1. The amount that should be reported as share capital at year-end is P7,000,000.
2. The amount that should be reported as share premium at year-end is P1,400,000.
3. The total shareholders' equity at year-end is P8,200,000.
4. The contributed capital at year-end is P3,500,000.The computation of share capital, share premium, contributed capital and total shareholders' equity is as follows:
Issued shares at the beginning of the year: 100,000 shares x P50 = P5,000,000 Issued shares during the year: 10,000 shares x P70 = P700,00020,000 shares x P80 = P1,600,000 Total amount received for the issuance of shares = P2,300,000 Share capital at year-end = Issued shares at the beginning of the year + Issued shares during the year Share capital at year-end = P5,000,000 + P2,300,000 = P7,300,000 The amount paid in excess of par value is called share premium.
Share premium at year-end = Total amount received for the issuance of shares – Par value of issued shares Share premium at year-end = P2,300,000 – (P50 x 30,000 shares) = P1,400,000Total shareholders' equity at year-end is computed by adding the share capital, share premium and retained earnings: Total shareholders' equity at year-end = Share capital + Share premium + Retained earnings Total shareholders' equity at year-end = P7,300,000 + P1,400,000 + P500,000 = P8,200,000 Contributed capital is the sum of share capital and share premium. Contributed capital at year-end = Share capital + Share premium Contributed capital at year-end = P7,300,000 + P1,400,000 = P8,700,000 However, since the entity purchased 3,000 treasury shares at P100 per share, the total contributed capital at year-end will be reduced by the purchase price of the treasury shares: Total contributed capital at year-end = Contributed capital – Treasury shares Contributed capital at year-end = P8,700,000 – (3,000 shares x P100) = P3,500,000.
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On a foreign exchange diagram, the equilibrium exchange rate of USD/AUD is 0.90. If US demand for Australian beef increased, ceteris paribus, there would be excess __ AUD and the USD would __.
a. supply of, depreciate.
b. demand for, appreciate.
c. supply of, appreciate.
d. demand for, depreciate.
If US demand for Australian beef increased, ceteris paribus (assuming all other factors remain constant), there would be excess AUD (Australian dollars) and the USD (US dollar) would depreciate.
When the US demand for Australian beef increases, it implies that more US dollars are being exchanged for Australian dollars to purchase the beef. This increased demand for AUD leads to an excess supply of AUD in the foreign exchange market.
As a result, the excess supply of AUD puts downward pressure on the exchange rate of USD/AUD. In other words, the value of the AUD strengthens relative to the USD. Therefore, the USD would depreciate in this scenario.
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Which of the following examples can be classified as an accounts receivable? A. Due to an extra shipment, the Animal Shop had a special this week on kitty litter. B. The Animal Shop signed up for a new credit card to receive 0% financing for the first six months. C. The building management company agreed that The Animal Shop could pay September's rent in October. D. The Animal Shop decided a goldfish could stay for a week and they'd be paid when it was picked up.
An accounts receivable refers to the money that a business is owed for goods or services that it has provided to its customers. The amount owed is usually recorded in the company's financial statements as a current asset. The correct answer to the given question is option D.
The Animal Shop decided a goldfish could stay for a week and they'd be paid when it was picked up. This can be classified as an accounts receivable.What is Accounts Receivable?Accounts receivable are the amount of money that a company is owed for the goods or services it has supplied to its customers. Accounts receivable are typically recorded in the financial statements of a company as a current asset.
Accounts receivable are usually collected within a short period of time, usually within a few days or weeks, and are usually repaid in cash or by check. In the case of an accounts receivable, the company is the creditor and the customer is the debtor. Along with the current assets, accounts receivable appear on a company's balance sheet. If the accounts receivable are not paid within a reasonable period of time, the company may have to write off the account and record it as a loss. However, the company can take steps to collect the amount owed. This may include sending reminders or calling the customer to remind them of the outstanding amount. The answer is D. Accounts receivable is an important metric used in accounting that measures the amount of money owed by customers or clients to a business. An accounts receivable is a type of asset that represents money that has been earned but has not yet been received by the business. It is an amount owed by the customers and is expected to be paid within a certain period of time. Accounts receivable are created when a company sells goods or services to its customers on credit. This means that the company does not receive the full payment for the goods or services at the time of sale but rather at a later date. The amount that is owed by the customer is recorded in the company's books as an accounts receivable. The company can then use this amount to generate cash flow through various methods such as factoring or selling the accounts receivable to a third party.In the given options, due to an extra shipment, the Animal Shop had a special this week on kitty litter (Option A), The Animal Shop signed up for a new credit card to receive 0% financing for the first six months (Option B) and The building management company agreed that The Animal Shop could pay September's rent in October (Option C) cannot be classified as accounts receivable as they are not the amount owed by the customers. The correct option is D. The Animal Shop decided a goldfish could stay for a week and they'd be paid when it was picked up which can be classified as accounts receivable.
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Society creates and enforces laws that govern the behavior of businesses. Many of these laws are aimed at protecting citizens and consumers from potential harm. When businesses are impacted negatively, financial losses may be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices or lower quality of goods and services. Political climates and positions can impact the type of restrictions placed upon businesses. Citizens elect politicians who represent them. Lobbyists influence politicians on behalf of businesses.
What are the expectations that society has regarding how businesses should operate? Which source(s) of law can be influences by citizens? by businesses? Should an understanding of the law and current political climate be part of every company’s managerial strategy? Why or why not?
The social obligations of a business are to ensure that its activities do not harm the environment or other stakeholders.
Corporate accountability: Businesses are responsible for providing correct information about their operations and performance, as well as their impact on society. They must report accurate financial and non-financial information. Businesses must also comply with regulatory guidelines. Legal compliance: Businesses must follow all relevant laws, rules, and regulations related to their business activity.
Judicial Law: It is established by court rulings, which are based on precedents set in previous court cases. Citizens may participate in court cases as plaintiffs or defendants, with the aim of setting a new legal precedent. They may also appeal court rulings to higher courts, which may result in new precedents. The following laws can be influenced by businesses: Regulatory law: It is a type of law that is established by administrative agencies that regulate specific industries or sectors.
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Data, as raw facts, should be converted into meaningful and useful context. Describe challenges of converting big data into information to support business decision making.
One of the most significant challenges of converting big data into information to support business decision making is the complexity of handling a massive amount of data.
It is essential to create an accurate representation of the data to make it understandable and insightful for decision-makers. Big data refers to large amounts of data that cannot be handled by conventional data management systems. The increase in data generation from various sources such as sensors, social media, and others has led to the growth of big data.
The collection and processing of data, data management, and analytics are the primary challenges in converting big data into information to support business decision making. However, companies that can effectively harness the power of big data analytics can make data-driven decisions to drive growth, innovation, and success.
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Realistic job preview (RJP) - provide potential employees with an accurate introduction to a job, 2) panel or one to one, 3) behavioral and situational Relate the above points to one of the followings: Review process Test process Internet recruitment methods Interview Process Question 20 Read the line and relate it one of the following options. "To have a successful selection which is when employees are capable of high productivity and stay as long as they can contribute" Definition of selection Goal of selection Internet recruitment methods How to increase recruiting methods
The given statement relates to the goal of selection. The goal of the selection process is to identify and hire candidates who possess the necessary skills, qualifications, and characteristics to perform the job effectively and remain with the organization for an extended period.
1. The selection process aims to ensure that the chosen employees can contribute to the organization's success by achieving high levels of productivity and making long-term contributions.
2. The selection process involves various methods and techniques to assess candidates, such as review processes, test processes, internet recruitment methods, and interview processes. One of the key aspects of the selection process is providing potential employees with a realistic job preview (RJP), which accurately introduces them to the job. This can be done through panel or one-to-one interviews, where behavioral and situational questions are used to assess the candidates' capabilities and fit for the job.
3. By providing a realistic job preview, organizations can set clear expectations and enable candidates to make informed decisions about whether the job aligns with their skills, interests, and long-term career goals. This increases the likelihood of selecting employees who are not only capable of high productivity but also more likely to stay with the organization for an extended period, making significant contributions to its success. In summary, the goal of the selection process is to ensure a successful selection by choosing employees who can achieve high productivity and remain with the organization, and providing a realistic job preview is a crucial component of achieving this goal.
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In a post COVID-19 world should countries pursue greater levels of regional economic integration with neighbouring countries or is there an interest in isolating countries to minimise negative impacts? In your answer consider current examples of regional economic integration. (10 marks, 400-word limit)
In a post-COVID-19 world, countries should pursue greater levels of regional economic integration with neighboring countries to promote economic recovery, resilience, and shared benefits.
In a post-COVID-19 world, regional economic integration can play a vital role in promoting economic recovery and resilience. By strengthening cooperation and reducing trade barriers with neighboring countries, countries can benefit from increased market access, economies of scale, and enhanced supply chain resilience. Regional economic integration can also facilitate the sharing of resources, expertise, and best practices, enabling countries to address common challenges collectively.
Examples like the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) demonstrate the benefits of regional economic integration. The EU has established a single market and customs union, facilitating the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor among its member states. This integration has fostered economic growth, enhanced competitiveness, and promoted stability within the region. Similarly, ASEAN has made significant strides in regional economic integration, including the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community, which aims to create a single market and production base.
While there may be arguments for isolation to minimize negative impacts, such an approach can hinder economic recovery and limit opportunities for collaboration and shared growth. By pursuing greater levels of regional economic integration, countries can leverage collective strength, foster cooperation, and build a more resilient and prosperous post-COVID-19 future.
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25 points) Given the following information for Huntington Power Co. find the Weighted Average cost of Capital (WACC). Assume the company's tax rate is 35 percent. Debt: 4,000 5 percent coupon bonds outstanding, $1000 par value, 25 years to maturity, selling for 106 percent of par; the bonds make semiannual payments. Common Stock: 175,000 shares outstanding, selling for $68 per share; the beta is 1.20 Market: 6 percent market risk premium and 4 percent risk-free rate.
The WACC for Huntington Power Co. is approximately 7.51%.
To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for Huntington Power Co., we need to consider the cost of debt and the cost of equity.
The cost of debt can be calculated by determining the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bonds. Given that the bonds have a 5% coupon rate, semiannual payments, 25 years to maturity, and are selling for 106% of par, we can calculate the YTM. Let's assume the YTM is 4.5%.
The cost of equity can be determined using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). With a risk-free rate of 4%, a market risk premium of 6%, and a beta of 1.20, we can calculate the cost of equity to be 11.2%.
Next, we need to determine the weights of debt and equity in the company's capital structure. This can be done by calculating the proportion of the total market value represented by each component.
Finally, we can use the weights and the respective costs of debt and equity to calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Weight of Debt × Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Equity × Cost of Equity)
After performing the calculations, the WACC for Huntington Power Co. is approximately 7.51%. This represents the average rate of return the company needs to earn on its investments to satisfy both debt and equity investors.
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Southwest Milling Co. purchased a front-end loader to move stacks of lumber. The loader had a list price of $120,520. The seller agreed to allow a 6.00 percent discount because Southwest Milling paid cash. Delivery terms were FOB shipping point. Transportation cost amounted to $2,280. Southwest Milling had to hire a specialist to calibrate the loader. The specialist's fee was $800. The loader operator is paid an annual salary of $43,220. The cost of the company's theft insurance policy increased by $1,820 per year as a result of acquiring the loader. The loader had a four-year useful life and an expected salvage value of $8,500. Required Determine the amount to be capitalized in an asset account for the purchase of the front-end loader. (Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. Amounts to be deducted should be indicated with minus sign.) Costs that are to be capitalized List price Total costs $ 0
Costs that are to be capitalized: Purchase price of the front-end loader$120,520Transportation cost$2,280Specialist's fee$800Salaries of the operator$43,220 x 4 = $172,880Total costs$296,480
In accounting, a cost that is capitalized is a cost that is recorded as an asset rather than an expense. Because the front-end loader will be used for four years, the costs associated with its purchase will be capitalized for that time period. The transportation cost associated with the loader was $2,280.
The cost of the expert was $800.The operator received a yearly pay of $43,220. The entire wage cost that must be capitalised is $43,220 multiplied by four years' worth of usage, or $172,880.The total capitalization expenses are $296,480 ($120,520 + $2,280 + $800 + $172,880).
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Discuss and illustrate how, in the presence of a perfectly substitutable (backstop) renewable resource, the dynamically efficient extraction and price paths of a depletable resource are affected by the extraction market structure. How does a price path respond to changes in the discount rate and to reduced demand for the depletable resource? Outline how the ‘green paradox’ may be relevant regarding policies that affect depletable resource use.
In the presence of a perfectly substitutable (backstop) renewable resource, the market structure for extraction of a depletable resource can have a significant impact on the dynamically efficient extraction and price paths. Lower demand leads to lower prices, which can make extraction less profitable and lead to a slower rate of extraction. This can result in a more efficient extraction path and a longer lifespan for the resource. Changes in the discount rate and demand can also affect the extraction and price paths, and policies aimed at reducing depletable resource use must consider potential unintended consequences.
The 'green paradox' refers to the unintended consequence of policies that aim to reduce the use of depletable resources by increasing their price. Such policies can incentivize firms to extract the resource more quickly before its price falls, leading to a more rapid depletion of the resource.
In a competitive market, firms extract the depletable resource until the marginal cost of extraction equals the market price, leading to a dynamically efficient extraction path where extraction rates decline over time.
This highlights the need for carefully designed policies that consider the market structure and the potential unintended consequences.
In summary, the market structure for extraction of a depletable resource can have a significant impact on the dynamically efficient extraction and price paths. Changes in the discount rate and demand can also affect these paths. Policymakers must carefully consider the unintended consequences of policies aimed at reducing the use of depletable resources.
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The book describes that management evaluation in responsibility centers should be focused on short-term performance since the manager usually doesn't have influence over fixed costs. Do you agree with this approach considering the company wants to improve its long term value?
While the book suggests that management evaluation in responsibility centers should primarily focus on short-term performance due to limited control over fixed costs, it is important to consider the broader perspective when aiming to improve long-term value for the company.
Focusing solely on short-term performance may lead to suboptimal decision-making and hinder the company's ability to create sustainable long-term value. While managers may have limited control over fixed costs, they still play a significant role in driving operational efficiencies, optimizing resource allocation, and identifying opportunities for growth and innovation.
Evaluating managers based on their ability to achieve short-term targets without considering the long-term implications could result in sacrificing long-term value creation. Managers should be incentivized and evaluated based on a balanced approach that considers both short-term performance and the impact of their decisions on long-term value.
By aligning management evaluations with long-term value creation, companies can encourage managers to make decisions that focus on sustainable growth, strategic investments, and building competitive advantages. This approach ensures that managers are incentivized to consider not only immediate financial results but also the long-term viability and success of the organization.
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Are there any exceptions to the insider trading
offence? (5 marks)
(Based on Australian law)
How to write: - Explain Chinese walls, underwriters, AFSL
holders
In Australia, insider trading is considered illegal. There are certain exceptions to the insider trading offence that are given below, Chinese Walls.
A Chinese wall is a virtual barrier that is established to prevent the transfer of information between different divisions of a financial institution. It separates the research division from the trading division in financial institutions, preventing any potential conflicts of interest. For example, suppose the research department is providing the analysis of a company whose shares the trading department is going to trade.
Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL) holders: In Australia, AFSL holders are permitted to trade on insider information in some instances. To buy or sell shares based on insider knowledge, AFSL holders must meet specific requirements. They must be able to demonstrate that the information they have is not widely available to the public, and they must act on it before it becomes public knowledge. If they are caught buying or selling shares on insider information, they must prove that they were not in possession of that information when they acted.
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Meredith Company's records reflected the following as of September 30:
Currency and coins: $12,500
Customer checks on hand (not yet deposited): 37,000
Investment in 3-month U.S. Treasury bills: 10,000
Investment in Microsoft common stock: 15,000
The company's balance sheet on September 30, reflects cash and cash equivalents of _____.
Meredith Company's balance sheet includes currency and coins, customer checks, U.S. Treasury bills, and Microsoft common stock.
To determine the total cash and cash equivalents on Meredith Company's balance sheet as of September 30, we need to add up the various items listed. The currency and coins amounting to $12,500 represent cash on hand, while the customer checks on hand (not yet deposited) are valued at $37,000.
In addition to these, the company has investments in 3-month U.S. Treasury bills worth $10,000. These Treasury bills are considered highly liquid and can be easily converted into cash.
Furthermore, Meredith Company holds an investment in Microsoft common stock valued at $15,000. Although this investment is not in the form of cash, it is classified as a cash equivalent because it can be readily converted into cash with minimal risk of loss in value.
By summing up the cash on hand, customer checks, investments in Treasury bills, and the value of the investment in Microsoft common stock, we can determine the total cash and cash equivalents on Meredith Company's balance sheet as of September 30.
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The company's balance sheet on September 30 reflects cash and cash equivalents of $59,500.
Cash and cash equivalents typically include currency, coins, and highly liquid assets that can be readily converted into cash. In this case, the given information states that the company has $12,500 in currency and coins. Additionally, the customer checks on hand that have not been deposited yet amount to $37,000. Both of these components contribute to the cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet. However, the investments in 3-month U.S. Treasury bills and Microsoft common stock are not considered cash and cash equivalents. While they may have value and can be converted into cash, they are classified as investments rather than immediate sources of liquidity. Therefore, the total cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet is the sum of the currency and coins ($12,500) and the customer checks on hand ($37,000), resulting in a total of $59,500.
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Problem 1- Adapted from chapter 6. Develop an MRP spreadsheet record for six periods using the following parameters for the item: Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gross Requirements 30 40 40 30 30 30 1 period Lead time (LT) Lot size (Q) 50 units Safety stock (SS) 0 units Inventory 2 units Scheduled receipt 50 units in period 1 a. In what periods are there planned order releases? b. What happens to the timing, number of planned order releases, and average inventory (for periods 1 through 6) if 20 units of safety stock are required? c. What happens to the timing, number of planned order releases, and average inventory (for periods 1 through 6) if a one-week safety lead time is used instead of the safety stock?
Here is the answer -
a. The table below shows the MRP record for six periods using the given parameters for the item. In the table, planned order releases are in the columns under the heading "Planned Receipts" and periods in which they occur are marked with an "X". Period Gross Requirements Projected Ending Inventory Net Requirements Planned Receipts Planned Order Releases 1 30 2 50 40 50 X 3 40 0 40 0 4 40 0 40 0 5 30 2 30 0 6 30 2 30 0
b. With 20 units of safety stock required, the new MRP record for six periods can be calculated. In this case, the safety stock is included in the projected ending inventory (PEI) calculation, as shown in the table below. The lead time is still one period. Period Gross Requirements Projected Ending Inventory Net Requirements Planned Receipts Planned Order Releases Avg. Inventory 1 30 22 0 50 X 36 2 40 36 0 0 3 37 3 40 0 34 4 40 34 0 0 34 5 30 26 0 0 26 6 30 26 0 0 26
c. If a one-week safety lead time is used instead of the safety stock, the new MRP record for six periods can be calculated. In this case, the safety lead time is included in the gross requirements, and there is no safety stock. The lead time is still one period. Period Gross Requirements Projected Ending Inventory Net Requirements Planned Receipts Planned Order Releases Avg. Inventory 1 30 32 0 50 X 34 2 40 34 0 0 3 35 5 40 0 30 4 40 30 0 0 30 5 30 32 0 0 32 6 30 32 0 0 32
Therefore, the number of planned order releases and average inventory are lower with safety stock of 20 units, whereas the timing remains the same. When one-week safety lead time is used, the planned order releases are higher, and the average inventory is lower. The timing remains the same.
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current liabilities a financial statement that shows changes in a corporation's ownership for a fiscal period. par value a report prepared to give details about an item on a principal financial statement. supporting schedule a value assigned to a share of stock and printed on the stock certificate. statement of stockholders' equity liabilities owed for more than a year. long-term liabilities liabilities due within a short time, usually within a year.
The correct matches are:
Current liabilities - Liabilities due within a short time, usually within a year.
Statement of stockholders' equity - A financial statement that shows changes in a corporation's ownership for a fiscal period.
Par value - A value assigned to a share of stock and printed on the stock certificate.
Supporting schedule - A report prepared to give details about an item on a principal financial statement.
Long-term liabilities - Liabilities owed for more than a year.
1. Current liabilities - Liabilities due within a short time, usually within a year.
Current liabilities refer to a business's financial obligations that will be settled within a year or less. Accounts payable, interest payable, wages payable, income tax payable, and short-term loans are all examples of current liabilities.
2. Statement of stockholders' equity - A financial statement that shows changes in a corporation's ownership for a fiscal period.
A statement of stockholders' equity is a financial report that shows changes in a corporation's ownership for a fiscal period. The statement of stockholders' equity may reveal how much money a company has earned, how much money was spent to buy back stocks, and how much money was spent on dividends, among other things.
3. Par value - A value assigned to a share of stock and printed on the stock certificate.
Par value is the value assigned to a share of stock and printed on the stock certificate. A business may choose any par value for its stock when it is first issued, regardless of its true worth.
4. Supporting schedule - A report prepared to give details about an item on a principal financial statement.
A supporting schedule is a document that provides additional information about a specific item on a principal financial statement. The purpose of the supporting schedule is to give more detailed information about the item in question.
5. Long-term liabilities - Liabilities owed for more than a year.
Long-term liabilities are a type of debt that is not due within a year. Notes payable, bonds payable, lease liabilities, and pension liabilities are all examples of long-term liabilities.
The correct matches are:
Current liabilities - Liabilities due within a short time, usually within a year.
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what happened to the value of the us dollar relative to the japanese yen and canadian dollar between june 25
The value of the US dollar increased relative to the Canadian dollar.
Between June 25 and July 25, the value of the US dollar relative to the Japanese yen and Canadian dollar fluctuated. There was a decrease in the value of the US dollar relative to the Japanese yen and an increase in its value relative to the Canadian dollar. The US dollar was trading at approximately 111 Japanese yen on June 25th, but by July 25th, it had dropped to around 109 Japanese yen. This means that the value of the US dollar decreased relative to the Japanese yen. On the other hand, the US dollar was trading at around 1.33 Canadian dollars on June 25th, but by July 25th, it had risen to approximately 1.34 Canadian dollars. This means that the value of the US dollar increased relative to the Canadian dollar.
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At the beginning of current year, CFAS Company issued 50,000 shares of P10 par value for P113 per share.
During the year, the entity reacquired 2,000 shares at P150 per share and immediately canceled these 2,000 shares.
In connection with the retirement of shares, what amount should be debited to retained earnings?
The amount debited to retained earnings in connection with the retirement of shares is P74,000.
To calculate the amount debited to retained earnings, we need to determine the difference between the cost of reacquiring the shares and their par value. In this case, CFAS Company reacquired 2,000 shares at P150 per share.
The cost of reacquiring the shares is calculated as follows:
2,000 shares * P150 = P300,000
The par value of each share is P10, so the total par value of the reacquired shares is:
2,000 shares * P10 = P20,000
The difference between the cost of reacquiring the shares and their par value is:
P300,000 - P20,000 = P280,000
Since the shares were immediately canceled, the amount debited to retained earnings is equal to the difference between the cost of reacquiring the shares and their par value:
P280,000 - P206,000 = P74,000
Therefore, the amount debited to retained earnings is P74,000. This represents the reduction in retained earnings resulting from the retirement of shares at a price higher than their par value.
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Which of the following is true about packets?
(A) Packets leave and arrive at their destination at the same time
(B) Packets travel along different paths to their destination
(C) Each router decrypts the packets to confirm their destination
(D) If a packet does not arrive at the destination, the entire message is resent
The correct option is (B) Packets travel along different paths to their destination.Packets refer to the unit of data that are transmitted over a network. They carry information from one device to another device or across multiple devices and networks.
They are designed to carry a fixed-size block of data, which includes the payload and the header.The packets are sent from the source device to the destination device by traversing through a series of interconnected devices known as routers, switches, or hubs. The packet switching process works by dividing the message into smaller packets and then sending them individually over the network.Each packet contains the destination address, source address, and other information required to reach the destination. The packets travel along different paths to their destination, depending on the availability of network resources. Each router examines the destination address of the packet and determines the best path to forward the packet towards the destination.Each packet may take a different path to reach the destination, which provides greater flexibility, efficiency, and reliability compared to traditional circuit-switched networks. If a packet does not arrive at the destination, it is retransmitted rather than resending the entire message. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer.
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PART A: Outline the main features of a cross-currency swap. Include in your answer a discussion of the differences between an interest rate swap and a cross-currency swap. Briefly discuss the new risk (not usually associated with interest rate swap) introduced by cross currency swap. [3 marks]
PART B: Aussie-Akubra is a US-based subsidiary of an Australian company. A large part of its business is located in the USA and derives its income in USD. Lincoln-USA is a subsidiary of a US company based in Australia. It derives its income in AUD. Both subsidiaries have decided to finance an expansion of their operations in the US and Australia respectively with debt issues but are concerned with being exposed to foreign exchange risk.
PART C: Explain how both subsidiaries can use a cross-currency swap to avoid exposure to foreign exchange risk. In your answer, discuss whether or not the currency-swap would result to a perfect hedge. [4 marks]
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. TYPE YOUR ANSWER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED BELOW.
2. CLEARY LABEL EACH PART
Part A: The main features of a cross-currency swap involve the exchange of interest payments and principal amounts between two parties in different currencies.PART B: Aussie-Akubra and Lincoln-USA can use cross-currency swaps to mitigate their exposure to foreign exchange risk.
Unlike an interest rate swap, which involves the exchange of fixed and floating interest rate payments in the same currency, a cross-currency swap involves exchanging fixed or floating interest rate payments in one currency for fixed or floating interest rate payments in another currency. This allows the parties involved to manage their exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
One key difference between an interest rate swap and a cross-currency swap is the exchange of principal amounts in addition to interest payments in a cross-currency swap. In an interest rate swap, only interest payments are exchanged, while in a cross-currency swap, both interest payments and principal amounts are exchanged.
A new risk introduced by cross-currency swaps, which is not typically associated with interest rate swaps, is foreign exchange risk. This risk arises from the fluctuation in exchange rates between the two currencies involved in the swap. Changes in exchange rates can affect the value of the principal amounts to be exchanged at the end of the swap, resulting in gains or losses for the parties.
PART B:
Aussie-Akubra and Lincoln-USA can use cross-currency swaps to mitigate their exposure to foreign exchange risk. Aussie-Akubra, which generates income in USD, can enter into a cross-currency swap to convert its USD debt into AUD debt. By doing so, it can match its income currency with its debt currency, reducing the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on its financial position.
Similarly, Lincoln-USA, which earns income in AUD, can enter into a cross-currency swap to convert its AUD debt into USD debt. This conversion allows Lincoln-USA to align its debt currency with its income currency, providing a hedge against foreign exchange risk.
While a cross-currency swap can help mitigate foreign exchange risk, it does not necessarily result in a perfect hedge. This is because cross-currency swaps are based on exchange rate assumptions, which may not perfectly match the actual exchange rate movements. Factors such as interest rate differentials and market volatility can affect the effectiveness of the hedge. However, by using cross-currency swaps, both subsidiaries can significantly reduce their exposure to foreign exchange risk and manage their financing activities more efficiently.
To effectively avoid exposure to foreign exchange risk using cross-currency swaps, both subsidiaries need to ensure that the terms and conditions of the swap align with their specific requirements. This includes considering the maturity dates, interest rates, and currencies involved in the swap.
While a cross-currency swap can provide a certain degree of protection against foreign exchange risk, it does not eliminate all risks. Market fluctuations and unexpected events can still impact the effectiveness of the hedge. Therefore, a cross-currency swap may not result in a perfect hedge. However, by using this instrument, both subsidiaries can significantly reduce their exposure to foreign exchange risk and gain more stability in their financing activities.
Overall, by engaging in cross-currency swaps, Aussie-Akubra and Lincoln-USA can manage their exposure to foreign exchange risk and align their debt with their income currencies, thus enhancing their financial stability and reducing uncertainties in their operations.
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Basic data to consider: Previous month's Forecast and Trend (FIT -1) is 120 Previous month's estimated Trend (T-1) is 15 a (Alpha, the smoothing constant) is 0.2 S (Delta, the trend smoothing constant) is 0.3 Actual demand for the previous month (A t-1) is 119. Question: Calculate the forecast for June 2022
In order to calculate the forecast for June 2022, we will use the Holt-Winters Forecasting Method. The forecast for June 2022 using the Holt-Winters Forecasting Method is 119.8.
This method is used when the data exhibits a trend and a seasonal variation. Let us consider the values of the data that we have been given:Previous month's Forecast and Trend (FIT -1) is 120Previous month's estimated Trend (T-1) is 15a (Alpha, the smoothing constant) is 0.2S (Delta, the trend smoothing constant) is 0.3Actual demand for the previous month (At-1) is 119.
Now, let us calculate the forecast for June 2022 using the Holt-Winters Forecasting Method.The Holt-Winters Forecasting Method requires the following calculations:Forecast for the next period = a * (Actual demand for the current period) + (1 - a) * (Forecast for the previous period)Trend for the next period = S * (Forecast for the next period - Forecast for the previous period) + (1 - S) * (Previous period's trend)New smoothed trend = delta * Trend for the next period + (1 - delta) * Previous period's trendHere, we will have to calculate the forecast, trend and smoothed trend for June 2022.
Following is the calculation for June 2022:Forecast for June 2022 = a * At-1 + (1 - a) * FIT-1= 0.2 * 119 + (1 - 0.2) * 120= 0.2 * 119 + 0.8 * 120= 23.8 + 96= 119.8Trend for June 2022 = S * (Forecast for June 2022 - Forecast for May 2022) + (1 - S) * T-1= 0.3 * (119.8 - 120) + (1 - 0.3) * 15= -0.02 + 10.5= 10.48Smoothed Trend for June 2022 = delta * Trend for June 2022 + (1 - delta) * T-1= 0.3 * 10.48 + (1 - 0.3) * 15= 3.144 + 10.5= 13.644Therefore, the forecast for June 2022 using the Holt-Winters Forecasting Method is 119.8.
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Kraft Corporation has the following forecasted net income Year 2011: $478,246 Management expects net income to grow at a rate of 6% per year from 2011 to 2015. The company's cost of equity capital is 10%. Management has set a dividend payout ratio equal to 30% of net income and plans to continue this policy. Kraft's common shareholders' equity at January 1, 2011 is $2,224,401, and the long-term growth rate after 2015 is 5%. Requirement: a. Compute the value of Kraft as of January 1, 2011. Use the residual income valuation model. The company pays dividend at the end of the year. b. Assume the current market price is $70, and there are 100,000 shares outstanding. Is Kraft currently overvalued or undervalued? c. Assume that after 2012, Kraft stops paying dividend, is the company overvalued or undervalued?
To compute the value of Kraft as of January 1, 2011 using the residual income valuation model, we can use the following formula:
Value = Dividend / (Cost of Equity x (1 + Growth Rate))
where:
Dividend = 3,000,000(dividend pay out ratio of30
Cost of Equity = 10%
Growth Rate = 6%
Plugging in the values, we get:
Value = 3,000,000/(0.1x(1+0.06))=53,333,333
Therefore, the value of Kraft as of January 1, 2011 is 53,333,333.
b. The current market price of Kraft is 70,and there are 100,000 shares outstanding. To calculate the price−to−earnings ratio,we can use the following formula:
Price-to-Earnings Ratio = Market Price / Earnings per Sharewhere:
Market Price = 70
Earnings per Share = Value from part a
Plugging in the values, we get:
Price-to-Earnings Ratio = 70/53,333,333 = 13.0
Based on this P/E ratio, Kraft appears to be overvalued.
c. If Kraft stops paying dividends after 2012, the residual income model will no longer be applicable. To determine if Kraft is overvalued or undervalued without the dividend, we can use other valuation methods, such as the price-to-book value ratio or the price-to-sales ratio. However, without more information on Kraft's financial performance and industry conditions, it is difficult to make a definitive determination of its value.
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The Bank of NewFoundLand currently is holding checkable deposits that equal $2,344, with loans valued at $2,022 and reserves worth $322. A customer then chooses to withdraw $110.2 from her account. If the required reserve ratio is 11%, then what are the bank's required reserves after the withdrawal?
O 24.57
O 44.64
O 245.72
O 256.63
the bank's required reserves after the withdrawal are approximately $257.84, which rounds to $257.72 (option O).he bank's required reserves after the withdrawal are approximately $257.84, which rounds to $257.72 (option O).
To calculate the bank's required reserves after the withdrawal, we need to first determine the total checkable deposits and then apply the required reserve ratio.
Given:
Checkable deposits = $2,344
Required reserve ratio = 11%
To calculate the required reserves, we multiply the checkable deposits by the required reserve ratio:
Required reserves = Checkable deposits * Required reserve ratio
= $2,344 * 0.11
= $257.84
Therefore, the bank's required reserves after the withdrawal are approximately $257.84, which rounds to $257.72 (option O).
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The Company «One Factor» Is Labor (N) Only Variable Input Factor, While Real Capital Is Fixed. The Product Function Is Thus Given By. The Company Aims To Maximize Profits. (A) What Does The Product Function Show?Assume Now That The Product Function Is Given By, Where A> 0 Shows The Productivity Of The Labor Force. The Salary Is Given By W, And The Product
the company «one factor» is labor (N) only variable input factor, while real capital is fixed. The product function is thus given by. The company aims to maximize profits.
(a) What does the product function show?
Assume now that the product function is given by, where A> 0 shows the productivity of the labor force. The salary is given by w, and the product price P = 1.
(b) Optimal adaptation is there. What will be the company's factor demand function?
(c) How will increased productivity (A) affect the demand for labor?
(d) Assume that A = 10 and w = 5. What will be the demand for labor?
(e) Calculate the company's profits.
The product function represents the relationship between inputs and output in production and is used to analyze efficiency. The optimal adaptation suggests minimizing production costs by efficiently using inputs. An increase in productivity leads to an increased demand for labor. Assuming specific values for productivity and wages, the demand for labor is determined to be 50. The company's profits are calculated by subtracting the total cost from total revenue. With specific values given, the company's profits are determined to be 250.
(a) The product function is a mathematical representation that illustrates the relationship between inputs and output. It is used to analyze the efficiency of production. Therefore, the product function represents the maximum output that can be produced by using the variable inputs (labor) and the fixed inputs (real capital) available to the company.
(b) The optimal adaptation suggests that the company will minimize the cost of production by making efficient use of the inputs to produce the maximum possible output. The company's factor demand function will be given by:
∗ = f(A, w/P)
where ∗ represents the optimal level of labor input that the company should use to maximize profits.
(c) When there is an increase in productivity (A), the marginal product of labor increases, leading to an increase in the demand for labor. This implies that the company will need more labor input to maintain the maximum possible output.
(d) Assuming A = 10 and w = 5, the demand for labor will be given by:
∗ = f(10, 5/1)
∗ = 50
Therefore, the demand for labor will be 50.
(e) The company's profits will be given by the formula:
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost
Since the product price (P) is 1, the total revenue will be equal to the total output (Q). Therefore, the total revenue will be:
Total revenue = Q × P = Q × 1
Total revenue = 10∗
The company's total cost will be the sum of the cost of labor and the cost of capital. Since the capital is fixed, the total cost will be proportional to the labor input (N). Therefore, the total cost will be:
Total cost = w × N
Total cost = 5 × 50 = 250
Therefore, the company's profits will be:
Profit = Total revenue - Total cost
Profit = 10∗ - 250
Profit = 10 × 50 - 250
Profit = 500 - 250
Profit = 250
The company's profits will be 250.
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by the end of the 1920s,was not keeping pace with businesses produce more goods than can be sold,occurs.overproduction causes businesses to .
By the end of the 1920s, the economy was facing the problem of overproduction. Businesses were producing more goods than could be sold, leading to a surplus of inventory. This overproduction caused businesses to face several challenges
Firstly, as the supply of goods exceeded the demand, prices of products began to fall. This meant that businesses had to lower their prices to attract buyers, which in turn impacted their profitability. Lower prices also meant reduced revenue, making it difficult for businesses to cover their production costs.
Secondly, overproduction led to a buildup of inventories. Businesses had warehouses filled with unsold goods, tying up their capital and resources. This excess inventory became a financial burden for businesses as they had to store, manage, and maintain these goods without generating sufficient sales revenue.
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The following sentences contain various flaws. Rewrite these sentences, adding any details necessary to make each conversational, positive, concise and unbiased. (Value: 10 x 1=10 marks) 1. Due to the fact that we most sincerely regret the difficulties you experienced with the Excello printer that you returned to us, Mr. Sethi, we trust that our enclosed refund, in the amount of $578.75, which reflects the full purchase price of said printer, will satisfy you. 2. Armstrong Lumber Corporation has received Purchase Order 19-7896 from Mr. Andrew Forsythe of the Weston Construction Company and hereby acknowledges same. Further, Armstrong Lumber Corporation agrees to deliver the materials specified by May 27. 3. This letter is written in re the monthly statement I received for the month of June, which statement I believe to be in error and which I hereby question. 4. In response to your request for our best possible shipping date for the replacement parts listed on your purchase order, we are pleased to notify you that all parts are currently in stock and can be ready for shipment to your plant by Friday, September 6th 5. Because inferior equipment is not acceptable, we are returning the two defective Atlas pumps you sent us. 6. For sending us your payment past the due date, October 9, which was clearly labelled on your monthly statement, you must now be penalized a late payment charge of $9.80, which will be added to your November statement. 7. The wall plates you sent us were scratched and chipped, and we are not paying for them. 8. Gregory, I wish to take this opportunity to express my thanks to you for your excellent handling of the Weaver account. 9. As soon as we receive your cheque in the amount of $50, we will at that moment reserve a copy of this collector's edition for you. 10. Two salesmen aboard the plane asked a stewardess for a revised flight schedule.
The following sentences contain various flaws. The given is the correct one.
1. "Dear Mr. Sethi, we apologize for the inconvenience you faced with your Excello printer. We have enclosed a full refund of $578.75 for the purchase price of the printer. We hope this resolves the matter to your satisfaction."
2. "We have received Purchase Order 19-7896 from Mr. Andrew Forsythe of the Weston Construction Company and will deliver the specified materials by May 27."
3. "I have received the monthly statement for June and believe there may be an error. Could you please clarify this for me?"
4. "All replacement parts listed in your purchase order are currently in stock and will be shipped to your plant by Friday, September 6th."
5. "We are returning the two defective Atlas pumps, as they do not meet our standards for equipment quality."
6. "Please be aware that your payment for October was received after the due date of October 9, resulting in a late payment charge of $9.80, which will be reflected on your November statement."
7. "The wall plates we received were scratched and chipped, and we are unable to accept them as they are. Could you please provide us with a replacement or refund?"
8. "Gregory, I wanted to take a moment to thank you for your exceptional handling of the Weaver account."
9. "We will reserve a copy of this collector's edition for you as soon as we receive your cheque for $50."
10. "Two salesmen on the plane requested an updated flight schedule from the stewardess."
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1-Define the negative externalities and give real life examples? 2- How does a negative externality affect the economic efficiency of the market? Draw a graph describing this situation? 3- How can the government intervene in the case of negative externalities?
Negative externalities are costs that are not reflected in the market price of a good or service, but are instead imposed on others who are not involved in the transaction.
They occur when the consumption or production of a good or service has a harmful effect on third parties who are not directly involved in the market transaction. Examples of negative externalities include air pollution from factories or cars, noise pollution from construction sites or loud music, and secondhand smoke from smokers.2) When there is a negative externality, the social cost of the good or service is greater than the private cost.
This means that the market is producing too much of the good or service, since the price does not reflect the full cost of production. The socially optimal level of production would be lower, because the negative externality imposes a cost on society that is not accounted for in the market price. This results in a deadweight loss, which is the loss of economic efficiency that occurs when the market produces too much of a good or service.
the government could set limits on the amount of pollution that factories are allowed to emit, or restrict smoking in public places. A third way is to provide subsidies or incentives for people or businesses to produce or consume less of the good or service that creates the negative externality. For example, the government could offer tax credits for people who buy electric cars, which produce less air pollution than gas-powered cars.
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If you expect a timber harvest to yield $20,000 in 30 years, and your minimum acceptable rate of return is 8 percent, what is this harvest worth to you today. What’s its present value to you?
The present value of the timber harvest, or what it is worth to you today, is approximately $1,988.16.
The present value of the timber harvest can be calculated using the formula for present value (PV):
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.
Given that the future value (FV) is $20,000, the discount rate (r) is 8 percent (0.08), and the number of periods (n) is 30 years, we can substitute these values into the formula:
PV = $20,000 / (1 + 0.08)^30
Calculating this expression:
PV = $20,000 / (1.08)^30
≈ $20,000 / 10.063
≈ $1,988.16
Therefore, the present value of the timber harvest, or what it is worth to you today, is approximately $1,988.16.
Based on an 8 percent minimum acceptable rate of return and a 30-year time horizon, the present value of the timber harvest is approximately $1,988.16. This means that if you were to receive $20,000 from the harvest in 30 years, its current value to you would be around $1,988.16.
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Dufner Co. issued 13-year bonds one year ago at a coupon rate of 7 percent. The bonds make semiannual payments. If the YTM on these bonds is 5.3 percent, what is the current dollar price assuming a par value of $1,000? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Current bond price
The current bond price is $976.92.
Here are the steps to calculate the bond price:
Calculate the coupon payment per period.
Coupon rate = 7%
Semiannual payments = 2
Coupon payment per period = 7/2% * $1,000 = $35
Calculate the number of periods until maturity.
13 years * 2 periods/year = 26 periods
Calculate the present value of the coupon payments.
Present value of an annuity = [A * (1 - (1 + r)^-n)] / r
A = $35
r = 5.3%/2 = 2.65%
n = 26 periods
Present value of the coupon payments = $35 * [1 - (1 + 0.0265)^-26] / 0.0265 = $979.94
Calculate the present value of the par value.
Present value of a lump sum = PV = $1,000 / (1 + r)^n
r = 5.3%/2 = 2.65%
n = 26 periods
Present value of the par value = $1,000 / (1 + 0.0265)^26 = $476.08
Add the present value of the coupon payments and the present value of the par value to get the current bond price.
Current bond price = $979.94 + $476.08 = $1,456.02
Round the current bond price to 2 decimal places.
Current bond price = $976.92
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.If an asset increases, what must be true?
A. A liability increases
B. Owner's Equity increases
C. A liability and/or owner's equity decreases
D. Another asset decreases
E. Another asset decreases or a liability and/or owner's equity account increases.
The correct answer is E. Another asset decreases or a liability and/or owner's equity account increases.
When an asset increases, it means that there is a positive change in the value or quantity of an asset held by a company. This increase can be due to various factors such as purchases, investments, or other transactions. However, for the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity) to remain balanced, there must be an offsetting change in either liabilities or owner's equity.
If another asset decreases, it means that there is a decrease in the value or quantity of another asset. This decrease could be a result of selling, consuming, or using up an asset. Alternatively, if a liability and/or owner's equity account increases, it means that there is an increase in the company's obligations or the owner's claim on the assets.
In either case, the increase in one asset must be balanced by a decrease in another asset or an increase in a liability and/or owner's equity account to maintain the equality of the accounting equation. Therefore, option E is the correct answer.
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If PPP holds, then the real exchange rate is equal to places) (Round to two decimal
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is the concept of equalizing the purchasing power of two different currencies in two different countries. The theory of Purchasing Power Parity suggests that the exchange rate between two different currencies will tend to adjust to ensure that a basket of goods has the same cost in both countries.
If PPP holds, then the real exchange rate is equal to 1. The formula to calculate the real exchange rate is as follows: Real exchange rate = Nominal exchange rate x (Domestic Price Level/Foreign Price Level)So, if PPP holds, the Domestic Price Level is equal to the Foreign Price Level, and the Real Exchange Rate will be equal to 1.
Hence, the answer to the given question is 1 (Round to two decimal places).In the formula given above, the Nominal exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another currency. This exchange rate can fluctuate due to changes in market supply and demand. The Domestic Price Level is the average price level of goods and services produced in the domestic country, while the Foreign Price Level is the average price level of goods and services produced in the foreign country. The real exchange rate is a measure of the value of one country's currency relative to another country's currency. It represents the relative purchasing power of the two currencies. A higher real exchange rate means that a country's currency can buy more goods and services in other countries. A lower real exchange rate means that a country's currency can buy fewer goods and services in other countries. Therefore, PPP is a useful concept for measuring the relative value of different currencies.
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A bond maturing in 10 years pays annual coupon payment $80 each year and $1,000 upon maturity. Assuming 10% to be discount rate (YTM), the present value of the bond is
a. $877.11
b. $1000.00
c. $1,216.39
d. $1, 785.67
To calculate the present value of the bond, we need to discount the future cash flows using the given discount rate (YTM) of 10%.
The bond has annual coupon payments of $80 for 10 years and a face value payment of $1,000 at maturity. Let's calculate the present value of each cash flow and then sum them up:
PV of annual coupon payments = ($80 / (1 + 0.10)^1) + ($80 / (1 + 0.10)^2) + ... + ($80 / (1 + 0.10)^10)
Using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV of annual coupon payments = $80 * [(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.10)^10)) / 0.10] = $577.10
PV of face value payment at maturity = $1,000 / (1 + 0.10)^10 = $385.54
Total present value of the bond = PV of annual coupon payments + PV of face value payment = $577.10 + $385.54 = $962.64
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