions of a protein also play a crucial role in its function and can be quite different even between proteins with similar sequences. Therefore, it is important to consider multiple lines of evidence, including structural, functional, and evolutionary information, to determine the function of a protein.
No, a similarity in sequence between two proteins does not guarantee similarity in function.
Although sequence similarity can suggesta functional similarity, it is not a guarantee. Proteins with similar sequences can have different functions due to variations in their three-dimensional structures, post-translational modifications, and interactions with other molecules. Additionally, proteins can have the same function but have vastly different sequences. Therefore, functional analysis is necessary to confirm the actual function of a protein.
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how can u recognize the chemical formula of a carbohydrate?
Answer:
(CH2O)
Explanation:
Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules.
color blindness results from genetic defects in . a. photopigment molecules in certain types of cone cells b. guanylyl cyclase molecules c. cation channels d. phosphodiesterase
Color blindness results from genetic defects in A. photopigment molecules in certain types of cone cells.
Color blindness is a condition in which individuals have difficulty distinguishing between certain colors, particularly red and green. This is due to a genetic defect in the photopigment molecules present in certain types of cone cells in the retina of the eye.
Photopigment molecules are responsible for detecting different wavelengths of light and converting them into signals that can be transmitted to the brain. In individuals with color blindness, these photopigment molecules are either absent or do not function properly, leading to a decreased ability to detect certain colors. The type and severity of color blindness can vary depending on the specific genetic defect, with some individuals having difficulty distinguishing only between red and green, while others may be unable to see certain colors at all.
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a person with ab blood illustrates the principle of select one: a. codominance. b. pleiotropy. c. polygenic inheritance. d. incomplete dominance.
Codominance describes the expression when a person with ab blood. In this case, Option A is correct.
The dominance type known as co-dominance, which results from the mixing of alleles, is characterized by the offspring's resemblance to both parents.
In the lines that follow, let's learn more about codominance.Codominance occurs when both of the parental traits are displayed in the F1 generation. Both of the parents' characteristics will be present in the progeny. One of the best examples of codominance is the ABO blood grouping system.Red blood cells come in a variety of forms, including Rh-positive and Rh-negative A, B, AB, and O. The antigen on the surface of red blood cells differs, determining the particular blood group in an organism.To know more about Codominance here
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How does the DNA polymerase that is synthesizing the lagging strand stay bound to its template DNA strand and coordinate with the DNA polymerase on the leading strand?
a. The parent DNA strands are both synthesized by the same DNA polymerase.
b. Special enzymes called coordinases keep the two polymerases together.
c. Okazaki fragments coordinate the movements of the polymerases.
d. The DNA polymerase on the leading strand is stuck to the DNA polymerase on the lagging strand.
e. The two are not coordinated and occur in different times and places.
The DNA polymerase on the lagging strand stays bound to its template DNA strand and coordinates with the DNA polymerase on the leading strand through the sliding clamp mechanism.
The DNA polymerase that is synthesizing the lagging strand stays bound to its template DNA strand and coordinates with the DNA polymerase on the leading strand through a process called the sliding clamp mechanism.
The sliding clamp mechanism uses a protein called the sliding clamp, which serves as a stable platform for the DNA polymerase to bind to the template strand. This helps the DNA polymerase to remain bound to the template strand, allowing it to continuously add nucleotides to the growing chain.
As the DNA polymerase on the leading strand is continuously synthesizing new nucleotides, the sliding clamp moves along the template strand and allows the DNA polymerase on the lagging strand to keep pace. In this way, the two polymerases are coordinated in their movements, allowing them to complete the replication process in a timely and efficient manner.
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how is the rough endoplasmic reticulum related to the golgi complex in terms of function?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum( RER) and the Golgi complex are two of the main factors of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells. The RER is composed of a network of membrane- bound channels that are involved in the conflation, processing, and transport of proteins.
While the Golgi complex is composed of flattened sacs and tubules that are involved in the packaging and sorting of proteins. The RER and the Golgi complex are nearly connected and work together to insure that proteins are rightly reused, modified, and transported.
The RER is responsible for the original conflation of proteins, which are also transported to the Golgi complex where they're farther reused and sorted into applicable vesicles. The proteins are also transferred to their final destination, similar as the cell membrane, lysosome, or vacuole. In summary,
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What prefix could be defined as meaning "the earliest form of something?
(1 point)
O proto
O astro
O poly
O extra
The prefix proto is defined as meaning "the earliest form of something, such as prokaryotic cell. Therefore, option A is correct.
What is a prokaryotic cell?Prokaryotic cells lack a proper nucleus and organelles that are attached to membranes. A prokaryotic cell carries out all the necessary tasks that a regular cell does. They are capable of breathing, digesting, and other biological functions. Being single-celled organisms, prokaryotic cells carry out all of these tasks in a single cell.
By allowing the nutrients from deceased organisms to be recycled, they play a crucial part in the recycling of nutrients. They are crucial for numerous metabolic activities as well. Prokaryotic cells include things like cyanobacteria, E. coli, Mycoplasma, etc.
The prefix proto is defined as meaning "the earliest form of something. Hence, option A is correct.
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how do human activities influence the carbon cycle
oil for cars
cutting down trees
using limestone to make concrete
Assume a molecule of cellulose and a molecule of amylose each have a molecular mass, Mᵣ, of 200,000. How do the dimensions of cellulose and amylose compare? a. The molecule of cellulose is significantly longer than the molecule of amylose because cellulose forms an extended chain, whereas amylose forms a tightly coiled helix. b. The molecule of amylose is signficantly longer than the molecule of cellulose because intrachain hydrogen bonds stabilize amylose, whereas intrachain hydrogen bonds do not stabilize cellulose.c. The dimensions of cellulose and amylose are roughly identical because both molecules contain D-glucose chains with a Mᵣ of 200,000. d. The molecule of cellulose is significantly larger in size than the molecule of amylose because cellulose contains branching residues, whereas amylose is unbranched.
From a technological perspective, the osmotic characteristics of polysaccharide solutions and related biopolymer-solvent and biopolymer-biopolymer type interactions are crucial.
The basis for the proper use of polysaccharides that comply with the relevant technological functions, impart the proper texture, and create the sensory qualities of the finished product is the knowledge of these systems' osmotic properties. The impact of time on the osmotic characteristics of polysaccharides is also crucial since throughout time, the aforementioned effects could vary. One technique used in the analysis of synthetic polymers to establish their average molecular mass and the level of solvent interaction is membrane osmometry. The application of this technique to biopolymers including polysaccharides is successful.
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Please help me with this!
Tysm!
Answer:
slide (wet mount) I think it's correct please answer back
Abyal gigantim allow an organim to have a __________________ metabolim, which mean it need _________________ food to urvive. Lower; more
higher; more
higher; le
lower; le
13
Abyal gigantim allow an organim to have a complex metabolim, which mean it need energy-rich food to survive.
Lower organisms require more simple forms of energy-rich food, while higher organisms require more complex forms of energy-rich food.
Abyal gigantim are organisms that possess complex metabolisms, which require energy-rich food to survive. This food can take the form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and is usually derived from plants or animals. These organisms need to obtain the energy they need to grow and reproduce, and so they tend to require more complex forms of energy-rich food than simpler organisms. For example, a higher organism like a human will require a more complex diet than a lower organism like a bacterium, which can subsist on simple sugars or starches.
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