In eukaryotes, the nucleus, where sections of DNA (genes) are translated to create messenger RNAs, gives instructions to ribosomes for protein synthesis (mRNAs).
The ribosome receives an mRNA and uses the information it contains to create a protein with a particular amino acid sequence.
Cells utilise the genetic information contained in DNA as a living library of instructions to carry out life's essential tasks. In each cell, catalysts look for the relevant information in this library and use it to create new proteins that make up the cell's structures, drive its biochemical processes, and are occasionally produced for export.
Although the genetic code in every cell of a multicellular creature is the same, functionally distinct cells within the organism use diverse sets of catalysts to express only particular parts of these instructions in order to carry out the duties of life.
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studies the functions of the body and its parts
The scientific study of how a biological organism works and how its mechanisms work is called physiology.
Physiology is a branch of biology that focuses on how animals, organ systems, specific organs, cells, and biomolecules perform the chemical and physical processes necessary for a living system to function.
Animal function is the subject of physiology, which can be studied at the level of individual cells, tissues, organ systems, and even the entire body. The overarching objective is to describe the basic workings of biological systems and their interactions.
The field can be separated into medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology, and comparative physiology in accordance with the types of organisms.
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(16.3) the haw fly/apple borer story is one of evolution for which exact dates and locations are known...a particular new york farm in 1862. what type of speciation is it and what are the results of this example? answer here
In a process known as sympatric speciation, a new species develops from a single ancestral species while coexisting in the same geographic area. In plants, sympatric speciation is more frequent.
What kind of speciation is allopatric?Geographic separation causes allopatric speciation: Both the northern and Mexican spotted owls live in physically distinct regions with unique climatic conditions and ecological systems. An illustration of allopatric speciation is the owl.
What are the categories of speciation?Speciation is an evolutionary process that results in the emergence of new, unique species. Through genetic alteration, species evolve. The new species cannot mate with the old species since they are reproductively separate from one another. Read Concept of Species as well.
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what triggers ltd? group of answer choices ca 2 influx into the postsynaptic terminal low-frequency stimulation followed by small or slow increase in ca 2 high-frequency stimulation low-frequency stimulation followed by sharp and dramatic increase in ca 2 internalization of ampa receptors
LTD is triggered by 1.ca 2 influx into the postsynaptic terminal low-frequency stimulation followed by small or slow increase in ca.
LTD is known as the main factor for decreasing in postsynaptic receptor density, in many cases a decrease in presynaptic neurotransmitter also play a role. Cerebellar LTD has been hypothesized to be important for motor learning. Despite these reasons, it is likely that other plasticity mechanisms also plays a vital role.
Hence, If postsynaptic Ca2+ levels are high ,this causes LTP to occurs. If postsynaptic Ca2+ levels are low that happens when postsynaptic potential precedes presynaptic activity ,that leads LTD to occurs.
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what is the cerebral spinal fluid's primary role? connecting the brain to the skull preventing viruses, toxins and bacteria from entering the brain's blood supply washing the brain of metabolic waste keeping an adequate amount of blood flowing into the brain
Your brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a clear, colorless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebral spinal fluid's primary role is washing the brain of metabolic waste. So, the answer is c.
The fluid that circulates between two of the meninges, the thin tissue layers that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord, as well as inside and around the empty regions of the brain and spinal cord.
The choroid plexus, a type of brain tissue, produces cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles, or hollow regions, of the brain. also known as CSF.
CSF also serves the following functions: protecting the brain by acting as a cushion surrounding it to prevent damage, controlling the pressure inside the skull, nutrient delivery to the brain, getting rid of waste in the brain.
Therefore, the primary role of cerebral spinal fluid is to wash the brain of metabolic waste. Thus, option (c) is correct.
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what is the cerebral spinal fluid's primary role?
a. connecting the brain to the skull
b. preventing viruses, toxins and bacteria from entering the brain's blood supply
c. washing the brain of metabolic waste
d. keeping an adequate amount of blood flowing into the brain
A certain organ K was surgically removed from a rat, later drastic increase in glucose level in the blood was reported but when substance Q was injected into the animal the whole process was reversed. Identify: (i) Organ K (ii) Substance Q
The organ K is the pancreas while the substance Q is insulin.
What is pancreas?The pancreas is the accessory organ of the digestive system that is located at the upper part of the abdomen which assists in the metabolism of carbohydrate.
The hormone called insulin is being secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas which helps the body to utilize glucose which is the end product of digestion of carbohydrates.
Therefore, removal of pancreas lead to drastic increase in glucose levels of the mood while injection of insulin reverses the effect.
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which set of statements about chromosomes is true? a.) they are loosely coiled dna molecules. they pass from one generation to another. b.) they are condensed dna molecules. they cannot pass from one generation to another. c.) they are condensed dna molecules. they pass from one generation to another. d.) they are loosely coiled dna molecules. they cannot pass from one generation to another.
The correct option is C; They are condensed DNA molecules. they pass from one generation to another.
Chromosomes carry genetic material that is passed down from parent to child. The genetic material is always DNA.
Most eukaryotic cells' nuclei include chromosomes that are found in pairs. Each parent gives one pair of chromosomes to their kid.
The primary purpose of chromosomes is to transport DNA and genetic information from parents to children.
During cell division, chromosomes play a vital function. They keep DNA from becoming tangled and damaged.
A structure located within a cell's nucleus. Proteins and DNA are grouped into genes on a chromosome. Normally, each cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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The membrane attack complex (MAC) kills Gram-negative bacteria through opsonization: starving them of nutrients_ the lectin pathway: creating pore on the bacterial membranes antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity; o ADCC.
The membrane attack complex (MAC) kills Gram-negative bacteria through: creating pore on the bacterial membranes
As a result of the activation of the host's complement system, a complex of proteins known as the membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is normally generated on the surface of pathogen cell membranes, and as such is an effector of the immune system. , the wowed by the, the wowed by the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, and the, and the, and the, and the When the MAC is assembled, holes are created that damage the target cells' cell membranes, causing cell lysis and death.
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How do muscles exert a kinetic force?
Due to the presence and motion of dispersed tissue mass, muscles have internal kinetic energy during dynamic contractions.
Explain about the Muscular force?The process through which skeletal muscle, in response to brain cues, transforms metabolic energy into an active force that pulls on the bones through intermediary connective tissue is known as muscle force generation.
Muscular force is any force that is produced when our muscles, such as our arms or legs, are used to generate it. Muscular force is a sort of contact force (any force which acts after touch). For instance, if you carry a brick off the ground, your muscles have to work to do so; hence, muscular force is being exerted here by the arms. Since muscular force is created by the mechanical contraction of muscles, it is a sort of mechanical force.
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Muscles have internal kinetic energy.
Briefing:During dynamic contractions, muscles exert their internal kinetic force which is their muscular force because of the existence and motion of dispersed tissue mass.
Describe the muscular force.The process through which skeletal muscle, in response to brain signals, converts metabolic energy into an active force that pulls on the bones through intermediary connective tissue is known as muscular force generation.
What is kinetic energy?The energy an object because of its motion is called kinetic energy.
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Which cell can transfer the most DNA?A) F+ cellB) R cell C) Hfr cellD) B cellE) F- cell
C) Hfr cells transfer the most DNA
How do HFR cells function?When one bacterial cell mates with another, it tries to transfer a copy of a F factor as well as a chunk of or an entire chromosome to a recipient bacterium since the F factor is integrated into the recipient bacterium's genome.
What distinguishes a F+ cell from a Hfr cell?The main distinction between F+ strains & Hfr would be that F+ strains contain free-floating F plasmids inside the cytoplasm, whereas Hfr strains contain F plasmids integrated onto their chromosome.
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p is the principal (ending amount) true or false
Answer:true
Explanation:
camouflage typically evolves as a result of
Predation is usually the catalyst for the evolution of camouflage.
Camouflage, often called cryptic coloring, is a defense or method that creatures adopt to hide their appearance, usually to blend in with their surroundings.
To conceal their location, identity, and movement, organisms use camouflage.Predators can sneak up on prey while prey can avoid predators thanks to this.
The four fundamental types of camouflage are disruptive coloring, disguise, imitation, and concealing coloration.
Animals mimic other species to deceive their food or predators. Zebras, viceroy butterflies, stick bugs, and snowshoe hares are some examples of creatures that may blend in.
An adaptation known as camouflage aids an organism in blending in with its environment. The animal's ability to blend in boosts its capacity to survive and helps it avoid predators.
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which scenario will most likely result in a change to the nitrogen cycle that negatively affects plant growth?
Answer: Soil acidification
Explanation:
states. the bay is one of the most productive natural areas in the world. it is home to thousands of plants and animals, including many commercially important species. the water of the bay is relatively shallow. many areas are no more than 10 feet deep, with an average depth of 30 feet. light penetrates the shallow water and supports submerged plants that provide food and shelter for the many species living in the bay ecosystem. however, like many estuaries, the bay receives large amounts of fertilizer runoff from farms, lawns, and wastewater treatment facilities. the marshland area around the bay that reduces flooding is a
The marsh area around the bay that reduces flooding is a wetland.
Wetlands occur where water meets the ground. Examples of wetlands include mangroves, peatlands, swamps, rivers, lakes, deltas, floodplains, paddy fields, and coral reefs. Wetlands exist in every country and every climate zone, from the arctic to the tropics, and from the highlands to the arid regions.
The function of wetlands is not only understood as supporting life directly, such as a source of drinking water and a habitat for a variety of creatures, but also has various ecological functions such as controlling floods, preventing seawater intrusion, erosion, pollution, and global climate control.
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a type of energy storage molecule made of many glucose molecules connected together
This form of glucose that is stored in the body is known as glycogen and is composed of numerous linked glucose molecules.
What exactly are energy-storing molecules?Energy-storing molecules are those that have a source of stored energy within their chemical bonds. This means that the chemical reaction involving this molecule will result in the release of a sizeable amount of energy. Energy-storing molecules are widely distributed in matter.Molecules that store energy give organisms the energy they need to survive. The energy in these molecules can be released within an organism's body. Energy-storing molecules include those found in glucose, starch, and fat.Learn more about Energy storage molecules here:
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The genome sequence of an organism can provide information about the organism's __________.
An organism's genome sequencing can provide details about its genes, functions, and evolutionary history.
What is a genome vs DNA?DNA serves as the primary repository of information for all living organisms. The whole DNA of a creature is referred to as its "genome." Though certain genomes, like those of some bacteria and viruses, are very small, others, like those found in some plants, can be almost unfathomably large.
What sort of genome is it, exactly?Our genome is a collection of instructions made up of DNA. Each and every one of the body's cells, such as the skin cell or the liver cell, carries the following set of instructions: DNA makes up the blueprints in our genome. A special chemical code found in DNA directs our growth, development, and health.
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Analogous structures may represent
Multiple Choice
convergent evolution.
divergent evolution.
genetic drift.
disruptive selection.
Analogous structure may represent convergent revolution.
What is analogous structure?Analogous organs consist of the similar structures in the different organisms that is perform similar functions are in the but do not have to common ancestry. They look similar through their are some external of appearance. Analogous structures are a result of the convergent evolution.
Fir example we can say- Wings of Bats, Birds and Butterflies. ...
Sweet Potato and Potato. ...
Octopus and Mammal Eye. ...
Penguin and Dolphin Flippers. ...
Firethorn and Barberry. ...
Thus, answer is convergent evolution.
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which material are included in the hydrosphere that are not in liquid form
A. ice caps
B. lakes and rivers
C. rainforests and lakes
D. rocks and minerals
The material that are included in the hydrosphere that are not in liquid form are ice caps. So the correct option is A.
What is the hydrosphere?The hydrosphere is the material formed by water that will be found on the earth and also in the earth's crust, usually it will change its form (liquid, solid, gaseous), forming the water cycle. This will allow life to be generated on the planet since it will regulate the climate in this way.
It will be made up of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, snow, groundwater and ice.
Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is A. ice caps.
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compared to the nervous system, endocrine signals tend to have a greater and a lesser ?
In reaction to a stimulus, the neurological system instructs the endocrine system to release hormones. compared to the nervous system, endocrine signals tend to have a greater
Action potentials and neurotransmitters are used by the neurological system to react to stimuli, signaling the endocrine system to release hormones.
Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine system and then carried to the desired cells. These hormones control metabolism, growth, and stress response. The hormones released give the brain feedback and alter neural processing.
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against which of the following diseases could herd immunity help to protect a human population? select one: a. measles b. chickenpox c. lyme disease d. blastomycosis e. both a and b
The diseases could develop herd immunity help to protect a human population is a) measles
What is herd immunity?
Cause there are fewer people who can contract an infectious disease when a large proportion of the population is immunized, infectious diseases are more difficult to spread. This provides protection to those who are most at risk, such as young children, the elderly, and those who are too ill to receive vaccinations. It is known as herd immunity, community immunity, or herd protection.
The measles cannot spread rapidly among people who have not had the vaccine, and it will quickly go away again if the person who has it is surrounded by those who have.
Therefore the diseases could develop herd immunity help to protect a human population is measles
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what did the discovery of neanderthal dna in modern human genomes tell us about gene flow as homo sapiens emerged from africa? group of answer choices all of the human variation that exists today was derived from the variation that existed in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa; there is no evidence of interbreeding with other hominin populations. very little human variation is derived from what was present in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa; a significant amount of variation was introduced after interbreeding with neanderthals and denisovans. human variation is largely derived from what was present in the population of homo sapiens that first emerged in africa, but a limited amount of variation has been passed from neanderthals and denisovans through interbreeding after homo sapiens emerged from africa. although dna extraction techniques continue to improve, there are not enough data to provide conclusive evidence about whether modern humans interbred with neanderthals.
Breeding between Neanderthals and modern humans. This is a solid indication of how human migration out of Africa actually occurred: rather than leaving Africa in one or more massive dispersals, Neanderthal DNA entered Africa through gene flow back and forth throughout time.
What does the DNA of Neanderthals reveal?Neanderthal DNA has been linked in studies to fertility, pain perception, and immune system function. Neanderthal DNA may have an impact on a person's height, skin tone, hair color, sleeping habits, mood, and even addiction in modern-day Europeans.
What is implied by the absence of Neanderthal DNA in contemporary African humans?Other parts of the current non-African genome do not include any Neanderthal DNA, which shows that natural selection weeded out any Neanderthal versions of the genes in these locations since they would have caused issues in modern people.
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Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific (innate) defense of a mammalian
host? Select one
Inflammation
Fever
Mucous membranes
Antibody
Phagocytosis
The physical barrier in mammalian host nonspecific defense is mucous membranes.
The true choice is C
The body's defense system is a system that protects the body from harmful particles, pathogens, disease-causing foreign objects, and abnormal body cells. The body's defense system is divided into two, namely the specific body defense system and the non-specific body defense system
External nonspecific defenses are the body's most external defenses, and their combat protects against antigens entering the body. For example, the skin, mucous membranes or mucous membranes, and tear glands.
Specific defense is the immune system that can identify and remember specific pathogens so that it can be prepared in case of infection with the same pathogen in the future. An important example of an adaptive immune system is lymphocytes.
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eukaryotes that reproduce through reproduction require two cells to contribute genetic material for the production of the next generation.
Sexual reproduction eukaryotes that reproduce through reproduction require two cells to contribute genetic material for the production of the next generation.
A gamete with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to create a zygote, which then develops into an organism made up of cells with two sets of chromosomes. Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle.
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Some diseases are caused by viruses or bacteria, which infect your body from the outside. Some diseases are known as "genetic". How do you think DNA replication relates to these sorts of diseases?
Answer: Yes
Explanation:
Because the viruses and bacterica can replicate and also reproduce
what is the definition of an oncofetal tumor antigen? a.an antigen found in a nonviable pregnancy. b.all of the answers are correct. c.an antigen derived from a reactivated fetal gene. d.an antigen which is not immunogenic. e.an oncogene fused to a fetal gene.
Definition - While fetal tissues and cancers both produce oncofetal antigens, adult tissues only produce them in very small amounts. An examination is done of the recognized oncofetal antigens.
Oncofetal antigens are chemicals that are produced by tumors as well as by fetal cells, however they are produced by adult tissues at much lower levels.
The oncofetal antigen alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is helpful in keeping track of individuals with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and specific kinds of ovarian cancer.
stage 4 - commonly referred to as "secondary" or "metastatic" cancer, is when the disease has progressed to at least one additional body organ from the initial site.
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How does energy from the sun get passed through an ecosystem
Answer:
by eco
Explanation:
Answer:
when producers carry out photosynthesis
Explanation:
Energy enters an ecosystem when producers carry out photosynthesis, capturing energy from the sun and storing it as chemical potential energy.
even though amylose and cellulose are made of similar homopolysaccharide chains, they have very different properties. why?
In cellulose, the b-glycosidic linkage of glucose creates intra- and interchain hydrogen bonds, which result in fibers that are straight, stable, and exempt from water.
Linear glucose polymers with 1,4-bonds join amylose and cellulose. The anomeric configuration, in which cellulose's monomeric units are joined by glycosidic links while amylose's glucose units are connected by glycosidic bonds, accounts for the majority of the differences.
A sugar molecule is joined to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate, by a covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage.
Ethyl glucoside is created when glucose and ethanol mix to create water and ethyl glucoside. Due to the anomeric effect, the reaction frequently favors the formation of the -glycosidic bond, as demonstrated.
The hydroxyl group of a substance, such as an alcohol, and the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a saccharide (or a molecule produced from a saccharide), form a glycosidic link. A glycoside is a chemical that has a glycosidic bond.
The definition of "glycoside" has now been expanded to include compounds that contain bonds between hemiacetal (or hemiketal) groups of sugars and a number of other chemical groups.
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if you wanted to draw a population of butterflies to show variation in the relative sizes of their forewings and hindwings, which style of drawing would be the most efficient to use?
The most effective drawing method to employ is B - Simple cartoon
What is butterflies ?
Having a small body and huge, frequently colorful wings, butterflies are flying insects. Certain flowers that draw butterflies are planted by some gardeners.
Moths, which have wings that are disproportionately huge to their bodies and antennae like butterflies do, are a near relative of butterflies. The relatively big size and gorgeous, patterned wings of a butterfly make it remarkable. They begin life as caterpillars after hatching, and after creating a chrysalis, they change into butterflies and emerge from it. Though its history is unknown, some believe that some butterflies' pale yellow hues are where the butterfly got its start.
The broad, scaly wings of butterflies make them attractive flying creatures. They have three body components, six jointed legs, a pair of antennae, complex eyes, and an exoskeleton, just like all other insects.
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Strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together are known as a. tendons. b. smooth muscles. c. striated muscles. d. ligaments.
Option D. Ligaments. Ligaments are strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together at the joints and provide stability to the body. They help to resist excessive movement and protect the body from injury.
Role of Tendons in Connecting BonesStrips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together are known as:
Answer: Option D. Ligaments.Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue, and they are made up of dense bundles of collagen fibers. Ligaments are not as elastic as tendons, so they are not able to stretch as far. The collagen fibers in ligaments are also arranged in a specific pattern, which provides strength and stability to the joint.
Ligaments also contain nerve endings which allow them to detect changes in joint position and provide feedback to the brain. The combination of all of these properties makes ligaments an important component of the musculoskeletal system, as they provide stability and protection for the body.
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how will the solution in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria change upon activation of thermogenin? a. [atp] will increase b. poh will increase c. ph will increase d. ph will decrease
upon activation of thermogenesis, intermembrane space of the mitochondria produce ATP and heat
Under normal circumstances, the primary source of ATP is produced during the mitochondrial respiration process, which occurs in all cells. Respiration also produces heat, though, because the energy efficiency of the connection of respiration to ADP phosphorylation is less than 100%. The other thermogenic metabolic processes primarily include fruitless cycles and ATPases, such as the energy-dissipating plasma membrane ATPase-Na+/K+ and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++-ATPase systems.
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which group of organisms (ciliates, animals, or plants) has the most complex cells?
Ciliates, a single cell of ciliate is much more complex than any one cell in our body. Thus correct answer (a) .
The alveolates known as ciliates are distinguished by the presence of cilia, which are hair-like organelles that are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella but that are typically shorter, more numerous, and have a distinct undulating pattern.
All members of the group contain cilia, which are utilized for a variety of activities including swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and feeling (although the unique Suctoria only have them for a portion of their life cycle).
Are Ciliates Harmful?Generally speaking, the environment contains free-living ciliates. There aren't many ciliates in the environment that are parasitic. The only species that may cause illness in humans is this one.
Aquaculturists may be concerned about some parasitic ciliates that are prevalent in fish and cause illness in fish. The parasites and commensals that live on invertebrates do not harm their hosts or the environment. So far as we know, ciliates are not dangerous.
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