b. What is the current yield? (Hint: Refer to Footnote 6 for the definition of the current yield and to Table 7.1) Round your answer to two decimal places. % Is this yield affected by whether the bond is likely to be called? I. If the bond is called, the capital gains yield will remain the same but the current yield will be different. II. If the bond is called, the current yield and the capital gains yield will both be different. III. If the bond is called, the current yield and the capital gains yield will remain the same but the coupon rate will be different. IV. If the bond is called, the current yield will remain the same but the capital gains yield will be different. V. If the bond is called, the current yield and the capital gains yield will remain the same.

Answers

Answer 1

The correct option is: IV. If the bond is called, the current yield will remain the same but the capital gains yield will be different.Given data: Face value of bond = $1000 Coupon rate = 8%Time to maturity = 10 years Price of bond = $1,050

a. The amount of annual interest paid by the bond=Face value of bond × Coupon rate= $1000 × 8% = $80.

Since the bond is selling at $1,050 while its face value is $1000, it is being sold at a premium of $50 per bond.The bond has 10 years to maturity, so it will pay interest for the next 10 years.

Therefore, the total interest income from the bond will be equal to= $80 × 10 = $800.The price of the bond is greater than its face value, so it is a premium bond. The current yield is the annual interest payment divided by the current price of the bond.

Current yield= Annual interest payment / Price of bond= $80 / $1050= 0.076 or 7.6%b. The current yield of the bond will remain the same, but the capital gains yield will be different if the bond is likely to be called.

The correct option is: IV. If the bond is called, the current yield will remain the same but the capital gains yield will be different.

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Related Questions

Which of the following are true regarding Sheelan and his plan? [ Select ALL that apply. ]

Group of answer choices:

A. Sheelen wanted to develop a whole new line of vacuum cleaners.

B. Sheelan needed profits from Regina to execute his idea for the new product line.

C. Sheelen decided to artificially inflate profits at the company.

D. Sheleen manipulated the estimate for bad debt expense to boost income.

Answers

Sheelan is a businessman and he wanted to develop a whole new line of vacuum cleaners. He needed profits from Regina to execute his idea for the new product line. Therefore, options A and B are true regarding Sheelan and his plan. He decided to artificially inflate profits at the company. This means that option C is also true.

Regina Company sells its goods on credit, thus has an account receivable and accounts for its bad debt expense, which is the estimated loss due to customers’ default. Sheelan manipulated the estimate for bad debt expense to boost income, therefore option D is also true.

The manipulation of the estimates for the bad debt expenses boosts the current period's profits at the expense of future periods. Although Sheelan's idea for a new product line may have been a good one, he should not have committed fraud to execute it.

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Final answer:

As per the plan, Sheelan needed profits from Regina and manipulated the estimate for bad debt expense to boost income. Thus, options B, C and D are true.

Explanation:

A diverse product line offers an array of solutions, catering to various needs and preferences, ensuring customer satisfaction while maintaining market competitiveness and adaptability. The true statements regarding Sheelan and his plan are as follows:

Sheelan did not want to develop a whole new line of vacuum cleaners (Option A is false).Sheelan did need profits from Regina to execute his idea for the new product line (Option B is true).Sheelan decided to artificially inflate profits at the company (Option C is true).Sheelan manipulated the estimate for bad debt expense to boost income (Option D is true).

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What effect will an increase in interest rates have on the quantity of loanable funds supplied?
- Quantity supplied will increase.
- There will be no change in quantity supplied.
- Quantity supplied will decrease.
- Some lenders will offer more while others offer less.

As interest rate decreases, what happens to the quantity of loanable funds demanded?
- Some borrowers will demand more funds while others will demand less.
- Quantity demanded will increase.
- Quantity demanded will decrease.
- There will be no change in quantity demanded.

Which of the following acts as the "price" in the market for loanable funds?
- Interest Rate
- Demand
- Capital
- Supply

If the projected rate of return for a project is less than the interest rate for a loan that is necessary to complete the project, how will the borrowing business act?
- The business will take out the loan.
- The business will not take out the loan.
- The business will demand more funds to cover the shortfall.
- The business will proceed anyway, o knowing that the return is only an estimate.

Answers

The borrowing business will not take out the loan.

Effect of interest rates on loanable funds supplied

An increase in the interest rates will have the effect of decreasing the quantity of loanable funds supplied.

At higher interest rates, individuals save more and invest more in the financial markets. At the same time, businesses demand fewer funds to invest because it is more expensive to borrow, leading to a decline in the supply of loanable funds.

The quantity supplied will decrease. Interest rate and quantity of loanable funds demanded . When the interest rates decrease, the quantity of loanable funds demanded will increase.

A lower interest rate means the cost of borrowing is lower and it becomes easier to obtain a loan. Borrowers can access more funds from the market because they do not have to pay high-interest rates. Quantity demanded will increase.

The "price" in the market for loanable funds interest Rate acts as the "price" in the market for loanable funds. This means that the interest rate, which represents the cost of borrowing, is the rate at which money can be borrowed and lent.

If the projected rate of return for a project is less than the interest rate for a loan that is necessary to complete the project, the borrowing business will not take out the loan.

This is because they would lose money if they borrowed money at a higher interest rate than the rate of return of the project. Therefore, the borrowing business will not take out the loan.

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Life insurance A 32 -year-old woman purchases a $200.000 term life insurance policy for an aninual payment of $510. Based on a period life tabie for the U.S. govemment, the probability that she will survive the year is 0.990056. Find the expected value of the policy for the insurance compary. Round to two decimal places for currency problems. The expected value of the policy for the insurance company is 1

Answers

To find the expected value of the policy for the insurance company, we need to calculate the product of the death benefit and the probability of survival. The expected value is the sum of these products.the expected value of the policy for the insurance company is approximately $198,011.20.

Death benefit: $200,000

Probability of survival: 0.990056

Expected value = Death benefit * Probability of survival

Expected value = $200,000 * 0.990056

Expected value ≈ $198,011.20

Therefore, the expected value of the policy for the insurance company is approximately $198,011.20.

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Santini's new contract for 2022 indicates the following compensation and benefits:

Benefit Description Amount
Salary $ 130,000
Health insurance 9,000
Restricted stock grant 2,500
Bonus 5,000
Hawaii trip 4,000
Group-term life insurance 1,600
Parking ($310 per month) 3,720
Santini is 54 years old at the end of 2022. He is single and has no dependents. Assume that the employer matches $1 for $1 for the first $6,000 that the employee contributes to his 401(k) during the year. The restricted stock grant is 500 shares granted when the market price was $5 per share. Assume that the stock vests on December 31, 2022, and that the market price on that date is $7.50 per share. Also assume that Santini is willing to make any elections to reduce equity-based compensation taxes. The Hawaii trip was given to him as the outstanding salesperson for 2021. The group-term life policy gives him $150,000 of coverage. Assume that Santini does not itemize deductions for the year.

Determine Santini's taxable income and income tax liability for 2022. Use Tax rate schedules and Exhibit 12-8.

Note: Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.

Answers

Santini's taxable income for 2022 is $145,970, and his income tax liability is $27,750.80

To determine Santini's taxable income and income tax liability for 2022:

Salary: $130,000 - This is fully taxable income.

Health insurance: $9,000 - Employer-paid health insurance premiums is not included in taxable income.

Restricted stock grant: The value of the restricted stock grant is as follows:

  Number of shares: 500

  Market price on grant date: $5 per share

 Market price on vesting date (December 31, 2022): $7.50 per share

  Value of the grant: 500 shares * ($7.50 - $5) = $1,250

  The value of the restricted stock grant is included in taxable income.

Bonus: $5,000 - Is fully taxable income.

Hawaii trip: $4,000 - Considered a taxable fringe benefit and included in taxable income.

Group-term life insurance: The cost of coverage over $50,000 which is included in taxable income.

The excess coverage is $150,000 - $50,000 = $100,000.

Taxable portion = $100,000 / $1,000 * 0.23 = $23,000.

Parking: $3,720 - Taxable fringe benefit and is included in taxable income.

Total income = Salary + Restricted stock grant + Bonus + Hawaii trip + Group-term life insurance + Parking

= $130,000 + $1,250 + $5,000 + $4,000 + $23,000 + $3,720

= $166,970

Adjusted income: Total income - 401(k) contributions

= $166,970 - $12,000

= $154,970

Taxable income: Adjusted income - Health insurance

= $154,970 - $9,000

= $145,970

Tax calculation:

- The first $10,275 is taxed at 10% = $1,027.50

- The amount between $10,275 and $41,775 is taxed at 12% = $3,690

- The amount between $41,775 and $89,075 is taxed at 22% = $9,377.50

- The amount between $89,075 and $145,970 is taxed at 24%

Taxable income in the 24% bracket: $145,970 - $89,075 = $56,895

Tax at 24%: $56,895 * 0.24 = $13,654.80

Total tax liability: $1,027.50 + $3,690 + $9,377.50 + $13,654.80 = $27,750.80

Therefore, Santini's taxable income for 2022 is $145,970, and his income tax liability is $27,750.80.

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1- If your company is planning to issue securities, which financial intermediary would you use: a credit union, a pension fund or an investment bank? (Explain how this financial intermediary supports your company) [25 Marks]

Answers

If a company is planning to issue securities, the financial intermediary that is typically used is an investment bank. Investment banks play a crucial role in facilitating the issuance of securities in the financial markets.

Here's how an investment bank supports a company in issuing securities:

Underwriting: Investment banks act as underwriters for the securities offering. They assess the market conditions, determine the appropriate pricing and structure of the securities, and commit to purchasing the securities from the issuing company. By underwriting the securities, investment banks assume the risk of selling the securities to investors.

Capital Markets Expertise: Investment banks have extensive knowledge and expertise in capital markets. They provide advice and guidance to the issuing company on the optimal timing, structure, and type of securities to be issued. They help the company navigate regulatory requirements and market conditions to ensure a successful offering.

Marketing and Distribution: Investment banks have established networks and relationships with institutional investors, retail investors, and other financial intermediaries. They leverage these networks to market and distribute the securities to potential investors. They conduct roadshows and investor presentations to generate interest and demand for the securities.

Due Diligence and Documentation: Investment banks perform thorough due diligence on the issuing company to assess its financial position, market prospects, and regulatory compliance. They help prepare the necessary documentation, including prospectuses and offering memoranda, that provide detailed information about the securities and the issuing company to potential investors.

Pricing and Allocation: Investment banks assist in determining the pricing of the securities based on market conditions and investor demand. They also help allocate the securities among different investors, ensuring a fair and efficient distribution.

Advisory Services: Investment banks offer advisory services beyond the issuance of securities. They provide strategic guidance on mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance, restructuring, and other financial transactions. They help companies optimize their capital structure and make informed financial decisions.

In contrast, credit unions and pension funds primarily focus on providing financial services to individuals and managing funds for retirement benefits. While they may invest in securities issued by companies, they typically do not have the specialized expertise, networks, and underwriting capabilities that investment banks possess.

Therefore, when a company plans to issue securities, an investment bank is the preferred financial intermediary due to its comprehensive range of services and expertise in capital markets. The investment bank supports the issuing company throughout the entire process, from structuring the securities to marketing and distribution, ultimately facilitating a successful issuance in the financial markets.

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Kathleen begins working and at age 32 she invests $6000.00 into a retirement account that pays an APR of 6.4% compounded monthly. She expects to retire at age 65 . What will be the size of Kathleen's total interest when she retires? None of the other choices are correct.
a. $49311.01 b.$40475.60
c. $12672,00 d.$18672.00 e.$46475.60 f.$43311.01

Answers

The correct answer is: a. $49,311.01

To calculate the total interest earned on Kathleen's retirement account, we can use the compound interest formula:

A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)

Where:

A = Total amount including principal and interest

P = Principal amount (initial investment)

r = Annual interest rate (in decimal form)

n = Number of times interest is compounded per year

t = Number of years

In this case, Kathleen invests $6,000, the APR is 6.4% (0.064 in decimal form), and interest is compounded monthly (n = 12). She plans to invest for 33 years (from age 32 to 65).

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

A = $6,000(1 + 0.064/12)^(12*33)

Calculating this expression, we find that the total amount including principal and interest when Kathleen retires is approximately $49,311.01.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

a. $49,311.01

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The degree to which cash needs can be satisfied during periods of fiscal stress is known as: Multiple Choice A. credit availability. B. credit worthiness. C. working capital. D. financial flexibility.

Answers

The degree to which cash needs can be satisfied during periods of fiscal stress is known as "financial flexibility." Option D.

Financial flexibility refers to an organization's ability to manage its cash flow and meet its financial obligations in challenging or uncertain circumstances.

During periods of fiscal stress, such as economic downturns, unexpected expenses, or disruptions in cash flow, organizations with strong financial flexibility have the capacity to navigate these challenges more effectively.

They possess the resources and strategies to access cash and liquidity when needed, enabling them to maintain their operations, meet financial obligations, and withstand temporary financial setbacks.

Financial flexibility can be achieved through various means. It includes having adequate cash reserves, access to credit lines or other sources of funding, the ability to quickly adapt financial plans and strategies, and having contingency plans in place.

Organizations with a diverse range of funding sources, strong relationships with financial institutions, and sound financial management practices tend to have higher financial flexibility.

Having financial flexibility provides a safety net during periods of uncertainty and allows organizations to respond to unforeseen circumstances without being severely constrained by cash shortages. It enables them to take advantage of potential opportunities, manage risks, and maintain stability in their operations.

Financial flexibility is an important aspect of financial resilience and is highly valued by investors, lenders, and other stakeholders. So Option D is correct.

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Lourdes Corporation's 11% coupon rate, semiannual payment, $1,000 par value bonds, which mature in 20 years, are callable 3 years from today at $1,075. a. What is the best estimate of these bonds' remaining life? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. years I. Since the bonds are selling at a premium, the coupon rate should be set at the going rate, which is the YTC. II. Since the bonds are selling at a premium, the coupon rate should be set at the going rate, which is the YTM. III. Since Lourdes wishes to issue new bonds at par value, the coupon rate should be set the same as that on the existing bonds. V. Since interest rates have risen since the bond was first issued, the coupon rate should be set at a rate above the current coupon rate.

Answers

The best estimate of the remaining life of Lourdes Corporation's bonds can be calculated by subtracting the number of years since the bond was issued from its original maturity of 20 years.

Given that the bonds are callable 3 years from today, the remaining life of the bonds would be 20 years - 3 years = 17 years.

Among the options provided:

I. Since the bonds are selling at a premium, the coupon rate should be set at the going rate, which is the YTC. (This statement is incorrect as it mentions the Yield to Call, which is not relevant to determining the remaining life of the bond.)

II. Since the bonds are selling at a premium, the coupon rate should be set at the going rate, which is the YTM. (This statement is incorrect as it mentions the Yield to Maturity, which is not relevant to determining the remaining life of the bond.)

III. Since Lourdes wishes to issue new bonds at par value, the coupon rate should be set the same as that on the existing bonds. (This statement is not relevant to determining the remaining life of the bond.)

IV. Since interest rates have risen since the bond was first issued, the coupon rate should be set at a rate above the current coupon rate. (This statement is not relevant to determining the remaining life of the bond.)

Therefore, none of the options provided correctly determine the remaining life of the bond. The correct answer is simply 17 years.

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T/F Austrian economists believe that the Dodd-Frank Law encourages rent seeking because businesses can sway regulators and gain favorable treatment. In the fog of uncertainty, business interests will always trump noble intentions.

Answers

The statement that Austrian economists believe that the Dodd-Frank Law encourages rent-seeking because businesses can sway regulators and gain favourable treatment, and in the fog of uncertainty, business interests will always trump noble intentions, is true.

Rent-seeking is the practice of exploiting the government's institutional setup to redirect resources from productive activities to rent-providing activities. A rent is any payment to a factor of production that exceeds its minimum supply price.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 is a US federal law that seeks to reform financial regulation. It was enacted as a response to the global financial crisis of 2008.

The Austrian school of economics, which is characterized by its emphasis on individualism, liberty, and property rights, believes that the Dodd-Frank Law encourages rent-seeking. According to Austrian economists, rent-seeking is encouraged because businesses can sway regulators and gain favorable treatment.

They claim that the law's regulations make it easier for established companies to maintain their market share and raise barriers to entry for new companies, resulting in reduced competition and innovation. As a result, they believe that rent-seeking activities, such as lobbying and regulatory capture, are more likely to occur and that businesses' interests will always trump noble intentions.

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Assume that capital markets are perfect. A particular firm uses no debt, but if it did borrow money it would pay 5% interest on the debt. Currently the firm's cost of equity is 10%. If the firm issues bonds at 5% and retires some of its equity, its overall cost of capital will fall because it is replacing relatively expensive equity with relatively inexpensive debt.
Select one:
True
False

Answers

True. Assume that capital markets are perfect. A particular firm uses no debt, but if it did borrow money it would pay 5% interest on the debt. Currently the firm's cost of equity is 10%. If the firm issues bonds at 5% and retires some of its equity, its overall cost of capital will fall because it is replacing relatively expensive equity with relatively inexpensive debt.

When a firm replaces expensive equity with less expensive debt, its overall cost of capital is likely to decrease. Debt is generally cheaper than equity because the interest paid on debt is tax-deductible, while dividends paid to equity shareholders are not. By issuing bonds at a lower interest rate and retiring some equity, the firm reduces its cost of capital as the cost of debt (5%) is lower than the cost of equity (10%). This shift in the capital structure allows the firm to benefit from the tax advantages of debt and ultimately leads to a lower overall cost of capital.

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What event or condition may prompt an audit?
Group of answer choices
a Infection
b Return items
c Informants
d All of the events/conditions

Answers

All of the mentioned events or conditions can potentially prompt an audit. It's important to note that audits are conducted to maintain transparency, ensure compliance, and identify and rectify any irregularities or deficiencies in various aspects of an organization's operations.

An audit is a systematic examination of financial records, statements, or processes to ensure accuracy, compliance, and accountability. Several events or conditions may prompt an audit, and these can vary depending on the context. Here are some examples:

1. Infection: In certain industries such as healthcare, an outbreak of infections or diseases may prompt an audit to assess the effectiveness of infection control measures, identify areas of improvement, and ensure compliance with relevant regulations.

2. Return items: In retail or e-commerce businesses, a high volume of return items or discrepancies in inventory may trigger an audit to investigate potential fraud, theft, or errors in the tracking and handling of returned products.

3. Informants: Whistleblower complaints or credible information provided by informants can lead to audits. If allegations of financial misconduct, tax evasion, or other fraudulent activities are reported, authorities may initiate an audit to investigate the claims and gather evidence.

In conclusion, all of the mentioned events or conditions can potentially prompt an audit. It's important to note that audits are conducted to maintain transparency, ensure compliance, and identify and rectify any irregularities or deficiencies in various aspects of an organization's operations.

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Consider an 8-bit bit-parallel ALU with only four functions: add, subtract, and bitwised AND and XOR. Assume an adder/subtractor module uses a hybrid adder designed from CLA(2) modules. In addition, the overflow flag must be masked out when performing bitwise computation. Assume only 8-bit, 2-to-1 MUXs are available. Do the following: a. Draw the data path and estimate its propagation delay assuming 0.1 ns delay for each NOT and NAND gate. b. Construct the truth table for its Map module.

Answers

Design an 8-bit bit-parallel ALU with four functions, including add, subtract, bitwise AND, and XOR, to estimate data path, and propagation delay, and construct a truth table.

a. To draw the data path, we need to consider the components involved, such as the adder/subtractor module, the AND and XOR modules, and the MUXs. We can use 8-bit registers to store the input and output values.

The adder/subtractor module can be implemented using CLA(2) modules. Each NOT and NAND gate is assumed to have a propagation delay of 0.1 ns.

Estimating the propagation delay of the entire data path requires detailed knowledge of the specific design and circuitry used.

It would involve considering the delay of each component, the interconnections, and any other factors affecting signal propagation.

Without specific design details, it is challenging to provide an accurate estimate of the propagation delay.

b. To construct the truth table for the Map module, we need to consider the four functions: add, subtract, bitwise AND, and XOR.

The truth table will define the outputs based on the input values. For an 8-bit ALU, the truth table will have 16 input combinations (2^4) corresponding to each function.

Each input combination will have an associated output based on the selected function.

Constructing the truth table requires defining the input values for each function and determining the resulting output values.

Since the specific input values and functions are not provided in the question, I cannot provide the exact truth table without further information.

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3. Poverty Imagine there are two countries each comprised of three people. In country A, the daily expenditure (consumption) in USD of its three citizens is: $1,$3, and $4.5. In country B the daily expenditure is $1.2,$8, and $15. a) Using a poverty line of $1.9 per day, what is the poverty headcount ratio in each country? b) Using a poverty line of $3.2 per day, what is the poverty headcount ratio in each country? c) Using a poverty line of $1.9 what is the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for each country? d) Using a poverty line of $3.2 what is the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for each country? e) What is average per capita consumption in each country? f) Based on your calculations above, which country has a worse poverty problem? Explain your answer.

Answers

a) Using a poverty line of $1.9 per day, the poverty headcount ratio in each country can be calculated by counting the number of individuals whose daily expenditure falls below the poverty line and dividing it by the total population. In country A, one person has daily spending below $1.9, so the poverty headcount ratio is 1/3 or approximately 33.33%. In country B, no individuals have a daily spending below $1.9, resulting in a poverty headcount ratio of 0%.

b) Using a poverty line of $3.2 per day, each country's poverty headcount ratio can be calculated similarly. In country A, all three individuals have a daily expenditure below $3.2, so the poverty headcount ratio is 3/3 or 100%. In country B, one person has a daily expenditure below $3.2, resulting in a poverty headcount ratio of 1/3 or approximately 33.33%. c) The Foster-Geer-Thor becke severity of poverty measure is calculated by summing up the gaps between each individual's daily expenditure and the poverty line and then dividing it by the total population. Using a poverty line of $1.9, the severity of poverty measure for country A can be calculated as (1.9 - 1 + 1.9 - 3 + 1.9 - 4.5) / 3, which equals 2.2 / 3 or approximately 0.73. For country B, the severity of the poverty measure is 0 since there are no individuals below the poverty line. d) Using a poverty line of $3.2, the severity of poverty measure for country A can be calculated as (3.2 - 1 + 3.2 - 3 + 3.2 - 4.5) / 3, which equals 1.3 / 3 or approximately 0.43. For country B, the severity of poverty measure is (3.2 - 1.2) / 3 or approximately 0.33. e) The average per capita consumption in each country can be calculated by summing up the daily expenditures of all individuals and dividing it by the total population. In country A, the average per capita consumption is (1 + 3 + 4.5) / 3, which equals 2.83. In country B, the average per capita consumption is (1.2 + 8 + 15) / 3, which equals 8.07. f) Based on the calculations above, country A has a worse poverty problem than country B, with a poverty headcount ratio of 100% using a poverty line of $3.2 per day, all individuals in country A fall below the poverty line. Additionally, country A has a higher severity of poverty measure than country B, indicating a greater poverty intensity. Furthermore, country A's average per capita consumption is significantly lower than country B's, suggesting lower living standards and economic well-being. Therefore, country A faces a more severe poverty situation compared to country B. These calculations highlight the disparities in daily expenditures and poverty levels between the two countries. Country A exhibits higher poverty rates, greater poverty severity, and lower average per capita consumption, indicating a more pronounced poverty problem in that country.

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Mohammed inc's assets have the carrying values and estimated fair values as follows:
carrying value fair value
cash 16,000 16,000
accounts receivable 60,000 50,000
inventory 90,000 65,000
land 100,000 80,000
building 220,000 160,000
equipment (net) 250,000 100,000
total 736,000 471,000
Mohammed's debts are as follows:
account payable $95,00
wages payable (all have priority) 9,500
taxes payable 14,000
note payable (secured by receivable and inventory) 190,000
interest on note payable 5,000
bonds payable (secured by land and building) 220,000
interest on bond payable 11,000
total 544,500
1- what os the amount available to general unsecured creditors?
2- what is the total unsecured claims?
3- compute the estimated dividend
4- how much will be distributed to accounts payable?
5- how much will be distributed to nite payable?

Answers

Amount available to general unsecured creditors is $134,500, Total unsecured claims amount to $134,500. Estimated dividend is 1, $95,000 will be distributed to accounts payable. Note payable will not receive any distribution.

The amount available to general unsecured creditors can be calculated by subtracting the secured debts (note payable and bonds payable) from the total debts. Thus, the amount available to general unsecured creditors is $544,500 - ($190,000 + $220,000) = $134,500.The total unsecured claims include the accounts payable, wages payable, taxes payable, and interest on the note payable and bond payable. Adding up these amounts, the total unsecured claims are $95,000 + $9,500 + $14,000 + $5,000 + $11,000 = $134,500.To compute the estimated dividend, we need to compare the amount available to general unsecured creditors with the total unsecured claims. Since they are equal ($134,500), the estimated dividend would be the amount available to general unsecured creditors divided by the total unsecured claims, which is $134,500 / $134,500 = 1.The amount distributed to accounts payable would be the proportion of their claims relative to the total unsecured claims. In this case, the accounts payable represent the entire total unsecured claims, so the full amount of $95,000 would be distributed to accounts payable.The amount distributed to the note payable would be determined based on the proportion of its claim relative to the total unsecured claims. In this scenario, the note payable represents a secured debt, so it would not receive any distribution from the amount available to general unsecured creditors.

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Two identical countries, Country A and Country B, can each be described by a Keynesian cross model. The MPC is 0.6 in each country. Both countries are worried about the state of the deficit. Country A decides to cut spending by $3 billion, while Country B decides to increase taxes by $3 billion. In which country will the new equilibrium level of income be greater? Explain

Answers

In the Keynesian cross model, if Country A cuts spending by $3 billion and Country B increases taxes by $3 billion, the new equilibrium level of income will be greater in Country B. This is because the tax increase in Country B has a greater impact on aggregate demand compared to the spending cut in Country A, due to the higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC).

The MPC represents the fraction of additional income that households consume. In this case, both countries have an MPC of 0.6, meaning that for every additional dollar of income, households will spend 60 cents.

When Country A cuts spending by $3 billion, it directly reduces aggregate demand by that amount. However, in Country B, the tax increase of $3 billion reduces households' disposable income, which leads to a decrease in consumption. The decrease in consumption results in a larger reduction in aggregate demand compared to the spending cut in Country A.

Since the MPC is the same in both countries, the tax increase in Country B has a larger multiplier effect on aggregate demand. This means that a given change in taxes has a greater impact on income compared to a change in government spending. Therefore, the new equilibrium level of income will be greater in Country B, as the tax increase has a larger contractionary effect on aggregate demand.

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Your parents bought a home 15 years ago and have a mortgage rate of 9% on their $150,000 mortgage with a 30 -year term. Today they could refinance into a new 15 year mortgage at a rate of 7%. Refinancing will cost $2500. a. Should they refinance if they plan to stay in the home for an additional 15 years? b. Should they refinance if they may only stay in the home for 5 more years?

Answers

Yes, your parents should refinance if they plan to stay in the home for an additional 15 years.Explanation:As per the given condition,Your parents bought a home 15 years ago and have a mortgage rate of 9% on their $150,000 mortgage with a 30 -year term.

Today they could refinance into a new 15 year mortgage at a rate of 7%. Refinancing will cost $2500.So, we need to calculate the mortgage payment for their current mortgage and new mortgage to decide whether refinancing is a good decision or not.Mortgage payment for their current mortgage:$150,000*0.09/12*(1+0.09/12)^360/[(1+0.09/12)^360-1]=$1,206.62Mortgage payment for their new mortgage:$150,000*(0.07/12)/[(1-(1+0.07/12)^(-15*12))]= $1,345.76Total amount saved by refinancing for 15 years:Mortgage payment of a new mortgage - Mortgage payment of current mortgage= $1,345.76 - $1,206.62= $139.14

Total savings over 15 years= $139.14 * 12*15= $25,045.20Cost of refinancing= $2,500So, the net savings will be the difference of the total amount saved and the cost of refinancing:$25,045.20 - $2,500= $22,545.20Since the net savings is positive, your parents should refinance if they plan to stay in the home for an additional 15 years.b. Main answer:No, your parents should not refinance if they may only stay in the home for 5 more years.Explanation:If your parents may only stay in the home for 5 more years, refinancing will not be a good decision. Because refinancing will cost $2,500 and it will take several years for the savings from the lower interest rate to cover the cost of refinancing. The total savings from refinancing will be:$139.14 * 12*5= $8,348.40So, the savings are much less than the cost of refinancing. Therefore, it will not be beneficial to refinance if they may only stay in the home for 5 more years.

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Jody owns ten shares of stock in Oceanside Corporation. The corporation declared a ten percent stock dividend. Jody should treat the share received as a stock dividend as an ordinary taxable dividend. true or false
23. Nick owns a warehouse complex and assigns the rents to his daughter, Tracey. Nick remains liable for the tax on the rental income, even though Tracey is receiving the rental income, because, according to the assignment of income (fruit of the tree") doctrine, income is taxable to the individual who has earned it. true or false

Answers

23. False. According to the assignment of income doctrine, income is generally taxable to the individual who has earned it. In this case, if Nick assigns the rents to his daughter Tracey, she would be responsible for reporting and paying taxes on the rental income received.

The assignment of income doctrine states that income should be taxed to the individual who has earned it or has the right to control or receive it. In the given scenario, if Nick assigns the rents from the warehouse complex to his daughter Tracey, she becomes the individual who has earned the income, and therefore she would be liable for the tax on the rental income.

By assigning the rents to Tracey, Nick is transferring the right to receive the rental income to her. As a result, Tracey becomes responsible for reporting the rental income on her tax return and paying any applicable taxes on that income.

It's important to note that the assignment of income doctrine is a general rule, and there may be exceptions or specific circumstances where the tax liability can vary. Consulting a tax professional or considering specific laws in your jurisdiction is advisable for accurate information regarding assignment of income and tax obligations.

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CCR stock is currently trading for $200.2 per share. The firm is expected to pay a dividend of $10.11 per share in one year and to increase the dividend at 5.1% each year thereafter. Based on the Dividend Discount Model, what the the annual required rate of return for CCR stock? Answer as a % to 2 deamal places

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The annual required rate of return for CCR stock is 4.55%. This is calculated using the dividend discount model.

The dividend discount model (DDM) is a valuation method that calculates the present value of all future dividends to determine the intrinsic value of a stock. The DDM formula is:

P = D1 / (r - g)

where:

P is the current stock price

D1 is the expected dividend in one year

r is the required rate of return

g is the expected dividend growth rate

In this case, we have:

P = $200.2

D1 = $10.11

g = 5.1%

We are solving for r, the required rate of return. Solving the DDM formula for r, we get:

r = D1 / P + g

r = $10.11 / $200.2 + 5.1%

r = 4.55%

Therefore, the annual required rate of return for CCR stock is 4.55%.

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The annual required rate of return for CCR stock is 4.55%. This is calculated using the dividend discount model.

The dividend discount model (DDM) is a valuation method that calculates the present value of all future dividends to determine the intrinsic value of a stock. The DDM formula is:

P = D1 / (r - g)

where:

P is the current stock price

D1 is the expected dividend in one year

r is the required rate of return

g is the expected dividend growth rate

In this case, we have:

P = $200.2

D1 = $10.11

g = 5.1%

We are solving for r, the required rate of return. Solving the DDM formula for r, we get:

r = D1 / P + g

r = $10.11 / $200.2 + 5.1%

r = 4.55%

Therefore, the annual required rate of return for CCR stock is 4.55%.

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4. More on the Additional Funds Needed (AFN) equation
Cold Duck Manufacturing Inc. reported sales of $720,000 at the end of last year, but this year, sales are expected to grow by 9%. Cold Duck expects to maintain its current profit margin of 22% and dividend payout ratio of 10%. The following information was taken from Cold Duck's balance sheet:
Total assets: $475,000
Accounts payable: $75,000
Notes payable: $25,000
Accrued liabilities: $65,000
Based on the AFN equation, the firm's AFN for the current year is_____
A negatively-signed AFN value represents
O a shortage of internally generated funds that must be raised outside the company to finance the company's forecasted future growth.
O a surplus of internally generated funds that can be invested in physical or financial assets or paid out as additional dividends.
O a point at which the funds generated within the firm equal the demands for funds to finance the firm's future expected sales requirements.
pay out
Because of its excess funds, Cold Duck Manufacturing Inc. is thinking about raising its dividend payout ratio to satisfy shareholders. Cold Duck could of its earnings to shareholders without needing to raise any external capital. (Hint: What can Cold Duck increase its dividend payout ratio to before the AFN becomes positive?)

Answers

The firm's Additional Funds Needed (AFN) for the current year is -$24,660 (negative sign indicating a shortage of funds).

To calculate the Additional Funds Needed (AFN) using the AFN equation, we need to determine the company's current assets, spontaneous liabilities, and the sales increase.

Current assets = Total assets - Accounts payable - Notes payable - Accrued liabilities

              = $475,000 - $75,000 - $25,000 - $65,000

              = $310,000

Spontaneous liabilities = (Sales * Increase in sales) * (1 - Profit margin)

                       = ($720,000 * 0.09) * (1 - 0.22)

                       = $52,560

AFN = (Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities) * (1 - Dividend payout ratio)

   = ($310,000 * 0.09) - $52,560) * (1 - 0.10)

   = ($27,900 - $52,560) * 0.9

   = -$24,660 (rounded to the nearest dollar)

A negatively-signed AFN value represents a shortage of internally generated funds that must be raised outside the company to finance the company's forecasted future growth.

Based on the AFN equation, the firm's AFN for the current year is -$24,660.

Cold Duck Manufacturing Inc. can increase its dividend payout ratio until the AFN becomes positive. In this case, the AFN is negative (-$24,660), indicating a shortage of funds. To reach the break-even point, where internally generated funds equal the demands for funds, Cold Duck should not increase the dividend payout ratio beyond the point where AFN becomes positive.

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how
do you do this on a TI
You have \( \$ 15,000 \) saved. Additionally, you plan on saving \( \$ 1,700 \) every year for the next 5 years. . You will then withdraw \( \$ 1,000 \) for 3 additional years. What will your balance

Answers

the information provided, we can use the financial function of TI calculators. The main answer is explained in steps below.Step 1: Enter the present value and then press 2nd [CLR TVM] or 2nd [FV] and \(15000\).Step 2: Since the annuity is the same amount every year, we will store it by pressing 1700 then PMT.

Step 3: Set the number of periods to 5 by pressing 5 then N.Step 4: Calculate the future value (FV) by pressing CPT [FV]. The result is about \( \$27,243.76\).Step 5: We now have a new present value of \( \$27,243.76\),

so let's subtract the withdrawal by pressing 1000 then CHS and PMT to make it negative. Press 3 then N. Finally, press CPT [FV].The final balance will be approximately $19,699.51.

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Assume the following data: Asset Turnover =0.3, Profit Margin =10% Calculate ROA (write the answer in decimals). Answer:

Answers

The return on assets (roa) for the given data is 0.03, indicating that the company generates a profit equal to 3% of its total assets.

the return on assets (roa) can be calculated by multiplying the asset turnover and profit margin.

roa = asset turnover * profit margin

roa = 0.3 * 0.10 = 0.03

roa is a financial metric that measures a company's profitability in relation to its total assets. it indicates how efficiently a company utilizes its assets to generate profit.

in this case, the given asset turnover is 0.3, which means that for every unit of assets, the company generates 0.3 units of revenue. the profit margin is 10%, representing that the company earns a profit equal to 10% of its revenue.

to calculate roa, we multiply the asset turnover and profit margin. by multiplying 0.3 and 0.10, we obtain the roa value of 0.03. 03, indicating that the company generates a profit equal to 3% of its total assets.

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1 Deareciation on a company automobile for the vear amounted to 55.d00. This amount is fot included in the cxpenses above, 2. On January 1, 2021, paid for a fwo-year itsorance policy on the automobile amounting to 51,696, This amount is included in the expenses atzove Recast the above inconie statement on the accrual basis in conormity with generally accepted accoumting principles Additionat datat 1. Depreciation an a company atutomobile lor the year amounted to 35,860. This amount is not included in the expecacs above, Recan the abowe incone usatement on the sccrual basis in contormity with generewiy sccested eccountine princieles.

Answers

Net profit after tax is $384,896

Given information:

Depreciation on a company automobile for the year amounted to $55,000.

On January 1, 2021, paid for a two-year insurance policy on the automobile amounting to $51,696. This amount is included in the expenses above. Depreciation on a company automobile for the year amounted to $35,860. This amount is not included in the expenses above. To recast the above income statement on the accrual basis in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, we need to consider the following information: Calculation of depreciation on an automobile for the year.

Depreciation on the company automobile for the year = $55,000

Depreciation on a company automobile for the year not included = $35,860Total Depreciation for the year = $55,000 + $35,860 = $90,860Calculation of net profit before tax.

Addition of depreciation = $246,276 + $90,860 = $337,136 Deduction of insurance policy = $337,136 - $51,696 = $285,440Therefore, the recast above income statement on the accrual basis in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles is as follows

Income statement Sales revenue = $2,150,000Less: Cost of goods sold = $1,292,244Gross profit = $857,756Less: Operating expenses Rent = $12,000Wages and salaries = $220,000Depreciation = $90,860Total operating expenses = $322,860Net profit before tax = $534,896Less: Income tax = $150,000Net profit after tax = $384,896Thus, the recast above income statement on the accrual basis in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles is as above.

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Donald establishes an irrevocable trust with Friendly National Bank as Trustee
to pay the income to Ann and Bob until the youngest is 21. The trustee has the
discretion to either accumulate the income or use it for the support, care,
welfare, health, and education of Ann and Bob. After an income beneficiary
becomes 21, the trustee must distribute the beneficiary’s share of trust income to
the beneficiary. When the oldest beneficiary turns 21, the trust is to be divided
into two shares. Each beneficiary will receive half of his or her share of the
principal at age 30 and the other half at age 40.
a. What are the estate tax consequences if Donald dies when Ann and Bob, his
children, are eight and ten?
b. What if Donald dies when his children are 18 and 20 and they are both
attending college?

Answers

The estate tax consequences will depend on the total value of Donald's estate and whether it exceeds the estate tax exemption threshold at the time of his death.

In this case, since Ann and Bob are both minors, the trust is considered a complex trust for estate tax purposes. The income earned by the trust will be taxed at the trust level, and any distributions made to Ann and Bob will be subject to the "kiddie tax" rules.

The "kiddie tax" rules apply to unearned income of children under the age of 18 (or under the age of 24 if a full-time student). This means that the income distributed to Ann and Bob from the trust will be taxed at the parents' tax rate rather than their own potentially lower tax rate.

The estate tax consequences will depend on the total value of Donald's estate and whether it exceeds the estate tax exemption threshold at the time of his death. If the value of the estate is below the exemption threshold, no estate tax would be owed. If the value exceeds the exemption threshold, the excess would be subject to estate tax.

b. If Donald dies when his children are 18 and 20 and they are both attending college:

In this case, Ann and Bob are no longer minors, and the trust may be considered a simple trust for estate tax purposes. The income earned by the trust will flow through to Ann and Bob, and they will be responsible for reporting and paying taxes on that income at their individual tax rates.

Regarding the distributions from the trust, if the funds are used for qualified educational expenses, they may be eligible for certain tax benefits such as the American Opportunity Tax Credit or the Lifetime Learning Credit. However, the exact tax consequences will depend on various factors, including the specific expenses incurred and the individuals' tax situations.

Again, the estate tax consequences will depend on the total value of Donald's estate and whether it exceeds the estate tax exemption threshold at the time of his death. If the value of the estate is below the exemption threshold, no estate tax would be owed. If the value exceeds the exemption threshold, the excess would be subject to estate tax.

It's important to note that estate tax laws and regulations can change, so it's advisable to consult with a qualified tax professional or attorney for personalized advice based on the specific circumstances.

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Bella Corporation issued 40-year $30 million of face value bonds that have a coupon rate of 4% paid semi-annually. The bonds were issued at 104. Given this information, calculate the yield to maturity. Please show work and how you got the solution!!

Answers

The yield to maturity (YTM) can be calculated using the formula:YTM= i+ ((FV-P)/n) / (FV+P)/2Where;i= semi-annual coupon rate,FV= face value of the bond,P= price of the bond,n= number of years until maturity.

The given information is:Face value (FV) = $30 million Coupon rate (i) = 4% paid semi-annually (2% every 6 months)Bonds were issued at 104, therefore the

price (P) = $30 million × 104%

= $30,000,000 × 1.04

= $31,200,000.

Number of years until maturity = 40 years Number of semi-annual periods (n)

= 40 years × 2

= 80 periods

Substitute these values into the formula and solve for YTM.

YTM = i+ ((FV-P)/n) / (FV+P)/2

= 2% + (($30,000,000 - $31,200,000) / 80) / (($30,000,000 + $31,200,000)/2)

= 2% + ($1,200,000 / 80) / ($30,600,000 / 2)

= 2% + $15,000 / $15,300,000

= 2% + 0.00098

= 0.02098 or 2.098%.

Hence, the yield to maturity (YTM) is 2.098%.

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A Genuine Business Opportunity (GBO) has each of the following characteristics except: The ability to produce an acceptable profit The ability to attract a global market To be sold in a sufficient volume at high enough of a price to produce an acceptable profit There has to be effective demand for the product or service It must address an unmet want or need.

Answers

A Genuine Business Opportunity (GBO) has each of the following characteristics except the ability to attract a global market.

While a Genuine Business Opportunity (GBO) possesses several key characteristics, such as the ability to produce an acceptable profit, being sold in sufficient volume at a high enough price to generate a desirable profit, addressing an unmet want or need, and having effective demand for the product or service, it does not necessarily have to attract a global market.

A genuine business opportunity refers to a favorable circumstance or situation that allows entrepreneurs or individuals to develop and grow a profitable business venture. The ability to produce an acceptable profit is a crucial aspect of any business opportunity as it ensures sustainability and viability. Additionally, a genuine business opportunity must be capable of being sold in sufficient volume at an appropriate price to generate the desired profit margin.

Furthermore, an important characteristic of a GBO is that it must address an unmet want or need in the market. This implies that the product or service being offered fills a gap or satisfies a demand that is not adequately met by existing options.

However, contrary to the other characteristics, a genuine business opportunity does not inherently require the ability to attract a global market. While expanding into global markets can be a lucrative strategy for many businesses, it is not a prerequisite for a GBO. A business opportunity can still be genuine and profitable by targeting a specific local or regional market.

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A growing annuity will provide you with 6 annual payments with the first
payment of $8,000 occurring 4 years from now. The equilibrium market rate of interest is 10%/year compounded annually and the growth rate of payments is 10%/year. The present value today (rounded to cents) of this
annuity is?

Answers

The present value today of this annuity is $33,108.77.

A growing annuity will provide you with 6 annual payments with the first payment of $8,000 occurring 4 years from now.

The equilibrium market rate of interest is 10%/year compounded annually and the growth rate of payments is 10%/year. The present value today (rounded to cents) of this annuity is $33,108.77.

A growing annuity is a fixed amount of cash paid at regular intervals over time that increases at a constant rate. An annuity is a fixed amount of cash paid at regular intervals over time, similar to a life insurance policy payout or a company's retirement plan.

A growing annuity is one in which the payout increases over time.Therefore, the formula for the present value of a growing annuity is:

PV = (Pmt 1+ g) [1 - (1 + i) ^-n] / (i - g)

Where

Pmt = Annual paymentg = Growth ratei = Market rate of interestn = Number of periods

Note that the market rate is used to discount future payments back to the present value. For each year that the payment increases at a rate of g, we increase the payment by (1 + g).

The PV (present value) of the growing annuity is:$33,108.77. Therefore, the present value today of this annuity is $33,108.77.

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In a manufacturing cell, one repairman has to maintain four machines. For the machines, the time between breakdowns is exponentially distributed with an average of four hours. On the average, it takes half an hour to fix a machine. 11. Find the probabilities that there are 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 machines in the shop for repair including the one being worked on and those waiting. 12. Find the average number of machines in the shop for repair including the one being worked on and those waiting.

Answers

To find the probabilities and average number of machines in the shop for repair, including the one being worked on and those waiting, we can use the M/M/1 queuing mode.

The service rate μ is determined by the time to fix a machine, which takes an average of 0.5 hours. Therefore, μ = 1/0.5 = 2 per hour.

To find the probabilities for 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 machines in the shop for repair, we can use the formulas for the M/M/1 queuing model.

P(n) = (1 - ρ) * ρ^n

where P(n) is the probability of having n machines in the shop, and ρ is the traffic intensity given by ρ = λ/μ.

ρ = (1/4) / 2 = 1/8

Using the formula, we can calculate the probabilities as follows:

P(0) = (1 - 1/8) * (1/8)^0 = 7/8

P(1) = (1 - 1/8) * (1/8)^1 = 1/8

P(2) = (1 - 1/8) * (1/8)^2 = 1/64

P(3) = (1 - 1/8) * (1/8)^3 = 1/512

P(4) = (1 - 1/8) * (1/8)^4 = 1/4096

Average number of machines in the shop for repair:

The average number of machines in the shop for repair, denoted by L, can be calculated using Little's Law:

L = λ * W

W = 1 / (μ - λ)

W = 1 / (2 - 1/4) = 4/7 hours

Now, substituting λ and W into Little's Law:

L = (1/4) * (4/7) = 1/7

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In each of the cases below, assume Division X has a product that can be sold either to outside customers or to Division Y of the same company for use in its production process. The managers of the divisions are evaluated based on their. divisional profits. Required: 2. Refer to the data in case 8 above. In this case, there will be no savings in variable selling costs on intracompany sales. a. What is the lowest acceptable transfer price from the perspective of the selling division? b. What is the highest acceptable transfer price from the perspective of the buying division? c. What is the range of acceptable transfer prices (if any) between the two divisions? If the managers are free to negotiate and make decisions on their own, will a transfer probably take place? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.

Answers

a. The lowest acceptable transfer price from the perspective of the selling division (Division X) would be the variable cost per unit of the product. Selling below the variable cost would result in a loss for Division X.

b. The highest acceptable transfer price from the perspective of the buying division (Division Y) would be the price at which they can obtain the product from an outside supplier. If the transfer price exceeds the cost of purchasing the product externally, it would be more cost-effective for Division Y to buy from an outside supplier.

c. The range of acceptable transfer prices would be between the variable cost per unit (lowest acceptable price for Division X) and the external purchase price (highest acceptable price for Division Y). If the negotiated transfer price falls within this range, it is likely that a transfer will take place.

In a transfer pricing situation between divisions of the same company, both divisions have their own objectives and evaluate their performance based on divisional profits. The selling division (Division X) wants to maximize its profit, while the buying division (Division Y) aims to minimize its costs.

The lowest acceptable transfer price for Division X is the variable cost per unit because selling below that price would result in a loss for Division X. It is not in the best interest of Division X to sell the product at a price that doesn't cover its variable costs.

On the other hand, the highest acceptable transfer price for Division Y is the price it can obtain the product from an outside supplier. If the transfer price exceeds the cost of purchasing externally, Division Y would prefer to buy from the outside supplier to minimize its costs.

The range of acceptable transfer prices is determined by the difference between the variable cost per unit and the external purchase price. If the negotiated transfer price falls within this range, both divisions can benefit and a transfer is likely to take place. However, if the negotiated price is outside this range, it may not be mutually beneficial, and the divisions may need to explore alternative solutions or engage in further negotiations.

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Tariffs do not provide advantage for _________ Group of answer choices domestic producers. consumers. domestic firms. governments.
Which of the following can be considered as an example of nontariff trade barrier? Group of answer choices
Spices imported from China to the U.S. for sale in the domestic market are subject to a 10 percent import duty.
Ceylan Inc. is a Canada-based retailer that imports health products manufactured in Vietnam. These products pass through Canada customs and are subject to a 5% import duty.
Canada imports cakes manufactured in France that cost $42 a box with taxes.
The Department of Commerce of Italy announced that almond flour imports will be limited to 12,700 million tons.

Answers

Tariffs do not provide an advantage for consumers because they increase the prices of imported goods, making them more expensive for consumers to purchase.

Tariffs are imposed by governments on imported goods and are designed to protect domestic producers by making foreign goods less competitive in the domestic market. However, this protection comes at the expense of consumers, who have to bear the burden of higher prices.

A non-tariff trade barrier refers to any measure other than tariffs that restricts trade. Among the options provided, the example of almond flour imports being limited to 12,700 million tons by the Department of Commerce of Italy is an example of a non-tariff trade barrier. This measure places a quantitative restriction on the amount of almond flour that can be imported, thereby limiting market access for foreign suppliers.

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a. Consider a four period binomial model in which the stock currently trades at a price of Kshs. 30. The stock price can go up 12% or down 10% each period. The risk free rate is 5% per period and the 12 Month strike price in 12 month is Kshs. 35. Calculate the price of the American call option expiring in 12 Month. Use a binomial tree.

Answers

The strike price of the option is Kshs. 35. The stock price can go up by 12% and down by 10% at each node. The tree for the stock price is shown below:

Node1: (30 × 1.12) = 33.6 or (30 × 0.9) = 27.0

Node2: (33.6 × 1.12) = 37.632 or (33.6 × 0.9) = 30.24 or (27 × 1.12) = 30.24 or (27 × 0.9) = 21.6

Node3: (37.632 × 1.12) = 42.069 or (37.632 × 0.9) = 33.869 or (30.24 × 1.12) = 33.830 or (30.24 × 0.9) = 27.216 or (21.6 × 1.12) = 24.192 or (21.6 × 0.9) = 19.44

Now, the next step is to calculate the value of the option at the end of the tree. The strike price of the option is Kshs. 35. Hence, the value of the option will be equal to the difference between the stock price and the strike price if the stock price is higher than the strike price and zero otherwise.

Node3: (42.069 – 35) = 7.069 or 0

Node3: (33.869 – 35) = 0 or 0

Node3: (33.830 – 35) = 0 or 0

Node3: (27.216 – 35) = 0 or 0

Node3: (24.192 – 35) = 0 or 0

Node3: (19.44 – 35) = 0 or 0

Now, we can calculate the value of the option at each node by working backwards from the end of the tree using risk-neutral valuation.

Node2: [(0.5 × 0) + (0.5 × 7.069)] × 0.95 = 3.367 or [(0.5 × 0) + (0.5 × 0)] × 0.95 = 0

Node2: [(0.5 × 0) + (0.5 × 0)] × 0.95 = 0 or [(0.5 × 0) + (0.5 × 0)] × 0.95 = 0

Node1: [(0.5 × 3.367) + (0.5 × 0)] × 0.95 = 1.599 or [(0.5 × 0) + (0.5 × 0)] × 0.95 = 0

Therefore, the price of the American call option expiring in 12 months is Kshs. 1.60.

It is given that the stock price can go up 12% or down 10% at each period and the risk-free rate is 5% per period.

The tree for the stock price is shown below:

Node1: (30 × 1.12) = 33.6 or (30 × 0.9) = 27.0

Node2: (33.6 × 1.12) = 37.632 or (33.6 × 0.9) = 30.24 or (27 × 1.12) = 30.24 or (27 × 0.9) = 21.6

Node3: (37.632 × 1.12) = 42.069 or (37.632 × 0.9) = 33.869 or (30.24 × 1.12) = 33.830 or (30.24 × 0.9) = 27.216 or (21.6 × 1.12) = 24.192 or (21.6 × 0.9) = 19.44

Hence, the value of the option will be equal to the difference between the stock price and the strike price if the stock price is higher than the strike price and zero otherwise.

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