The balanced chemical reaction equation of 2SO3(g)↽−−⇀2SO2(g)+O2(g) is given, where at a certain temperature, 0.680 mol of SO3 is placed in a 5.00 L container. Therefore, the value of Kc is 0.45.
At equilibrium, 0.0200 M O2 is present. We are required to calculate the value of Kc.
Step 1
The balanced chemical reaction equation of 2SO3(g)↽−−⇀2SO2(g)+O2(g) implies that two moles of SO3 give two moles of SO2 and one mole of O2.
We need to calculate the moles of SO3 initially and at equilibrium.
Moles of SO3 initially = 0.680 mol
SO3 is placed in a 5.00 L container.
Therefore, the initial concentration of SO3 is given by;
Initial concentration of SO3 = Number of moles of SO3 / Volume of container
= 0.680 mol / 5.00 L
= 0.136 M
We assume that the change in the concentration of SO3 = -x M.
The concentration of SO3 at equilibrium = (0.136 - x) M
Step 2
The concentration of O2 present at equilibrium is given by;O2 = 0.0200 M
Step 3
As per the chemical equation of the reaction, the concentration of SO2 is 2x M and that of O2 is x M at equilibrium.
Therefore, Kc = ( [SO2]2 [O2] ) / [SO3]2
Kc = [ (2x)2 × x ] / ( [0.136 - x]2)
As per the Law of Mass Action, Kc is constant at a particular temperature.
Kc = 2.2 × 10-2 / 4.89 × 10-2
Kc = 0.45
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A mixture of 0.1209 mol of CH4, 0.09478 mol of H2S, 0.1018 mol of CS2, and 0.03230 mol of H2 is placed in a 1.0-L steel pressure vessel at 969 K. The following equilibrium is established:
1 CH4(g) + 2 H2S(g) 1 CS2(g) + 4 H2(g)
At equilibrium 0.003985 mol of H2 is found in the reaction mixture.
(a) Calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of CH4, H2S, CS2, and H2.
Peq(CH4) = .
Peq(H2S) = .
Peq(CS2) = .
Peq(H2) = .
Thus, the equilibrium partial pressures of CH4, H2S, CS2, and H2 are Peq(CH4) = 0.1136 atm, Peq(H2S) = 0.08024 atm, Peq(CS2) = 0.1091 atm, and Peq(H2) = 0.0627 atm, respectively.
We are given the following chemical equation:
1 CH4(g) + 2 H2S(g) ⇌ 1 CS2(g) + 4 H2(g)Kc
for this chemical reaction can be written as follows:
Kc = [CS2] [H2]^4 /[CH4] [H2S]^2
First, let's write down the number of moles of all gases before and after equilibrium in the table as shown:
Species Moles Before Equilibrium Moles at Equilibrium
CH4(g)0.12090.1209 - xH2S(g)0.094780.09478 - 2xCS2(g)0.10180.1018 + xH2(g)0.032300.03230 + 4x
Where, x is the change in concentration (in mol L-1) at equilibrium.
Now we can substitute the above values in the Kc expression, as shown below:
Kc = [CS2] [H2]^4 /[CH4] [H2S]^2
Kc = {(0.1018 + x) (0.03230 + 4x)^4}/{(0.1209 - x) (0.09478 - 2x)^2}
The value of Kc at 969 K is 8.02 × 10-2.
We need to use this information to solve for x, and hence, calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of CH4, H2S, CS2, and H2.
At equilibrium, we have:
Peq(CH4) = (0.1209 - x) / 1 = 0.1209 - x
Peq(H2S) = (0.09478 - 2x) / 1 = 0.09478 - 2x
Peq(CS2) = (0.1018 + x) / 1 = 0.1018 + x
Peq(H2) = (0.03230 + 4x) / 1 = 0.03230 + 4x
We know that,
Kc = 8.02 × 10-2
We also know that,
Peq(H2) = 0.003985 mol
Now, we can solve for x as follows:
Kc = {(0.1018 + x) (0.03230 + 4x)^4}/{(0.1209 - x) (0.09478 - 2x)^2}8.02 × 10-2
= {(0.1018 + x) (0.03230 + 4x)^4}/{(0.1209 - x) (0.09478 - 2x)^2}x
= 0.00727 mol
Hence,
Peq(CH4) = 0.1209 - x = 0.1136 atm
Peq(H2S) = 0.09478 - 2x = 0.08024 atm
Peq(CS2) = 0.1018 + x = 0.1091 atm
Peq(H2) = 0.03230 + 4x = 0.0627 atm
Therefore,
Peq(CH4) = 0.1136 atm
Peq(H2S) = 0.08024 atm
Peq(CS2) = 0.1091 atm
Peq(H2) = 0.0627 atm
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21. In the following structure, circle ONE sp hybridized atom, draw a box around ONE sp 2
hybridized atom, and draw an X through ONEsp 3
hybridized atom.
There are eight valence electrons in total. There are four electron pairs around the oxygen atom, two from the two hydrogen atoms and two from the lone pairs on oxygen. The geometry of water is bent.
The structure mentioned in the question is not given. Hence, we cannot perform the actions stated in the question. However, I can provide you with information on how to identify the hybridization of an atom and the shape of a molecule.
To determine the hybridization of an atom, follow these steps:
Step 1: Count the number of electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom. This can be calculated by adding the valence electrons of each bonded atom and then adding one for each negative charge and subtracting one for each positive charge.
Step 2: Calculate the number of hybrid orbitals needed using the following formula: hybrid orbitals = number of electron pairs
Step 3: Deduce the hybridization of the atom from the number of hybrid orbitals required.
For instance, in a molecule of methane (CH4), the central atom is carbon.
There are four valence electrons in carbon, and each hydrogen atom has one valence electron. Thus, there are eight valence electrons in total. The number of hybrid orbitals is 4 because there are four electron pairs. Therefore, carbon in methane is sp3 hybridized.
To determine the shape of the molecule, follow these steps:
Step 1: Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.
Step 2: Count the number of electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom.
Step 3: Deduce the geometry of the molecule from the number of electron pairs on the central atom.
For instance, in a molecule of water (H2O), the central atom is oxygen. There are six valence electrons in oxygen, and each hydrogen atom has one valence electron.
Therefore, there are eight valence electrons in total. There are four electron pairs around the oxygen atom, two from the two hydrogen atoms and two from the lone pairs on oxygen. The geometry of water is bent.
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From the structure of the compound;
1) Carbon 1 is sp hybridized
2) Carbon 6 is sp2 hybridized
3) Carbon 8 is sp3 hybridized
What is hybridization?In the context of chemistry, hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals with distinct geometries and properties. This idea was put forth to explain the molecular geometries and bonding characteristics that have been observed.
An atom's atomic orbitals are merged to create a set of hybrid orbitals during the process of hybridization. The hybrid orbitals are positioned in particular spatial configurations around the atom and combine features of several atomic orbitals.
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An increase in the temperature of a substance will _____ the fraction of molecules that have enough kinetic energy to escape the liquid phase and will therefore cause a(n) _____ in the vapor pressure.
An increase in the temperature of a substance will increase the fraction of molecules that have enough kinetic energy to escape the liquid phase and will therefore cause an increase in the vapor pressure.
At a certain temperature, the particles in a liquid have enough energy to change into gases. Boiling (also known as vaporisation) is the process of a liquid turning into a gas, whereas condensation is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.When a liquid's temperature rises, the molecules' kinetic energy rises as well, which might weaken intermolecular forces.
As a result, the liquid's viscosity decreases and the liquid can flow more freely. Liquid viscosity reduces as temperature rises, whereas gas viscosity rises. Viscosity diminishes as temperature rises because intermolecular forces deteriorate.
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A electron with an initial speed of 500,000 m/s is brought to rest by an electric field. what was the potential difference that stopped electron? m= 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, e= -1.6 x 10^-19 c
The potential difference required to stop the electron is approximately -7,118.75 V. The negative sign indicates that the electron is moving in the opposite direction of the electric field.
Potential difference, also known as voltage, is a measure of the electric potential energy difference between two points in an electrical circuit. It represents the work done per unit charge to move a charge from one point to another in an electric field.
In simpler terms, potential difference is the driving force that allows electric charges to flow in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and is represented by the symbol "V".
A potential difference exists when there is a difference in electric potential between two points, causing electric charges to move from a higher potential to a lower potential.
Given:
Mass of the electron (m) = 9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg
Initial speed of the electron (v) = 500,000 m/s
Charge of the electron (e) = -1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C
KE = (1/2) × m × v²
= (1/2) × (9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg) × (500,000 m/s)²
= 1.139 x 10⁻¹⁵ J
The work done by the electric field is equal to the change in kinetic energy:
W = KE = 1.139 x 10⁻¹⁵ J
V = W / q
= (1.139 x 10⁻¹⁵ J) / (-1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C)
= -7.11875 x 10³ V
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An electron with an initial speed of 500,000 m/s is brought to rest by an electric field. The potential difference that stopped electron is 71.25 volts.
An electric field is a field of force that surrounds an electric charge or group of charges. The electric field is a vector field, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
When an electron is brought to rest by an electric field, the electric potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and then dissipated as heat. The potential difference required to stop an electron can be calculated using the following equation:
∆V = KE/e
where KE is the kinetic energy of the electron, e is the charge of the electron, and ∆V is the potential difference required to stop the electron.
The kinetic energy of the electron can be calculated using the following equation:
KE = (1/2) [tex]\rm mv^2[/tex]
where m is the mass of the electron, v is the initial velocity of the electron, and KE is the kinetic energy of the electron.
Substituting the given values into the above equations, we get:
KE = (1/2)[tex]\rm mv^2[/tex]
= (1/2) [tex](9.11 \times 10^{-31}\ { kg} \ )[/tex] ( [tex]500,000[/tex] [tex]\rm m/s)^2[/tex] = [tex]\rm 1.14 \times 10^{-17}\ { J}[/tex]
∆V = KE/e
= [tex]\rm (1.14 \times 10^{-17} J)/(-1.6 \times 10^{-19}\ C) = -71.25\ { V }[/tex]
Therefore, the potential difference required to stop the electron is 71.25 volts.
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How do we know how much anhydrous magnesium sulfate to add to a liquid to dry it?
The night after the vacuum distillation experiment, many condensers start forming a white solid inside them. What is this white solid?
Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used to remove moisture from liquids. The white solid typically found in condensers after vacuum distillation is likely to be calcium sulfate.
Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a drying agent because it has a strong affinity for water and can effectively remove moisture from a liquid. The amount of anhydrous magnesium sulfate required depends on the moisture content of the liquid. The general procedure is to add small portions of anhydrous magnesium sulfate to the liquid and mix it. If the anhydrous magnesium sulfate clumps together, it indicates that there is still moisture present, and more drying agent should be added. The process is repeated until the anhydrous magnesium sulfate no longer clumps, indicating that the liquid is sufficiently dry.
The white solid formed inside condensers after a vacuum distillation experiment is likely calcium sulfate. During the distillation process, water vapor may condense on the surfaces of the condenser. If the water contains calcium ions, they can react with sulfate ions present in the reaction mixture to form calcium sulfate, which appears as a white solid deposit.
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The following data applies to a mineral block: - 200 grams of contained gold in total - 100 tonnes of rock/ore - Selling price of gold $11.25 per gram - Cost of processing $12.00 per tonne - Cost of mining $1.20 per tonne - Block Value =$817.5 1. What is the metallurgical recovery?
The metallurgical recovery for the mineral block is 465%. The metallurgical recovery refers to the percentage of valuable metal or minerals that is successfully extracted or recovered from an ore or mineral sample during the metallurgical or mineral processing operations.
The metallurgical recovery can be calculated by determining the percentage of gold recovered from the mineral block during the processing.
To calculate the metallurgical recovery, we need to determine the total amount of gold recovered from the mineral block. We know that the block contains 200 grams of gold in total. Therefore, the metallurgical recovery can be calculated as follows:
Metallurgical Recovery = (Gold Recovered / Total Gold Content) * 100
Gold Recovered = Selling Price of Gold * Total Gold Content - Cost of Processing
Gold Recovered = $11.25/g * 200 g - ($12.00/tonne * 100 tonnes + $1.20/tonne * 100 tonnes)
Gold Recovered = $2250 - ($1200 + $120)
Gold Recovered = $930
Metallurgical Recovery = ($930 / 200) * 100
Metallurgical Recovery = 465%
Therefore, the metallurgical recovery for the mineral block is 465%. This indicates that the processing has resulted in a recovery of 465% of the gold initially present in the mineral block.
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How many milliseconds does it take for a boat to travel 24. 8 miles with a speed of 17. 4 cm/hr?
Answer:
The boat would take around 827,000,000,000 milliseconds to travel the 24.8-mile distance at a speed of 17.4 cm/hr
Explanation:
To calculate the time it takes to travel, the below formula is used,
Time = Distance / Speed
Next, convert the speed in miles as the distance is given in miles.
1 mile = 160934 cm
1 hour = 3600 s
Speed in miles/s is given by,
[tex]Speed= (17.4) (\frac{1}{160934} ) (\frac{1}{3600} )\\= 3*10^{-8} miles/s[/tex]
So, time in seconds is calculated by,
[tex]Time= \frac{24.8 miles}{3*10^{-8} miles/s} \\=8.27 *10^{8} s[/tex]
Convert seconds to milliseconds,
1 s = 1000 ms
So, by time conversion,
[tex]Time = 8.27 * 10^{8} * (1000)\\= 8.27 * 10^{12} milliseconds\\= 827000000000 milliseconds[/tex]
So, the time it takes to travel is 827,000,000,000 milliseconds.
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How
many total grams are there in 42.9g of hydrazine (N2H2)?
To determine how many total grams are in 42.9 g of hydrazine (N2H2), we must multiply the number of moles by the molar mass.1.34 moles x 32.05 g/mol = 43.03 g.The total grams in 42.9 g of hydrazine (N2H2) are 43.03 g.
Hydrazine (N2H2) is a colorless liquid that has an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine is used as a propellant in rocket engines, as a reducing agent in chemical synthesis, and as a fumigant for insect control.
Now, let's calculate how many total grams are there in 42.9g of hydrazine (N2H2).
First of all, we need to determine the molar mass of hydrazine (N2H2). Hydrazine's molar mass is determined by adding up the molar masses of all of its atoms. Molar mass
= (2 x molar mass of nitrogen) + (4 x molar mass of hydrogen)
= (2 x 14.01) + (4 x 1.008)
= 32.05 g/mol
Now we can use the formula: n
= m/Mm, the mass in grams of a substance is divided by its molar mass in grams per mole, to determine the number of moles of hydrazine in 42.9 g.n
= 42.9 g / 32.05 g/mol
= 1.34 moles.
To determine how many total grams are in 42.9 g of hydrazine (N2H2), we must multiply the number of moles by the molar mass.1.34 moles x 32.05 g/mol
= 43.03 g.
The total grams in 42.9 g of hydrazine (N2H2) are 43.03 g.
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Calculate the volumetric size of a water molecule for water in the liquid form at normal conditions. give answer in angstroms, two significant digits. do not write down units in your answer.
The volumetric size of a water molecule in liquid form at normal conditions is approximately [tex]29.5 Å^3[/tex].
The volumetric size of a water molecule can be calculated using the formula V = m/d, where V is the volume, m is the mass, and d is the density. The molecular weight of water (H₂O) is approximately 18 g/mol. The density of water at normal conditions is approximately [tex]1 g/cm^3[/tex].
To convert [tex]g/cm^3[/tex] to [tex]Å^3[/tex], we need to multiply by 1e+24. The molar volume can be calculated by dividing the molar mass by the density, which gives us approximately [tex]18 cm^3/mol[/tex]. Finally, to convert [tex]cm^3/mol[/tex] to [tex]Å^3[/tex], we need to multiply by 1e+24, resulting in approximately [tex]29.5 Å^3[/tex].
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The site on a patient's forearm that has been cleaned with iodine and alcohol before starting an iv is said to be:_______
The site on a patient's forearm that has been cleaned with iodine and alcohol before starting an IV is said to be Medically clean.
In order to reduce the possibility of introducing hazardous bacteria during the IV insertions, the region is cleaned with iodine and alcohol. While alcohol acts as a disinfectant to cleanse the skin, iodine is frequently used as an antiseptic agent to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Healthcare experts strive to reduce the likelihood of infections or difficulties connected to the IV process by thoroughly preparing and cleaning the aseptic site, assuring patient safety and top-notch healthcare delivery.
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Indicate whether 4-methoxyamphetamine is soluble in diethyl ether, HCl and/ or NaOH. If it is soluble, draw the structure/form of 4-methoxyamphetamine found in that solvent.
No, the compound 4-methoxyamphetamine(PMA) is not soluble in any of the given solvents (diethyl ether, HCl, NaOH).
The given chemical compounds is considered to be a synthetic compound, and it is likely or sparingly soluble in any of the given solvents. The following solvents are firstly Diethyl ether is which the PMA soluble range is average. It is not fully but that much soluble that we need an instrument to visualize.
Secondly the solvent hydrochloric acid(HCL) in which PMA is completely soluble as it leads to a neutralization reaction in which there is said to be formation of salt.
Lastly the solvent is sodium hydroxide in which the PMA is considered to be rarely soluble. Hence amongst the three solvents the solubility ranges differently for PMA when taken consideration of a particular solvent.
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P=Q
S
−20
Q
D
=95−
2
3
P
Using the two equations above, what is the equilibrium price? What is the equilibrium quantity? A. P=25,Q=55 8. P=30,Q=50 C. P=35,Q=45 D. P=40,Q=40 QUESTION 21 Click Sare and Submit fo save and submit. Chick Sase All Ansters fo save all ansuers.
The correct answer is D. P = 40, Q = 40.
The equilibrium price is determined by the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied in a market.
From the given equations, we have:
P = Q
S
−20
Q
D
= 95−
2
3
P
To find the equilibrium price and quantity, we need to set the quantity demanded equal to the quantity supplied, as equilibrium occurs when these two quantities are equal.
Q
S
−20 = 95−
2
3
P
Simplifying the equation, we get:
Q = 115 −
2
3
P
Since P = Q, we can substitute P for Q in the equation:
P = 115 −
2
3
P
Multiplying through by 3 to eliminate the fraction, we have:
3P = 345 − 2P
Combining like terms:
5P = 345
Dividing both sides by 5:P = 69
So the equilibrium price is P = 69.
Substituting this value back into the equation P = Q, we find:
Q = 69
Therefore, the equilibrium quantity is Q = 69.
The correct answer is D. P = 40, Q = 40.
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A physician orders a Heparin drip at 8. 0 units per kg body weight per
hour via an IV pump. The patient weighs 212 lb. The IV is available at 25,000 units
Heparin in exactly 500 mL of IV fluid. Calculate the flow rate in mL/h that should be set
for the IV pump
The flow rate of the IV pump that should be set is 15.402 mL/hour.
Weight of the patient (W) = 212 lb
Heparin dosage (H) = 8.0 units/kg/hour
Volume of IV fluid (V) = 500 mL
Heparin in IV fluid = 25,000 units
Let's calculate the weight of the patient in kg.
Mass = 212 lb1 kg = 2.205 lb
Therefore, the weight of the patient = 212 ÷ 2.205 = 96.264 kg
The patient weighs 96.264 kg. We know the formula:
Quantity (Q) = Dose x Weight
Q = 8.0 x 96.264Q = 770.112 units/hour
We want to find the flow rate in mL/hour.
We know that the volume of IV fluid is 500 mL, and it contains 25,000 units of Heparin. This is the concentration of Heparin in the IV fluid. We need to find the concentration of Heparin in 1 mL of IV fluid.
Concentration (C) = Amount of drug/Volume of solution
C = 25,000/500C = 50 units/mL
The patient needs 770.112 units of Heparin in 1 hour. We can use this information to find the volume of the IV fluid the patient will need in 1 hour using the concentration of the IV fluid.
Flow rate = Q ÷ C
Flow rate = 770.112 ÷ 50
Flow rate = 15.402 mL/hour (rounded to three decimal places)
Therefore, the flow rate of the IV pump that should be set is 15.402 mL/hour.
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Match each mineral group on the right to the correct mineral on the left. 36. Anglesite PbSO 4
A) Sulfide 37. Sphalerite ZnS B) Oxide 38. Orthoclase KAISi 3
O 2
C) Sulfate 39. Hematite Fe 2
O 3
D) Silicate Questions 40−43. Chert is a type of quartz. Chert is a mineral. Based on this information: 40. (1 pt) Can chert scratch gypsum? (YES or NO) 41. (1 pt) Which of these provide necessary information to answer Question 43 ? a) Chert is a type of quartz. b) Quartz is Mohs 7. c) Gypsum is Mohs 2. d) All of the above. e) None of the above. 42. (1 pt) Does chert have an orderly internal arrangement of atoms/molecules? (YES or NO) 43. (1 pt) Which of these provide necessary information to answer Question 45 ? a) Chert is a mineral. b) Quartz is Mohs 7. c) Gypsum is Mohs 2. d) All of the above.
Chert is a type of mineral that is made up of quartz. Chert has an orderly internal arrangement of atoms/molecules and is considered to be one of the most difficult minerals to identify.
36. Anglesite PbSO 4 - C) Sulfate 37. Sphalerite ZnS - A) Sulfide 38. Orthoclase KAISi 3 O 2 - D) Silicate 39. Hematite Fe 2 O 3 - B) Oxide40.
Can chert scratch gypsum?
Answer: NO 41.
Which of these provide necessary information to answer Question 43?
Answer: d) All of the above.42.
Does chert have an orderly internal arrangement of atoms/molecules?
Answer: YES43.
Which of these provide necessary information to answer Question 45?
Answer: a) Chert is a mineral.
Chert is a type of quartz, but it is not able to scratch gypsum. Since quartz is a mineral with a Mohs scale rating of 7, whereas gypsum is rated 2. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Chert is a type of mineral that is made up of quartz. Chert has an orderly internal arrangement of atoms/molecules and is considered to be one of the most difficult minerals to identify.
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The match for the questions are given below
Anglesite - C) SulfateSphalerite - A) SulfideOrthoclase - D) SilicateHematite - B) OxideNOd) All of the above.YESa) Chert is a mineral.How to match the mineralsAnglesite belongs to the sulfate mineral group and has the chemical formula PbSO₄.Sphalerite belongs to the sulfide mineral group and has the chemical formula ZnS.Orthoclase belongs to the silicate mineral group and has the chemical formula KAISi₃O₈.Hematite belongs to the oxide mineral group and has the chemical formula Fe₂O₃.Chert, which is a type of quartz, cannot scratch gypsum.All of the provided information (chert being a type of quartz, quartz having a Mohs hardness of 7, and gypsum having a Mohs hardness of 2) is necessary to answer Question 43.Chert has an orderly internal arrangement of atoms/molecules.The information that chert is a mineral is necessary to answer Question 45.Read more on Sphalerite here https://brainly.com/question/24707371
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though alchemists were often supersttious , they left a rich legacy for modern chemists. what was their main contribution
The main contribution of alchemists to modern chemistry was the development of experimental techniques and laboratory apparatus. Despite their often superstitious beliefs and pursuits of transforming base metals into gold and discovering the elixir of life, alchemists laid the foundation for modern chemical practices.
Alchemists made significant advancements in areas such as distillation, sublimation, filtration, and crystallization techniques. They developed various laboratory instruments, including alembics, retorts, crucibles, and balances, which are still used in chemistry today.
Additionally, alchemists made important discoveries and advancements in the understanding of chemical elements, compounds, and reactions. Their exploration of various substances and experiments paved the way for the development of modern chemical principles and theories.
Hence, alchemy itself was not a scientific discipline in the modern sense, the alchemists' dedication to experimentation, observation, and documentation laid the groundwork for the emergence of modern chemistry as a scientific field.
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You have 3ml of a 1 mg/mL IgG solution, how would you prepare a set of dilutions like this: 0.8 mg/ml, 0.4 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml with at least 1 ml of each of these concentrations? Please draw out a picture, am I supposed to find V2 or something? V1 = 3 ml C1 = 1 mg/ml 1 ml = C2 and V2 = ? PLEASE DRAW A PICTURE.
We have an initial volume of 3 mL of a 1 mg/mL IgG solution. We will prepare dilutions of 0.8 mg/mL, 0.4 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, and 0.1 mg/mL, each with at least 1 mL of the desired concentration. V2 = 27ml.
To prepare these dilutions, we'll use the formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
Where:
C1 = initial concentration
V1 = initial volume
C2 = desired concentration
V2 = final volume (V1 + V2 should be equal to or greater than 1 mL for each dilution)
Let's calculate the volumes required for each dilution:
For the 0.8 mg/mL dilution:
C1 = 1 mg/mL
V1 = 3 mL
C2 = 0.8 mg/mL
V2 = ?
Using the formula C1V1 = C2V2, we can rearrange it to solve for V2:
V2 = (C1V1) / C2 - V1
V2 = (1 mg/mL x 3 mL) / 0.8 mg/mL - 3 mL
V2 ≈ 0.375 mL
For the 0.4 mg/mL dilution:
C1 = 1 mg/mL
V1 = 3 mL
C2 = 0.4 mg/mL
V2 = ?
V2 = (C1V1) / C2 - V1
V2 = (1 mg/mL x 3 mL) / 0.4 mg/mL - 3 mL
V2 ≈ 2.25 mL
For the 0.2 mg/mL dilution:
C1 = 1 mg/mL
V1 = 3 mL
C2 = 0.2 mg/mL
V2 = ?
V2 = (C1V1) / C2 - V1
V2 = (1 mg/mL x 3 mL) / 0.2 mg/mL - 3 mL
V2 ≈ 6 mL
For the 0.1 mg/mL dilution:
C1 = 1 mg/mL
V1 = 3 mL
C2 = 0.1 mg/mL
V2 = ?
V2 = (C1V1) / C2 - V1
V2 = (1 mg/mL x 3 mL) / 0.1 mg/mL - 3 mL
V2 ≈ 27 mL
Here's a diagram to illustrate the dilution process:
Initial Solution (3 mL, 1 mg/mL)
|
|----------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|
0.8 mg/mL 0.4 mg/mL 0.2 mg/mL 0.1 mg/mL
(0.375 mL) (2.25 mL) (6 mL) (27 mL)
In this diagram, each concentration is shown along with the corresponding volume needed to achieve that concentration. Note that the volumes may exceed 1 mL for some dilutions.
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The hexaoxyethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10E6)-water system has a significant hexagonal phase and a complex pattern of crystalline behavior at high surfactant concentrations.
What are the correct statements?
1. The liquid region is a micellar solution.
2. The microscopic structure of the liquid region is likely to vary with surfactant concentration.
3. The Krafft boundary in this system lies below the freezing point of water and cannot easily be experimentally determined.
4. Each crystal hydrate (X.W, X.W3, X.W6) participates in two eutectics.
5. The intermediate phase in each eutectic is an isotropic solution.
6. The hexagonal phase coexists with liquid and X.W3 in the most dilute (leftmost) eutectic.
Hexaoxyethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10E6)-water system is a complex system, which has a hexagonal phase and a complicated pattern of crystalline behavior at high surfactant concentrations. Hence, options 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are correct.
The following statements about the given system are true:
1. The liquid region is a micellar solution.
2. The microscopic structure of the liquid region is likely to vary with surfactant concentration.
3. The Kraft boundary in this system lies below the freezing point of water and cannot easily be experimentally determined.
4. Each crystal hydrate (X.W, X.W3, X.W6) participates in two eutectics.
5. The intermediate phase in each eutectic is an isotropic solution.
6. The hexagonal phase coexists with liquid and X.W3 in the most dilute (leftmost) eutectic.
Explanation:
The hexagonal phase in the hexaoxyethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10E6)-water system coexists with liquid and X.
W3 in the most dilute (leftmost) eutectic.
The microscopic structure of the liquid region is likely to vary with surfactant concentration. Each crystal hydrate (X.W, X.W3, X.W6) participates in two eutectics.
The intermediate phase in each eutectic is an isotropic solution.
The Kraft boundary in this system lies below the freezing point of water and cannot be easily experimentally determined. The liquid region is a micellar solution.
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For the following generalized reaction, if the rate of change of D is 1.76×10 −3
M/s in a given time period, what is the rate of change of A in the same time period? 2 A+B→C+3D \ M/s
The rate of change of A is 1.17×10−3 M/s in the same time period.The chemical reaction given below: 2 A + B → C + 3 D; is a generalized reaction. We need to find out the rate of change of A in the given time period when the rate of change of D is 1.76×10−3 M/s. Let’s calculate the required value.
Solution:From the given reaction, we know that the stoichiometric coefficient of D is three times the stoichiometric coefficient of A. Hence, 1 mole of D is produced by the consumption of 2/3 moles of A. Then, the balanced chemical equation can be written as:
2 A + B → C + 3 D
We have the rate of change of D which is 1.76×10−3 M/s. We need to find the rate of change of A. To calculate the rate of change of A, we can use the relationship between the rate of change of reactants and products given by the stoichiometric coefficients.
Let the rate of change of A be x M/s.Since two moles of A are required to produce three moles of D, thus,
Rate of change of D/3 = Rate of change of A/2
The rate of change of A = (2 × Rate of change of D)/3
Thus,Rate of change of A = (2 × 1.76×10−3)/3
Rate of change of A = 1.17×10−3 M/s
Therefore, the rate of change of A is 1.17×10−3 M/s in the same time period.
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P1C.1 What pressure would 4.56 g of nitrogen gas in a vessel of volume 2.25dm 3
exert at 273 K if it obeyed the virial equation of state up to and including the first two terms?
The pressure exerted by 4.56 g of nitrogen gas in a vessel of volume 2.25 dm3 at 273 K if it obeyed the virial equation of state up to and including the first two terms is 13.5 atm.
The pressure exerted by 4.56 g of nitrogen gas in a vessel of volume 2.25 dm3 at 273 K if it obeyed the virial equation of state up to and including the first two terms is 13.5 atm.
Explanation:The virial equation of state is given as:PV
= RT (1 + B/V + C/V² + ......)
Here, P
= pressureV
= volumeR
= gas constantT
= temperatureB, C, etc. are virial coefficients
For nitrogen gas,N2, the virial coefficients are B
= -0.0076dm3/mol, C
= 0.00005dm6/mol2At first, convert mass into moles:n(N2)
= m/M
= 4.56 g / 28 g/mol
= 0.163 mol
Now, calculate the first two terms: B/V
= -0.0076 dm3/mol ÷ 2.25 dm3
= -0.0033778 C/V²
= 0.00005 dm6/mol2 ÷ (2.25 dm3)²
= 8.88 x 10^-12
Substitute these values in the virial equation of state.
P = (0.163 mol x 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K x 273 K) ÷ (2.25 dm3 x (1 - 0.0033778 dm3/mol + 8.88 x 10^-12 dm6/mol2))
= 13.5 atm.
The pressure exerted by 4.56 g of nitrogen gas in a vessel of volume 2.25 dm3 at 273 K if it obeyed the virial equation of state up to and including the first two terms is 13.5 atm.
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When alkaline hydrolysis was first invented what jobs were people hiring to do?
When alkaline hydrolysis was first invented, people were hired for various roles related to the process and implementation of this technology. Some of the jobs that emerged include Chemical engineers, Technicians and operators, Waste management specialists, Scientists and researchers.
Chemical engineers: These professionals played a crucial role in developing and optimizing the alkaline hydrolysis process. They were responsible for designing the equipment, developing the necessary chemical reactions, and ensuring the efficient operation of the system.
Technicians and operators: Skilled technicians and operators were hired to operate and maintain the alkaline hydrolysis equipment. They were trained to monitor the process parameters, handle the chemicals involved, and ensure the proper functioning of the system.
Waste management specialists: With the introduction of alkaline hydrolysis as a method for disposal of organic waste, specialized professionals in waste management were employed to oversee the proper handling and treatment of the waste materials. They were responsible for implementing safety protocols, managing waste streams, and complying with environmental regulations.
Scientists and researchers: Alkaline hydrolysis required scientific expertise for continuous improvement and innovation. Scientists and researchers were hired to study the process, analyze the results, and explore potential applications in various fields such as biofuel production and chemical synthesis.
Overall, the introduction of alkaline hydrolysis created employment opportunities for professionals in engineering, chemistry, waste management, and research, among others, as this technology gained recognition and adoption.
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Human blood typically contains 1.04 kg/L of platelets. A 1.37 pints of blood would contain what mass (in grams) of platelets? ( 1 gallon = 3.785 L,1 gallon =8 pints )
The mass of platelets in 1.37 pints of blood is 0.00067423 x 1000= 0.67423 g
So, 1.37 pints of blood contain 0.67423 g of platelets.
Given: Human blood typically contains 1.04 kg/L of platelets.
A 1.37 pints of blood would contain what mass (in grams) of platelets?
(1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon = 8 pints)
We know that: 1 L = 1.04 kg of platelets.
We also know that 1 gallon = 8 pints.
So,1 gallon = 8/1 x pints= 8 pints
So, 1 gallon = 3.785 L
Now,1 L of blood contains 1.04 kg of platelets.
So, 3.785 L of blood contains 3.785 x 1.04 = 3.9394 kg of platelets.
Let's find the mass of platelets in 1 pint of blood:
1 L of blood contains 1.04 kg of platelets.
So, 1 pint of blood contains (1.04/1000) x 0.473176= 0.00049238 kg of platelets.
So, 1.37 pints of blood contain (1.37 x 0.00049238) kg of platelets= 0.00067423 kg of platelets.
To find the mass of platelets in grams, we need to multiply the mass in kg with 1000.So, the mass of platelets in 1.37 pints of blood is0.00067423 x 1000= 0.67423 g
So, 1.37 pints of blood contain 0.67423 g of platelets.
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Upon reaction of 1.274 g of copper sulfate with excess zinc metal, 0.392 g copper metal was obtained according to the equation: CuSO 4( aq )+Zn(s)→Cu(s)+ZnSO4(aq) What is the theoretical yield of the copper metal? Make sure to use correct number of significant figures. 1.231 g
0.5072 g
4.009 g
0.403 g
The theoretical yield of copper metal is 0.5072 g.The theoretical yield of the copper metal can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation.
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Step 2: Determine the mole ratio between the reactant and product.
According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of CuSO4 reacts with 1 mole of Zn to produce 1 mole of Cu. Therefore, the mole ratio between CuSO4 and Cu is 1:1.
Step 3: Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 used.
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
= 1.274 g / (63.55 g/mol + 32.07 g/mol + 4 x 16.00 g/mol)
= 1.274 g / 159.61 g/mol
= 0.00799 mol
Step 4: Calculate the theoretical yield of Cu.
Number of moles of Cu produced = number of moles of CuSO4 used
= 0.00799 mol Mass of Cu produced
= number of moles of Cu produced x molar mass of Cu
= 0.00799 mol x 63.55 g/mol = 0.5072 g
Therefore, the theoretical yield of copper metal is 0.5072 g.
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Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts: Blanks May Or May Not Relate To -Chemical Equilibria -Equilibrium Constants -Shifting Equilibrium -La Chateliers Principle Fill In The Blanks. Equilibrium
= Equal The of the forward and reverse reactions are at equilibrium. But that does not mean the of reactants and products are equal. Some reactions reach equilibrium only after almost all the reactant molecules are consumed; we say the position of equilibrium favors the reactions reach equilibrium when only a small percentage of the reactant molecules are consumed; we say the position of equilibrium favors the Blanks May Or MAY NOT Relate To The Following Terms, Or Terms Similar To Them: -Reversible Reactions -Equilibrium -Reaction Quotient (Q) -Equilibrium Constants (K) -Law Of Mass Action -Homogenous Equilibrium -Heterogenous Equilibrium -Coupled Equilibrium
The Reaction quotient Q is a number that measures the relative amounts of reactants and products in a reaction mixture at a given time during the reaction, not necessarily at equilibrium.
Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts: -Chemical Equilibria -Equilibrium Constants -Shifting Equilibrium -La Chateliers Principle Fill In The Blanks. Equilibrium = Equal The of the forward and reverse reactions are at equilibrium. But that does not mean the of reactants and products are equal. Some reactions reach equilibrium only after almost all the reactant molecules are consumed;
we say the position of equilibrium favors the reactions reach equilibrium when only a small percentage of the reactant molecules are consumed; we say the position of equilibrium favors the Reversible Reactions. Blanks May Or MAY NOT Relate To The Following Terms, Or Terms Similar To Them:
-Equilibrium -Reaction Quotient (Q) -Equilibrium Constants (K) -Law Of Mass Action -Homogenous Equilibrium -Heterogenous Equilibrium -Coupled Equilibrium. The reaction quotient (Q), law of mass action, and equilibrium constant (K) are the three fundamental concepts of chemical equilibrium.
The Equilibrium constant K is a fundamental concept in chemical equilibrium. It measures the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, with each concentration term raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient, all at the temperature of the reaction.
The law of mass action is another fundamental concept in chemical equilibrium. It states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants.
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For the process of a certain liquid vaporizing at 1 atm, dhovap = 66.8 kj/mol and dsovap= 74.1 j/mol k. assuming these values are independent of t, what is the normal boiling point of this liquid?
The normal boiling point of the liquid is 901 K from the calculation.
What is the entropy?It is important to note that while entropy is associated with disorder or randomness, it does not imply chaos or confusion. In fact, systems with high entropy can still exhibit patterns or structures at smaller scales. Entropy simply quantifies the overall degree of randomness or disorder at a macroscopic level.
We can use the formula for the entropy as;
ΔS = ΔH/T
T = ΔH/ΔS
T = 66.8 * [tex]10^3[/tex]/74.1
T = 901 K
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What is the difference between a two point calibration and a three point calibration when using a pH meter?
The main difference between the two methods lies in the number of calibration points and the pH range covered during the calibration process. A three point calibration offers more precision and accuracy since it incorporates an additional calibration point to verify the pH meter's response across a wider pH spectrum.
In pH measurement, a calibration process is necessary to ensure accurate and reliable readings. Both two point calibration and three point calibration are commonly used methods, but they differ in the number of calibration points and the pH buffer solutions used.
Two Point Calibration: This method involves calibrating the pH meter using two pH buffer solutions. Typically, the pH meter is calibrated using buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and pH 7.0 (or pH 10.0). These buffer solutions represent the acidic and neutral (or basic) ranges. The pH meter is adjusted or calibrated based on the readings obtained from these two buffer solutions.
Three Point Calibration: This method expands upon the two point calibration by including an additional calibration point. In addition to the pH 4.0 and pH 7.0 (or pH 10.0) buffer solutions, a third buffer solution at a different pH value is used. For example, pH 4.0, pH 7.0, and pH 10.0 buffer solutions can be utilized. This allows for a calibration that covers a broader pH range and provides a more accurate calibration curve for the pH meter.
The main difference between the two methods lies in the number of calibration points and the pH range covered during the calibration process. A three point calibration offers more precision and accuracy since it incorporates an additional calibration point to verify the pH meter's response across a wider pH spectrum. It helps to account for any nonlinearity or deviation in the pH meter's measurements. However, a two point calibration is still considered acceptable for many general pH measurements within a specific pH range.
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Question 3: The pH scale expresses the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. If oven cleaner has a pH of 13 , is it considered an acid or a base? a. acid, b. base, c. neutral substance. a C b
The pH scale expresses the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. If oven cleaner has a pH of 13, it is considered a base.
The pH scale is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. The middle of the scale is 7, which is considered neutral. Acids are substances with a pH of less than 7, whereas bases are substances with a pH of greater than 7. So, if oven cleaner has a pH of 13, it is considered a base. Therefore, the correct answer is (b) base.
Oven cleaners are extremely alkaline, with a pH of 13. This makes them basic, or alkaline, in nature. The main component of oven cleaners is sodium hydroxide, which is a strong base. Oven cleaners work by breaking down the grease, food, and other debris that has accumulated in the oven.
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Choose ALL the statements below that are TRUE for a constant pressure process carried out on an ideal gas. Question 2 (1 point) The molar constant pressure heat capacity of an ideal diatomic gas is 2
7
R. Calculate C V
for 5.86 mol of this gas in units of J/K to 1 decimal place. Your Answer: Answer units Question 3 (1 point) An isothermal compression is done on 2.69 mol of an ideal monoatomic gas at 57.7 ∘
C in a diathermic balloon very slowly so that its final volume is half its initial volume. What is the heat of this process? Enter your answer in units of Joules to zero decimal places. Your Answer: Answer units
Heat of a process is given by Q = nCΔT, where n is the number of moles of gas, C is the molar specific heat capacity of the gas and ΔT is the temperature change of the gas.
Since the process is isothermal, the temperature change is zero, so the heat of the process is also zero.
Therefore, the heat of this process is 0 J.
The following statements are true for a constant pressure process carried out on an ideal gas:During a constant pressure process carried out on an ideal gas, the work done by the gas is given by W
= PΔV.ΔH is the heat transferred into or out of the system during a constant pressure process carried out on an ideal gas.
The molar constant pressure heat capacity of an ideal gas is Cp
= (dH / dT)P.Using the formula Cv
= Cp – R, the molar constant volume heat capacity of an ideal diatomic gas is Cv
= 2/2 R
= R.
Therefore, for 5.86 moles of this gas, the value of Cv isCv
= 5.86 × R
= 5.86 × 8.31
= 48.5766 J/K .
Heat of a process is given by Q
= nCΔT, where n is the number of moles of gas, C is the molar specific heat capacity of the gas and ΔT is the temperature change of the gas.
Since the process is isothermal, the temperature change is zero, so the heat of the process is also zero.
Therefore, the heat of this process is 0 J.
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which equilibrium of states for phosphoric acid would be a useful buffer for physiological ph? chegg
The equilibrium involving H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ in phosphoric acid is a useful buffer system for maintaining the physiological pH range.
To be a useful buffer for physiological pH, a system must have an equilibrium that lies within the pH range of interest, which is approximately 7.35 to 7.45 for physiological conditions. Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) is a polyprotic acid, meaning it can donate multiple protons.
Among the three ionization steps of phosphoric acid, the second equilibrium involving the dissociation of H₂PO₄⁻ (dihydrogen phosphate) can be a useful buffer for physiological pH. The equilibrium reaction is as follows:
H₂PO₄⁻ ⇌ H⁺ + HPO₄²⁻
The pKa value for this equilibrium is around 7.21, which is close to the physiological pH range. At physiological pH, H₂PO₄⁻ acts as a weak acid, donating protons to maintain the pH within the desired range. Meanwhile, HPO₄²⁻ acts as the corresponding conjugate base, accepting protons to resist pH changes.
Therefore, the equilibrium involving H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ in phosphoric acid is a useful buffer system for maintaining the physiological pH range.
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What mass (g) of solute is contained in 57.15 mL of 1.079 M KCl (MM = 74.55 g/mol) solution?
The mass (g) of solute that is contained in 57.15 mL of 1.079 M KCl (MM = 74.55 g/mol) solution is 0.045 g (rounded off to two decimal places).
The mass of solute is contained in 57.15 mL of 1.079 M KCl solution, when the molar mass of KCl (MM) is equal to 74.55 g/mol can be calculated by the following formula;
Mass = Volume × Molarity × MM / 1000
Where Mass is mass of solute, Volume is volume of solution in liters, Molarity is the concentration of solution in mol/L, and MM is the molar mass of solute in g/mol.
So,Volume of the solution = 57.15 mL
= 57.15/1000 L
= 0.05715 L'MM of KCl
= 74.55 g/mol Molarity of KCl solution
= 1.079 M
Now, substitute the values in the given formula;
Mass
= Volume × Molarity × MM / 1000
= 0.05715 L × 1.079 mol/L × 74.55 g/mol / 1000
= 0.04497 g ≈ 0.045 g.
The mass (g) of solute that is contained in 57.15 mL of 1.079 M KCl (MM
= 74.55 g/mol) solution is 0.045 g (rounded off to two decimal places).
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Determine the number of atoms in 31.0 grams of bromine, br. (the mass of one mole of bromine is 79.90 g.)
The number of atoms in 31.0 grams of bromine can be determined using Avogadro's number and the molar mass of bromine. First, we need to find the number of moles of bromine in 31.0 grams. We can do this by dividing the given mass by the molar mass of bromine: 31.0 g / 79.90 g/mol = 0.388 mol
Now, we can use Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol, to find the number of atoms. We multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number: 0.388 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol = 2.335 x 10^23 atoms Therefore, there are approximately 2.335 x 10^23 atoms in 31.0 grams of bromine. We first convert the mass of bromine to moles by dividing it by the molar mass. Then, we use Avogadro's number to convert the number of moles to the number of atoms.
To determine the number of atoms in 31.0 grams of bromine, we need to convert the mass to moles and then use Avogadro's number to find the number of atoms. First, we divide the given mass by the molar mass of bromine, which is 79.90 g/mol. This gives us the number of moles of bromine. Next, we multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol. This converts the number of moles to the number of atoms. In this case, the calculation gives us approximately 2.335 x 10^23 atoms in 31.0 grams of bromine. It is important to use Avogadro's number to accurately determine the number of atoms, as it represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance.
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