a) The concept of the natural level of unemployment refers to the level of unemployment that exists when the economy is in a state of equilibrium, with stable inflation. In the context of the Phillips curve given, the natural level of unemployment can be identified as the level of unemployment where the inflation rate remains constant over time. In other words, it represents the long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
b) The short-run Phillips curve is defined by a particular expected inflation rate and shifts upwards when there is an increase in expected inflation. In contrast, the long-run Phillips curve is vertical and indicates that there is no relationship between inflation and unemployment in the long run. The vertical long-run Phillips curve depicts that there is a natural rate of unemployment that corresponds to a stable rate of inflation that is unaffected by changes in unemployment. The primary distinction between the short-run and long-run Phillips curve is that the short-run curve is upward sloping while the long-run curve is vertical.
c) The given Phillips curve can be represented by the following equation: Πt = Πt−1 − 0.5(ut − 0.06). In the short-run, if the central bank aims to reduce the inflation rate by 5% in period t, it will result in a shift of the Phillips curve downwards by 5%. This implies that the new equation will be: Πt = Πt−1 − 0.5(ut − 0.06) − 0.05. If Okun's law implies that a 1% increase in unemployment results in a 2% decrease in real GDP, then the sacrifice ratio will be the percentage reduction in real GDP divided by the percentage reduction in inflation. Therefore, if the central bank wants to reduce inflation by 5%, the sacrifice ratio can be calculated as follows :Sacrifice ratio = (2/5) × 100 = 40%.
Therefore, a 5% reduction in inflation will result in a 2% decrease in real GDP, and the sacrifice ratio will be 40%.
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Arabella wants to save money to buy a house. She inherited some money from her grandfather and wants to invest those funds today at 7% compounded annually so that she will be able to remove $10,000 every year to make an annual house payment. She plans to do this for the next 13 years How much would she need to invest today to be able to make these payments?
Arabella would need to invest an amount that would allow her to withdraw $10,000 annually for 13 years at an interest rate of 7% compounded annually.
This is essentially the present value of an annuity problem. In order to determine how much Arabella would need to invest today, we need to find the present value of an annuity. The formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity can be used to calculate this. The present value of an annuity is calculated as PV = PMT * [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r], where PMT is the annuity payment, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods. In Arabella's case, PMT is $10,000, r is 7% or 0.07, and n is 13. By plugging these numbers into the formula and calculating, we will find the initial investment that Arabella needs to make.
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There Are Many Factors To Consider When Comparing Job Offers - The Salary And Benefits, The Taxes, The Cost Of Living, The
To compare the job offers, we need to consider the following factors:
Salary and Benefits: We need to look at the base salary, bonuses, and other benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, and vacation time.
Taxes: We need to consider the federal, state, and local taxes that we will have to pay on our income.
Cost of Living: We need to look at the cost of living in the area where the job is located. This includes expenses like housing, food, transportation, and utilities.
Cost of Relocating: If we decide to take one of the other job offers, we will need to consider the cost of moving and other expenses associated with relocating.
Let's assume we have the following job offers:
Job Offer A:
Base salary: $100,000 per year
Bonus: $10,000 per year
Health insurance: $5,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 6%
Vacation time: 2 weeks
Location: San Francisco Bay Area
Job Offer B:
Base salary: $90,000 per year
Bonus: $5,000 per year
Health insurance: $4,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 4%
Vacation time: 3 weeks
Location: Seattle, WA
Job Offer C:
Base salary: $105,000 per year
Bonus: $8,000 per year
Health insurance: $6,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 5%
Vacation time: 2 weeks
Location: Austin, TX
We will also assume that the cost of living in all three areas is similar to what we are currently spending in Silicon Valley, which is $72,000 per year.
Now let's calculate our earnings for each scenario over the next five years:
Scenario 1: Stay in Silicon Valley
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $500,000 ($100,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $50,000 ($10,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $25,000 ($5,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $30,000 (6% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 10 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $200,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, California state tax rate of approximately 9.3%, and local taxes)
Net earnings over five years: $375,000
Scenario 2: Job Offer B in Seattle
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $450,000 ($90,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $25,000 ($5,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $20,000 ($4,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $18,000 (4% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 15 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $150,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, Washington state tax rate of approximately 0%, and local taxes)
Cost of relocating: $10,000
Net earnings over five years: $313,000
Scenario 3: Job Offer C in Austin
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $525,000 ($105,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $40,000 ($8,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $30,000 ($6,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $26,250 (5% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 10 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $175,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, Texas state tax rate of approximately 0%, and local taxes)
Cost of relocating: $15,000
Net earnings over five years: $381,250
Based on our calculations, taking Job Offer C in Austin provides the greatest accumulated earnings after five years. However, it's important to also consider other factors such as quality of life, job satisfaction, and career growth opportunities before making a decision.
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There are many factors to consider when comparing job offers - the salary and benefits, the taxes, the cost of living, the cost of leaving, and other costs incurred by taking the new job. Here are three job offers for similar types of work for which you are eminently qualified. You currently hold the job in Silicon Valley, but you are considering choosing the offers elsewhere. You currently spend around $6000 per month in living expenses; you would live a similar lifestyle wherever you work. Project your total earning for five years into the future whether you stay put or take one of the other job offers. Which scenario provides the greatest accumulated earnings after five years?
To compare the job offers, we need to consider the following factors:
Salary and Benefits:
Taxes
Cost of Living
Cost of Relocating
Salary and Benefits: We need to look at the base salary, bonuses, and other benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, and vacation time.
Taxes: We need to consider the federal, state, and local taxes that we will have to pay on our income.
Cost of Living: We need to look at the cost of living in the area where the job is located. This includes expenses like housing, food, transportation, and utilities.
Cost of Relocating: If we decide to take one of the other job offers, we will need to consider the cost of moving and other expenses associated with relocating.
Let's assume we have the following job offers:
Job Offer A:
Base salary: $100,000 per year
Bonus: $10,000 per year
Health insurance: $5,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 6%
Vacation time: 2 weeks
Location: San Francisco Bay Area
Job Offer B:
Base salary: $90,000 per year
Bonus: $5,000 per year
Health insurance: $4,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 4%
Vacation time: 3 weeks
Location: Seattle, WA
Job Offer C:
Base salary: $105,000 per year
Bonus: $8,000 per year
Health insurance: $6,000 per year
Retirement plan: 401K matching up to 5%
Vacation time: 2 weeks
Location: Austin, TX
We will also assume that the cost of living in all three areas is similar to what we are currently spending in Silicon Valley, which is $72,000 per year.
Now let's calculate our earnings for each scenario over the next five years:
Scenario 1: Stay in Silicon Valley
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $500,000 ($100,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $50,000 ($10,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $25,000 ($5,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $30,000 (6% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 10 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $200,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, California state tax rate of approximately 9.3%, and local taxes)
Net earnings over five years: $375,000
Scenario 2: Job Offer B in Seattle
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $450,000 ($90,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $25,000 ($5,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $20,000 ($4,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $18,000 (4% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 15 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $150,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, Washington state tax rate of approximately 0%, and local taxes)
Cost of relocating: $10,000
Net earnings over five years: $313,000
Scenario 3: Job Offer C in Austin
Total earnings over five years:
Salary: $525,000 ($105,000 per year x 5)
Bonus: $40,000 ($8,000 per year x 5)
Health insurance: $30,000 ($6,000 per year x 5)
Retirement plan: $26,250 (5% of salary x 5 years)
Vacation time: 10 weeks
Taxes: Approximately $175,000 (based on a federal tax rate of approximately 25%, Texas state tax rate of approximately 0%, and local taxes)
Cost of relocating: $15,000
Net earnings over five years: $381,250
Based on our calculations, taking Job Offer C in Austin provides the greatest accumulated earnings after five years. However, it's important to also consider other factors such as quality of life, job satisfaction, and career growth opportunities before making a decision.
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There are many factors to consider when comparing job offers - the salary and benefits, the taxes, the cost of living, the cost of leaving, and other costs incurred by taking the new job. Here are three job offers for similar types of work for which you are eminently qualified. You currently hold the job in Silicon Valley, but you are considering choosing the offers elsewhere. You currently spend around $6000 per month in living expenses; you would live a similar lifestyle wherever you work. Project your total earning for five years into the future whether you stay put or take one of the other job offers. Which scenario provides the greatest accumulated earnings after five years?
repare the necessary general journal entries for the month of October for Sophia Company for each situation given below. Sophia uses a perpetual inventory system.
Oct. 5 Paid cash of $12,000 for operating expenses that were incurred and properly recorded in the previous period.
Oct. 8 Purchased merchandise for $25,000 on account. Credit terms: 2/10, n/30; Freight term: FOB Shipping Point.
Oct. 10 Paid freight bill of $470 for merchandise purchased on October 8.
Oct. 12 Borrowed $10,000 from Admire Bank signing an 8%, 3-month note.
Oct. 15 Paid for merchandise purchased on October 8. The company takes all discounts to which it is entitled.
Oct. 20 Sold merchandise for $16,000 to Tom Green on account. The cost of the merchandise sold was $10,000. Credit terms: 2/10, n/30.
Oct. 22 Purchased a 2-year insurance policy for $2,400 cash.
Oct. 25 Credited Tom Green’s account for $1,000 for merchandise returned by him from the sale on October 20. The cost of the merchandise returned was $625.
Oct. 5: Cash $12,000
Oct. 8; Accounts Payable $25,000
Oct. 10; Cash $470
Oct. 12; Cash $10,000
Oct. 15: Inventory $24,500
Oct. 20; Inventory $10,000
Oct. 22; Cash $2,400
Oct. 25: Inventory $625
The necessary general journal entries for the month of October for Sophia Company are as follows:
Oct. 5:
Operating Expenses Expense $12,000
Cash $12,000
Oct. 8:
Inventory $25,000
Accounts Payable $25,000
Oct. 10:
Accounts Payable $470
Cash $470
Oct. 12:
Cash $10,000
Notes Payable $10,000
Oct. 15:
Accounts Payable $24,500 [($25,000 - (2% * $25,000))]
Inventory $24,500
Oct. 20:
Accounts Receivable $16,000
Sales Revenue $16,000
Cost of Goods Sold $10,000
Inventory $10,000
Oct. 22:
Prepaid Insurance $2,400
Cash $2,400
Oct. 25:
Accounts Receivable $1,000
Sales Returns and Allowances $1,000
Inventory $625
Cost of Goods Sold $625
These journal entries record the various transactions and their impact on the accounts. Please note that I have assumed the accounts and their normal balances based on typical accounting practices.
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Please help me draft a journal entry. The company uses the
Perpetual Method. The company purchased 500 items of inventory for
$145,000 with the terms of 2/EOM, n/45 on 1/19/19. Company returned
$30,00
Journal Entry: Date: 1/19/19 Inventory ............................... $145,000 Accounts Payable ........................ $145,000 The journal entry records the purchase of inventory using the perpetual method.
The company purchased 500 items of inventory for a total cost of $145,000. The debit to the Inventory account increases the inventory balance on the asset side of the balance sheet, reflecting the company's acquisition of inventory. The credit to the Accounts Payable account reflects the liability created by the purchase, indicating that the company owes the supplier for the inventory received. Note: The terms mentioned (2/EOM, n/45) suggest that the company has a credit period of two months (ending of the month) and a discount of 2% if payment is made within the first month. However, the terms for payment are not applicable in this journal entry as it only records the initial purchase.
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Something awful has happened on site! An accident occurred, and a worker fell more than 12 metres to the ground level and was badly injured. They were installing a handrail around a roof maintenance opening that is also above the main stairway in the older part of the building. The project is well over its two-year schedule.
i. Reflecting on OHS lectures and readings, what should the client and consulting team (architects, engineers etc.) have done to reduce the risk of this occurring? Please focus your answer on the cause of the incident and the need for upstream management of OHS. ii. Reflecting on OHS lectures and readings presented in this subject, what should the head contractor have done? Please focus your answer on the risk management process paying attention to the risk assessment including the risk assessment table, risk control hierarchy, safe work method statement (SWMS) and other strategies the head contractor should have undertaken regarding OHS on the site.
The client and consulting team should have assessed risks and implemented fall protection measures. The head contractor should have followed proper risk management procedures.
i. The client and consulting team should have conducted a thorough risk assessment to identify hazards and implement control measures. They should have recognized the potential risk associated with working at heights and taken proactive measures to ensure worker safety. This could include designing and installing appropriate fall protection systems, such as guardrails or safety nets, around the roof maintenance opening. Additionally, they should have provided proper training and supervision to workers involved in such tasks, emphasizing the importance of following safety protocols.
ii. The head contractor should have implemented a comprehensive risk management process. This involves conducting a detailed risk assessment that identifies potential hazards and evaluates their severity and likelihood. Based on this assessment, appropriate control measures should have been implemented, prioritizing the hierarchy of controls to eliminate or minimize risks. A safe work method statement (SWMS) should have been developed for the task of installing the handrail, outlining step-by-step procedures and necessary safety measures. The head contractor should have also ensured regular safety inspections, maintained clear communication channels with workers, and provided ongoing training to promote a culture of safety on the site.
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Think about your own life. Maybe you are willing to spend 50 or 60 hours a week between school and work. Maybe you take care of young children and have a lot of home life responsibilities and you only spend 20 hours between school and work. Draw your own personal Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) for time spent doing school and work. Remember to plot out multiple possible combinations and then draw a line to connect them. Explain where you operate on your PPF and why. What are some of the opportunity costs you have to weigh to determine where you will operate along your personal PPF curve? (30 points)
The Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) is a diagram that helps in understanding opportunity cost. It is a graph that helps in calculating the maximum combinations.
It is a curved line that depicts the possible production level of two different goods in the economy. In this case, we would be using the PPF graph to show the maximum hours a person can spend doing work and schoolwork in a week. The graph will show the maximum taking into account the other responsibilities that they have.
There are different ways that people divide their time, especially when it comes to their personal and professional life. For some, it is more important to work more and earn more, while others might prioritize their home life. As a result, people have different Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) curves.
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It is a market structure where firms can only maximize profits by changing output but not price. a. Oligopoly O b. Duopoly O c. Perfect Competition O d. Monopoly O e. Monopolistic Competition A perfectly competitive firm maximizes profit by producing 100 units at an average total cost of $12 and an average fix cost of $5 for a market price of $10. Its profit/loss must be - ,O a. $1000 O b. $1200 O c. -$2000 O d. $2200 Student A says inflation erodes the benefits of growth. Student B says rising employment counteracts the effects of inflation. We can say that - O a. Student B is correct but Student A is wrong O b. Student A is correct but there is not enough info to evaluate Student B's statement O c. Student A is correct but Student B is wrong O d. Neither A or B are correct or wrong Oe. Student B is correct but there is not enough info to evaluate
1. The correct answer is e. Monopolistic Competition.
In monopolistic competition, firms have some control over the price of their products but can only maximize profits by adjusting their output levels. This market structure is characterized by a large number of firms competing with differentiated products.
2. The correct answer is c. -$2000.
To determine the profit/loss of the perfectly competitive firm, we need to compare its average total cost with the market price. Since the average total cost is $12 per unit and the market price is $10, the firm is experiencing a loss. The loss per unit is $2 ($12 - $10), and since the firm produces 100 units, the total loss is $2000.
3. The correct answer is b. Student A is correct, but there is not enough information to evaluate Student B's statement.
Student A is correct in stating that inflation erodes the benefits of growth. Inflation refers to the general increase in prices, which reduces the purchasing power of consumers and can diminish the real value of economic growth. However, without further information about the specific effects of rising employment on inflation, we cannot evaluate Student B's statement.
In this scenario, we have identified the market structure as monopolistic competition and calculated the profit/loss for a perfectly competitive firm. Additionally, we have determined that Student A's statement about inflation eroding the benefits of growth is correct, while there is insufficient information to evaluate Student B's statement regarding the effects of rising employment on inflation.
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Suppose you are conducting research on the student-supervisor relationship in MBA project writing. The goal of your research is to provide insight into such relationships and you intend to address the following two questions: what are the obstacles to effective student supervision? How can student-supervisor relationships be developed to maximize benefits?
i. Describe and justify the research design you would use for this assignment, discussing its strength and weakness of it.
ii. Define your target population
iii. What Three factors will you consider in deciding on your sample
iv. Why might you use a sample instead of a census? Give two reasons.
(b) The Dean of the Graduate School is interested in selecting 50 students from five different programmes to participate in a course evaluation survey. He decided to select 10 students from each programme using different sampling methods. What sampling techniques do you think were used in each programme based on the description(s) given below?
In each case, explain your answer.
i. In the MBA Internal Auditing Programme, the 10 students were all selected through informants.
ii. In the MBA Finance Programme, the students were classified into "Evening "and Weekend" and 5 Students were drawn at random from each category without regard to their number in the group.
iii. In the MBA Marketing Programme, the students were classified into "Male" and Female" and 5 students were conveniently drawn from each category.
iv. In the MBA Human Resources Management programme, the students were assigned numbers and 10 students drawn through a "wheel of chance".
v. In the MBA General Management Programme, an initial starting point was selected at random from the list of students after which every 5th person was selected.
The research design that would be used in this research would be case study research design. A case study is a comprehensive examination of a phenomenon or a unit of analysis. This design is ideal for this study because it is used when the aim is to understand complex phenomena or situations.
The strength of this design is that it provides a holistic and in-depth understanding of the topic of interest. However, it has the weakness of limited generalization as the sample size is usually small. The target population for this study is the student-supervisor relationships in MBA project writing. The sampling technique used is Purposive Sampling. This is because the students were all selected through informants, which suggests that the researcher deliberately chose them based on their knowledge of the students.
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Suppose inverse demand is given by P=150−3Q (a) Compute the price elasticity of demand when Q=10. (Hint: Use the slope and the price in addition to the quantity given.) (b) Compute the price elasticity of demand when Q=25. (c) Compute the price elasticity of demand when Q=40.
La elasticidad precio de la demanda es -36 a Q = 10, -9 a Q = 25 y -2.25 a Q = 40. La demanda es relativamente elástica en todos los casos.
Utilizaremos la fórmula para calcular la elasticidad del precio de la demanda en diferentes cantidades:E es igual a (dQ/dP) * (P/Q).(a) Al sustituir los valores en la fórmula cuando Q = 10, descubrimos:E = (-3) * (150 - 3 * 10)/ 10 = -3 * 120/ 10 = -36(b) Cuando Q = 25:E = (-3) * (150 - 3 * 25)/ 25 = -3 * 75/ 25 = -9Cuando Q = 40:E = (3*100 - 3*100)/40 = -3*100/40 = -2.25Por lo tanto, la elasticidad de precios de la demanda es -36 a Q = 10, -9 a Q = 25 y -2.25 a Q = 40. Como la magnitud de la elasticidad es mayor que 1 en todos los casos, estos valores indican que la demanda es relativamente elastica.
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You are the auditor of Sunbeam Ltd (Sunbeam), a manufacturer of electronic gadgets for home use. Sunbeam has a huge factory where all the products are manufactured. The factory also maintains a stock of electronic parts to be used in the manufacturing process.
You need to collect sufficient and appropriate evidence to support your audit opinion. As a result, you are considering using the following techniques to collect evidence:
1. Analytical review 2. Inspection
3. Enquiry
4. Recalculation Required:
(i) Explain each of the four techniques. (4 marks)
(ii) You must provide examples of how these techniques might be applied to the audit of Sunbeam Ltd.
The four techniques used to collect evidence in an audit are analytical review, inspection, enquiry, and recalculation. Analytical review involves assessing relationships and trends in financial data to identify anomalies or significant changes.
Inspection involves physically examining documents, records, or assets to verify their existence or condition. Enquiry involves obtaining information from management, staff, or third parties through interviews or questionnaires. Recalculation involves independently verifying calculations or reperforming procedures to ensure accuracy.
1. Analytical review: This technique involves comparing and analyzing financial data to identify unusual fluctuations, trends, or inconsistencies. For example, the auditor may analyze the trend of inventory turnover ratio over multiple years to identify any significant changes or anomalies.
2. Inspection: This technique involves physically examining documents, records, or assets to verify their existence, condition, or compliance with regulations. In the case of Sunbeam Ltd, the auditor may inspect the stock of electronic parts in the factory to ensure they match the recorded inventory levels.
3. Enquiry: This technique involves obtaining information from management, staff, or third parties through interviews or questionnaires. The auditor may inquire about Sunbeam's procurement process to gather information on the reliability of suppliers and the control systems in place.
4. Recalculation: This technique involves independently verifying calculations or reperforming procedures to ensure accuracy. For example, the auditor may recalculate the depreciation expense for Sunbeam's factory equipment to ensure it aligns with the accounting policy and is accurately recorded.
By employing these techniques, the auditor can gather sufficient and appropriate evidence to support their audit opinion on Sunbeam Ltd. Each technique provides a different approach to assess different aspects of the company's operations, financial statements, and control systems.
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Easy Auditing Company is currently performing an audit of a major client, Office Supply Company. The client is a large, wellestablished firm with offices all over the U.S. The client sells a variety of office and stationary supplies in both the wholesale and retail markets and is decentralized. Easy's auditors have decided to conduct a notable item check to see whether any employees are also set up in the client's system as vendors. The best approach to conduct this type of procedure involves _________
o an audit data analytics procedure where the auditor may attempt to merge two or more databases and ensure evidence of notable items exists, in order to assess control risk as low
o an audit data analytics procedure where the auditor may attempt to merge two or more databases and look for evidence of overlapping details/fields and potential notable items
o directly questioning employees whom the auditor suspects may also be receiving payments as vendors to ensure the legitimacy of the payments o obtaining written guarantees from senior management to serve as assurance, confirming that no employees are also vendors of the cilent
An audit data analytics procedure where the auditor may attempt to merge two or more databases and look for evidence of overlapping details/fields and potential notable items is the best approach to conduct the procedure for Easy Auditing Company, which is currently performing an audit of a major client, Office Supply Company.
Why is this the best approach to conduct this procedure?The client, Office Supply Company, sells a variety of office and stationery supplies in both the wholesale and retail markets and is decentralized.
Additionally, Easy's auditors have decided to conduct a notable item check to see whether any employees are also set up in the client's system as vendors.
According to the information provided, it is important to conduct an audit data analytics procedure where the auditor may attempt to merge two or more databases and look for evidence of overlapping details/fields and potential notable items.
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Business Solutions sells upscale modular desk units (60% of sales) and office chairs (40% of sales). Selling prices are $1,300 per des unit and $550 per chair. Variable costs are $780 per desk unit and $275 per chair. Fixed costs are $147,700. Required: 1. Compute the weighted-average contribution margin. 2. Compute the break-even point in units. 3. Compute the number of units of each product that would be sold at the break-even point.
At the break-even point, the company would need to sell approximately 210 desk units and 140 office chairs to cover its fixed costs and reach the break-even point in terms of profit.
1. To compute the weighted-average contribution margin, we need to calculate the contribution margin for each product and then find the weighted average based on their sales percentages.
Contribution margin for desk units:
Selling price per desk unit - Variable cost per desk unit
= $1,300 - $780
= $520
Contribution margin for office chairs:
Selling price per chair - Variable cost per chair
= $550 - $275
= $275
Weighted-average contribution margin:
(Contribution margin for desk units * Sales percentage for desk units) + (Contribution margin for office chairs * Sales percentage for office chairs)
= ($520 * 0.6) + ($275 * 0.4)
= $312 + $110
= $422
2. To compute the break-even point in units, we use the formula:
Break-even point (in units) = Fixed costs / Weighted-average contribution margin
Break-even point (in units) = $147,700 / $422
≈ 350 units (rounded to the nearest whole number)
3. To compute the number of units of each product that would be sold at the break-even point, we multiply the break-even point by the sales percentages for each product:
Number of desk units sold at break-even point = 350 units * 60% = 210 units
Number of office chairs sold at break-even point = 350 units * 40% = 140 units
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most economists believe that a four firm concentration ratio of
Most economists believe that a four-firm concentration ratio of 40% or more in an industry indicates a concentration that is significant enough to impact the industry’s performance.
In general, the higher the concentration ratio, the less competitive an industry is. This is because, in a highly concentrated market, the top few firms often have significant market power and can influence market prices and limit the entry of new competitors. This can result in higher prices and reduced product diversity for consumers.
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Take the following information as given for a small, imaginary economy: • When income is $10,000, consumption spending is $6,500. • When income is $11,000, consumption spending is $7,250. Refer to the Scenario. For this economy, an initial increase of $200 in net exports translates into a(n): _______________ $570 increase in aggregate demand when the crowding-out effect is taken into account. $800 increase in aggregate demand when the crowding-out effect is taken into account. $1,400 increase in aggregate demand in the absence of the crowding-out effect. $800 increase in aggregate demand in the absence of the crowding-out effect.
Based on the information given, we can use the consumption function to determine the change in aggregate demand. The consumption function represents the relationship between income and consumption spending.
Given:
When income is $10,000, consumption spending is $6,500.
When income is $11,000, consumption spending is $7,250.
Using these data points, we can calculate the slope of the consumption function as follows:
Slope = (Change in Consumption)/(Change in Income)
= ($7,250 - $6,500)/($11,000 - $10,000)
= $750/$1,000
= 0.75
Now, we need to determine the change in aggregate demand resulting from an initial increase of $200 in net exports. The formula to calculate the change in aggregate demand is:
Change in Aggregate Demand = Multiplier * Change in Net Exports
To find the multiplier, we can use the formula:
Multiplier = 1/(1 - MPC)
= 1/(1 - 0.75)
= 1/(0.25)
= 4
Plugging in the values, we have:
Change in Aggregate Demand = 4 * $200
= $800
Therefore, an initial increase of $200 in net exports translates into a $800 increase in aggregate demand when the crowding-out effect is taken into account.
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1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Explain in detail, the way in which the work sampling can be used as an approach to explore the work content. The systematic approach of discovering the work content using the work sampling. (20) Define work sampling and give three practical examples (5) Explain systematic approach when contacting two hand process. (10) Define with examples, the standard time, work study, work measurement, work sampling and activity sampling (10) in 140
Work sampling is a technique used to explore the work content by observing and recording the activities performed by workers at various intervals. It provides a systematic approach to understanding the work being done and helps in analyzing and improving productivity.
Work sampling is a technique used in work study and work measurement to explore the work content. It involves observing and recording the activities performed by workers at random intervals, allowing for a representative sample of work activities to be collected. This data is then analyzed to estimate the time spent on different tasks and understand the overall work pattern.
The systematic approach of work sampling begins with defining the objectives and scope of the study. The work area and activities to be observed are identified, and a suitable sampling method is chosen.
Random samples are taken at regular intervals, ensuring that the observations are unbiased and representative of the overall work. The observed data is then recorded and analyzed to determine the proportion of time spent on various tasks, the utilization of resources, and other relevant metrics.
By using work sampling, organizations can gain insights into their work processes and make informed decisions to improve productivity and efficiency.
For example, in a manufacturing plant, work sampling can be used to analyze the time spent on different production tasks, identify potential bottlenecks, and optimize resource allocation.
In a healthcare setting, work sampling can help understand the distribution of work activities among healthcare professionals and ensure optimal staffing levels. In a production facility, work sampling can be used to measure the utilization of machinery and identify opportunities for improvement.
Standard time refers to the predetermined time required to perform a specific task under defined conditions. Work study is a systematic examination of work methods and processes to improve productivity and efficiency.
Work measurement involves determining the time taken to perform tasks using various techniques such as time study or work sampling. Work sampling is a technique used to collect data on work activities at random intervals, while activity sampling is a similar technique used to collect data on specific activities within a broader work context.
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Harbour Company makes two models of electronic tablets, the Home and the Work. Basic production information follows Harbour has monthly overhead of $202,375, which is divided into the following cost pools: The company has also compiled the following information about the chosen cost drivers: 3. Calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answers to 2 decimal places.) 4. Select the appropriate cost driver for each cost pool and calculate the activity rates if Harbour wanted to implement an ABC system. 2. Calculate the production cost per unit for each of Harbour's products under a traditional costing system. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answers to 2 decimal places.) 3. Calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answers to 2 decimal places.)
Under the traditional costing system, the gross margin per unit for the Home tablet is $119.48 and the gross margin per unit for the Work tablet is $120.
To calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system, we first need to allocate the overhead cost pools to each product based on their respective cost drivers.
For the Home tablet:
Machine-related costs: 10,000 units x $12 = $120,000
Order-related costs: 200 orders x $300 = $60,000
Other overhead costs: $175,200 - $120,000 - $60,000 = $15,200
For the Work tablet:
Machine-related costs: 20,000 units x $12 = $240,000
Order-related costs: 400 orders x $300 = $120,000
Other overhead costs: $175,200 - $240,000 - $120,000 = -$184,800 (overhead is overallocated)
Since the other overhead costs are overallocated for the Work tablet, we will adjust the total overhead cost for this product to match the actual amount incurred:
Adjusted other overhead costs = Other overhead costs - Overhead overallocation
Adjusted other overhead costs = $175,200 - (-$184,800) = $360,000
Now we can calculate the total cost per unit for each product:
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = Direct materials + Direct labor + Machine-related costs + Order-related costs + Other overhead costs
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = $150 + $75 + $12 + ($300/1,000) + ($15,200/10,000)
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = $255.52
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = Direct materials + Direct labor + Machine-related costs + Order-related costs + Adjusted other overhead costs
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = $200 + $100 + $12 + ($300/2,000) + ($360,000/20,000)
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = $330
Finally, we can calculate the gross margin per unit for each product as follows:
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = Price - Total cost per unit
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = $375 - $255.52
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = $119.48
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = Price - Total cost per unit
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = $450 - $330
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = $120
Therefore, under the traditional costing system, the gross margin per unit for the Home tablet is $119.48 and the gross margin per unit for the Work tablet is $120.
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Harbour Company makes two models of electronic tablets, the Home and the Work. Basic production information follows: Harbour has monthly overhead of Dollar 175,200, which is divided into the following cost pools: The company has also compiled the following information about the chosen cost drivers: Calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system.
Under the traditional costing system, the gross margin per unit for the Home tablet is $119.48 and the gross margin per unit for the Work tablet is $120.
To calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system, we first need to allocate the overhead cost pools to each product based on their respective cost drivers.
For the Home tablet:
Machine-related costs: 10,000 units x $12 = $120,000
Order-related costs: 200 orders x $300 = $60,000
Other overhead costs: $175,200 - $120,000 - $60,000 = $15,200
For the Work tablet:
Machine-related costs: 20,000 units x $12 = $240,000
Order-related costs: 400 orders x $300 = $120,000
Other overhead costs: $175,200 - $240,000 - $120,000 = -$184,800 (overhead is overallocated)
Since the other overhead costs are overallocated for the Work tablet, we will adjust the total overhead cost for this product to match the actual amount incurred:
Adjusted other overhead costs = Other overhead costs - Overhead overallocation
Adjusted other overhead costs = $175,200 - (-$184,800) = $360,000
Now we can calculate the total cost per unit for each product:
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = Direct materials + Direct labor + Machine-related costs + Order-related costs + Other overhead costs
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = $150 + $75 + $12 + ($300/1,000) + ($15,200/10,000)
Total cost per unit for Home tablet = $255.52
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = Direct materials + Direct labor + Machine-related costs + Order-related costs + Adjusted other overhead costs
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = $200 + $100 + $12 + ($300/2,000) + ($360,000/20,000)
Total cost per unit for Work tablet = $330
Finally, we can calculate the gross margin per unit for each product as follows:
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = Price - Total cost per unit
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = $375 - $255.52
Gross margin per unit for Home tablet = $119.48
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = Price - Total cost per unit
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = $450 - $330
Gross margin per unit for Work tablet = $120
Therefore, under the traditional costing system, the gross margin per unit for the Home tablet is $119.48 and the gross margin per unit for the Work tablet is $120.
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Harbour Company makes two models of electronic tablets, the Home and the Work. Basic production information follows: Harbour has monthly overhead of Dollar 175,200, which is divided into the following cost pools: The company has also compiled the following information about the chosen cost drivers: Calculate Harbour's gross margin per unit for each product under the traditional costing system.
Summary Royal Dutch Shell is a British-Dutch multinational oil and gas company that is headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom. The company is one of the world’s largest oil producers with revenues of over $300 billion and operations in more than 70 countries. The company has some 90,000 employees, of which 6,000-7,000 at any one time are on expatriate assignments outside their home country. A crucial task for Shell is to manage this extensive population of expatriate workers in order to meet its commercial goals and transfer valuable technical and managerial knowledge across operations located in different nations. It’s no easy task. Shell’s long-term goal is to develop local talent wherever possible, thereby leveraging local employees’ networks, market knowledge, and language skills, while also minimizing costs.
QUESTION 1: What should Shell do to educate in-country employees about the process? What would be important; how much transparency should there be? QUESTION 2: Is spouse in-country employment important? What should Shell do in addition to the employment center process? QUESTION 3: A company’s global business is becoming more integrated. Should a manager who wishes to progress in the company be required to take an international assignment? Why? Why not? What do you think would be the implications of not taking the assignment? Data: Hilton Worldwide Holdings is listed as Fortune’s 100 Best Companies to work for. Fortune has a summary of benefits that make it a great company. QUESTION 4: Pick the top three you’re your group thinks are important to you as a potential leader or executive.
Shell should educate in-country employees about the expatriate assignment process, emphasizing transparency and providing important information regarding the purpose, benefits, and expectations of such assignments. Spouse in-country employment is important, and Shell should support it through additional initiatives and resources.
Requiring managers to take international assignments can enhance their skills and perspectives, but it should be balanced with individual circumstances and career aspirations.
Question 1: To educate in-country employees about the expatriate assignment process, Shell should prioritize transparency and open communication. Providing clear information about the purpose, benefits, and expectations of such assignments is crucial.
This can be done through comprehensive orientation programs, workshops, and documentation that outline the objectives, potential career advancements, cultural challenges, and support available during the assignment. Transparency in the process will help employees understand the reasons behind the selection, criteria, and opportunities for development.
Question 2: Spouse in-country employment is indeed important, as it plays a significant role in the overall success and satisfaction of expatriate assignments. Shell should go beyond the employment center process to support spouses by offering job search assistance, networking opportunities, language training, and cultural integration programs.
Providing support for spouse employment can contribute to the well-being of the entire family, reduce potential challenges of adaptation, and enhance the overall success of the assignment.
Question 3: Requiring managers to take international assignments can be beneficial for their professional growth and the company's global integration. International assignments offer exposure to diverse markets, cultures, and business practices, fostering a broader perspective and skill set.
However, individual circumstances, personal goals, and family considerations should be taken into account.
While encouraging international assignments, Shell should also provide alternatives for career progression, such as global projects or rotational programs, to accommodate individuals who may face constraints in taking international assignments.
Question 4: The choice of the top three benefits from Hilton Worldwide Holdings that are important to potential leaders or executives may vary depending on individual preferences and priorities.
Examples of significant benefits could include competitive compensation and rewards programs, opportunities for career advancement and growth, and a supportive and inclusive work environment that promotes work-life balance.
These benefits can attract and retain top talent, foster employee engagement and motivation, and contribute to the overall success of leaders and executives within the organization.
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Premium Insurance Co. (PIC) offer insurance to primary producers, mainly for improvements such as buildings, fencing, stock yards, storage silos and machinery. PIC have been in business for approximately 55 years and pride themselves on trustworthiness and maintaining long-term relationships with clients. They have just been brought by MKM Bank and therefore have a new CEO. They have 140 agents in the field, maintaining offices in most major regional primary producing areas. The organisational strategy is to maintain existing customers and increase the number of insurance products offered to clients. They also want to grow their business by increasing sales of insurance to small and medium enterprises in regional areas. Currently it is up to each agent to maintain information on their book of clients in the firms records in mostly text fields. However, the firm would now like a centralised database where they can update risk based on geographical information such as floods and storms. This would enable the setting of key performance indicators such as physical site visits to assess risk. A lot of the staff are resistant to any change.
With reference to the PIC case study and the centralized database project, MKM Bank have also purchased another insurance company and they now want to merge the two systems. How would this affect the costing of the new system including the impact on contingency costing?
With reference to the PIC case study and the centralized database project, due to the recent takeover by MKM bank, a lot of old staff have left, and new staff has been hired. As the project manager, what are some things you could do to avoid team conflict and why would you employ these strategies?
With reference to the PIC case study and the new centralised database project discuss if you would complete the project using a traditional or agile project methodology making sure you include a justification for the methodology used in project management terms.
The acquisition of another insurance company by MKM Bank and the subsequent merger of systems would have an impact on the costing of the new centralized database system for PIC. Integrating two different systems requires additional resources, including time, effort, and expertise to map and consolidate data, ensure compatibility, and resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies. The cost of the new system would increase due to the complexity of merging the two systems and the need for data migration, system customization, and potential reconfiguration. Contingency costing would also need to account for potential challenges and risks associated with the merger, such as data loss, system downtime, or delays in implementation.
As the project manager, there are several strategies to avoid team conflict during the implementation of the centralized database project. Firstly, clear and effective communication is crucial to ensure that all team members understand the purpose, benefits, and objectives of the project. Regular team meetings and progress updates can help address concerns and keep everyone aligned. Providing adequate training and support to the new staff members can help them integrate smoothly into the team and mitigate any potential conflicts arising from differences in experience or knowledge. Encouraging collaboration and fostering a positive team culture based on mutual respect and shared goals can also help reduce conflicts and promote teamwork.
In terms of project methodology, using an agile approach would be more suitable for the centralized database project in the PIC case study. Agile methodologies are known for their flexibility, adaptability, and iterative nature, which align well with the project's goal of continuous improvement and the need to accommodate changes resulting from the merger. Agile allows for incremental development and frequent feedback loops, which can help address evolving requirements and incorporate feedback from stakeholders effectively. Given the dynamic nature of the project and the potential for changing priorities, an agile approach enables the project team to respond quickly to emerging needs, adjust project scope, and deliver value in a more iterative and collaborative manner.
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Identify the company’s strengths and weaknesses focusing primarily on the financial and operational areas of the company. Identify 3 or 4 primary strengths and weaknesses of the company using a chart and then briefly comment on each below the chart. Also, comment on the following:
What activities are going well for the company?
What issues are the company facing?
Review the financial statements, what are your concerns about its revenue, expenses, EPS, and stock price, etc.
Identify the company’s current and future business strategies. Comment on the viability of the strategies.
Would you invest in this company for retirement purposes? Support your response?
As a future manager, comment on the importance of research prior to making business decisions.
Strengths:
Strong revenue growth.Robust operational efficiency.Healthy cash flow management.Weaknesses:
High debt burden.Limited product diversification.Lack of innovation.Activities going well:
The company is experiencing strong revenue growth, indicating successful sales and market penetration. Additionally, their operational efficiency is commendable, allowing for cost-effective production and resource utilization. The company's effective cash flow management is also a positive aspect, ensuring liquidity and financial stability.
Issues faced by the company:
The high debt burden is a concern as it can limit the company's financial flexibility and increase interest expenses. The limited product diversification exposes the company to risks associated with a narrow market focus. Moreover, the lack of innovation can hinder long-term competitiveness and growth potential.
Concerns regarding financial statements:
There are concerns about revenue sustainability and potential fluctuations that may impact profitability. High expenses could potentially erode profit margins, affecting earnings per share (EPS). Additionally, the stock price may be vulnerable to market conditions and investor sentiment.
Current and future business strategies:
The company's current strategy focuses on expanding market share through aggressive sales and marketing efforts. The future strategy aims to invest in research and development to enhance product offerings and capture new markets. The viability of these strategies depends on market conditions, competition, and the company's ability to execute effectively.
Investment for retirement purposes:
The decision to invest in the company for retirement purposes would depend on various factors such as risk tolerance, financial goals, and the investor's confidence in the company's ability to address its weaknesses. It is advisable to conduct thorough research, including assessing the company's financial health, competitive landscape, and long-term growth prospects, before making an investment decision.
Importance of research prior to business decisions:
Research is crucial for making informed business decisions as it provides valuable insights into market trends, customer preferences, competition, and potential risks. It helps identify opportunities, evaluate feasibility, and mitigate potential pitfalls. Research enables managers to make data-driven decisions, optimize resource allocation, and reduce uncertainties. By understanding the market landscape and conducting thorough analysis, managers can enhance the chances of success, minimize risks, and make strategic choices aligned with the company's objectives.
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Bob like two soda A and B for snack, the two taste exactly the same to him and he cannot tell the difference between them.
What is his marginal rate of substitution of A in place of B?
He has $12 to spend on A and B this week. A costs $3 for one and B costs $2.00. What is the budget line for Bob? Assume B on the vertical axis.
What is his optimal consumption bundle?
Bob's marginal rate of substitution of A in place of B is 1.5. His budget line is represented by B = (6/5)A + 2, and his optimal consumption bundle is to spend $6 on A and $4 on B, resulting in a consumption bundle of (6,4).
Marginal rate of substitution (MRS):
Since Bob cannot tell the difference between soda A and B, their taste is exactly the same to him. This implies that he is willing to substitute one unit of A for one unit of B without any preference. Therefore, his marginal rate of substitution of A in place of B is 1:1 or 1.
Budget line:
Bob has $12 to spend on A and B. Let's assume he buys x units of A and y units of B. The cost of A is $3 per unit and the cost of B is $2 per unit. The budget line equation is given by:
2x + 3y = 12
We can rearrange this equation to express B in terms of A:
B = (6/5)A + 2
This represents the budget line for Bob, where B is on the vertical axis and A is on the horizontal axis.
Optimal consumption bundle:
To determine Bob's optimal consumption bundle, we consider his preferences and the budget line. Since the tastes of A and B are exactly the same to Bob, he would aim to maximize his satisfaction while staying within his budget.
By examining the budget line equation, we can see that the slope is (6/5), indicating the trade-off between A and B. In other words, Bob can give up 6 units of A to obtain 5 units of B. To maximize his satisfaction, Bob would choose a consumption bundle where the slope of the budget line is equal to his marginal rate of substitution.
Since we established earlier that Bob's MRS is 1, we can set the slope of the budget line equal to 1:
(6/5) = 1
Solving for A, we find:
A = 5
Substituting this value back into the budget line equation, we can solve for B:
B = (6/5)(5) + 2 = 6 + 2
= 8
Therefore, Bob's optimal consumption bundle is to spend $6 on A and $4 on B, resulting in a consumption bundle of (6,4).
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Develop a Process landscape model for an organization of your choice.
(You can use Signavio, Lucidchart, MS Word or any other tool for developing this higher level model.
A process landscape model is a visual representation of the organization's key business processes. It illustrates the relationships between processes, subprocesses, and their interactions.
The interactions landscapec, and he model typically includes process flows, inputs, outputs, and the roles or departments involved in each process. It helps to identify process dependencies, bottlenecks, and opportunities for improvement. The model can be created using various diagramming tools like Signavio, Lucidchart, or MS Word, by mapping out the processes and their connections in a hierarchical or interconnected structure.
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The company you work for, Cowl Communications is investing into new start-up companies in an effort to diversify their portfolio. As the finance manager, you have sourced the following information for two investments your company can make:
Project A Project B
CAPEX / Initial Outlay $1,200,000 $1,600,000
Revenue (per year) $900,000 $1,500,000
Variable costs $150,000 $500,000
Fixed Expenses $200,000 $300,000
Investment in Net Working Capital (Year 0) $100,000 $250,000
Both projects have a life of 4 years.
The company’s tax rate is 25% and uses a straight-line depreciation method. You assume that there will be no ‘salvage’ value associated with these projects at the end of their project life. Cowl Communications has a required rate of return of 12% per annum.
Determine the Free Cash Flows (FCFs), for each year, to the firm for both projects.
(7 marks)
Based on your calculated FCFs, calculate the Net Present Value of the project and identify which of the projects you would recommend if the projects are mutually exclusive. (3 marks)
Identify and discuss the major disadvantage of the NPV criterion for choosing projects. Within your discussion provide a brief explanation as to how the disadvantage may affect the valuation of the project. (3 marks)
Discuss the concept of net working capital (NWC) and identify its use within a business.
To determine the Free Cash Flows (FCFs) for each year, we need to calculate the Operating Cash Flows (OCFs) and adjust for the tax effect and changes in net working capital.
For Project A:
Year 0:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($900,000 - $150,000 - $200,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $412,500
FCF = OCF - Investment in Net Working Capital = $412,500 - $100,000 = $312,500
Years 1-4:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($900,000 - $150,000 - $200,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $412,500
FCF = OCF = $412,500
For Project B:
Year 0:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($1,500,000 - $500,000 - $300,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $712,500
FCF = OCF - Investment in Net Working Capital = $712,500 - $250,000 = $462,500
Years 1-4:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($1,500,000 - $500,000 - $300,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $712,500
FCF = OCF = $712,500
Now, let's calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each project using the required rate of return of 12% per annum.
For Project A:
NPV = FCF0 + (FCF1 / (1 + r)^1) + (FCF2 / (1 + r)^2) + (FCF3 / (1 + r)^3) + (FCF4 / (1 + r)^4)
= $312,500 + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^3) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^4)
= $312,500 + $368,304 + $327,620 + $292,102 + $260,275
= $1,560,801
For Project B:
NPV = FCF0 + (FCF1 / (1 + r)^1) + (FCF2 / (1 + r)^2) + (FCF3 / (1 + r)^3) + (FCF4 / (1 + r)^4)
= $462,500 + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^3) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^4)
= $462,500 + $635,036 + $548,777 + $474,523 + $410,929
= $2,531,765
Since both projects are mutually exclusive, we would recommend choosing the project with the higher Net Present Value, which is Project B with an NPV of $2,531,765.
The major disadvantage of the NPV criterion for choosing projects is that it relies on the
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To determine the Free Cash Flows (FCFs) for each year, we need to calculate the Operating Cash Flows (OCFs) and adjust for the tax effect and changes in net working capital.
For Project A:
Year 0:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($900,000 - $150,000 - $200,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $412,500
FCF = OCF - Investment in Net Working Capital = $412,500 - $100,000 = $312,500
Years 1-4:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($900,000 - $150,000 - $200,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $412,500
FCF = OCF = $412,500
For Project B:
Year 0:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($1,500,000 - $500,000 - $300,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $712,500
FCF = OCF - Investment in Net Working Capital = $712,500 - $250,000 = $462,500
Years 1-4:
OCF = (Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed expenses) * (1 - Tax rate) = ($1,500,000 - $500,000 - $300,000) * (1 - 0.25) = $712,500
FCF = OCF = $712,500
Now, let's calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each project using the required rate of return of 12% per annum.
For Project A:
NPV = FCF0 + (FCF1 / (1 + r)^1) + (FCF2 / (1 + r)^2) + (FCF3 / (1 + r)^3) + (FCF4 / (1 + r)^4)
= $312,500 + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^3) + ($412,500 / (1 + 0.12)^4)
= $312,500 + $368,304 + $327,620 + $292,102 + $260,275
= $1,560,801
For Project B:
NPV = FCF0 + (FCF1 / (1 + r)^1) + (FCF2 / (1 + r)^2) + (FCF3 / (1 + r)^3) + (FCF4 / (1 + r)^4)
= $462,500 + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^3) + ($712,500 / (1 + 0.12)^4)
= $462,500 + $635,036 + $548,777 + $474,523 + $410,929
= $2,531,765
Since both projects are mutually exclusive, we would recommend choosing the project with the higher Net Present Value, which is Project B with an NPV of $2,531,765.
The major disadvantage of the NPV criterion for choosing projects is that it relies on the
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what would you do as a business owner who invites clients or customers into your place of business to protect yourself from lawsuits and liability?
Consulting with legal and insurance professionals is crucial to ensure you have tailored protection that addresses the specific risks and liabilities associated with your business.
As a business owner who invites clients or customers into your place of business, there are several measures you can take to protect yourself from lawsuits and liability:
1. Maintain a safe and well-maintained premises: Regularly inspect and maintain your business premises to ensure they are safe for visitors. Address any potential hazards promptly and clearly mark any potential risks or areas under construction. Keep walkways clear and well-lit, repair any damaged flooring or structures, and ensure compliance with building codes and safety regulations.
2. Implement risk management practices: Develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies specific to your business. This may include creating safety protocols, conducting regular employee training on safety procedures, and implementing proper record-keeping systems. Establish procedures for identifying and addressing potential risks, such as slip-and-fall hazards, equipment malfunctions, or security issues.
3. Obtain appropriate insurance coverage: Consult with an insurance professional to identify the necessary insurance coverage for your business. This may include general liability insurance, professional liability insurance, product liability insurance, or other specific policies depending on the nature of your business. Adequate insurance coverage can help protect your business from potential legal claims and liabilities.
4. Use clear and comprehensive contracts: When entering into contracts with clients or customers, ensure that the terms and conditions are clearly stated and agreed upon by all parties involved. Contracts should outline responsibilities, limitations of liability, dispute resolution mechanisms, and any necessary waivers or releases. Consult with legal professionals to ensure your contracts are legally sound and provide adequate protection.
5. Train and educate your employees: Invest in training your employees on customer service, safety protocols, and proper handling of customer interactions. Clear communication and consistent adherence to company policies and procedures can help minimize the risk of incidents or accidents that could lead to legal issues.
6. Seek legal advice: Consult with an attorney experienced in business law to ensure compliance with relevant regulations and to address any legal concerns specific to your industry. An attorney can help review contracts, assess potential risks, and provide guidance on liability protection strategies.
Remember, these measures are general guidelines, and the specific actions you should take may vary depending on the nature of your business and applicable laws in your jurisdiction. Consulting with legal and insurance professionals is crucial to ensure you have tailored protection that addresses the specific risks and liabilities associated with your business.
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Indifference curves are convex to the origin because of: A. transitivity of consumer preferences. B. the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. C. the assumption that more is preferred to less. D. the assumption of completeness. E. none of the above.
Expert Answer
Indifference curves are convex to the origin due to the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. Hence, option B is correct.
The assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution is the reason why indifference curves are convex to the origin. The diminishing marginal rate of substitution implies that as a consumer increases the quantity of one good, they are willing to give up less and less of the other good to maintain the same level of satisfaction. This leads to a curved shape for indifference curves.
If the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) were constant, the indifference curves would be straight lines. However, the assumption of diminishing marginal rate of substitution reflects the idea that consumers experience diminishing satisfaction as they consume more of a particular good.
As a result, they require a higher compensation in terms of the other good to be willing to give up an additional unit of the first good. This leads to a convex shape for indifference curves, where the slope becomes flatter as we move along the curve away from the origin.
Therefore, the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution is the reason why indifference curves are convex to the origin.
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Ring World produces class rings. Its best-selling model has a direct materials standard of 9 grams of a special alloy per ring. This special alloy has a standard cost of $63.80 per gram. In the past month, the company purchased 9.400 grams of this alloy at a total cost of $596,900. A total of 9,300grams were used last month to produce 1,000 rings. Read the requirements. Requirement 1. What is the actual cost per gram of the special alloy that Ring World purchased last month? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) The actual cost per gram of the special alloy that Ring World purchased last month is Requirement 2. What is the direct material price variance? (Abbreviabons used: DM = Direct materias) Begin by determining the formula for the price variance, then compute the price varlance for direct materials. (Enter the variance as a positive number. Round interim calculations to the nearest cent and your variance amount to the nearest whofo dollar. Label the variance as favorable (F) or unfavorable (U).) )= DM price variance Requirement 3. What is the direct material quantity variance? (Abbreviations used: DM = Direct materials) Determine the formula for the quantity variance, then compute the quantity variance for direct materials. (Enter the variance as a positive number. Round interim calculations to the nearest cent and your variance amount to the nearest wholo dollar. Labet the variance as favorable (F) or unfavorable (U).) ×(
×(
)= DM quantly variance )=
Requirement 1 Actual cost per gram of the special alloy that Ring World purchased last month= $63.80 Therefore, the actual cost per gram of the special alloy that Ring World purchased last month is $63.80.
Requirement 2 Direct material price variance DM price variance = AQ × (AP - SP)
Here,AQ = Actual quantity purchased = 9,400 grams AP = Actual price paid = Total cost of 9,400 grams / Actual quantity purchased = $596,900 / 9,400 grams = $63.51 per gram SP = Standard price = $63.80 per gram
Therefore,DM price variance = AQ × (AP - SP)= 9,400 grams × ($63.51 - $63.80)= $2,734.40 This is an unfavorable variance.
Requirement 3 Direct material quantity variance DM quantity variance = SP × (AQ - SQ)Here, SP = Standard price = $63.80 per gram AQ = Actual quantity used = 9,300 grams SQ = Standard quantity allowed for the output = 1,000 rings × 9 grams per ring = 9,000 grams Therefore, DM quantity variance = SP × (AQ - SQ)= $63.80 × (9,300 grams - 9,000 grams)= $9,540This is a favorable variance. Therefore, the direct material quantity variance is $9,540 and the variance is favorable (F).
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Explain how an activity-based costing system operates, including the use of a two-stage procedure for cost assignment, the identification of activity cost pools, and the selection of cost drivers ?
(Please write answer in detail... don't write short answer please).
ABC system operates by assigning costs to activities, which further assigns costs to each product or service based on its use of the activities. The two-stage procedure is used to assign overhead costs to the product. The first stage of cost assignment involves grouping overhead costs into activity cost pools. The second stage of cost assignment involves assigning the cost pools to each product or service based on its use of the activities.
Activity-Based Costing System (ABC) Operating of ABC System ABC system operates by assigning costs to activities, which further assigns costs to each product or service based on its use of the activities. The following are the steps followed for operating the ABC system: Step 1: Identify the activities used in producing a product or service. Step 2: Assign the overhead costs associated with each activity. Step 3: Determine the cost driver for each activity. Step 4: Calculate the overhead cost per unit of the cost driver. Step 5: Assign overhead costs to each product based on its use of the activities. Two-Stage Procedure for Cost Assignment. The two-stage procedure is used to assign overhead costs to the product. The first stage of cost assignment involves grouping overhead costs into activity cost pools. The second stage of cost assignment involves assigning the cost pools to each product or service based on its use of the activities. Identification of Activity Cost Pools. An activity cost pool is a group of activities that are performed in the same way. It helps to assign overhead costs to the product by classifying activities. The cost pools are assigned to each product based on its use of the activities. Selection of Cost Drivers: Cost drivers are used to allocate overhead costs to products or services. Cost drivers are identified at the activity level, which helps to assign overhead costs more accurately to products. The following are the three types of cost drivers used in ABC systems: Unit-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of units produced. Batch-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of batches produced. Product-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of products produced.
ABC systems are used to calculate the overhead costs of producing a product or service. The system is based on the principle that the cost of producing a product is determined by the activities used in its production. ABC systems assign overhead costs to the product by assigning costs to activities, which further assigns costs to each product or service based on its use of the activities. The two-stage procedure for cost assignment is used to assign overhead costs to the product. The first stage of cost assignment involves grouping overhead costs into activity cost pools. The second stage of cost assignment involves assigning the cost pools to each product or service based on its use of the activities. An activity cost pool is a group of activities that are performed in the same way. It helps to assign overhead costs to the product by classifying activities. The cost pools are assigned to each product based on its use of the activities. Cost drivers are used to allocate overhead costs to products or services. Cost drivers are identified at the activity level, which helps to assign overhead costs more accurately to products. The following are the three types of cost drivers used in ABC systems: Unit-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of units produced. Batch-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of batches produced. Product-level cost drivers: They are used to allocate overhead costs based on the number of products produced.
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Find the EUAC for a machine whose initial investment is $70,000, the annual expense incurred is $40,000 The annual revenue generated from the machine is $60,000 and the salvage value is $9,000. Use MARR of 20% and the useful life of the machine to be 12 years [ 3 points]
To calculate the Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost (EUAC), we need to consider the annual expenses, annual revenues, salvage value, and the appropriate interest rate (MARR - Minimum Attractive Rate of Return). The formula for EUAC is:
EUAC = (Initial Investment - Salvage Value) * A + Annual Expense - Annual Revenue
Where A is the present worth factor for the useful life of the machine at the given MARR.
To calculate A, we can use the formula:
A = (1 - (1 + MARR)^(-n)) / MARR
where n is the useful life of the machine.
Let's calculate the EUAC:
MARR = 20%
Initial Investment = $70,000
Annual Expense = $40,000
Annual Revenue = $60,000
Salvage Value = $9,000
Useful Life = 12 years
First, calculate A:
A = (1 - (1 + 0.20)^(-12)) / 0.20
A ≈ 6.3523
Next, calculate the EUAC:
EUAC = ($70,000 - $9,000) * 6.3523 + $40,000 - $60,000
EUAC ≈ $267,155.40
Therefore, the EUAC for the machine is approximately $267,155.40.
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Provide an introduction to your Group project including the selection of the industry and the digital transformation you will be researching - using advertising as the industry and I will be researching how social media/technology changed how companies advertise their businesses.
The evolving dynamics of social media and technology in advertising, we can uncover new avenues for businesses to effectively promote their products and services, engage
In today's digital age, the advertising industry has witnessed a remarkable transformation due to the emergence of social media and advancements in technology. As a result, companies have had to adapt their advertising strategies to navigate this rapidly changing landscape. For our group project, we have chosen the advertising industry as our focus, specifically examining how social media and technology have revolutionized the way companies advertise their businesses
Moreover, technology has played a crucial role in shaping advertising strategies. The availability of sophisticated analytics tools and data-driven insights has enabled businesses to understand their audience better and tailor their advertising campaigns accordingly. Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning have further enhanced the effectiveness of advertising by enabling automated targeting, personalized recommendations, and dynamic content creation.
In this research project, we aim to explore the profound impact of social media and technology on advertising in the industry. We will delve into case studies, industry trends, and consumer behavior to analyze how companies have leveraged social media and technology to transform their advertising efforts. By examining the challenges and opportunities that arise from this digital transformation, we will gain valuable insights into the strategies and techniques that drive successful advertising campaigns in today's digital era.
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Define the following terms and give examples of each:
Cost
Costing The main purpose of cost accounting is to provide management with information about the costs of products or services or department. List any four 4 decisions management can make using the above information. Naledi Motors manufactures and assemblies Mercedes benz cars. Indicate for each of the following items whether it is a cost object, a direct cost, or an indirect cost:
A Mercedes -AMG manufactured in in March
The aluminum and high-strength steel used to make a Mercedes Benz SUVs
The wages of the employees assembling the cars
Car Shampoo used to clean the cars.
Phone bill to call customers and suppliers of the company.
High-quality recycled plastic to make bumpers.
Cost refers to the monetary value or expenditure incurred in the production or acquisition of goods or services.
Cost:Cost refers to the monetary value or expenditure incurred in the production or acquisition of goods or services. It includes various expenses such as raw materials, labor, utilities, and overhead costs. Examples of costs include the cost of purchasing materials, the cost of labor, and the cost of renting a facility.
Costing:Costing is the process of determining the cost of producing a product or providing a service. It involves analyzing and allocating costs to various components of production, such as materials, labor, and overhead, in order to calculate the total cost of a product or service. Costing helps in determining the profitability of products, making pricing decisions, and evaluating performance. Examples of costing methods include job costing, process costing, and activity-based costing.
Management decisions based on cost information:
1. Pricing decisions: Cost information helps management determine the selling price of a product or service by considering the cost of production, desired profit margin, and market conditions.
2. Make or buy decisions: Management can use cost information to evaluate whether it is more cost-effective to produce a component or purchase it from an external supplier.
3. Product mix decisions: Cost information helps management decide which products or services to focus on based on their profitability and contribution to overall costs and revenues.
4. Cost control decisions: Cost information allows management to identify areas of excessive costs and take necessary measures to control and reduce costs, improving efficiency and profitability.
In the context of Naledi Motors:
1. A Mercedes-AMG manufactured in March:
Cost object: A Mercedes-AMG manufactured in March.Direct cost: The cost of raw materials, labor, and other expenses directly associated with manufacturing that specific Mercedes-AMG.Indirect cost: Overhead costs such as factory rent, utilities, and depreciation, which are indirectly allocated to the Mercedes-AMG.2. The aluminum and high-strength steel used to make Mercedes-Benz SUVs:
Cost object: Mercedes-Benz SUVs.Direct cost: The cost of aluminum and high-strength steel specifically used in the production of Mercedes-Benz SUVs.Indirect cost: Overhead costs associated with the manufacturing process of Mercedes-Benz SUVs.3. The wages of the employees assembling the cars:
Cost object: Employees assembling the cars.Direct cost: The wages of the employees directly involved in the assembly process.Indirect cost: Indirect labor costs such as supervisor salaries, training expenses, and employee benefits that are indirectly related to the assembly process.4. Car shampoo used to clean the cars:
Cost object: Car shampoo used to clean the cars.Direct cost: The cost of purchasing the car shampoo.Indirect cost: Overhead costs related to maintaining the cleaning facility and equipment.5. Phone bill to call customers and suppliers of the company:
Cost object: Phone bill.Direct cost: The cost of phone calls specifically made to customers and suppliers.Indirect cost: Indirect expenses such as line rental, internet charges, and other telecommunication overhead.6. High-quality recycled plastic to make bumpers:
Cost object: Bumpers made from high-quality recycled plastic.Direct cost: The cost of purchasing high-quality recycled plastic.Indirect cost: Overhead costs associated with the production process of bumpers, such as machinery maintenance and depreciation.Learn more about cost pricing :
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A5 Consider a two-period economy with a complete set of financial securities with the follow- ing matrix of returns: 3 2 2 1 (i) Suppose that the risk-neutral probabilities for this economy are given by į and į for the first and second state, respectively and the discount factor is given by 2. Compute the prices of the assets. (ii) Suppose that the prices of the first and second asset, instead of being the prices computed in part (i), are given by 6 and 3, respectively. Show that there exists an arbitrage portfolio in this economy.
(i) The prices of the assets in this economy are **3į** and **1.5į**.
(ii) Economy, with the given asset prices of 6 and 3, there exists an **arbitrage portfolio** that can generate riskless profits.
(i) To compute the prices of the assets in the given two-period economy, we can use the concept of risk-neutral pricing. The risk-neutral probabilities for the first and second states are denoted by į and į, respectively. The discount factor is given as 2.
To calculate the asset prices, we need to solve the following equations:
Asset 1 Price = į * (Return in State 1 / Discount Factor) + į * (Return in State 2 / Discount Factor)
Asset 2 Price = į * (Return in State 3 / Discount Factor) + į * (Return in State 4 / Discount Factor)
Plugging in the given values, we have:
Asset 1 Price = į * (3 / 2) + į * (2 / 2) = 2į + į = 3į
Asset 2 Price = į * (2 / 2) + į * (1 / 2) = į + 0.5į = 1.5į
Therefore, the prices of the assets in this economy are **3į** and **1.5į**.
(ii) If the prices of the first and second assets are given as 6 and 3, respectively, instead of the prices computed in part (i), we can check if there exists an arbitrage opportunity in this economy.
For an arbitrage opportunity to exist, we need to find a portfolio of assets that yields a riskless profit. In this case, let's assume we invest x units in Asset 1 and y units in Asset 2. The initial investment would be 6x + 3y.
After one period, the portfolio value will be:
Portfolio Value = Asset 1 Price in Period 2 * x + Asset 2 Price in Period 2 * y
= 3 * x + 1.5 * y
If we consider the returns in each state, we have the following conditions:
State 1: Portfolio Value * Return in State 1 = (3x + 1.5y) * 3
State 2: Portfolio Value * Return in State 2 = (3x + 1.5y) * 2
State 3: Portfolio Value * Return in State 3 = (3x + 1.5y) * 2
State 4: Portfolio Value * Return in State 4 = (3x + 1.5y) * 1
Now, let's consider the case where all the returns are greater than the initial investment:
6x + 3y < (3x + 1.5y) * 3 (return in state 1 is 3)
6x + 3y < (3x + 1.5y) * 2 (returns in states 2 and 3 are 2)
6x + 3y < (3x + 1.5y) * 1 (return in state 4 is 1)
Simplifying these inequalities, we get:
3x + 1.5y > 6x + 3y
3x + 1.5y > 4x + 3y
3x + 1.5y > 3x + 1.5y
As we can see, the third inequality is redundant and does not provide any additional information. The first two inequalities indicate that there is a negative value on the left side of the inequality, which means there is an arbitrage opportunity.
Therefore, in this economy, with the given asset prices of 6 and 3,
there exists an **arbitrage portfolio** that can generate riskless profits.
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