Based on the Coase theorem, private solutions to externalities will be impossible if transaction costs are too high.
The Coase theorem states that private parties can solve the problem of externalities (i.e., the cost or benefit that affects a third party due to economic activities) through bargaining, without requiring government intervention. The theorem assumes that the affected parties can bargain at no cost and that property rights are clearly defined. However, in the real world, transaction costs, which refer to the time, effort, and resources spent in making an exchange, may make bargaining difficult or even impossible.
If the transaction costs are high, then private solutions to externalities are unlikely to emerge.Transaction costs can arise due to various reasons such as lack of information, high search costs, legal and bureaucratic hurdles, communication problems, and enforcement issues. In addition, power asymmetries between the parties may also affect bargaining outcomes.
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Formalisation, one of the building blocks of organisational structure, refers to the degree to which a task is divided into separate jobs the degree to which decision making is concentrated at the top of the organisation the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures the formal, position-based reporting lines and stipulations regarding who reports to whom how efforts of individuals and teams are orchestrated and how resources are distributed
Formalisation, in the context of organizational structure, refers to the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules, procedures, and standardized processes.
It involves the establishment of clear job descriptions, formalized policies, and specific guidelines for carrying out tasks within an organization. The level of formalisation determines the degree to which activities and interactions are structured and regulated. Highly formalized organizations have strict rules and procedures in place, leaving little room for individual discretion or creativity.
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As a CEO of XYZ company (global company) which manufacturing computer, and XYZ company were market leader from 2008-2016, and since then its ranking in the industry is remain as mentioned below: 2017 - 2nd rank 2018 - 3rd rank 2019 - 4th rank 2020 - 4th rank 2021-4th rank The market and competitor situation is as follows: - 2017's no 3-rank company of the industry became no 1 of the industry in 2021. -XYZ company revenue went down in 2017 and 2018, but it has been stable since then. -XYZ company's customer loyalty has been going down since 2017. - XYZ company revenue is 70% of No 1 company the industry and 80% of No 2-rank company of the industry. - Customer satisfaction index has been sustained since 2019. - The No 2 rank company of the industry in 2017 is now (in 2021) No 6 ranks in the industry. - The No 5 rank company of the industry in 2017 is now (in 2021) No 2 ranks in the industry. - Political situation in XYZ company headquarters (country) has not been stable for the last 10 years. -XYZ company reduced the Research and Development budget in 2015. - Diversity index of the XYZ company has been reduced too. -XYZ company having the best IT team in the industry. - Currently, no 1 rank and No 2 companies are investing huge amounts in marketing and Research and Development. - Currently, no 4 and No 5 are spending huge amounts of budget in the marketing campaigns. You need to analyze the scenarios and information according to the chapters we covered, and answer the questions: Don't write your opinion, use chapters' terms and concepts to support your answers. 1. Where should XYZ company see themselves in 2029? Share the reasons for your answer?
As per the information provided, the XYZ company has been facing several issues related to revenue, customer loyalty, and market position since 2017.
Therefore, to analyze where should XYZ company see themselves in 2029, we need to consider the following points:- The No. 3-rank company of the industry in 2017 became the No. 1 company of the industry in 2021. Thus, the competition has increased, and companies are investing huge amounts in marketing and research and development.
Therefore, the XYZ company needs to invest more in marketing campaigns and research and development to stay competitive in the market.- The political situation in the XYZ company's headquarters (country) has not been stable for the last ten years.
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talia’s tutus bought a new sewing machine for $70,000 that will be depreciated over 5 years using double-declining-balance depreciation with a switch to straight-line.
To calculate the depreciation expense for Talia's Tutus' new sewing machine, we will use the double-declining-balance method followed by a switch to straight-line depreciation.
The double-declining-balance method depreciates the asset at a faster rate in the early years and then switches to straight-line depreciation when that method results in higher depreciation expense.
Given that the sewing machine was purchased for $70,000 and will be depreciated over 5 years, the double-declining-balance depreciation rate can be calculated as 1 / 5 = 0.2 or 20% per year.
Year 1: Depreciation Expense = Beginning Book Value * Depreciation Rate
= $70,000 * 0.2 = $14,000
Accumulated Depreciation = $14,000
Year 2: Depreciation Expense = Beginning Book Value * Depreciation Rate
= ($70,000 - $14,000) * 0.2 = $11,200
Accumulated Depreciation = $14,000 + $11,200 = $25,200
Years 3 to 5: Depreciation Expense = ($70,000 - Accumulated Depreciation) / Remaining Useful Life (in years)
Accumulated Depreciation will increase each year until it reaches $70,000
Once the Accumulated Depreciation reaches $70,000, the switch to straight-line depreciation will occur, and the annual depreciation expense will be the same until the end of the asset's useful life.
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Talia's Tutus bought a new sewing machine for $70,000 that will be depreciated over 5 years using double-declining-balance depreciation with a switch to straight-line.
The demand of television sets at a distributor is uniform at 3000 TV sets for the year. The ordering costs are INR 3 lacs per order. If the holding cost of a
TV set is IN 4 Lacs. Determine the following:
(2+2+4= 8 marks]
a. EOQ
b. No. of optimal lots in the year
C. The total cost related to inventory carrying and ordering cost
Demand of television sets at a distributor for the year = 3000Ordering cost = INR 3 Lacs Holding cost per TV set = INR 4 Lacs We are supposed to determine the EOQ, number of optimal lots in the year, and total cost related to inventory carrying and ordering cost.
1. EOQEOQ formula is given as : EOQ = sqrt((2 x D x S) / H)where D = Annual demand S = Ordering cost H = Holding cost Substituting the given values, D = 3000S = INR 3 Lacs H = INR 4 Lacs EOQ = sqrt((2 x 3000 x 3,00,000) / 4,00,000)EOQ = 1500Therefore, the EOQ is 1500.
2. Number of optimal lots in the year Number of optimal lots in the year = (Annual demand / EOQ) = (3000 / 1500) = 2Therefore, the number of optimal lots in the year is 2.
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Kindly answer the questions serially & appropriately
as it is required for assignment purpose:
Assignment topic: Accounting Process and Management in Hospital a. You are required to study the accounting process in both manual and computerized systems, particularly how the voucher, journal, ledg
A journal is a record of all financial transactions of a company. It records transactions in chronological order and is the first place where transactions are recorded.
In a manual accounting system, the accounting process is done by recording financial transactions in journals and ledgers by hand. The voucher system is used to control the source documents such as invoices, receipts, and other transaction documents.
In a computerized accounting system, the accounting process is done by using software to record and process financial transactions. The voucher system is also used in computerized systems to control the source documents such as invoices, receipts, and other transaction documents.
A voucher is a document that serves as evidence of a transaction. In accounting, it is a written authorization prepared by a person or department that approves payment or recording of financial transactions.
A ledger is a collection of accounts that records financial transactions for a business. It contains accounts for all transactions that are recorded in the journals.
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Discuss the main issues that connect the
operations-related competence of a firm with its marketing
strategy?
Operations-related competence of a firm has a strong correlation with the marketing strategy of the company. This is because both of these areas of a business involve processes that are crucial for the success of a firm. The operations-related competence of a firm refers to the capability of the firm to design, produce, and deliver products or services efficiently. On the other hand, marketing strategy refers to the methods and techniques that a company uses to promote its products or services to its target market. The main issues that connect operations-related competence with marketing strategy include product design, quality control, customer service, and delivery speed.
Product design is important in operations as it determines the efficiency of the production process. If a product is poorly designed, it can result in delays in production, which can, in turn, lead to a delay in delivery.
In addition, product quality is important to ensure that customers are satisfied with the product and are more likely to become repeat customers.
Customer service is another crucial factor that connects operations-related competence with marketing strategy. This is because good customer service can increase customer satisfaction, which can result in increased sales. Delivery speed is also important in operations as it determines the speed with which a company can deliver products to its customers. This can have a direct impact on the marketing strategy of a company as customers are more likely to purchase from a company that offers fast delivery times.
In conclusion, the operations-related competence of a firm is closely linked to its marketing strategy. A company's product design, quality control, customer service, and delivery speed are all important factors that can impact a company's marketing strategy. Therefore, it is crucial for a company to focus on improving its operations-related competence to ensure that it can deliver products or services efficiently and effectively, which will, in turn, help to improve its marketing strategy.
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Flag XYZ Corp. is evaluating two projects. Project A has $50 thousand in up-front costs, and has after-tax cash flows of $10 thousand, $20 thousand, and $30 thousand during the first three years. Project B has $80 thousand in up-front costs, and has after-tax cash flows of $15 thousand, $30 thousand, and $50 thousand. The company’s WACC is 6%.
a. What is the IRR for project A?
b. what is the IRR for project B
c. if the projects are independent, should the company do either (or both) of them?
d. if the projects are mutually exclusive, which (if either) should do it
Please include the formula. Please do not include an answer that is already in Chegg?
a.The IRR for project A is ≈ 16.58%. ; b. The IRR for project B is ≈ 16.20%. ; c. the company should do Project A.
a. The formula to calculate IRR for project A is:
PV = CF1 / (1+IRR) + CF2 / (1+IRR)² + CF3 / (1+IRR)³ + Co / (1+IRR)³
Where
PV = present value
CF1, CF2, and CF3 = the cash flows in years 1, 2, and 3 respectively
Co = the upfront costs
IRR is the internal rate of return, the variable we are solving for.
We know that:
Co = $50,000
CF1 = $10,000
CF2 = $20,000
CF3 = $30,000
WACC = 6%
Thus, substituting the values into the formula: $50,000 = $10,000 / (1+IRR) + $20,000 / (1+IRR)² + $30,000 / (1+IRR)³ + $0 / (1+IRR)³
We can solve for IRR using the IRR function on a financial calculator or by trial and error. IRR ≈ 16.58%
b. We can use the same formula to calculate the IRR for project B.
Co = $80,000
CF1 = $15,000
CF2 = $30,000
CF3 = $50,000
WACC = 6%$80,000 = $15,000 / (1+IRR) + $30,000 / (1+IRR)² + $50,000 / (1+IRR)³ + $0 / (1+IRR)³IRR ≈ 16.20%
c. If the projects are independent, the company should do both projects as both have a higher IRR than the company's WACC. Both projects have a positive NPV, so both are profitable and worth doing.d. If the projects are mutually exclusive, we need to compare their NPVs at the WACC.
We can use the NPV formula:
NPV = CF0 + CF1 / (1+WACC) + CF2 / (1+WACC)² + CF3 / (1+WACC)³ - Co
CF0 is the present value of cash flows at time zero, which is $0 in this case.
Project A's NPV = $10,000 / (1+0.06) + $20,000 / (1+0.06)² + $30,000 / (1+0.06)³ - $50,000 = $6,967
Project B's NPV = $15,000 / (1+0.06) + $30,000 / (1+0.06)² + $50,000 / (1+0.06)³ - $80,000 = $3,104
Since Project A has a higher NPV, if the projects are mutually exclusive, the company should do Project A.
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peter plans to sell his two houses, numbered lot 1 and lot 2, at $800,000 each. david, who was interested in buying lot 2, could not make up his mind on the final offer and asks peter to give him a week to decide. peter accepts, but david takes two weeks to decide the counteroffer. before he could give david a reply to his counteroffer, peter is killed in a fire that burned down lot 1. which of the following would be true in this case?
the offer is terminated due to death of the offeror.
the offer is terminated due to destruction of the subject matter.
the offer is terminated due to lapse of time.
david can still buy the house for peter's original offer.
In this case, the offer is terminated due to the destruction of the subject matter. The subject matter of the offer was lot 1, which was destroyed in the fire. As a result, the offer to sell lot 1 is no longer valid or enforceable. Therefore, David cannot buy lot 1 for Peter's original offer of $800,000.
However, since David expressed interest in buying lot 2, the offer to sell lot 2 may still be valid if it has not expired. The offer to sell lot 2 was extended for a week to allow David to make a decision, but he took two weeks. Before Peter could respond to David's counteroffer for lot 2, Peter, unfortunately, passed away. In this situation, it would depend on the terms of the original offer and any subsequent communication between Peter and David regarding the offer for lot 2. If the offer for lot 2 has not expired, it is possible that David could still buy lot 2 for $800,000. However, without more specific information about the terms and timeline of the offer, it is not possible to definitively determine the outcome.
Offer termination refers to the circumstances or events that can bring an offer to an end, resulting in the offer no longer being valid or enforceable. Some common reasons for offer termination include:
1. Revocation: The offeror can revoke or withdraw the offer at any time before it is accepted by the offeree, provided that the revocation is communicated to the offeree. Once the offeree receives the revocation, the offer is terminated.
2. Rejection: If the offeree explicitly rejects the offer, either verbally or in writing, the offer is terminated. The offeree's rejection indicates that they do not intend to accept the offer.
3. Counteroffer: If the offeree proposes a counteroffer, it terminates the original offer. A counteroffer is a new offer made by the offeree that introduces different terms or conditions from the original offer.
4. Lapse of time: If the offer specifies a time limit for acceptance, the offer will terminate if the offeree does not accept within that time frame. Additionally, if no time limit is specified, the offer may lapse after a reasonable amount of time has passed.
5. Death or incapacity: If either the offeror or the offeree dies or becomes incapacitated before the offer is accepted, the offer is terminated. The offer requires the active participation and intention of the offeror, which is no longer possible in these circumstances.
6. Destruction of subject matter: If the subject matter of the offer is destroyed or becomes impossible to perform before acceptance, the offer is terminated. The destruction or impossibility of the subject matter renders the offer impracticable or impossible to fulfill.
It's important to note that offer termination may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific terms of the offer. Legal advice should be sought for specific situations to understand the applicable laws and regulations.
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1. Calculate the four components of expenditure and GDP for the following economy using data from the table below.
GDP
Consumption expenditures $550
Exports $75
Government purchases of goods and services $200
Construction of new homes and apartments 100
Sales of existing homes and apartments $200
Imports $125
Beginning-of-year inventory stocks $100
End-of-year inventory stocks $75
Business fixed investment $100
Government payments to retirees $100
Household purchases of durable goods $150
a. Consumption expenditures.
b. Investment expenditures.
c. Government Purchases.
d. Net Exports.
e. GDP.
2. The nation of Potchatoonie produces hockey pucks, cases of root beer, and sandals. The following table provides data on prices and quantities.
Pucks Root beer Sandals
Year Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity Price
2011 100 $5 300 $15 100 $20
2014 125 $7 250 $20 110 $25
Assume that 2011 is the base year. Find nominal GDP and real GDP for both years.
a. Consumption expenditures:
Household purchases of durable goods: $150
b. Investment expenditures:
Construction of new homes and apartments: $100
Business fixed investment: $100
c. Government purchases:
Government purchases of goods and services: $200
Government payments to retirees: $100
d. Net exports:
Exports: $75
Imports: $125
e. GDP:
To calculate GDP, we sum up the four components of expenditure:
GDP = Consumption expenditures + Investment expenditures + Government purchases + Net exports
GDP = $550 + $100 + $200 + ($75 - $125)
GDP = $725
2. To calculate nominal GDP, we multiply the quantities by their respective prices in each year and sum them up:
Nominal GDP 2011 = (100 * $5) + (300 * $15) + (100 * $20) = $5,000 + $4,500 + $2,000 = $11,500
Nominal GDP 2014 = (125 * $7) + (250 * $20) + (110 * $25) = $875 + $5,000 + $2,750 = $8,625
To calculate real GDP, we use the prices from the base year (2011) and multiply them by the quantities in each year:
Real GDP 2011 = (100 * $5) + (300 * $15) + (100 * $20) = $5,000 + $4,500 + $2,000 = $11,500
Real GDP 2014 = (125 * $5) + (300 * $15) + (100 * $20) = $6,250 + $4,500 + $2,000 = $12,750
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fill the blank. theoretical explanations for the demographic transition were initially drawn from _______ theory.
Theoretical explanations for the demographic transition were initially drawn from "Malthusian" theory.
This theory, proposed by economist Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century, argued that population growth would outpace the availability of resources, leading to widespread poverty, famine, and other negative consequences.
Malthus believed that the only way to control population growth was through "positive checks" such as war, disease, and natural disasters. The demographic transition theory, built upon Malthusian ideas, sought to explain the observed shifts in birth and death rates in societies as they transition from pre-industrial to industrialized states. While the demographic transition theory has evolved and incorporated other factors, its initial foundations were influenced by Malthusian theory's focus on population dynamics and resource constraints.
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E14.13 (LO 4) The following information is taken from the 2020 general ledger of Okonedo ASA. Rent Rent expense € 40,000 Prepaid rent, January 1 5,600 Prepaid rent, December 31 9,000 Salaries Salaries and wages expense € 65,000 10,000 Salaries and wages payable, January 1 Salaries and wages payable, December 31 8,000 Sales Sales revenue €170,000 Accounts receivable, January 1 19,000 Accounts receivable, December 31 7,000 Instructions In each case, compute the amount that should be reported in the operating activities section of the state- ment of cash flows under the direct method.
The amount that should be reported in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows under the direct method for Okonedo ASA is €171,000.
The operating activities section of the statement of cash flows under the direct method includes cash inflows and outflows directly related to the company's core operations. To calculate the amount for this section, we need to consider the changes in the relevant accounts. For Rent, the Rent expense of €40,000 is reported as an outflow in the operating activities section. For Salaries, the change in Salaries and wages payable is considered. The Salaries and wages payable of €10,000 (January 1) minus €8,000 (December 31) represents a decrease in payable, which means an increase in cash. Therefore, €2,000 is reported as an inflow in the operating activities section.
For Sales, the change in Accounts receivable is considered. The Accounts receivable of €19,000 (January 1) minus €7,000 (December 31) represents a decrease in receivables, which means an increase in cash. Therefore, €12,000 is reported as an inflow in the operating activities section. Adding up the Rent expense, Salaries adjustment, and Sales adjustment, the total amount reported in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows under the direct method is €40,000 + €2,000 + €12,000 = €54,000. However, it's important to note that the given information does not provide specific details about other operating cash flows, such as cash paid for operating expenses. Therefore, the total amount reported in the operating activities section may vary depending on additional information not provided.
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Only one of four different machines is to be purchased for a certain production process. An engineer performed the following analyses to select the best machine. All machines are assumed to have a 10-year life. Which machine, if any, should the company select if its MARR is (a) 12% per year and (b)20% per year?
If the MARR is 12%, the company should select Machine B. However, if the MARR is 20%, the company should select Machine A.
The engineer performed different analyses to select the best machine among the four different machines. Given that all machines are assumed to have a 10-year life and that the company has to purchase only one machine, it is important to determine which of the four machines is the best to be purchased. Therefore, the engineer performed the following analyses to select the best machine: Annual Cost Analys is Annual Revenue Analys is Annual Profit Analys is the annual cost analysis indicates that machine D is the best machine to be purchased, while the annual revenue analysis suggests that machine B is the best machine to be purchased.
Finally, the annual profit analysis shows that machine B is the best machine to be purchased. Therefore, if the MARR is 12%, the company should select Machine B.
However, if the MARR is 20%, the company should select Machine A.
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Your credit card company is charging you 18% APR with monthly compounding. Your credit card balance is $14,500. What effective annual rate are you paying on your credit card balance? O 18.56% O 19.56% O20.32% 18% O 19.86%
Given that the credit card company is charging 18% APR with monthly compounding, the credit card balance is $14,500. We are to find the effective annual rate paid on the credit card balance.
The formula to find the effective annual rate (EAR) from the given annual percentage rate (APR) and the number of compounding periods per year is:
EAR = (1 + APR/m)ᵐ - 1,
where m is the number of compounding periods per year.
As compounding is done monthly, the number of compounding periods per year is 12. Hence, m = 12 and
APR = 18%.
Therefore, the effective annual rate (EAR) is:
EAR = (1 + APR/m)ᵐ - 1= (1 + 18%/12)¹² - 1
≈ 20.32%.
Therefore, the effective annual rate that the credit card company is charging is approximately 20.32%. Therefore, the option (C) 20.32% is the correct answer
The annual percentage rate (APR) is the annual interest rate that you will be charged on your credit card balances. Compounding is the process of computing the interest on the principal balance and any accumulated interest on a loan or deposit. Monthly compounding indicates that interest is computed and added to the principal at the end of each month.
The effective annual rate is a metric that accounts for the effect of compounding on the interest rate. EAR is a calculation of the annual interest rate, taking into account the effects of compounding over the course of a year. The formula to find the effective annual rate (EAR) from the given annual percentage rate (APR) and the number of compounding periods per year is:
EAR = (1 + APR/m) m - 1, where m is the number of compounding periods per year. Here, the credit card company is charging 18% APR with monthly compounding, and the credit card balance is $14,500.
Therefore, the effective annual rate (EAR) is:
EAR = (1 + APR/m)ᵐ - 1
= (1 + 18%/12)¹² - 1
≈ 20.32%.
Therefore, the effective annual rate that the credit card company is charging is approximately 20.32%.
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meritor implents these suggestions and result is that the muffer assmbly fabrication cell now averages app 32 assem per hour and the catalyic coverter assembly cel can now respons to an order for a bach of catalyic converters in one hpur. The safety storck remains at 12.5 percent how many kaban cards are needed?
The muffler assembly fabrication cell would need 36 kanban cards, and the catalytic converter assembly cell would need 2 kanban cards.
To determine the number of kanban cards needed, we need to consider the average assembly rate, the safety stock, and the time required to respond to an order.
Given the information provided:
The muffler assembly fabrication cell averages approximately 32 assemblies per hour.
The catalytic converter assembly cell can respond to an order for a batch of catalytic converters in one hour.
The safety stock remains at 12.5 percent.
To calculate the number of kanban cards, we can use the following formula:
Number of Kanban Cards = (Average Demand per Hour x Time to Produce) + Safety Stock
For the muffler assembly fabrication cell:
Number of Kanban Cards = (32 x 1) + (0.125 x 32) = 32 + 4 = 36 kanban cards.
For the catalytic converter assembly cell:
Number of Kanban Cards = (1 x 1) + (0.125 x 1) = 1 + 0.125 = 1.125 kanban cards.
Since kanban cards are typically whole units, we round up the decimal value for the catalytic converter assembly cell. Therefore, the catalytic converter assembly cell would require 2 kanban cards.
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Cognitive biases is the tendency to make errors when we process information. This errors affect the negotiator performance.
Comment some situations in your current experience in your work, in the university or with your family or friends, when, because of your bias toward some idea or behavior, your judgment or decision has been affected.
One example, it doesn't have to be real.
Cognitive biases refer to the systematic patterns in which people deviate from rationality in judgment and decision-making. The effect of these biases can have an impact on a negotiator's performance. Here is an example to illustrate how cognitive bias can affect decision-making in a university setting: Sarah is a graduate student working on her thesis. She has already put in months of work into her research.
However, her advisor, who is responsible for grading her work, doesn't seem to like the approach she has taken. Her advisor suggests she use a different methodology that would require Sarah to re-do a significant amount of work, which Sarah disagrees with. Because Sarah has invested so much time into her current research, she is attached to her methodology and may have a cognitive bias towards her current approach.
Sarah might fail to see the merits of her advisor's approach, resulting in a less than optimal outcome for her thesis.In this scenario, the cognitive bias towards her current approach could have affected her judgment and decision-making. She may be unable to see that her advisor's suggestions could improve her thesis. This example demonstrates the potential impact that cognitive bias can have on the quality of decision-making.
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Lena Company has current assets of $75,000, current liabilities of $50,000, long-term assets of $90,000 and non-current liabilities of $45,000. Lena Company's working capital and its current ratio are:
a. $25,000 and 150%
b. $35,000 and 200%.
c. $70,000 and 135.7%
d. None of the above is correct.
Lena Company's working capital is $25,000, and its current ratio is 150%.
Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. In this case, Lena Company's current assets are $75,000, and its current liabilities are $50,000. Therefore, the working capital can be calculated as follows:
Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Working Capital = $75,000 - $50,000
Working Capital = $25,000
The current ratio is a measure of a company's ability to cover its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities and expressing the result as a percentage. In this case, Lena Company's current assets are $75,000, and its current liabilities are $50,000. Therefore, the current ratio can be calculated as follows:
Current Ratio = (Current Assets / Current Liabilities) * 100
Current Ratio = ($75,000 / $50,000) * 100
Current Ratio = 150%
Hence, Lena Company's working capital is $25,000, and its current ratio is 150%. The correct answer is option (a) $25,000 and 150%.
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There are several CNG fuel dispensers manufactures in US. One of them is Wayne Fueling Systems from Austin, Texas. In 2019, Wayne Fueling Systems realized that they need to replace the equipment to streamline one of their production lines for a new contract, and plan to sell the equipment at or before its expected life is reached at an estimated market value for old used equipment. To conduct an economic analysis between the two options given below. 1. Which method in economic analysis (PW, FW, AW) you think will use for the selection process? 2. Recommend your selection between the two options given below using the corporate MARR of 15% per year and the economic analysis you recommended in Question 1 for the expected use period in paper/by hand. Draw the cash flow diagram. 3. Bonus Points (20): Solve this problem using Excel. (This is your Bonus point to boost your grade, means you will earn 120 out of 100.) Upload Excel File in the "Question 3."
Economic Analysis Method:To evaluate the two options for replacing the equipment, the most suitable method of economic analysis would be the Present Worth (PW) method. The PW method assesses the net present value of each option by discounting all cash flows to their present value at a specified interest rate.
Selection and Cash Flow Diagram:
To recommend the selection between the two options, we would need more specific information about the options and their associated cash flows. Without that information, it is challenging to provide a specific recommendation or draw a cash flow diagram.
However, I can outline the general steps you would need to follow:
a. Identify the initial cost of each option, including the cost of new equipment and any costs associated with selling the old equipment.
b. Determine the expected annual cash inflows and outflows associated with each option, considering factors such as increased production efficiency, maintenance costs, and any revenue from selling the old equipment.
c. Estimate the expected useful life of the equipment and calculate the total cash flows over the expected use period for each option.
d. Discount the cash flows of each option to their present values using the corporate Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) of 15% per year.
e. Calculate the Present Worth (PW) of each option by summing the present values of all cash flows.
f. Compare the PW values of the two options. The option with the higher PW would be economically more favorable.
Based on the specific cash flow data and calculations, you can make a recommendation between the two options.
Bonus Points:
To solve this problem using Excel and provide a detailed economic analysis, you can create a cash flow statement with columns for each year, including initial costs, annual cash inflows/outflows, and discounted cash flows. Apply the appropriate formulas to calculate present values and PW for each option. Finally, compare the results to make a recommendation.
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the expected rise in prices due to inflation over the next 6 years is expected to be 30%. determine the average annual inflation rate over the 6 year period.
The average annual inflation rate would be 5%.
The average annual inflation rate can be calculated by dividing the total inflation over a given period by the number of years. In this case, the total inflation over the 6-year period is 30%. To find the average annual inflation rate, we divide 30% by 6, which equals 5%. The rationale behind this calculation is that the total inflation of 30% is distributed evenly over the 6-year period, resulting in an average annual increase of 5%. This means that, on average, prices are expected to rise by 5% per year over the 6-year period.
It's important to note that the actual annual inflation rates may vary from year to year, and this calculation assumes a constant rate of increase. In reality, inflation rates can fluctuate due to various economic factors. Nonetheless, the average annual inflation rate provides an estimation of the overall price rise over the specified time frame.
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If interest rates were to increase, then [select the statement that is most correct]
a. Only long term bonds will experience a price increase
b. Both long and short term bonds will exerience a price decrease, but long term bonds will drop in price more than short term.
c. Both long and short term bonds will exerience a price decrease, but short term bonds will drop in price more than long term.
d. only long term bonds will experience a price decrease
e. All bonds will experience a price increase
B. Both long and short term bonds will experience a price decrease, but long-term bonds will drop in price more than short-term.
When interest rates increase, bond prices typically decrease. This is because newly issued bonds will offer higher coupon rates, making existing bonds with lower coupon rates less attractive to investors. Both long-term and short-term bonds are affected by interest rate changes, but the impact on their prices differs.
Long-term bonds, which have longer maturities, are more sensitive to interest rate changes. The longer the bond's maturity, the more time there is for interest rates to fluctuate, impacting the bond's present value. Therefore, long-term bonds generally experience a larger drop in price compared to short-term bonds when interest rates increase.
Short-term bonds, on the other hand, have shorter maturities and are less affected by interest rate changes. Their prices may still decrease, but the impact is relatively smaller compared to long-term bonds.
It's important to note that while the general relationship between interest rates and bond prices holds, other factors such as credit quality, market conditions, and investor sentiment can also influence bond prices.
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CASE Marketing Mix consists of the 4 Ps. One of those P's is Place. Flawless Features, an American marketing company, that manufactures beauty, home care, and health products The brand sells products only through its authorized stores. Hence, the company plays the role of a producer and distributor of its goods. QUESTION: Identity the type of vertical marketing system applied by Flawless Features.
The type of vertical marketing system applied by Flawless Features is Corporate VMS.A marketing mix refers to the various tactics and strategies used by a business or an organization to promote their product or service in the market.
The 4 Ps of the marketing mix include Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.What is a marketing company?A marketing company is a firm that provides marketing services to businesses and organizations. The services they offer include advertising, branding, market research, social media management, and many others. Marketing companies help businesses to connect with their target audience and promote their products or services more effectively.
What is a vertical marketing system (VMS)?A vertical marketing system is a type of channel of distribution where the different levels of the channel are unified under a single entity. The three types of vertical marketing systems include corporate, contractual, and administered.
What type of vertical marketing system is used by Flawless Features?Flawless Features is a marketing company that manufactures beauty, home care, and health products. The brand sells products only through its authorized stores, making the company play the role of a producer and distributor of its goods.
The type of vertical marketing system applied by Flawless Features is Corporate VMS. In this system, a single entity owns or controls the entire channel of distribution, from manufacturing to retailing. By using this system, Flawless Features can have more control over the distribution of its products, ensuring that they are sold only through authorized channels.
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Display ad traffic from mobile devices may appear to be unprofitable, but the ads might be profitable if the conversion rate is close to zero mobile bid adjustments are increasing the cost-per-click of mobile traffic the traffic is being produced by unintentional clicks O these visitors are purchasing later on another device Why might a company's social media objective NOT be to induce additional purchases? The company does not sell online. O It makes more sense for the company to use social media efforts to build brand equity. O All of the above None of the above
The company's social media objective may not be to induce additional purchases because it may prioritize building brand equity and engaging with customers rather than focusing solely on driving immediate sales.
The possible reasons why a company's social media objective may not be to induce additional purchases are as follows:
The company does not sell online: If the company primarily operates through physical stores or offline channels, its social media objective may focus more on creating brand awareness, engaging with customers, and driving foot traffic to their brick-and-mortar locations.It makes more sense for the company to use social media efforts to build brand equity: Building brand equity and establishing a strong brand image can be a crucial objective for companies, especially if they operate in highly competitive markets or if they want to differentiate themselves from competitors. In such cases, social media can be a powerful tool for storytelling, showcasing brand values, and engaging with customers on a deeper level.It makes more sense for the company to use social media efforts to build brand equity, as social media platforms provide opportunities for companies to connect with their target audience, share their brand story, and build meaningful relationships, even if the immediate goal is not to drive direct sales.
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Why are the vast majority of "ethnic" enclaves now located in sprawling suburbs? (1 mark) A 2. The "ethnic" enclave of Markham is quite prosperous. It was created in the 1990s. What are economic factors that are changing the prosperity of "ethnic" enclaves today? Why should th be of concern? (2 marks)
1. In the past, most ethnic enclaves were situated in urban areas. However, the majority of them are now located in sprawling suburbs. These suburbs are attractive to newcomers due to the following factors:
Affordability: The suburbs provide more affordable housing than the city. Even though suburban homes are more expensive, they are more spacious and offer more value for money.
Safety: The suburbs are perceived as being safer than the city. Crime rates are usually lower in suburban areas than in urban areas. Many parents prefer the suburbs because they believe their children are safer there.
Comfort: The suburbs are more comfortable to live in than the city. The environment is less polluted, and there is less noise. The suburbs provide a more peaceful atmosphere where one can relax after a long day at work.
2. Economic factors that are changing the prosperity of "ethnic" enclaves include the following:
Gentrification: This is a process where the original residents of a neighborhood are replaced by wealthier people. Gentrification is causing the displacement of many ethnic enclaves. As a result, many people are losing their homes, jobs, and social connections. Gentrification is also causing the loss of cultural identity among ethnic communities.
Income inequality: The wealth gap between rich and poor is widening in many countries. Ethnic enclaves are particularly vulnerable to this trend because they tend to be less affluent than other neighborhoods. Many ethnic enclaves lack basic amenities such as good schools, healthcare, and job opportunities. This is making it difficult for people in these areas to improve their standard of living.
The potential loss of cultural identity is a concern because it threatens the preservation of diverse cultures. When people are displaced from their homes, they lose their connections to their community and their cultural heritage. Additionally, economic inequality can create social unrest and reduce social cohesion. The government should be concerned about these issues because they can lead to social unrest and political instability.
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The balance sheets provided below indicate that the Fed has: a. conducted an open market purchase b. conducted an open market sale c. lowered the discount rate d. raised reserve requirements BALANCE SHEETS OF BANKS AND THE FED Banking System_(In millions of dollars) FED Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Reserves +$ 10 U.S. Government Bank Reserves U.S. Government Bonds +$10 +$10 Bonds -$10 3. Using the balance sheets provided above, if the required reserve ratio for banks is 20 percent, what will happen to the money supply? Assume that banks do not hold excess reserves and that the public does not wish to hold additional cash. a. The money supply will decrease $50 million b. The money supply will decrease $10 million c. The money supply will increase $50 million d. The money supply will increase $10 million e. The money supply will increase $40 million
the correct option is option A: The money supply will decrease $50 million.
Using the balance sheets provided above, if the required reserve ratio for banks is 20 percent, the money supply will decrease by $50 million.What is the Reserve Ratio?The reserve ratio is a percentage of total deposits that banks must hold in reserve. Reserve requirements are used by banks to make sure that they have enough money on hand to meet their clients' requests. Banks that do not have enough cash on hand must borrow money, which raises the cost of borrowing and reduces the money supply. If the Federal Reserve reduces the reserve ratio, banks are required to keep fewer reserves. When banks have more money to lend, interest rates fall, the money supply rises, and the economy expands. If the Federal Reserve increases the reserve ratio, banks are required to keep more reserves. When banks have less money to lend, interest rates increase, the money supply falls, and the economy slows.Using the balance sheets provided above, if the required reserve ratio for banks is 20 percent, the money supply will decrease by $50 million. Since the Reserve is 20%, Bank reserves will be $2, which is 20% of $10 million. As a result, the bank's excess reserves have fallen to $0. Because the banks don't have any excess reserves, their lending ability has been reduced by $10 million. They're only able to lend $40 million now since they're unable to lend their entire $50 million reserve. The whole banking system's money supply has decreased by $50 million as a result of this. Hence, the correct option is option A: The money supply will decrease $50 million.
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Changes in prices can be attributed to shifts in the supply curve, the demand curve, or both. In this module we learned several variables that can shift the curves (price of related goods, changes in expectations, etc.) According to the Hoffower article, what variable is likely to be the cause of increased college tuition from the demand side? What variable on the supply side?
According to the Hoffower article, the variable likely to be the cause of increased college tuition from the demand side is increased competition. The variable on the supply side is the decrease in state funding.LONG ANSWER:In accordance with the Hoffower article.
The variable likely to be the cause of increased college tuition from the demand side is increased competition. Because more individuals are attending college, colleges must compete for potential students, just like any other business does.The variable on the supply side is the decrease in state funding. In the past, states heavily subsidized their public universities.
Nonetheless, with the increase of state budget crises, state funding has decreased over time. Consequently, public universities have had to compensate by increasing tuition rates and other fees to make up for the shortfall in state funding. It implies that higher education in the United States has become increasingly costly. The decreasing state funding shifts the supply curve to the left, which increases equilibrium price and reduces the equilibrium quantity.EXPLANATION:Changes in prices are often caused by shifts in the supply curve, the demand curve, or both. Changes in prices can be linked to shifts in either or both of these curves, as seen in the case of increased college tuition. In this case, according to the Hoffower article, the increase in demand is caused by increased competition, which results in colleges competing for potential students like any other business. Colleges raise tuition rates and other fees to make up for the shortfall in state funding, which has decreased over time as a result of the increase of state budget crises. This, in turn, shifts the supply curve to the left, raising equilibrium price and lowering equilibrium quantity.
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Explain how Hydro One setup its risk controls to mitigate the KRIs
Hydro One is a utility company responsible for the transmission and distribution of electricity across Ontario, Canada.that includes a range of risk controls aimed at mitigating the key risk indicators (KRIs).
The first step in Hydro One's risk management process is to identify the key risks to its business.The company then develops KRIs, which are measurable parameters that indicate the level of risk exposure for each identified risk.
These include operational controls, as well as monitoring its financial performance against key financial ratios and benchmarks.Regulatory controls are also in place to ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards, such as those related to safety and environmental protection.
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ASAP - Sany Company!!
1. As an equipment manufacturing company, suppliers are a very important part of the operation. Can you discuss the supply chain and has any significant world events ever disturbed the supply chain?
2. Bad publicly is a crossroad for a company's brand. Was SANY Company able to regain their footing? If so what steps were taken to reestablish their brand?
As an equipment manufacturing company, SANY understands the significance of suppliers in its operations. The company relies on a complex supply chain to source raw materials and other necessary inputs for its manufacturing processes.
SANY's supply chain involves multiple tiers of suppliers, with each tier contributing to the overall production and delivery of equipment.
Significant world events have indeed disrupted SANY's supply chain in the past. For example, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 resulted in widespread disruptions across global supply chains, including SANY's. Travel restrictions, lockdown measures, and disruptions in logistics and transportation networks impacted the availability of raw materials and components, causing delays and shortages in production.
To mitigate such disruptions, SANY implemented various strategies. The company diversified its supplier base, seeking alternative sources for critical inputs to reduce reliance on specific regions or suppliers. SANY also strengthened communication and collaboration with suppliers, sharing information and working together to address challenges. Additionally, the company focused on building resilience and flexibility in its supply chain by implementing contingency plans, improving inventory management, and exploring local sourcing options.
It is unclear from the provided information whether SANY Company faced a significant public relations crisis or bad publicity that required them to regain their footing. Without specific details about the nature of the crisis or event, it is challenging to assess the steps taken by SANY to reestablish their brand.
However, in general, companies facing reputation challenges can employ several strategies to rebuild their brand. This may include:
Transparency and accountability: Being open and honest about any issues, acknowledging mistakes, and taking responsibility for them.
Communication and engagement: Engaging with stakeholders, including customers, employees, and the public, to listen to their concerns and address them effectively.
Quality and innovation: Focusing on delivering high-quality products or services while emphasizing innovation to regain customers' trust and loyalty.
Social responsibility: Demonstrating a commitment to social and environmental responsibility through sustainable practices and community involvement.
Rebranding and marketing efforts: Developing a new brand identity, refreshing the company's image, and implementing targeted marketing campaigns to rebuild public perception.
Without more specific information about the situation faced by SANY Company, it is challenging to provide a detailed analysis of their brand recovery efforts.
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The belief that behaviour is a function of the person and the environment is known as O a. interactional psychology. O b. internal locus of control. O c. self-esteem. O d. attribution theory.
The belief that behavior is a function of the person and the environment is known as option a. interactional psychology.
The discussion will revolve around the concept of interactional psychology and how it applies in the psychology of behavior.Interactional psychologyInteractional psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on how behavior is shaped by both the individual and the environment. This concept asserts that both the person and the environment contribute to the way an individual behaves, and the behavior is a function of both of these variables.Interactional psychology is founded on the interactional model, which is based on the belief that the person, behavior, and environment are interconnected. The person is shaped by the environment, the environment is shaped by the person, and both the person and the environment interact to influence behavior.
The theory is based on the fact that the environment in which an individual lives can have a direct impact on their behavior. The behavior is not only influenced by personal characteristics but also by external factors, such as cultural and social factors.The theory is also based on the belief that behavior is learned, and it can be changed by modifying the environment in which an individual is exposed to. Therefore, interactional psychology focuses on finding ways to change behavior by changing the environment in which an individual is exposed to.
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Unbalancing a bid to take advantage of an owner’s error is unethical
A. True
B False
Unbalancing a bid to take advantage of an owner’s error is unethical. This statement is true.
An unbalanced bid occurs when the subcontractor fails to distribute the costs of a bid item proportionally to the quantity of work anticipated. It could also refer to a bidding approach in which the bid price of one item or several items is very low or very high, whereas the others are more reasonable. This is done to provide the bidder an advantage over its competitors and, in the end, to win the bid. This is also a method of taking advantage of the owner's or architect's inexperience in the area or a method of exploiting the owner's or architect's mistakes.
Unbalancing a bid in this manner might have long-term negative effects on the contractor's reputation, the project, and the industry. Instead of unbalancing the bid, the contractor should inform the owner of the mistake in the plans and request a modification. They may also inquire about the information given in the specifications. They may request additional information from the owner to provide an accurate bid. They should avoid taking advantage of a mistake or exploiting the owner or architect's inexperience.
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1. Investigate the reason why Thomas Cook group, the oldest travel agency in the world with a history of 178 years, declared bankruptcy and give your advice to avoid similar problems.
To avoid a similar outcome to Thomas Cook, companies should manage debt, adapt to market demands, implement digital solutions, and stay relevant with consumer trends.
The primary reason for the Thomas Cook group's bankruptcy was an accumulation of long-term debt. In this case, the company was unable to recover from its substantial debt load, which was compounded by fierce competition and a change in travel patterns. Furthermore, the company had been attempting to move from a traditional package holiday model to a digital strategy, but it was too little too late. These were the major causes of the firm's collapse.There are a few things to keep in mind to avoid a similar outcome to Thomas Cook. Here are a few recommendations to consider:Avoid high levels of long-term debt and aim to pay it off on a regular basis.Keep an eye on the competition and continually review and alter your business strategy based on market demand and consumer preferences.Rapidly implement digital solutions to support customer needs, including online booking and payments.Keep a close eye on consumer trends and adjust your offerings as needed to stay relevant. In conclusion, the travel sector is always changing, so companies should adapt to the changing market and stay on top of trends to avoid the same fate as Thomas Cook. By keeping an eye on their finances and digital transformation, businesses can avoid falling into debt and remain competitive in the industry.
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Exercise 3. Calculation with the IS curve and the multiplier. Show how to derive an IS curve that includes the consumption multiplier. That is, assume investment is described by 11 = a;, – b(R4 - 7) and consumption is described by Ce =acī, + x Ý, Y. The other categories of expenditures follow the same rules as in class. a) Show how to get the expression of the IS curve for this case. b) Why do we say that there is a multiplier? What is the magnitude of the multiplier? Explain the intuition behind the multiplier. Assume r = 0.02, b = 0.5, x = 0.4, and that there are no short-term demand shocks a= 0. c) How does output respond when the real interest rate increases by 0.01. d) Draw a graph of the baseline IS-curve and the IS-curve with the multiplier. You should plot the "short-term fluctuation" (X-axis) vs the real interest rate in the (Y-axis), for each case. Which curve is flatter, and why? e) By how much does output increase if there is an aggregate demand shock that increases ag by 0.01
IS curve including the consumption multiplier is derived using the following equations, considering investment as I = a-b(R- r ) and consumption as C = a₀ + c(Y - T) + xI + g.
The IS curve is a relationship between interest rates and output in the economy, while the consumption multiplier is a measure of how much consumption changes when there is a change in income. In this exercise, we derive an IS curve that includes the consumption multiplier and show how to calculate the magnitude of the multiplier.
The intuition behind the multiplier is that it reflects the fact that an increase in expenditure generates an increase in output that in turn generates further increases in expenditure and output. The baseline IS-curve has a steeper slope compared to the IS-curve with the multiplier. The flatter curve is the IS-curve with the multiplier. This is because the inclusion of the consumption multiplier dampens the impact of changes in the real interest rate on output.
The output decreases by (1/ (1 - c(1 - xβ))) * 0.01 when the real interest rate increases by 0.01. Additionally, output increases by (1/ (1 - c(1 - xβ))) * 0.01 when there is an aggregate demand shock that increases ag by 0.01.
The exercise above shows how to derive an IS curve that includes the consumption multiplier. The derivation is done using the equation of national expenditure, which relates output to consumption, investment, and government spending.
The inclusion of the consumption multiplier dampens the impact of changes in the real interest rate on output. The magnitude of the multiplier is given as 1/ (1 - c(1 - xβ)). The intuition behind the multiplier is that it reflects the fact that an increase in expenditure generates an increase in output that in turn generates further increases in expenditure and output.
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