Mutations are one of the fundamental forces of evolution because they fuel the variability in populations and thus enable evolutionary change. Based on their effects on fitness, mutations can be divided into three broad categories: the ‘good’ or advantageous that increase fitness, the ‘bad’ or deleterious that decrease it and the ‘indifferent’ or neutral that are not affected by selection because their effects are too small.
Why are full body discoveries of the Elasmosaur rare ? Why is this particular discovery so important?
Full body discoveries of Elasmosaur are rare as the head would be separated from the body easily after death because these plesiosaurs have two-thirds neck, which makes it very hard to find a fossil preserving both together.
This discovery is important to study mainly their behaviour and adaptation. Their paddle-shaped flippers helped them to produce wing-like movements so that they could cover long distances in search of breeding grounds and their long neck used to be very helpful while finding a prey in water.
What is Elasmosaur?Elasmosaurus is a genus of plesiosaur having a streamlined body with lock neck and paddle like flippers that lived in North America during the Campanian stage.
What is fossil?Fossils are dead remains of organisms or parts of their body or impression of their body buried in the sediments of the earth's crust
What is adaptation?A permanent modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence and is genetically passed on generation after generation.
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Pls help. I’ll give Brainiest to u. Which two events take place during human sexual reproduction
Answer:
Zygote and Fetus
Explanation:
Spore is in animals and fragment in bacteria.
Zygote is when sperm and egg combine. while fetus is when cells of the zygote start dividing.
Please help me finding what amino acid this is and if its nonpolar or polar
The amino acid with R group having hydroxyl group is threonine. it is a polar amino acid and is hydrophilic.
What is amino acid?Proteins are made up of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life.
An amino acid called threonine is necessary for the production of proteins. It is a polar, uncharged amino acid because it has a -amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain with a hydroxyl group.
One of these essential amino acids, threonine, is needed for the production of proteins. Proteins cannot correctly fold or function without threonine.
Polar and neutral amino acids include glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and asparagine. They're all hydrophilic.
Cysteine is hydrophobic, non-polar, and neutral. Histidine, lysine, and arginine are hydrophilic, positively charged, polar amino acids.
Thus, the given amino acid is threonine.
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Which of the following correctly describes….
Answer:
A control variable isn't the same as a control group. Control variables are held constant or measured throughout a study for both control and experimental groups, while an independent variable varies between control and experimental groups
Control group is the group of individuals that do not receive any new conditions. Control variables are the set of uniform conditions that are provided to everyone to prevent introducing other unknown variables. Statement (B) is correct.
What do you mean by control groups?In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works.
The control group is important because it serves as a baseline, enabling researchers to see what sort of impact changes to the independent variable produce and strengthening researchers' ability to draw conclusions from a study.
Control groups are an important aspect of true experimental designs. The presence of control groups allows researchers to confirm that study results are due to the manipulation of independent variables (IVs) rather than extraneous variables.
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What are the two most specific levels of taxonomic organization?
Answer:
Organisms are commonly referred to according to the two most specific taxonomic levels: genus and species, which are often Latin. This is called binomial nomenclature.
Explanation:
Cells unit test question 8 9 and 10
5. what is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for the following (see you text and slides)
The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for the following (see you text and slides) is 15-25% for fat, 7-20% for protein, and 55-70% for carbohydrates of an adult's energy intake.
Macronutrients are nutrients that the body needs in large quantities. There are three types of macronutrients that are important for the body, namely proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Macronutrients are needed by the body in large quantities to provide energy for activities, the three types of macronutrients provide different amounts of energy.
AMDR or acceptable macronutrient distribution range is a range of intake for certain energy sources that the body needs. AMDR is the percentage of total energy intake that is associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease by administering macronutrients. Here the AMDR for fat is 15-25%, protein is 7-20%, and carbohydrates are 55-70% of an adult's energy intake. A carbohydrate AMDR of 55-70% means that on a 2,000 kilocalorie diet, a person should consume between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates daily.
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which of the following is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus? multiple choice question. your thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones due to increased tsh levels. in an emergency situation, your adrenal gland releases epinephrine into your bloodstream. after eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin.
An example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus is after eating a candy bar, your pancreas releases insulin, option C.
What is a humoral stimulus?A humoral stimulus refers to a stimulus that is mediated by the presence of a specific molecule in the blood or other body fluid. The molecule, also known as a hormone, triggers a physiological response when it reaches its target cells or tissues. This type of stimulus is a contrast to nervous stimulation, which is mediated by the nervous system.
Examples of humoral stimuli include increased levels of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) leading to the release of thyroid hormones, increased levels of glucose in the blood leading to the release of insulin by the pancreas, and increased levels of adrenaline in response to an emergency situation.
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When the silver space mouse of planet X leaves his nest to go find food, the mouse carefully covers its babies with nest materials to hide them. Which of the following suggests this might be a fixed action pattern?A) the mice will perform the behavior whenever they see a patch of silver on the outside of the nest (including shiny foil)B) All the mice start by covering up their babies with silvery tufts of fur used to line the nest, then with leaves, then with twigs in that orderC) Mice learn how to do this by helping their mothersD) All of the aboveE) both A and B
Option A and Option B that the mice will perform the behavior whenever they see a patch of silver and they will cover their babies with silvery tufts suggests that might be a fixed action pattern.
The silver space mouse of planet X carefully conceals its young with nest materials before leaving the nest to go in search of food. When they notice a silver patch on the exterior of the nest, the mice will engage in the behavior (including shiny foil). Starting with the silvery tufts of hair used to line the nest, all the mice first cover their young with leaves, followed by twigs, in that order. This could be a fixed pattern of behavior.
Fixed Action Patterns are innate behavior sequences that are frequently carried out in a predictable and stereotypical way by all individuals in a species. They are set off by an environmental cue. Even when the primary stimulus has been eliminated, Fixed Action Patterns will continue until the end once they have been initiated.
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If you add 25 g of food in 225 ml water, after mixing well, 1 ml is taken and added to 10 ml of water then a dilution of 1:9 is made then 5 ml is added to 50 ml of water. Finally, 1 ml from this last dilution is plated. After incubation, 143 colonies are counted. What is the total count per gram of the original sample?
The total count per gram of the original sample is 5188000 colonies/g.
What is dilution?Generally, The total count per gram of the original sample can be calculated using the following steps:
Initial dilution: 1 ml from the first mixture of 25 g food and 225 ml water is added to 10 ml water, making a dilution of 1:9.Second dilution: 5 ml from the first dilution is added to 50 ml water, making a dilution of 1:10.Final count: After incubation, 143 colonies are counted from 1 ml of the second dilution.The final count per ml of the second dilution is 143 colonies/ml.
To find the count per ml of the first dilution, we multiply by the dilution factor of 10:
143 colonies/ml * 10 = 1430 colonies/ml.
To find the count per ml of the original mixture, we multiply by the dilution factor of 9:
1430 colonies/ml * 9 = 12970 colonies/ml.
To find the count per gram of food, we divide by the volume of food (in ml) added to the water:
12970 colonies/ml / 0.025 ml = 5188000 colonies/g.
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08 Organize 3. Fill in the characteristics of radioactive isotopes. Radioactive Isotopes Chapter 3 The element that decays is called the The element that forms is called the
The element that decays is called parent, while the decay product is called daughter.
What are parent and daughter elements in radioactivity?In radioactivity, the parent element is the original unstable isotope that releases energy to convert into the daughter element which is more stable in terms of energy released by the unit of time.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that parent and daughter elements in radioactivity mean the stability of the atoms and what they can form in each particular state in order to release (or not ) energy by radiation.
Complete question:
Fill in the black spaces. the element that decays is called ____, while the decay product is called ____.
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Mutations involved a change in the
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
List at least two ways in which you can distinguish between thyroid and parathyroid tissue
Answer:
Two key differences between the tissue of thyroid and parathyroid are:
The thyroid tissue is made up of epithelial cells and consists of a colloid in it's follicle region. Whereas, parathyroid tissue consists of oxyphil and chief cells.
Thyroid tissue is made up of two cell types: follicular and parafollicular cells.
Classify the words or phrases as descriptions or examples of fibrous proteins, globular proteins, or both. Fibrous proteins Globular proteins Both Answer Bank polymers of amino acids intermediate filaments soluble in water function as structural proteins in the cell insoluble in water some function as enzymes structure is somewhat spherical exhibit secondary protein structure hemoglobin structure is rod-like
Answer:
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Carmen conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affect a person’s
pulse. Her hypothesis was that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person listened to
seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. Each person’s pulse was taken before the music and
then after each 30-second interval of music. The pulses were taken again after the music selections were
completed. Based on her experiment, Carmen concluded that a person’s pulse rate changed when the person
listened to different types of music.
1. What is the independent variable from her experiment?
A. the 30 second intervals of listening to music B. the types of music
C. the rate of the pulses D. not listening to music
Answer: The independent variable from Carmen's experiment is B. the types of music.
Explanation:
11. The offspring of a cross between two rough-coated animals shows a ratio of three rough-coated offspring to one smooth-coated. Which trait must be dominant?
Answer:
The rough-coated trait must be dominant. This is because in a cross between two animals that are heterozygous for a particular trait (one dominant allele and one recessive allele), the ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the offspring is typically 3:1. If the smooth-coated trait were dominant, then all the offspring would have that trait, and the ratio would be 0:4 instead of 3:1.
Please help there's 5 question its earth science
Earth's atmosphere is created because of the force of gravity. When Earth formed, some 4.5 billion years ago, this molten planet had almost no atmosphere.
But when the world cooled, its atmosphere formed. Most of it comes from gases escaping from volcanoes. The atmosphere in ancient times was very different from today. In the past, the atmosphere contained hydrogen sulfide, methane and 10 to 200 times more carbon dioxide than the present atmosphere
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Record a brief (3-4 minute) audio essay explaining the key differences between a normal cell and the following altered cell types:HypertrophicAtrophicHyperplasticMetaplasticDysplastic
The adjusted cell types contrast from ordinary cells in size, shape, number, and capability because of changes in cytoplasm, organelles, and separation.
The critical contrasts between ordinary cell and modified cell types are as per the following:
Hypertrophic: Hypertrophic cells will be cells that have expanded in size because of an expansion in the volume of their cytoplasm and organelles. Atrophic: Atrophic cells will be cells that have shriveled because of a diminishing in the volume of their cytoplasm and organelles.Hyperplastic: Hyperplastic cells will be cells that have gone through an expansion in the number of cells in a tissue. Metaplastic: Metaplastic cells will be cells that have changed starting with one sort of cell and then onto the next. Dysplastic: Dysplastic cells will be cells that have unusual morphological and practical attributes.To learn more about normal cells and altered cells at
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An animal virus can cause a ______ viral infection, in which disease symptoms are not produced immediately, but the viral information remains inside the cell.
An animal virus can cause a latent viral infection, in which disease symptoms are not produced immediately, but the viral information remains inside the cell.
Animal-infecting viruses are those that affect animals. All cellular life is infected by viruses. Each animal, plant, fungus, and protist species is infected by a different set of viruses, many of which only affect that species.
There is an informal division among vertebrate viruses into those that primarily affect humans and those that affect other animals. Veterinary virology and medical (or clinical) virology are the two study areas' respective names. The viruses that infect humans have been the subject of the most research, despite not being the first to be found and described
Various viruses can affect any of the body's organs or tissues, causing anything from minor discomfort to potentially fatal illnesses. The ability of humans to contract a plant- or
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Order the shoes of the scientific method
The order in which the following Scientific Methods will be mentioned is (4,5,3,1,2) statements.
What is Scientific Method ?Since at least the 17th century, the scientific method—an empirical approach to learning—has guided the advancement of science. Since one's interpretation of the observation may be distorted by cognitive presumptions, it requires careful observation and the application of severe skepticism regarding what is observed.
Through testing and experimenting, the scientific method establishes facts in an unbiased manner. Making an observation, formulating a hypothesis, making a prediction, carrying out an experiment, and then evaluating the findings are the fundamental steps.
The following order will be of the Scientific Methords :
Step 1 : Researching background materials(prior studies) to determine what has not been discovered/determined yet
Step 2 : The hypothesis is supported or rejected . Future implications are discussed.
Step 3 : Forming a testable statement based on the research from many prior studies
Step 4 : Setting up a specific methods with materials to test variables
Step 5 : Compiling data into graphs and tables and running statistical tests on them.
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Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Therefore, which of the following can be true? A) The isotopes of molybdenum can have between 50 and 58 protons.
B) Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons.
C) The isotopes of molybdenum have between 50 and 58 protons and have different electron configurations.
D) The isotopes of molybdenum have between 50 and 58 neutrons and have different electron configurations.
E) The isotopes of molybdenum have different electron configurations.
The true about molybdenum, it has an atomic number of 42, several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers from 92-100, and molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons (option A)
Keep in mind that the atomic number is equal to the number of protons.
Molybdenum, with an atomic number of 42, also has 42 protons.
The mass = number of protons + number of neutrons.
So, if the mass number of molybdenum is 92, the eutrons = 92 - 42
= 50.
And if the mass number is 100, the neutron:
= 100 - 42
= 58
As a result, molybdenum atoms can contain between 50 and 58 neutrons.
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Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction. Be sure to include at least two similarities and three differences. Asexual and sexual reproduction have these two things in common : They involve cellular division and they result in production of offspring. These two processes differ by the number of cells needed for the reproduction, the type of cell division involved and the genetic structure of the daughter cells.
Asexual and sexual reproduction are two methods of reproducing and producing offspring. Here are some similarities and differences between the Asexual and sexual reproduction:
Similarities:
Involve cellular division: Both asexual and sexual reproduction involve the division of cells to produce offspring.Result in production of offspring: Both methods result in the production of offspring or progeny.Differences:
Number of cells needed for reproduction: Asexual reproduction requires only one parent cell, while sexual reproduction requires two parent cells.Type of cell division involved: Asexual reproduction involves a process called mitosis, which is a type of cell division that results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, which is a type of cell division that results in genetically diverse daughter cells.Genetic structure of daughter cells: In asexual reproduction, the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell, while in sexual reproduction the daughter cells are genetically diverse due to the exchange of genetic material between the two parent cells.Variation: Asexual reproduction lacks genetic variation, while sexual reproduction generates genetic diversity and variation.You can learn more about offspring production at
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A rock lies in a river bed in a warm and wet climate. Which factor would speed up its weathering? O A. The rock is buried a few feet under the ground. • B. The precipitation in the area decreases. O c. The flow of the water slows down considerably. O D. The temperature of the water increases. Reset Next
A rock lies in a river bed in a warm and wet climate, and the factor that would speed up its weathering is the flow of the water, which slows down considerably. That is option c.
What is the significance of the rocks' weathering?In general, the rock weathering that is seen in the river beds is due to the water flowing, which leads to increased erosion and gives the slower moving water more time to dissolve minerals.
Hence, a rock lies in a river bed in a warm and wet climate, and the factor that would speed up its weathering is the flow of the water, which slows down considerably. That is option c.
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Warren finds an unusual star-shaped creature in the bottom of a tide pool while walking along a rocky beach. Which question about the marine creature cannot be answered through scientific investigation?
A.
Is the creature a plant or an animal?
B.
Is the creature native to these parts or has it been introduced into the area?
C.
Is it the most unusual living creature in the area?
D.
What does the creature feed on?
Answer:
C. Is it the most unusual living creature in the area?
Explanation:
C. Is it the most unusual living creature in the area? It can't be answered through scientific investigation because it is a subjective question with no objective method to measure it. The other questions like "Is the creature a plant or an animal?", "Is the creature native to these parts, or has it been introduced into the area?" and "What does the creature feed on?" can be answered through scientific investigation by studying the creature's characteristics and genetic makeup and observing its behavior in the ecosystem.
A diploid cell with 6 chromosomes undergoes Meiosis. Draw all the possible combinations at the Metaphase I plate. What are all the possible combinations of chromosomes in the new gametes (assuming no crossing over)?
During metaphase, two sets of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. The combination can be XX, XY, XXY, XYYY, and XXXY.
What are chromosomes?A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code.
The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins.
They are located inside the nucleus. Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
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IM ON A QUIZZZ PLEASSE....
Olive oil has a density of 0.91 grams per cm3. If the items in the table are placed in a bowl of olive oil, which will sink?
glass and steel
cardboard and plastic
plastic, glass, and steel
cardboard, plastic, and glass
Which statement accurately compares observations and opinions?
Responses:
Observations are made through the scientific process and opinions are not.
Both are affected by beliefs.
Standards are used in developing opinions, not observations.
Scientists use both in their conclusions.
The statement that accurately compares observations and opinions is A. Observations are made through the scientific process and opinions are not.
What is an Observation?Through our senses, we can learn about the outside world, and we can also record information using tools and instruments from science. An observation is any information gathered during an experiment.
Hence, it can be seen that an opinion, unlike an observation is not done through the scientific method.
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Observations are made through scientific processes and opinions are not. The first option.
Observations vs opinionsObservations represent a step in the scientific process. It is the first step involved in scientific methodology through which information is gathered about the natural world.
Opinions, on the other hand, are subjective statements made without any actual study or observing situations. While observations are made based on what is seen, opinions are made based on what people think.
In other words, observations are made through a scientific process while opinions are not.
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vertebral bodies are connected together by the: a. posterior longitudinal ligament. b. intertransverse ligaments. c. ligamentum nuchae. selected:d. ligamenta flava.
The vertebral bodies are connected together by the ligamenta flava.
The ligamenta flava are broad and strong ligaments located at the posterior aspect of the vertebral column that extend from the lamina of one vertebral body to the lamina of the next. They are composed of dense connective tissue and provide stability and support to the spinal column. The ligamenta flava also help to maintain the normal alignment of the vertebral bodies and limit excessive movement, particularly in flexion and extension.
In addition to the ligamenta flava, other structures that contribute to the stability of the spinal column include the intervertebral discs, facet joints, and various muscles and tendons.
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in the mature central nervous system, glial stem cells with the properties of astrocytes can give rise to......
A) Astrocytes
B) Neurons
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astroctyes and oligodendrocytes
E) Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons
A) Astrocytes. In the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system, a variety of progenitor cell types give rise to astrocytes.
The well-known genetic mechanisms that define the lineage of various neuron subtypes and that of macroglial cells are strikingly comparable. Glial cells primarily support and safeguard neurons (nerve cells), maintain homeostasis, remove waste, and produce myelin. In essence, they take care of the neurons and the surroundings in which they live. Astrocytes are a diverse collection of cells with unique protein expression, morphologies, and functions. However, astrocytes are electrically active cells with significant electrophysiological variability and diversity, unlike neurons, which produce action potentials.
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How many cuts would the restriction enzyme Glu55 make?
an enzyme will average one cut for every 4n base pairs, where n is the length of the recognition site. Therefore, the longer a DNA molecule is, the greater the probability is that it contains one or more restriction sites.
How many cuts would the restriction enzyme Glu55 make?take the length of the genome, and divide by how often an enzyme cuts on average. For example Cori cuts at a 6bp site, the frequency of cutting is 4^6, so it cuts every 4096bp on average, as it's sequence will occur at random every 4096bp.
If a linear DNA molecule is digested with a restriction enzyme at four recognition sites, 4 fragments would be produced. II. If a closed circular DNA molecule is digested with a restriction enzyme at six recognition sites, 6 fragments would be produced.
Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes. Each enzyme recognizes one or a few target sequences and cuts DNA at or near those sequences.Many restriction enzymes make staggered cuts, producing ends with single-stranded DNA overhangs. However, some produce blunt ends.DNA ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA.In DNA cloning, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.To learn more about DNA refers to;
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