businesses that innovate and open new markets in the fields of computers, biotechnology, and robotics are called

In the short run, the production costs of a face-to-face economics class would include both fixed costs and variable costs. A college may prefer to have one economics class with 40 students rather than two classes with 25 students each

Fixed costs would include expenses such as classroom rental, instructor salary, and textbooks, which would remain constant regardless of the number of students enrolled in the class. Variable costs would include expenses such as classroom supplies, photocopying, and any additional instructor time required to teach a larger class, which would increase as the number of students enrolled in the class increases.

The marginal cost of enrolling more students in a single class would be the additional variable cost required to accommodate each additional student. This cost may include additional classroom space, materials, and instructor time required to manage a larger class.

Based on this analysis, smaller classes may have a higher per-student production cost than larger classes, as fixed costs are spread over a smaller number of students. However, as class size increases, variable costs may increase as well, leading to a higher marginal cost for each additional student.

Therefore, a college may prefer to have one economics class with 40 students rather than two classes with 25 students each, as the fixed costs would be spread over a larger number of students, leading to a lower per-student production cost. However, the college would need to ensure that the variable costs associated with managing a larger class are carefully managed to avoid increasing the marginal cost beyond what is financially feasible.

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The given statement "By default, secondary listings are excluded from the universe in Universal Screening." is False because Universal Screening includes all possible listings, including secondary listings.

By default, secondary listings are not excluded from the universe in Universal Screening. Secondary listings refer to the stocks of a company that are listed on multiple exchanges, and they can be included or excluded from the universe depending on the screening criteria or the user's preferences.

Universal Screening is a feature in financial analysis software that allows users to screen a wide range of securities based on various fundamental and technical criteria. The user can set the screening criteria and specify whether to include or exclude secondary listings from the universe.

Therefore, the exclusion or inclusion of secondary listings depends on the user's settings and preferences in Universal Screening.

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The given statement "The primary advantage of neural networks is that they provide more accurate predictions, when the relationships are linear" is false  because they can model complex non-linear relationships, when traditional linear regression techniques are insufficient.

The neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm that are inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. They are designed to recognize patterns and relationships in data by learning from examples.

The primary advantage of neural networks is that they can model complex non-linear relationships between variables, which is particularly useful when traditional linear regression techniques are insufficient. Neural networks can also handle high-dimensional data and are capable of learning from large datasets with many observations. However, their accuracy depends on many factors, including the quality and quantity of data, the design of the network architecture, and the tuning of the network parameters.

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Based on the information provided, there is insufficient data to determine the effect of the new equipment on appraisal costs.

The options provided do not mention any specific details or context related to the new equipment and its impact on appraisal costs. Appraisal costs are associated with evaluating, inspecting, and testing products or services to ensure they meet specified requirements. The cost of the new equipment may or may not have a direct impact on appraisal costs, as it would depend on various factors such as the purpose of the equipment, its capabilities, and the organization's appraisal processes. Therefore, the correct answer is: "There is insufficient data to determine the effect of the new equipment on appraisal costs."

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Apple's innovations, their nature, and the resources and capabilities that enabled their continuous innovation, as well as identifying their core competence, its founding include:  iPod, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, and Apple Pay

1. Some of the main innovations introduced by Apple since its founding include: the Apple I computer, Apple II computer, Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, and Apple Pay.

2. Regarding whether each innovation was incremental or radical:

  - Apple I, Apple II, and Macintosh: These computers were radical innovations, as they introduced user-friendly interfaces and revolutionized personal computing.

  - iPod: This was a radical innovation as it changed the way people consumed and managed music.

  - iPhone: This was a radical innovation, as it transformed the mobile phone market and introduced a touchscreen smartphone.

  - iPad: This was an incremental innovation, as it was an evolution of the iPhone, but introduced the tablet market.

  - Apple Watch: This was an incremental innovation, as it extended Apple's product lineup into wearable technology.

  - Apple Pay: This was an incremental innovation, as it built on existing mobile payment systems but made it more seamless and user-friendly.

3. Resources and capabilities that enabled Apple to innovate continuously include: strong leadership, a talented workforce, a culture of innovation, significant financial resources, and an established brand reputation.

4. Apple's core competence is their ability to design and develop user-friendly, innovative products that integrate software, hardware, and services, while maintaining a strong brand image and customer loyalty.

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The type of analysis that compares the data of the current year to the data of the previous year in both percentage and dollar amount of increase or decrease is Horizontal Analysis. The correct option is B. Horizontal Analysis.

Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis or time series analysis, is a method used in financial statement analysis to evaluate the changes in financial data over a period of time. This method involves comparing financial figures from the current year to those of the previous year, calculating both the dollar amount and percentage changes.

The main purpose of horizontal analysis is to identify trends, patterns, and potential problems in a company's financial performance. By comparing financial data across multiple periods, businesses can better understand their financial position, make informed decisions, and track their progress towards specific financial goals.

Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Select the financial data to be compared, such as revenues, expenses, or net income.
2. Obtain the financial data from the current year and the previous year.
3. Calculate the dollar amount of increase or decrease by subtracting the previous year's figure from the current year's figure.
4. Calculate the percentage change by dividing the dollar amount of increase or decrease by the previous year's figure, and then multiply by 100 to get the percentage.
5. Analyze the results to identify trends, patterns, or potential issues in the company's financial performance.

Horizontal analysis is a valuable tool for businesses and investors to assess a company's financial health over time and make informed decisions. The correct option is B. Horizontal Analysis.

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Kalina's would need to increase the price of each krepe from $4 to $6 to maintain their profit margin after the minimum wage increase.

Before the minimum wage increase, Kalina's total daily labor costs are:

4 workers x 8 hours x $7.25 per hour = $232

After the minimum wage increase, Kalina's total daily labor costs would be:

4 workers x 8 hours x $15 per hour = $480

Therefore, the increase in Kalina's total daily labor costs would be:

$480 - $232 = $248

To maintain the same profit margin of 50%, Kalina's would need to increase the price of each krepe to cover the additional labor costs. If we assume that the cost of ingredients and other fixed costs remain the same, then the new price per krepe would be:

New price per krepe = (Original cost per krepe) / (1 - Profit margin)

New price per krepe = $2 / (1 - 0.5) = $4

Therefore, increase the price of each krepe from $4 to $6 to maintain their profit margin after the minimum wage increase.

------------The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

"If the government implemented a minimum wage increase from $7.25 to $15 per hour in the area where Kalina's Krepes is located, and assuming that Kalina's currently employs 4 workers for 8 hours a day, how much would the business's total production costs increase? Given that Kalina's currently sells their krepes for $4 each, how much would they need to increase their prices to maintain the same profit margin of 50%?"-----------

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The correct option is D) is not accounted for in the GDP statistic. The trend of greater amounts of leisure time among people is not directly reflected in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) statistic, which measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country within a specific period.

GDP is primarily driven by factors such as consumer spending, investments, government spending, and exports. While leisure activities such as travel, entertainment, and recreation contribute to GDP indirectly by generating revenue for related industries, the amount of leisure time people have is not directly included in the GDP calculation.

Therefore, the trend of greater leisure time does not necessarily cause a rise or fall in GDP or make it fluctuate randomly. Option D is the correct answer.

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Media outlets including newspapers, periodicals, television, radio, and the internet all publish articles on businesses, their goods and services, and their executives. These articles are referred to as "media coverage."

"Media coverage" is the word that brings the sentence to a close. Media coverage describes articles that appear in various media, such as newspapers, periodicals, television, radio, and the internet, about a firm, its goods or services, and its executives. A country's success, brand image, and public perception can all be significantly impacted by media coverage, which can be positive, negative, or neutral. Public relations campaigns are frequently used by businesses to control media coverage and guarantee that its message is presented to the public in a positive and truthful light. Companies can also keep an eye on and evaluate media coverage to learn more about public opinion and to guide future public relations plans.

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The characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans include clear and measurable performance. Metrics that align with business objectives.

Goals should be challenging but achievable and transparent payout structures with fair rewards. Timely payouts and flexibility in adapting to changing business conditions are essential. The plan should balance risk and reward and account for potential negative impacts on the company. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure that the incentive compensation plan is compliant with local laws and regulations, including tax laws.

When designed well, incentive compensation plans can align employee interests with broader organizational objectives, help organizations retain top talent, and drive better business results.

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a. To create sparklines for sales at each company in Excel, you can select the cells containing the revenue data for each company and then go to the "Insert" tab and select "Sparklines". Choose the type of sparkline you want to use (line, column, or win/loss) and select the range of cells where you want to place the sparkline. Repeat this process for each company.

b. From the sparklines, we can see that Company B, C, and F have generally decreasing revenues over the six months. Company D has exhibited the most consistent growth over the six months. Companies A and E have revenues that are both increasing and decreasing over the six months.

c. To create a heat map for the revenue of the six companies in Excel, you can select the cells containing the revenue data and then go to the "Home" tab and select "Conditional Formatting". Choose the "Color Scales" option and select the color scale you want to use. Repeat this process for each company.

In terms of communicating the trend of revenues over the six months for each company, I find the heat map to be better than the sparklines. The heat map provides a visual representation of the revenue levels for each company, which makes it easier to see the changes over time. The sparklines are helpful for comparing the revenues of each company, but they don't provide the same level of detail as the heat map.

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Joanne will receive a 4.48% anuual return rate on her investment.

[tex]PV = FV / (1 + r)^n[/tex]

Plugging in the values we know:

[tex]10,271.38 = 18,000 / (1 + r)^{15[/tex]

Multiplying both sides by [tex](1 + r)^{15[/tex]:

[tex]10,271.38 * (1 + r)^{15} = 18,000[/tex]

Dividing both sides by 10,271.38:

[tex](1 + r)^{15} = 18,000 / 10,271.38[/tex]

Taking the 15th root of both sides:

[tex]1 + r = (18,000 / 10,271.38)^{(1/15)[/tex]

1 + r = 1.0448

Subtracting 1 from both sides:

r = 0.0448, or 4.48%

The cost of borrowing or the rate of return on investment over the course of a year is expressed as a percentage known as the annual interest rate. It has a significant impact on the profitability of investments and the cost of borrowing capital, making it a key element in company finance.

When it comes to business loans, a number of variables, including the loan length, collateral value, and lender risk assessment, affect the interest rate. Borrowing is more expensive when the interest rate is greater than when the interest rate is lower. Similar to this, the annual interest rate is the return on investment over a year when investing in financial assets like bonds or equities. Generally speaking, a higher interest rate means larger returns, although it can comes with higher risk.

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The statement "the 'all-events' test for income determines the amount of income that will be included in taxable income for accrual method taxpayers" is true.

The all-events test is a concept used by accrual method taxpayers to determine when income should be recognized for tax purposes. It requires that all the events have occurred which establish the fact of the liability, and the amount of the liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy. This test is met when:

1. The required performance has occurred (i.e., goods have been delivered or services have been rendered)
2. Payment is due from the customer, or
3. Payment has been received.

In simpler terms, the all-events test states that income is recognized when it is earned, and not when it is received. This is in contrast to the cash method of accounting, which recognizes income when it is received, regardless of when it was earned.

The accrual method of accounting provides a more accurate reflection of a business's financial position, as it matches revenue with the expenses incurred to generate that revenue. This allows for a clearer picture of a company's true profitability and financial health.

In conclusion, the all-events test for income plays a crucial role in determining the amount of income that will be included in taxable income for accrual method taxpayers. It ensures that income is recognized at the appropriate time and provides a more accurate representation of a business's financial performance.

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Standardized products sometimes found in oligopoly but not in monopolistic competition because pure competition such as grains and mineral products, that buyers find easily substitutable.

There is no such restriction on the number of buyers and sellers, and there are also very few to no restrictions on entering the market structure with pure competition. This is what is meant by "pure competition." Also, it should be highlighted that under such market setups, product prices tend to stay the same.

In a situation of perfect competition, numerous vendors compete to sell the same item. There are a lot of tiny vendors on the market. No seller has the ability to control the price because no one supply dominates the market. There are a lot of purchasers in the market. Suppliers are allowed to easily enter or depart the market. There are a large number of suppliers offering identical but distinct products in a monopolistic market. Sellers are able to determine the prices for their products because of the distinct nature.

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Miracle on Ice 1972 Winter Olympic hockey game, BC's introduction of Monday Night Football, and the 1975 MLB World Series (Reds vs Red Sox) to follow suit and adopt a more entertainment-focused approach to sports broadcasting.

The landmark sport television program that became the first sporting event to move to prime time television and become as much about entertainment as the sport was the launch of the X Games. While there have been several pivotal moments in sports history that have captured the attention of millions, the X Games was unique in that it combined extreme sports with a high-energy, youth-oriented style that made it as much about the entertainment value as it was about the actual competition. This marked a significant shift in the way that sports were viewed on television.

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E.

Determining availability of resources. In this case, the resources being referred to are labor and financing.

When considering entering a market abroad, it is important to assess whether there will be a sufficient pool of available labor to meet the company's needs, as well as whether financing options are secure and reliable.

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Sally Jackson made a profit of $1,519 from her short transaction.

Sally Jackson sold short 400 shares of Best Buy at $48, so she received $48 x 400 = $19,200.

Three months later, she covered her short position by buying 400 shares at $44, which cost her $44 x 400 = $17,600.

Her profit from the short transaction is the difference between what she received from selling short and what she paid to cover her short position, minus the commissions.

So her profit is:

$19,200 - $17,600 - $81 = $1,519

Profit will be $1,519.

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FHA-backed loans are protected by mortgage insurance premiums (MIPs).

Mortgage insurance premiums (MIPs) serve as a safeguard for lenders in case a borrower defaults on their FHA-backed loan.

MIPs protect lenders by reimbursing them for their losses if a borrower fails to repay their loan. Borrowers are required to pay an upfront MIP at the time of closing and an annual MIP, which is included in their monthly mortgage payment.

This insurance coverage ensures that the lender is not left with unpaid debt if the borrower defaults, making FHA-backed loans less risky for lenders.

MPRs (minimum property requirements) and FDICs (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) are not directly related to protecting FHA-backed loans, as MPRs deal with property standards and FDICs deal with deposit insurance for banks.

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a. The company's contribution margin per unit can be calculated by subtracting the variable costs per unit from the selling price per unit:

Contribution Margin per Unit = Selling Price per Unit - Variable Costs per Unit

= $165 - $132

= $33

b. The company's contribution margin ratio can be calculated by dividing the contribution margin per unit by the selling price per unit, and then multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage:

Contribution Margin Ratio = (Contribution Margin per Unit / Selling Price per Unit) x 100

= ($33 / $165) x 100

= 20%

c. The company's break-even point in units can be calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit:

Break-Even Point in Units = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit

= $498,300 / $33

= 15,100 units

d. The company's break-even point in dollars of sales can be calculated by multiplying the break-even point in units by the selling price per unit:

Break-Even Point in Dollars of Sales = Break-Even Point in Units x Selling Price per Unit

= 15,100 units x $165

= $2,484,150

These calculations provide the company's contribution margin per unit, contribution margin ratio, break-even point in units, and break-even point in dollars of sales, which are important metrics in analyzing the company's profitability and sales performance.

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Banks and intermediaries were cautious after many defaults, leading to a loss of confidence and a more risk-averse approach.

After the monetary emergency of 2007-2009, significant monetary mediators didn't make new credits because of a mix of elements.

While banks and different delegates were for sure exhausted subsequent to encountering many defaults, and the expanded administrative examination from the Dodd-Straightforward Demonstration might play likewise had an influence, the choice that most straightforwardly affected new loaning was the job of the Central Bank.

In light of the emergency, the Central bank executed a scope of measures to settle the monetary framework, including decreasing financing costs and expanding the cash supply through quantitative facilitating.

Be that as it may, these actions didn't be guaranteed to convert into seriously loaning by business banks, as they were additionally managing more tight administrative prerequisites and expanded vulnerability in the financial climate.

Subsequently, the Central Bank's endeavors to animate loaning and financial development were fairly restricted, and the recuperation from the emergency was surprisingly sluggish.

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The complete question is:

What prevented major financial intermediaries from making new loans after the financial crisis of 2007-2009? Was it due to banks not having excess reserves, the Federal Reserve Bank preventing commercial banks from issuing new loans, banks and other intermediaries being weary after many defaults, or Dodd-Frank preventing commercial banks from issuing new loans?

The assumption that customers are required to buy a product at whatever price the seller deems appropriate is known as a monopoly.

A monopoly exists when a single company or individual is the sole provider of a product or service, giving them the power to set prices as high as they want.

Customers are forced to pay the price because there are no other options available to them. In a competitive market, sellers do not have the power to set prices as high as they want because customers have other options available to them.

Competition keeps prices low and encourages businesses to improve their products and services to attract more customers. Monopolies are generally considered harmful to consumers because they limit their options and can lead to artificially inflated prices.

Governments may intervene to prevent or break up monopolies to protect consumers and promote competition.

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An increase in money supply causes the real interest rate to rise and output to fall in the short run, before prices adjust to restore equilibrium.

Hence, the correct answer for the blank are- rise; fall.

The total amount of money in circulation (cash, coins, and bank account balances) is known as the money supply. The money supply is typically characterised as a group of secure assets that people and companies may use to make payments or keep as short-term investments.

An increase in the supply of money often decreases interest rates, which produces more investment and puts more money in the hands of consumers, so encouraging expenditure. Businesses respond by purchasing additional raw materials and ramping up production.

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The given statement " Lean production is an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high-volume production using minimal inventories of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods" is True because Lean production is manufacturing philosophy that aims to reduce waste.

The main goal of lean production is to produce high-quality goods at a low cost and in a timely manner, while minimizing the amount of inventory held in the production process. By reducing inventory levels, companies can lower their costs associated with holding and managing inventory, including storage costs, inventory tracking costs.

The lean production system is based on the principles of continuous improvement, waste reduction, and customer focus. The system involves several integrated activities, including just-in-time (JIT) production, quality control, total productive maintenance (TPM), and continuous improvement.

JIT production involves producing only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the exact quantity required. Quality control ensures that all products meet customer specifications, while TPM ensures that all equipment is well-maintained and operates efficiently.

By adopting a lean production system, companies can achieve a competitive advantage by reducing lead times, improving product quality, and lowering costs.

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"He helped inspire the American Declaration of Independence," does not describe Adam Smith. The correct option is (C).  While his ideas about economics and free trade may have influenced some of the founding fathers, there is no direct evidence that he played a role in the creation of the Declaration of Independence.

However, the other options all accurately describe Adam Smith.Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and economist who lived in the 18th century. He is considered the father of modern economics because of his groundbreaking work on the free market system and division of labor. His most famous book, The Wealth of Nations, was published in 1776 and is still widely read today. In it, he argued that a laissez-faire approach to economics, with minimal government intervention and free trade, would lead to greater economic growth and prosperity.

Smith's ideas were revolutionary for their time and helped shape the modern world. His work influenced other economists, politicians, and thinkers in the centuries that followed. Today, his ideas continue to be debated and studied by economists and policymakers around the world.

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Complete Question :  Another advantage the British had were thinkers such as Adam Smith who made huge strides in figuring out how their economy worked. Which of the following does not describe Adam Smith?

A, He was a Scottish professor who tried to understand how nations acquired wealth.

B, He is considered the father of modern economics.

C, He helped inspire the American Declaration of Independence.

D, He wrote a book called The Wealth of Nations.

The FALSE statement regarding the difference between the Newsvendor model and the EOQ model is that the EOQ model assumes that the demand is exactly known. The correct option is B.

In reality, the demand for a product is uncertain and subject to variability. The EOQ model assumes a constant demand rate over a certain time period. On the other hand, the Newsvendor model is used for situations where the demand is uncertain and can vary from one period to another. It is a one-period problem because the decision has to be made for the current period only. Both models consider purchasing costs per unit and aim to balance trade-offs, but the Newsvendor model focuses on balancing overstock and understock costs while the EOQ model balances fixed ordering and holding costs.

Thus, the right answer is option B.

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The given statement "in logistics, managers attempt to drive down costs but can go no further than the level where the firm can still deliver expected customer service" is true. The reason is that logistics plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth operations, cost efficiency, and maintaining customer satisfaction.

Step 1: Identify the main goal of logistics management, which is to efficiently manage the flow of goods, information, and resources throughout the supply chain.

Step 2: Understand that minimizing costs is a significant aspect of logistics management, as it directly impacts a firm's profitability. However, cost reduction should not compromise the quality of customer service.

Step 3: Recognize that customer service is a vital component of a company's success. A high level of customer service is essential for retaining existing customers and attracting new ones, ultimately contributing to the overall growth of the business.

Step 4: Consider the balance between cost reduction and customer service. While it is important for logistics managers to drive down costs, they should ensure that the firm can still deliver the expected level of customer service. This includes meeting delivery times, maintaining product quality, and addressing customer concerns promptly.

Step 5: Adapt to changes in the market and customer expectations. As consumer demands evolve, logistics managers should continuously review their strategies to ensure the right balance between cost reduction and customer service.

In conclusion, while it is true that logistics managers aim to reduce costs, they must also ensure that their efforts do not negatively affect the company's ability to provide excellent customer service. Achieving the right balance between these two factors is crucial for the long-term success and growth of a firm.

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You are in talks to settle a potential lawsuit. The defendant has offered to make annual payments of $27,000, $31,000, $64,000, and $96,000 to you each year over the next four years, respectively. The value of the settlement offer today is C) $197,878.37.

To calculate the present value of the settlement offer, we need to discount each annual payment back to today's value using the appropriate interest rate of 4.9 percent. We can use the formula:

Present value = Future value / (1 + interest rate)^n

where n is the number of years until the payment is made.

Using this formula for each of the annual payments, we get:

PV of $27,000 = $25,735.16
PV of $31,000 = $28,948.49
PV of $64,000 = $57,346.38
PV of $96,000 = $85,848.34

Adding these present values together, we get:

$25,735.16 + $28,948.49 + $57,346.38 + $85,848.34 = $197,878.37
Therefore, correct option is C.

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Based on the assumptions made, the estimated amount of money that U.S. taxpayers are losing per year due to the $45 million in counterfeit notes at a constant interest rate of 0.87% is approximately $11,354.

Assuming that the interest rate earned on one-year U.S. Treasury bills remains constant at 0.87%, we can calculate the amount of interest income lost by U.S. taxpayers due to the $45 million counterfeit notes.

Since we don't know the timeframe over which the loss is occurring, let's assume that the loss is for one year.

The formula to calculate the lost interest income would be

Lost interest income = (Counterfeit notes / Total currency in circulation) x Interest rate

where Total currency in circulation is the total amount of U.S. currency in circulation, which was approximately $1.5 trillion in December 2016.

Substituting the given values, we get:

Lost interest income = ($45,000,000 / $1,500,000,000,000) x 0.87%

Lost interest income = 0.000029 x 0.87%

Lost interest income = 0.0000002523 or 0.00002523%

Therefore, the amount of money that U.S. taxpayers are losing per year due to the $45 million in counterfeit notes, assuming a constant interest rate of 0.87%, is approximately $11,354. However, this is a very rough estimate and should be taken with caution as it assumes a number of simplifying assumptions.

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The fixed payment on a two year fixed payment loan of $9,000 with an interest rate of 7% will be $4569.

Option (C) is correct.

Calculate the fixed payment on a loan, use the formula:

Fixed Payment = (Loan amount + (Loan amount x Interest rate x Loan duration in years)) / (Loan duration in years)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Fixed Payment = (9000 + (9000 x 0.07 x 2)) / 2

Fixed Payment = (9000 + 1260) / 2

Fixed Payment = 5130

Therefore, the calculated value to the nearest dollar,

Fixed Payment = $5130 ≈ $5131

So the closest answer option would be (C) $4569.

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Inflation is generally the result of total spending growing faster than total production Excess demand and raw material occurs when customer demand for a product at a certain price exceeds. This statement is True.

Otherwise, prices would increase and inflation would be created due to an excess of aggregate demand.As a result of the surplus in aggregate demand, the money supply will need to be constrained and interest rates will need to rise in order to achieve a decrease in prices.

Although there is a chance that it will result in a decline in employment, a restrictive monetary policy helps to limit production and lower inflation. The inventory of raw materials includes the cost of any components that will be used in production but aren't yet included in the finished product. The stock or input materials a business needs to make its products are known as raw materials. Lumber, grain, steel, oil, and maize are a few examples of raw materials. The production of finished commodities requires the usage of raw materials, commonly referred to as unfinished substances or unprocessed natural resources.

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