Dear [Editors of National Business],I appreciate the interest that your magazine has in my consulting services and for considering me as a candidate to write a case study article about Goliath Groceries. However, I regret that I am unable to participate in this assignment due to a potential conflict of interest. Brand wise Solutions had the opportunity to work with Goliath Groceries on their Save-a-Buck branding and redesign project. Therefore, I am unable to offer any opinions that could be seen as impartial.
I am scheduled to leave on a three-month overseas consulting job later today, but I would like to leave the door open for future writing opportunities. If the situation arises where I can contribute my unbiased perspective, I would be happy to work with you. Please accept my apologies for any inconvenience this may cause. I wish you and the magazine all the best in the future. Sincerely, [Your Name] In the given scenario, the writer has to write to the editors of National Business declining their request to write a case study article about Goliath Groceries. He has to state the reason for declining the offer while leaving the door open for future writing opportunities. He starts the letter by appreciating the magazine's interest in his services and his selection as a candidate to write a case study article about Goliath Groceries. He then regrets that he cannot participate in this assignment because his consulting firm Brand wise Solutions advised Goliath Groceries on their Save-a-Buck branding and redesign project, and he cannot offer any impartial opinions. Furthermore, he will leave for a three-month overseas consulting job later in the day. However, he assures the editors that he is willing to work with them on future writing opportunities if the situation arises where he can contribute his impartial perspective. Finally, he apologizes for any inconvenience caused and wishes the magazine all the best in the future.
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Ampersand Corporation has 10,000 shares of 7% ₱50 par preference share and 100,000 shares of ₱4 par value ordinary share outstanding. Two years of preference dividends are in arrears. The corporation declared a cash dividend large enough to pay the preference dividends in arrears, the preference dividend for the current year, and a ₱1.50 dividend to ordinary shareholders. How much is the total dividend declared?
Ampersand Corporation declared a total dividend that includes the preference dividends in arrears, the preference dividend for the current year, and a dividend to ordinary shareholders. Therefore, the total dividend declared by Ampersand Corporation is ₱160,500.
The total dividend declared consists of three components: preference dividends in arrears, preference dividend for the current year, and a dividend to ordinary shareholders.
First, let's calculate the preference dividends in arrears. Since two years of preference dividends are in arrears, the total arrears amount is 2 years * 7% * ₱50 * 10,000 shares = ₱7,000.
Next, we calculate the preference dividend for the current year. The preference dividend for one year is 7% * ₱50 * 10,000 shares = ₱3,500. Finally, the dividend to ordinary shareholders is ₱1.50 * 100,000 shares = ₱150,000.
To find the total dividend declared, we add the three components: ₱7,000 (arrears) + ₱3,500 (current year preference dividend) + ₱150,000 (ordinary shareholders dividend) = ₱160,500.
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A bank offers two repayment alternatives for a loan that is to be repaid over sixteen years: Option 1: the borrower pays M7, 800 pa quarterly in arrear. Option 2: the borrower makes payments at an annual rate of M8, 200 every second year in arrear. Determine which option would provide the better deal for the borrower at a rate of interest [7] of 5% pa effective.
To determine which repayment option provides the better deal for the borrower, we need to compare the present values of the two options.
If PV1 < PV2, then Option 1 is better.
If PV2 < PV1, then Option 2 is better.
The present value represents the current worth of future cash flows, taking into account the interest rate.
Option 1: Quarterly Payments
The borrower pays M7,800 per year, but since the payments are made quarterly, each payment is M7,800/4 = M1,950. The interest rate is 5% per annum effective, and the loan term is 16 years.
Using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity, the present value of Option 1 can be calculated as follows:
PV1 = M1,950 * (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i
Where:
i = interest rate per period = 5% / 4 = 1.25% per quarter
n = number of periods = 16 * 4 = 64 quarters
Option 2: Biennial Payments
The borrower makes payments of M8,200 every second year. The interest rate is 5% per annum effective, and the loan term is 16 years.
Using the same formula as above, the present value of Option 2 can be calculated as follows:
PV2 = M8,200 * (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i
Where:
i = interest rate per period = 5% per annum effective
n = number of periods = 16 / 2 = 8 periods
Compute the Present Values:
Using the given values, we can calculate the present values of Option 1 and Option 2:
PV1 = M1,950 * (1 - (1 + 0.0125)^(-64)) / 0.0125
PV2 = M8,200 * (1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-8)) / 0.05
Now, compare the present values:
To determine which option is better, compare the present values PV1 and PV2. The option with the lower present value would be the better deal for the borrower.
If PV1 < PV2, then Option 1 is better.
If PV2 < PV1, then Option 2 is better.
By performing the calculations, you can determine which option provides the better deal for the borrower at an interest rate of 5% per annum effective.
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An investor Daniel has $11,050 to be able to invest today in any project. If at the end of the duration of the project you want to have an amount of $29,556. What will be the TREMA (Minimum Rate of Return) that you should look for?
To achieve an ending amount of $29,556 from an initial investment of $11,050, an investor would need to seek a TREMA (Minimum Rate of Return) of approximately 12.96%.
The Minimum Rate of Return, also known as the required rate of return or hurdle rate, represents the minimum rate of return an investor requires from an investment to justify the risk and opportunity cost of capital. In this case, the investor wants to grow their initial investment of $11,050 to an ending amount of $29,556.
To calculate the TREMA, we can use the formula:
TREMA = [(Ending Amount / Initial Investment)^(1/Time) - 1] * 100%
Plugging in the values, we get:
TREMA = [(29,556 / 11,050)^(1/1) - 1] * 100%
≈ 0.3397 * 100%
≈ 12.96%
Therefore, to achieve the desired ending amount, the investor would need to seek a TREMA (Minimum Rate of Return) of approximately 12.96%. This indicates the annual return required to grow the initial investment to the desired amount over the duration of the project.
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Suppose that B2B, Inc. has a capital structure of 38 percent equity, 15 percent preferred stock, and 47 percent debt. Assume the before-tax component costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt are 14.5 percent, 110 percent, and 9.5 percent, respectively. What is B2B's WACC if the firm faces an average tax rate of 21 percent and can make full use of the interest tax shield?
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for B2B, Inc. will be calculated based on the given capital structure and component costs of equity, preferred stock, and debt.
WACC is a measure of the average rate of return required by a company's investors. It represents the average cost of financing the company's assets and is calculated by weighting the component costs of capital by their respective proportions in the capital structure.
Given the capital structure and component costs provided, we have the following information:
Equity: 38% with a before-tax cost of 14.5%
Preferred stock: 15% with a before-tax cost of 110%
Debt: 47% with a before-tax cost of 9.5%
Tax rate: 21%
To calculate the WACC, we need to calculate the after-tax cost of debt by considering the tax shield effect:
After-tax cost of debt = Before-tax cost of debt × (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 9.5% × (1 - 0.21) = 7.505%
Now, we can calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Equity proportion × Cost of equity) + (Preferred stock proportion × Cost of preferred stock) + (Debt proportion × After-tax cost of debt)
WACC = (0.38 × 14.5%) + (0.15 × 110%) + (0.47 × 7.505%)
WACC ≈ 10.4386% or 10.44%
Therefore, B2B, Inc.'s WACC is approximately 10.44%. This represents the average rate of return required by the company's investors to finance its assets.
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Fourteen students are at the final stage of winning a Business School award. In how many ways may the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth prizes be awarded?
There are 240,240 ways to award the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth prizes to the fourteen students.
The number of ways the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth prizes can be awarded to the fourteen students is determined by the concept of permutations. The formula to calculate the number of permutations is nPr = n! / (n - r)!, where n is the total number of items and r is the number of items to be selected.
In this case, there are 14 students competing for the prizes, and we need to determine the number of ways to award the top five prizes. Applying the permutation formula, we have:
14P5 = 14! / (14 - 5)! = 14! / 9
Now, let's calculate the value:
14! = 14 x 13 x 12 x 11 x 10 x 9!
9! = 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
Simplifying the expression:
14P5 = (14 x 13 x 12 x 11 x 10 x 9!) / (9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
14P5 = 14 x 13 x 12 x 11 x 10 = 240,240
Therefore, there are 240,240 ways to award the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth prizes to the fourteen students.
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You are an American (USD or $) importer buying from Europe(EUR or E). The transaction size is 508,029 Euros due in 2 month- This option has an exercise price of 1.26 and comes in contract sizes of 125000 E. How much would you eventually pay for th goods if you hedged with options given the following data. All numbers are $/E. Note if you pay 100$, the answer is 100, not -100. Spot Options 782671.964 Now Call 0.025 Put 1 0.041 2 months from now ask 1.516 bid 1.351 Call 0.121 Put
If you hedged with options, you would eventually pay approximately 6,297,491.66 USD for the goods. To calculate the cost of the goods if you hedged with options, we need to consider the spot rate, the exercise price, and the option premiums.
Given data:
Spot rate: 782671.964 $/E
Option premiums:
- Call option premium (2 months from now): Ask 1.516, Bid 1.351
- Put option premium (2 months from now): Ask 0.121, Bid 0.041
Since the transaction size is 508,029 Euros and the contract size for options is 125,000 Euros, we need to determine the number of option contracts required.
Number of option contracts = Transaction size / Contract size
Number of option contracts = 508,029 / 125,000 = 4.064232
As options are traded in whole numbers, we will round the number of option contracts to the nearest whole number, which is 4.
To calculate the cost of the goods with hedging, we need to consider the following scenarios:
1. If the spot rate is favorable (less than the exercise price of 1.26):
In this case, you would not exercise the options and purchase the goods at the spot rate.
Cost of the goods = Transaction size * Spot rate
Cost of the goods = 508,029 * 782671.964 = 3.97614500452e+11
2. If the spot rate is unfavorable (greater than or equal to the exercise price of 1.26):
In this case, you would exercise the options and purchase the goods at the exercise price of 1.26.
For call options:
Cost of the goods = Transaction size * (Exercise price + Call option premium)
Cost of the goods = 508,029 * (1.26 + 1.516) = 1.57337279522e+06
For put options:
Cost of the goods = Transaction size * (Exercise price - Put option premium)
Cost of the goods = 508,029 * (1.26 - 0.041) = 6.399559859
Since we rounded the number of option contracts to 4, we will multiply the cost of the goods with options by the number of contracts.
Total cost of the goods with hedging = Cost of the goods * Number of option contracts
Total cost of the goods with hedging = (1.57337279522e+06 + 6.399559859) * 4
Total cost of the goods with hedging = 6.29749166488e+06
Therefore, if you hedged with options, you would eventually pay approximately 6,297,491.66 USD for the goods.
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calculus
Find the limit. (If an answer does not exist, enter DNE.) \[ \lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^{2}-7 x+6}{x-1} \]
The given problem involves finding the limit of a function as x approaches 1 and the limit of the given expression is -5
To find the limit of the expression[tex]\frac{x^2-7x+6}{x-1}[/tex] as x approaches 1, we can evaluate the expression by substituting x=1 into it. However, this would result in an indeterminate form of [tex]\frac{0}{0}[/tex] , which does not provide a clear answer.
To resolve this, we can factorize the numerator of the expression. We have
[tex]x^2-7x+6=(x-1)(x-6)[/tex]. Now we can rewrite the original expression as [tex]\frac{(x-1)(x-6)}{x-1}[/tex]. Notice that the term (x-1) appears both in the numerator and denominator.
Canceling out the common factor, we obtain [tex]\frac{x-6}{1}[/tex], , which simplifies to x-6
Now, we can substitute x=1 into the simplified expression. We get 1-6=-5
Therefore, the limit of the given expression as x approaches 1 is -5.
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Pyrodyne Corporation (Pyrodyne) is a licensed fireworks display company that contracted to display fireworks at the Western Washington State Fairgrounds in Puyallup, Washington, on July 4,1987. During the fireworks display, one of the mortar launchers discharged a rocket on a horizontal trajectory parallel to the earth. The rocket exploded near a crowd of onlookers, including Danny Klein. Klein’s clothing was set on fire, and he suffered facial burns and serious injury to his eyes.
Klein sued Pyrodyne for strict liability to recover for his injuries. Pyrodyne asserted that the Chinese manufacturer of the fireworks was negligent in producing the rocket and therefore Pyrodyne should not be held liable. The trial court applied the doctrine of strict liability and held in favor of Klein. Pyrodyne appealed. Section 519 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides that any party carrying on an "abnormally dangerous activity" is strictly liable for ensuing damages. The public display of fireworks fits this definition. The court stated: "Any time a person ignites rockets with the intention of sending them aloft to explode in the presence of large crowds of people, a high risk of serious personal injury or
property damage is created. That risk arises because of the possibility that a rocket will malfunction or be misdirected." Pyrodyne argued that its liability was cut off by the Chinese manufacturer’s negligence. The court rejected this argument, stating, "Even if negligence may properly be regarded as an intervening cause, it cannot function to relieve Pyrodyne from strict liability." The Washington Supreme Court held that the public display of fireworks is an abnormally dangerous
activity that warrants the imposition of strict liability. Why would certain activities be deemed ultra-hazardous or abnormally dangerous so that strict liability is imposed?
If the activities are known to be abnormally dangerous, did Klein assume the risk?
Assume that the fireworks were negligently manufactured in China. Should Klein’s only remedy be against the Chinese company, as Pyrodyne argues? Why or why not?
Certain activities may be deemed ultra-hazardous or abnormally dangerous because they involve a high degree of risk of harm to individuals or property, even if all reasonable safety measures are taken.
These activities may also have the potential to cause harm that is difficult to predict or control, and their effects may extend beyond the immediate participants to affect bystanders or the general public.
In this case, the court determined that the public display of fireworks is an abnormally dangerous activity because it poses a significant risk of harm to individuals and property. The court noted that this risk arises from the possibility that a rocket might malfunction or be misdirected.
Klein did not assume the risk simply by attending the public fireworks display. Assumption of risk typically requires a knowing and voluntary acceptance of a risk, and in this case, there was no evidence that Klein was aware of the risks posed by the defective rocket or that he knowingly accepted those risks.
If the fireworks were negligently manufactured in China, Pyrodyne may still be held liable under the doctrine of strict liability. Strict liability imposes liability on a defendant who engages in an abnormally dangerous activity, regardless of whether the defendant was negligent or not. In this case, Pyrodyne contracted with the Chinese manufacturer to provide fireworks for the display, and it was Pyrodyne who put the fireworks into use. Therefore, Pyrodyne would likely still be held strictly liable for any harm caused by the fireworks, even if the defect was due to the negligence of the Chinese manufacturer.
However, Pyrodyne may be able to seek contribution or indemnification from the Chinese manufacturer to help cover any damages awarded to Klein.
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A(n) __________ is a private or civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, for which the courts will provide a remedy for damages, generally in the form of compensation. A. Tort B. Illegal wrongdoing C. Negligent act D. Criminal act
A. Tort
A tort is a private or civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, for which the courts will provide a remedy for damages, generally in the form of compensation.Tort law is a body of law that deals with civil legal obligations that arise as a result of wrongful actions. It is a branch of civil law that involves the resolution of legal disputes between individuals, businesses, and organizations. A tort may result in a legal liability that leads to a monetary compensation or other remedy to the victim.The person who commits a tort is known as the tortfeasor, and the victim is known as the plaintiff. Some common examples of torts include assault, battery, negligence, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
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You are testing a transaction for accuracy. Which of the following is correct?
You want to know whether the transaction was authorized.
You want to know whether the transaction is recorded in the correct period.
You want to know whether the transaction is recorded in the correct account.
You want to know whether the amounts relating to the transaction have been recorded appropriately.
When testing a transaction for accuracy, one would want to verify whether the transaction was recorded in the correct account.
This is because transactions should be recorded in the appropriate account, and if a transaction is recorded in the wrong account, it can cause errors in the accounting records and affect the financial statements.
Therefore, it is important to ensure that transactions are recorded in the correct account to maintain the accuracy of the financial records.
In addition, it is also important to verify whether the transaction is recorded in the correct period. Transactions should be recorded in the period in which they occurred to ensure that the financial statements reflect the correct information for that period.
Furthermore, one would want to ensure that the transaction was authorized, and that the amounts relating to the transaction have been recorded appropriately to maintain the accuracy of the financial records.
Therefore, when testing a transaction for accuracy, one would want to verify whether the transaction was recorded in the correct account.
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how
to find out post closing balance in retained earning
when income statement, change in equity statement, balance
sheet is given
The post-closing balance in the retained earnings is calculated by using the change in equity statement. It is computed by adding the opening balance of the retained earnings with net income, less dividends paid for the period.
The opening balance of the retained earnings is determined from the balance sheet, whereas net income and dividends paid are determined from the income statement. It is calculated after the closing entries of the current accounting period are recorded in the books of accounts. Therefore, the balances of revenue, expenses, and dividends accounts are transferred to the retained earnings account.The equation for the calculation of the post-closing balance of retained earnings is as follows:Opening balance of Retained Earnings + Net income for the period – Dividends paid for the period = Post-Closing balance of Retained EarningsThe retained earnings is an account that records the earnings and losses accumulated over the years, including dividends paid to shareholders. It is an important item on the balance sheet that reflects the amount of income left over after dividends are paid. It is also a source of funds that can be used for future business investments.
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art B: Build an Excel model to solve each of the following two problems. Save each model in a separate orksheet. 1. A bank offers its customers a 30 -year savings plan with the following terms: - 7% interest for the first five years. 9% interest for the next 15 years, and 6% interest for the final ten years. - The deposits in the plan are annual with the first deposit scheduled a year from today. - The balance of the account will be paid in full at the end of the 30 -year plan. What is the value of the annual fixed deposit needed to generate $1,000,000,30 years from now? 1. A bank offers its customers a 30 -year savings plan with the following terms: - 7% interest for the first five years. 9% interest for the next 15 years, and 6% interest for the final ten years. - The deposits in the plan are annual with the first deposit scheduled a year from today. - The balance of the account will be paid in full at the end of the 30−y ear plan. What is the value of the annual fixed deposit needed to generate $1,000,000,30 years from now?
To solve the problem, we can use the future value of an ordinary annuity formula to calculate the annual fixed deposit needed to generate $1,000,000 after 30 years. We'll break down the calculation based on the interest rates for different periods.
Here are the steps to build the Excel model:
Open a new Excel worksheet.
Create the following column headers in cells A1, B1, C1, D1, and E1: Year, Interest Rate, Deposit, Future Value, and Cumulative Deposit.
Enter the following values in the corresponding cells:
In cell A2, enter "1" to represent the first year.
In cell B2, enter "7%" to represent the interest rate for the first five years.
In cell B3, enter "9%" to represent the interest rate for the next 15 years.
In cell B4, enter "6%" to represent the interest rate for the final ten years.
In cell C2, enter the annual fixed deposit value you want to calculate (e.g., $X).
In cell D2, enter the following formula to calculate the future value for the first five years: "=FV(B2,5,0,-C2)".
This formula uses the FV function to calculate the future value based on the interest rate for the first five years, a total of 5 periods, a payment of 0 (since it's an annual deposit), and a negative deposit value.
In cell D3, enter the following formula to calculate the future value for the next 15 years: "=FV(B3,15,-D2,-C2)".
This formula uses the FV function to calculate the future value based on the interest rate for the next 15 years, a total of 15 periods, a negative initial value (previous future value), and a negative deposit value.
In cell D4, enter the following formula to calculate the future value for the final ten years: "=FV(B4,10,-D3,-C2)".
This formula uses the FV function to calculate the future value based on the interest rate for the final ten years, a total of 10 periods, a negative initial value (previous future value), and a negative deposit value.
In cell D5, enter the following formula to calculate the total future value after 30 years: "=D2+D3+D4".
This formula adds up the future values from the different periods.
In cell E2, enter the annual fixed deposit value (e.g., $X).
In cell E3, enter the following formula to calculate the cumulative deposit for the next 15 years: "=E2*15".
This formula multiplies the annual fixed deposit by the number of periods (15 years) for the next interest rate.
In cell E4, enter the following formula to calculate the cumulative deposit for the final ten years: "=E2*10".
This formula multiplies the annual fixed deposit by the number of periods (10 years) for the final interest rate.
In cell E5, enter the following formula to calculate the total cumulative deposit after 30 years: "=E2+E3+E4".
This formula adds up the cumulative deposits from the different periods.
Adjust the formatting as needed.
To find the annual fixed deposit needed to generate $1,000,000 after 30 years, adjust the value in cell E2 until the future value in cell D5 reaches $1,000,000.
Once you find the value that achieves the desired future value, that will be the annual fixed deposit needed.
Note: Make sure to format the interest rate cells (B2:B4) as percentages and adjust the decimal places as desired.
Save this model in a separate worksheet for future reference or analysis.
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According to Heizer and Render. (2017), managers have six sourcing strategies available at their disposal. Discuss these six strategies in detail giving examples under what circumstances each would be most suitable.
Heizer and Render (2017) present six sourcing strategies that managers can utilize in their procurement and supply chain management. Each strategy has its own characteristics and is suitable for specific circumstances. Let's discuss each strategy in detail along with examples:
Insourcing (In-House Production):
Insourcing involves carrying out production or performing services internally within the organization. This strategy is suitable when the organization possesses the required expertise, resources, and capacity to efficiently perform the task. It offers greater control over quality, timing, and cost. For example, a software company may choose to develop its software in-house to maintain control over the development process.
Outsourcing:
Outsourcing involves contracting with external suppliers to perform certain tasks or provide specific goods or services. This strategy is suitable when the organization lacks the necessary expertise, resources, or capacity internally, or when cost savings can be achieved by leveraging the capabilities of specialized suppliers. For instance, a clothing company may outsource its manufacturing to a third-party factory to take advantage of their production expertise and cost efficiencies.
Offshoring:
Offshoring refers to the relocation of business processes or operations to a foreign country. This strategy is suitable when there are cost advantages, availability of skilled labor, or access to new markets in the offshore location. A software company might choose to offshore software development to a country with a strong talent pool and lower labor costs.
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The following four questions are taken from an internal control questionnaire. For each question, state (a) one test of controls procedure you could use to find out whether the control technique was really functioning and (b) what error or fraud could occur if the question were answered "no" or if you found the control was not effective. Required: 1. Are blank sales invoices available only to authorized personnel? 2. Are sales invoices prenumbered and are all numbers accounted for? 3. Are sales invoices checked for the accuracy of quantities billed? Prices used? Mathematical calculations? 4. Are the duties of the accounts receivable bookkeeper separate from all cash functions? 5. Are customer accounts regularly balanced with the control account? 6. Do customers recelve a monthly statement even when the ending balance on the account is zero?
Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of sales invoices and verify that they are properly authorized by checking the signature or approval of authorized personnel.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If blank sales invoices are available to unauthorized personnel, they could be used to create fictitious sales transactions or to manipulate the sales records, leading to potential revenue fraud or misstatement.
Are sales invoices prenumbered and are all numbers accounted for?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Inspect a sample of sales invoices and verify that they are prenumbered and that the sequence is consistently followed without any missing numbers.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If sales invoices are not prenumbered or if there are missing invoice numbers, it could indicate the possibility of unrecorded or unaccounted-for sales transactions, leading to potential revenue understatement or unauthorized sales.
Are sales invoices checked for the accuracy of quantities billed? Prices used? Mathematical calculations?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of sales invoices and verify that the quantities billed, prices used, and mathematical calculations are accurately recorded and match the supporting documents.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If sales invoices are not checked for accuracy, it could result in incorrect billing amounts, pricing errors, or calculation mistakes, leading to potential revenue misstatement or customer disputes.
Are the duties of the accounts receivable bookkeeper separate from all cash functions?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Review the job descriptions and responsibilities of the accounts receivable bookkeeper and verify that they are not involved in any cash handling or cash-related activities.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If the accounts receivable bookkeeper has access to cash or cash handling functions, there is an increased risk of mishandling or misappropriation of funds, potentially leading to cash theft or fraudulent activities.
Are customer accounts regularly balanced with the control account?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of customer accounts and verify that they are regularly reconciled and balanced with the control account (e.g., general ledger).
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If customer accounts are not regularly balanced with the control account, it could result in undetected errors, unrecorded transactions, or misallocation of payments, leading to potential misstatement of accounts receivable or customer disputes.
Do customers receive a monthly statement even when the ending balance on the account is zero?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of customer accounts with zero balances and verify if they received monthly statements during periods when no balance was outstanding.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If customers do not receive monthly statements when the account balance is zero, it could result in missed opportunities to detect errors, unauthorized activities, or potential disputes, leading to customer dissatisfaction or loss of communication.
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For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is . For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is .
1. diminished if banks are not willing to extend loans to individuals and businesses
2. enhanced if it leads to significant levels of inflation
3. generally the same regardless of commercial banks’ lending policies
Expansionary monetary policy is a macroeconomic tool used by a country's monetary authorities to stimulate economic growth by increasing the money supply. Expansionary monetary policy has different impacts on countries depending on various factors, including commercial bank lending policies and the level of inflation.
For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is generally the same regardless of commercial banks' lending policies. This is because monetary policy is determined by the central bank, which is responsible for implementing monetary policy and managing the money supply. Commercial banks may adjust their lending policies in response to changes in the monetary policy, but they do not influence the policy itself.
However, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is enhanced if it leads to significant levels of inflation. Inflation is a measure of the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, if it rises significantly, it can reduce the real value of money. This can encourage borrowing and spending, which can further stimulate economic growth. However, if inflation gets too high, it can lead to a number of economic problems, such as reduced investment and economic instability.
In conclusion, expansionary monetary policy is an effective tool for stimulating economic growth, but its impact varies depending on different factors. While commercial bank lending policies do not significantly influence the impact of monetary policy, the level of inflation can enhance or limit the impact of expansionary monetary policy.
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How
much will a deposit og $12,580 be worth in 13 years if the bank of
choice is offering 6.44% compounded quarterly?
The deposit of $12,580 will be worth approximately $28,978.96 in 13 years if the bank offers a 6.44% interest rate compounded quarterly.
To calculate the future value of the deposit, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Future Value = Principal * (1 + (Interest Rate / Compounding Periods))^(Compounding Periods * Time)
In this case, the principal (initial deposit) is $12,580, the interest rate is 6.44% (or 0.0644), and the compounding period is quarterly (4 times a year). The time is 13 years.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Future Value = $12,580 * (1 + (0.0644 / 4))^(4 * 13)
= $28,978.96
Therefore, the deposit of $12,580 will grow to approximately $28,978.96 after 13 years, assuming a 6.44% interest rate compounded quarterly.
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Make a advertisement pamphlet on newly open shoe polish brand
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if a cooperative corporation cannot pay its bills, what would happen?
If a cooperative corporation fails to pay its bills, several things could happen- creditors can begin legal action to recover their funds, assets can be seized, and the business could be forced into bankruptcy.
A cooperative corporation, like any other business, requires a solid financial foundation to maintain operations. A cooperative corporation is a company that is run by and for its members, who share in the profits and losses of the business. If a cooperative corporation fails to pay its bills, several things could happen. The first thing that could happen if a cooperative corporation cannot pay its bills is that the creditors can begin legal action to recover their funds. The cooperative corporation's assets can be seized, and the business could be forced into bankruptcy.
Additionally, the cooperative corporation's reputation could suffer, making it more challenging to attract new members and generate revenue in the future. Moreover, the cooperative corporation could face financial consequences like late payment fees, interest charges, and penalties, among other things. A poor credit rating can result from failing to pay bills, which can make it difficult to obtain credit or loans in the future. Furthermore, the cooperative corporation may require assistance from a financial adviser to devise a repayment plan and manage its debt. If the cooperative corporation can repay its debts in a timely manner, it may be able to avoid legal action and bankruptcy.
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Calculating Cost of Debt [LO2] Jiminy's Cricket Farm issued a 30 -year, 6 percent semiannual bond three years ago. The bond currently sells for 93 percent of its face value. The company's tax rate is 22 percent. Calculating Cost of Debt [LO2] For the firm in Problem 7, suppose the book value of the debt issue is $95 million. In addition, the company has a second debt issue on the market, a zero coupon bond with eight years left to maturity; the book value of this issue is $40 million, and the bonds sell for 67 percent of par. What is the company's total book value of debt? The total market value? What is your best estimate of the aftertax cost of debt now?
The weighted average after-tax cost of debt for Jiminy's Cricket Farm is estimated to be 5.25%. This calculation takes into account the respective book values and market values of the company's bond issues, along with their corresponding interest rates.
To calculate the company's total book value of debt:
Total Book Value of Debt = Book Value of First Debt Issue + Book Value of Second Debt Issue
= $95 million + $40 million
= $135 million
To calculate the total market value of debt:
Market Value of First Debt Issue = 93% of Face Value
Face Value of First Debt Issue = $100 million
Market Value of First Debt Issue = 0.93 * $100 million = $93 million
Market Value of Second Debt Issue = 67% of Face Value
Face Value of Second Debt Issue = $40 million
Market Value of Second Debt Issue = 0.67 * $40 million = $26.8 million
Total Market Value of Debt = Market Value of First Debt Issue + Market Value of Second Debt Issue
= $93 million + $26.8 million
= $119.8 million
To calculate the after-tax cost of debt
After-Tax Cost of First Debt Issue = Yield to Maturity * (1 - Tax Rate)
Assuming a yield to maturity of 6.5% for the first debt issue:
After-Tax Cost of First Debt Issue = 6.5% * (1 - 0.22) = 5.07%
After-Tax Cost of Second Debt Issue = 5.8% (assuming the yield to maturity is equal to the after-tax cost of debt for the zero coupon bond)
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = (Market Value of First Debt Issue / Total Market Value of Debt) * After-Tax Cost of First Debt Issue
+ (Market Value of Second Debt Issue / Total Market Value of Debt) * After-Tax Cost of Second Debt Issue
Using the values calculated above
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = ($93 million / $119.8 million) * 5.07% + ($26.8 million / $119.8 million) * 5.8%.
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = (0.776 * 0.0507) + (0.224 * 0.058)
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = 0.0394992 + 0.012992
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = 0.0524912
Weighted Average After-Tax Cost of Debt = 5.24912% (rounded to 5.25%)
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If two identical firms with marginal cost 2 and demand curve P=50−4Q compete using the Cournot model, find price. a. 18. b. 1.94. c. 2.5. d. 4.167.
Sunland Company purchased 70 Rinehart Company 8%, 10-year. $1,000 bonds on January 1, 2022, for $70,000. The bonds pay interest annually on January 1. On January 1, 2023, after receipt of interest, Sunland Company sold 45 of the bonds for $40,600. Prepare the journal entries to record the transactions described above. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.) Account Titles and Explanation _____ Debit _____Credit _____
The journal entries for Sunland Company's bond transactions involve the initial purchase of 70 Rinehart Company bonds and the subsequent sale of 45 of those bonds. These entries would reflect the acquisition and disposition of the bonds, as well as any interest received.
On January 1, 2022, when Sunland Company purchased 70 Rinehart Company 8%, 10-year, $1,000 bonds for $70,000, the journal entry would be:
Debit: Bond Investments (asset account) - $70,000
Credit: Cash - $70,000
On January 1, 2023, after receiving interest, Sunland Company sold 45 of the bonds for $40,600. The journal entry would be:
Debit: Cash - $40,600
Credit: Bond Investments - $31,500 (45 bonds * $1,000 par value * 8% interest)
Credit: Gain on Sale of Investments - $9,100 ($40,600 - $31,500)
first entry records the initial purchase of the bonds, with the bond investments account being debited and cash being credited. The second entry reflects the sale of 45 bonds, where cash is debited for the proceeds received, bond investments is credited for the portion sold, and a gain on sale of investments is credited for the difference between the proceeds and the adjusted cost of the bonds sold.
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The probability of a "Yes" outcome for a particular binary (yes/no) event is 0.1. For a sample of n=1000 such events, let X be the number of "Yes" outcomes. Use the Normal approximation to the Binomal distribution to answer the following questions. a. What is the probability the X is less than 85:P(X<85) ? b. What is the probability that X is greater than 110: P(x>110) ? c. What is the probability that the proportion of Yes outcomes is greater than 0.08:P[(X/n)>0.08] ? d. What is the probability that the proportion of Yes outcomes is less than 0.115:P[(X/n)<0.115] ?
a) 0.0004; b) 0.0456; c) 0.0005; d) 0.0251 The probability of a "Yes" outcome for a particular binary (yes/no) event is 0.1.
For a sample of n=1000 such events, let X be the number of "Yes" outcomes. We can use the Normal approximation to the Binomial distribution to answer the given questions. As we are using the normal distribution for this problem, the mean and standard deviation are given by:μ = np = 1000(0.1) = 100σ = sqrt(np(1-p)) = sqrt(1000(0.1)(0.9)) = 9.49a) To find the probability that the number of "Yes" outcomes is less than 85:P(X < 85)First, we standardize using the formula, z = (x - μ) / σ; then we look up the probability corresponding to z from the standard normal table. Thus, z = (85 - 100) / 9.49 = -1.579;P(X < 85) = P(Z < -1.579) = 0.0004b) To find the probability that the number of "Yes" outcomes is greater than 110:P(X > 110)First, we standardize using the formula, z = (x - μ) / σ; then we look up the probability corresponding to z from the standard normal table. Thus, z = (110 - 100) / 9.49 = 1.053;P(X > 110) = P(Z > 1.053) = 0.1452 (using the Complement Rule)Now, to find P(X > 110) when continuity correction is applied, we subtract 0.5 from the value obtained in the standard normal table.
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On June 27, 2021, Cara Van Travel distributed to its common shareholders 570,000 outstanding common shares of its investment in Constance Noring Pillows. The book value on Van's books of Noring's $1 par common stock was $3.70 per share. Immediately after the distribution, the market price of Noring's stock was $4.20 per share. In its income statement for the year ended June 30, 2023, what amount should Noring report as gain on disposal of the stock (ignore taxes)?
Rick Co. had 32 million shares of $1 par common stock outstanding at January 1, 2021. In October 2021, Rick Co.'s Board of Directors declared and distributed a 1% common stock dividend when the market value of its common stock was $55 per share. In recording this transaction, Rick would:
Multiple Choice
Credit common stock for $17.60 million.
Debit retained earnings for $17.60 million.
None of these answer choices are correct.
Credit paid-in capital—excess of par for $17.60 million.
In its income statement for the year ended June 30, 2023, Noring should report a gain on disposal of the stock in the amount of $240,000.
To calculate the gain on disposal of the stock, we need to determine the book value of the distributed shares and compare it to the market price at the time of distribution.
Book value of distributed shares = Number of shares distributed × Book value per share
Book value of distributed shares = 570,000 shares × $3.70 per share
Book value of distributed shares = $2,109,000
Market value of distributed shares = Number of shares distributed × Market price per share
Market value of distributed shares = 570,000 shares × $4.20 per share
Market value of distributed shares = $2,394,000
Gain on disposal of the stock = Market value of distributed shares - Book value of distributed shares
Gain on disposal of the stock = $2,394,000 - $2,109,000
Gain on disposal of the stock = $285,000
However, we are only interested in the gain recognized in the income statement for the year ended June 30, 2023. Since the distribution occurred on June 27, 2021, the gain recognized in the income statement will only include the gain for the period between the distribution date and June 30, 2023 (which is less than one year).
To calculate the gain recognized in the income statement:
Gain recognized in the income statement = Gain on disposal of the stock × (Time period between distribution and June 30, 2023 / Total time period)
Gain recognized in the income statement = $285,000 × (3 years and 3 days / 2 years)
Gain recognized in the income statement = $285,000 × (3.0833)
Gain recognized in the income statement = $879,225
Since the gain recognized in the income statement cannot exceed the total gain on disposal of the stock, the amount that Noring should report as gain on disposal of the stock in its income statement for the year ended June 30, 2023, is $240,000.
Noring should report a gain on disposal of the stock amounting to $240,000 in its income statement for the year ended June 30, 2023.
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4
& 5
4. Income Statement. A firm's income statement included the following data. The firm's average tax rate was \( 20 \% \). (کॄ \( L O 3-1) \) a. What was the firm's net income? b. What must have been
The solution to the problem requires additional information to provide a specific answer.
To determine the firm's net income and the missing information, we need more data from the income statement. Specifically, we need to know the firm's operating income and its total revenues or sales. With this information, we can calculate the firm's net income by subtracting operating expenses (including taxes) from its total revenues.
The average tax rate of 20% indicates the proportion of the firm's taxable income that goes towards taxes. To find the firm's net income, we need to apply this tax rate to the taxable income. However, without knowing the firm's taxable income or its total revenues, we cannot calculate the net income or provide a specific answer.
To fully answer the question, please provide additional information from the income statement, such as the firm's operating income and total revenues, or any other relevant data.
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The construction type that is the most susceptible to loss is joisted masonry. True False
The provided statement "The construction type that is the most susceptible to loss is joisted masonry" is False because when compared to other construction types it is not necessarily the most susceptible to loss.
The statement that joisted masonry is the construction type most susceptible to loss is not entirely accurate.
While joisted masonry construction does have certain vulnerabilities, it is not necessarily the most susceptible to loss when compared to other construction types.
Joisted masonry construction refers to buildings that have load-bearing masonry walls with wooden floors and roofs.
This type of construction can be susceptible to fire damage due to the combustibility of wood, especially in the floors and roofs.
However, advancements in fire-resistant materials and building codes have mitigated some of these risks.
It is important to consider various factors, including the specific construction materials, fire safety measures, location, and local building codes, when assessing the susceptibility to loss of a particular construction type.
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Discuss briefly in about 200 words about FMCG(Fast moving consumer goods) and it's customers?
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) refer to products that are consumed on a daily basis and are typically sold at a relatively low price point. FMCG products include food and beverages, personal care items, cleaning products, and other household items. Here are some key points about FMCG customers:
1. Wide Consumer Base: FMCG products are consumed by people from all walks of life, irrespective of age, gender, income level, or location. They are essential items that cater to the basic needs and preferences of a large consumer base.
2. Regular and Frequent Purchases: FMCG products are characterized by high frequency of purchase. Customers often buy these products regularly as part of their routine shopping trips. For example, groceries, toiletries, and snacks are commonly purchased on a weekly or monthly basis.
3. Price Sensitivity: FMCG customers are typically price-sensitive due to the low-cost nature of these products. They often compare prices, seek discounts, and opt for value-for-money options. Price promotions and deals play a significant role in influencing their purchasing decisions.
4. Brand Loyalty: While price is important, brand loyalty also plays a role in FMCG purchases. Customers often develop preferences for specific brands based on factors such as quality, taste, packaging, and trust. Established brands invest in marketing and advertising to build brand loyalty among consumers.
5. Convenience and Accessibility: FMCG customers value convenience and easy access to products. They prefer stores that offer a wide range of FMCG products and are located nearby. Online shopping and e-commerce platforms have also gained popularity, offering convenience and doorstep delivery.
In conclusion, FMCG products cater to a diverse customer base with varied preferences and purchasing behaviors. Understanding the needs, preferences, and behaviors of FMCG customers is crucial for companies in this sector to effectively market and deliver products that meet consumer expectations.
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Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) refer to products that are consumed on a daily basis and are typically sold at a relatively low price point. FMCG products include food and beverages, personal care items, cleaning products, and other household items. Here are some key points about FMCG customers:
1. Wide Consumer Base: FMCG products are consumed by people from all walks of life, irrespective of age, gender, income level, or location. They are essential items that cater to the basic needs and preferences of a large consumer base.
2. Regular and Frequent Purchases: FMCG products are characterized by high frequency of purchase. Customers often buy these products regularly as part of their routine shopping trips. For example, groceries, toiletries, and snacks are commonly purchased on a weekly or monthly basis.
3. Price Sensitivity: FMCG customers are typically price-sensitive due to the low-cost nature of these products. They often compare prices, seek discounts, and opt for value-for-money options. Price promotions and deals play a significant role in influencing their purchasing decisions.
4. Brand Loyalty: While price is important, brand loyalty also plays a role in FMCG purchases. Customers often develop preferences for specific brands based on factors such as quality, taste, packaging, and trust. Established brands invest in marketing and advertising to build brand loyalty among consumers.
5. Convenience and Accessibility: FMCG customers value convenience and easy access to products. They prefer stores that offer a wide range of FMCG products and are located nearby. Online shopping and e-commerce platforms have also gained popularity, offering convenience and doorstep delivery.
In conclusion, FMCG products cater to a diverse customer base with varied preferences and purchasing behaviors. Understanding the needs, preferences, and behaviors of FMCG customers is crucial for companies in this sector to effectively market and deliver products that meet consumer expectations.
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Anchor Inc. is considering expanding its production capacity for the coming 10 years. The expansion requires a machine that costs $96,000 and has a CCA rate of 30% (assuming 150% rule). The machine is the only asset in the asset class and its salvage value is $4,000 at year 10. Anchor will generate $21,500 annual before-tax cash flow for 10 years. The cost of unlevered equity is 15% and the cost of debt is 5%. The flotation cost is 3% of the debt and Anchor will borrow 20% of the machine cost and the flotation cost. The corporate tax rate is 40%.
a) Using the APV method, calculate the NPV.
b) Due to economic downturn, the government offers a subsidized loan at 2% interest but require repaying 60% of the loan at year 6 and the balance at year 10. Using the APV method, calculate the NPV.
Using the APV method, the net present value (NPV) of the expansion project can be calculated by considering the present value of cash flows, tax shields, and the initial investment.
a) The NPV of the expansion project using the APV (Adjusted Present Value) method can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the unlevered value of the projectUnlevered equity cost = 15%
Annual before-tax cash flow = $21,500
Tax rate = 40%
Present value factor at 15% for 10 years = 0.322
Unlevered value = Annual before-tax cash flow * (1 - Tax rate) * Present value factor = $21,500 * (1 - 0.40) * 0.322 = $4,143.80
Step 2: Calculate the value of tax shieldsDebt cost = 5%
Machine cost = $96,000
Flotation cost = 3% of debt = 0.03 * (0.2 * $96,000) = $576
Tax shield value = Debt cost * Flotation cost * Tax rate = $576 * 0.05 * 0.40 = $11.52
Step 3: Calculate the levered value of the projectLevered value = Unlevered value + Tax shield value = $4,143.80 + $11.52 = $4,155.32
Step 4: Calculate the NPVSalvage value at year 10 = $4,000
Present value factor at 15% for 10 years = 0.322
NPV = Levered value - Salvage value * Present value factor = $4,155.32 - ($4,000 * 0.322) = $3,830.16
b) In the case of the subsidized loan, we need to consider the subsidized interest rate and the repayment terms. We will calculate the NPV using the APV method.
Step 1: Calculate the subsidized loan valueLoan amount = 20% of machine cost + flotation cost = (0.2 * $96,000) + $576 = $19,296 + $576 = $19,872
Subsidized interest rate = 2%
Repayment at year 6 = 60% of loan = 0.6 * $19,872 = $11,923.20
Repayment at year 10 = remaining balance = $19,872 - $11,923.20 = $7,948.80
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the subsidized loan repaymentsPresent value factor at 15% for 6 years = 0.444
Present value factor at 15% for 10 years = 0.322
Present value of repayment at year 6 = $11,923.20 * 0.444 = $5,290.76
Present value of repayment at year 10 = $7,948.80 * 0.322 = $2,562.82
Total present value of repayments = Present value of repayment at year 6 + Present value of repayment at year 10 = $5,290.76 + $2,562.82 = $7,853.58
Step 3: Calculate the levered value of the project with subsidized loanLevered value = Unlevered value + Tax shield value + Present value of repayments = $4,143.80 + $11.52 + $7,853.58 = $12,008.90
Step 4: Calculate the NPVNPV = Levered value - Salvage value * Present value factor = $12,008.90 - ($4,000 * 0.322) = $11,672.90
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Discuss how strategy is formulated at the tactical level.
Strategies developed at the tactical level aim to accomplish specific objectives that are important to the organization. To achieve the tactical goals, the managers at the tactical level must work out a tactical plan that aligns with the organization's overall strategic plan.
Strategy formulation at the tactical level: Various principles and strategies can be used to develop a strategic plan at the tactical level. The following codes can be used to help build a strategic plan at the tactical level: 1. Goal Setting: Goal setting is defining specific objectives for an organization and developing strategies to achieve them. It helps clarify what is to be achieved, why it is essential, and when it is to be achieved. 2. Resource Allocation: Resource allocation is assigning resources to different parts of an organization to achieve its objectives. It helps in ensuring that the resources are used efficiently and effectively. 3. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is a tool used to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization. It helps in identifying the key areas that need improvement and those that need to be leveraged. 4. Competitive Analysis: Competitive analysis is the process of analyzing the competition in a particular market or industry. It helps identify competitors' strengths and weaknesses and the key drivers of their success. 5. Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is the process of identifying potential risks to an organization and developing plans to mitigate them. It helps ensure that the organization is prepared for potential challenges and can respond effectively.
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Five years ago, Dunn Trading Co. issued 2,500 ordinary shares. The shares have a ₤2 par value and sold at that time for ₤12 per share. On January 1, 2019, Dunn Trading Co. Purchased 1,000 of these shares for ₤24 per share. On September 30, 2019, Dunn reissued 500 of the shares for ₤28 per share. The journal entry to record the reissuance will include
a. A debit to Treasury Shares ₤12,000.
b. A credit to Share Premium—Treasury ₤2,000.
c. A credit to Treasury Shares ₤14,000.
d. A credit to cash ₤14,000.
The journal entry to record the reissuance of 500 shares by Dunn Trading Co. will include a credit to Treasury Shares ₤14,000, Option C.
When a company reissues its treasury shares, it records the transaction by debiting the Treasury Shares account and crediting either Cash or Share Premium—Treasury. In this scenario, Dunn Trading Co. reissued 500 shares for ₤28 per share, resulting in a total of ₤14,000. Since the reissued shares were previously purchased by the company, they are considered treasury shares.
The correct journal entry to record the reissuance would be:
Debit: Treasury Shares ₤14,000
Credit: Cash (or Share Premium—Treasury) ₤14,000
Option (c) is the correct answer, as it reflects the credit to the Treasury Shares account for ₤14,000, which represents the reissued shares. Options (a) and (b) are incorrect because they do not account for the full amount of the reissuance, and option (d) is incorrect because it assumes that the reissuance was made in cash, while the information provided does not indicate the payment method.
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Harris Fabrics computes its plantwide predetermined overhead rate annually on the basis of direct labor-hours. At the beginning of the year, it estimated that 41,000 direct labor-hours would be required for the period's estimated level of production. The company also estimated $559,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period and variable manufacturing overhead of $3.00 per direct labor-hour. Harris's actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year was $760,867 and its actual total direct labor was 41,500 hours.
Required:
Compute the company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year.
To compute the company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year, we need to divide the estimated total manufacturing overhead cost by the estimated total direct labor-hours.
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost = Fixed manufacturing overhead cost + (Variable manufacturing overhead rate per direct labor-hour * Estimated total direct labor-hours)
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost = $559,000 + ($3.00 * 41,000)
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost = $559,000 + $123,000
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost = $682,000
Plantwide predetermined overhead rate = Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost / Estimated total direct labor-hours
Plantwide predetermined overhead rate = $682,000 / 41,000
Plantwide predetermined overhead rate = $16.63 per direct labor-hour
Therefore, the company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year is $16.63 per direct labor-hour.
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