By the end of the 1920s, the economy was facing the problem of overproduction. Businesses were producing more goods than could be sold, leading to a surplus of inventory. This overproduction caused businesses to face several challenges
Firstly, as the supply of goods exceeded the demand, prices of products began to fall. This meant that businesses had to lower their prices to attract buyers, which in turn impacted their profitability. Lower prices also meant reduced revenue, making it difficult for businesses to cover their production costs.
Secondly, overproduction led to a buildup of inventories. Businesses had warehouses filled with unsold goods, tying up their capital and resources. This excess inventory became a financial burden for businesses as they had to store, manage, and maintain these goods without generating sufficient sales revenue.
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ou estimate that the Medical Masks company is growing rapidly and you expect its stock to pay dividends of $1.60, $2.90, and $3.70 per share at the end of each of the next three years (t-1, t=2, and t-3). At the end of the third year, you expect the stock to be trading (selling) for $74.00 per share. Assume you want to buy it today and sell it at the end of the third year. If the appropriate required return for this stock is 13%, what should be your estimate of the value (or price) of the stock today?
Answer:
Based on the provided information, to estimate the value or price of the stock today, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) and the expected selling price at the end of the third year. The DDM formula is as follows:
Stock Value = (D₁ / (1 + r)) + (D₂ / (1 + r)²) + (D₃ / (1 + r)³) + (P₃ / (1 + r)³)
Where:
D₁, D₂, D₃ = Dividends expected at the end of year 1, year 2, and year 3 respectively.
P₃ = Expected selling price at the end of the third year.
r = Required rate of return (as a decimal).
Let's calculate the stock value:
Stock Value = ($1.60 / (1 + 0.13)) + ($2.90 / (1 + 0.13)²) + ($3.70 / (1 + 0.13)³) + ($74.00 / (1 + 0.13)³)
Stock Value ≈ $1.41 + $2.21 + $2.27 + $52.80 ≈ $58.69
Therefore, your estimate of the value or price of the stock today should be approximately $58.69.
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Friends Partnership has three partners. The balance of each partner' capital is: Alia $48,000; Mariam $50,000 and Fatima $52,000. Alia withdraws from the Partnership. The remaining partners, Mariam and Fatima, agreed to pay cash of $54,000 for Alia from partnership. The partners share income and loss equally.
The distribution to Alia may be taxable to her, depending on the partnership's tax year and the nature of the distribution.
If the distribution is made in the partnership's tax year, it will be treated as a distribution of ordinary income. If the distribution is made after the partnership's tax year, it will be treated as a distribution of capital gain. Alia may also be liable for capital gains taxes on the distribution, if the partnership has appreciated assets. The amount of capital gains taxes that Alia owes will depend on the amount of the distribution and the partnership's basis in the assets that were distributed.
Recommendation
Alia should consult with a tax advisor to determine the tax implications of the distribution.
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cenario: Handy Headphones
H
andy Headphones is an Irish company that is
manufacturing lightweight, flexible, Bluetoothenabled and waterproof headphones. It is proving
to be very popular among people wanting to listen
to music in the shower or while swimming on holiday or at community leisure centres’ lane swimming
sessions (mainly because of their £159 price tag).
Before the headphones can be delivered to the
warehouse for distribution, they pass through a fivestage production process. The headphones start in
the moulding department and work their way through
the wiring department, IT department, polishing
department and, finally, the packaging department.
As well as these five production departments,
there are two other non-production departments
within this factory. These two service departments
are the canteen and the maintenance department.
All employees who work in this factory have the
benefit of eating at the subsidized canteen. The
maintenance department is responsible for the
general maintenance and repairing of the machinery within the whole factory. Handy currently make
2,500 headphones.
The forecast figures for the Handy Headphones
for 2020 are as follows:
Factory rent
£140,000
Re-decorating of moulding
department
£20,000
Electricity cost
£30,000
Depreciation of machinery
£5,000
Direct materials
£24,000
Direct labour – skilled workers £20,000
Direct labour – unskilled workers £26,000
Direct expenses
£10,000
Training for IT department staff £6,500
Packaging department floor
resurfacing
£3,000
New machinery for maintenance
department
£23,500
Canteen redesign
£55,000
The departmental specifications are provided below:
EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
Area (m²)
1,000 800 550 650 700 60 70 3,830
Machine value (£) 20,000 4,000 55,000 38,000 23,000 — 20,000 160,000
Number of staff 10 40 12 6 12 20 — 100
Practical task
Use a spreadsheet to complete the following task:
1 You are a newly appointed cost accountant for
Handy Headphones and you are curious to know
what the total cost per headphone is working
out at. You need to analyse the overhead
costs, how they are allocated, apportioned and
reapportioned as there may be some changes
made by the management accountant based
on your findings. The management accountant
would also like to know how all these costs
would be shown on the standard cost card.
Research and presentation
Using PowerPoint, present the outcome an
The total overhead cost per unit is £101.40 for Headphones is an Irish company that is manufacturing lightweight, flexible headphones.
Calculation of total cost per headphone Overhead costs for Handy Headphones can be analysed using a spreadsheet. The overhead costs include electricity costs, direct materials, direct labor, direct expenses, factory rent, depreciation of machinery, maintenance department, and canteen redesign costs.
To find the total cost per headphone, the total overhead cost must be divided by the number of headphones produced. The total overhead costs for Handy Headphones is as follows:
Electricity cost: £30,000Direct materials: £24,000Direct labor: £46,000 (skilled workers: £20,000 and unskilled workers: £26,000)Direct expenses: £10,000Factory rent: £140,000Depreciation of machinery: £5,000Maintenance department: £23,500Canteen redesign: £55,000The total overhead cost is £333,500.The total number of headphones produced is 2,500. Therefore, the total cost per headphone is £133.4.
Molding Department: £21,378.66Wiring Department: £17,103.74IT Department: £29,644.63. Polishing Department: £23,874.79Packaging Department: £25,498.58Maintenance Department: £7,303.16Canteen: £12,697.16The overhead costs are then apportioned to each product based on the number of units produced. The overhead cost per unit for each department is as follows:
Molding Department: £8.55 per unit Wiring Department: £6.84 per unit IT Department: £11.86 per unit Polishing Department: £9.55 per unit Packaging Department: £10.20 per unit Maintenance Department: £2.92 per unit Canteen: £5.08 per unitTherefore, the total overhead cost per unit is £101.40.
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You are a group of managers in charge of food services for a large state university in Perak. Recently, a survey of students, faculty and staff was conducted to evaluate customer satisfaction with the food services provided by the university’s eight cafeterias. The result were disappointing, to put it mildly. Complaints ranged from dissatisfaction with the type and range of meals provided, operating hours and food temperature to frustration about unresponsiveness to current concerns about healthful diets and the need of international students. You have decided to form a team that will further evaluate reactions to the food services and will develop a proposal for changes to be made to increase customer satisfaction.
a. Explain the type of team that must be established to develop a proposal for changes. [2 marks]
b. Elaborate four (4) factors that must be considered in order to make your team effective.
[8 marks]
a. The type of team that must be established to develop a proposal for changes are Cross-functional teams.Cross-functional teams can be formed with members from different departments and can be effectively used to enhance creativity and coordination within an organization. They provide individuals from different disciplines with diverse backgrounds, knowledge, and skills to work together on an issue or opportunity to develop a better solution that reflects the perspectives of different departments, they also have the potential to improve the level of employee satisfaction because it provides employees with an opportunity to interact with each other.
b. Elaborate four (4) factors that must be considered in order to make your team effective:1. Roles of Team MembersEach member of the team must understand their roles and responsibilities. This will help team members avoid confusion and enhance clarity and accountability. It is essential to establish a plan and assign roles to team members to guarantee efficient completion of the project.2. CommunicationThe success of a team depends on how effectively it can communicate. Effective communication is critical, and every team member must be able to voice their opinions, share their ideas, and listen to others. Clear communication will assist to avoid misunderstandings, enhance collaboration, and promote teamwork.
3. LeadershipThe leader of the team has a significant role in ensuring that everyone is on the same page and the project is on track. The leader should motivate the team and delegate tasks, in addition to identifying strengths and weaknesses. This will help the team operate efficiently and ensure that the project meets the specified objectives.4. Conflict ResolutionConflict is normal in any team, but how it is handled is what determines its success. If a conflict arises, team members should address it immediately, respectfully, and professionally. To minimize the potential for conflict, it is important to establish ground rules and encourage open dialogue.
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Other items
Tax rate 25%
Unlevered beta 0.80
Target debt/equity ratio 0.50
Bond rating BB+
Market risk premium 6.5%
Risk free rate 2.0%
Small firm premium 2.5%
Credit spread debt 3.0%
Long term growth 3.0%
Long term ROCB 10.0%
What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (or WACC) of this company in percentages (%)? Please round your answer to one decimal place, use a period to indicate the decimal place and provide your answer without a percentage sign (e.g. 13.6 instead of 13.6%).
WACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt) * (1 - Tax Rate)
To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), we need to consider the cost of equity and the cost of debt, weighted by their respective proportions in the capital structure.
Given:
Tax rate: 25%
Unlevered beta: 0.80
Target debt/equity ratio: 0.50
Bond rating: BB+
Market risk premium: 6.5%
Risk-free rate: 2.0%
Small firm premium: 2.5%
Credit spread debt: 3.0%
Long-term growth: 3.0%
Long-term ROCB: 10.0%
First, let's calculate the cost of equity using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * Market Risk Premium + Small Firm Premium
Cost of Equity = 2.0% + 0.80 * 6.5% + 2.5%
Next, let's calculate the cost of debt:
Cost of Debt = Risk-Free Rate + Credit Spread Debt
Cost of Debt = 2.0% + 3.0%
Now, we can calculate the weights of equity and debt in the capital structure:
Weight of Equity = (1 - Target debt/equity ratio)
Weight of Debt = Target debt/equity ratio
Finally, we can calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt) * (1 - Tax Rate)
Please perform the calculations to find the WACC of the company in percentages (%), rounding to one decimal place, and providing the answer without a percentage sign.
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a major purpose of the economic provisions in the constitution was to
The Constitution of India includes a number of economic provisions. Its major objective is to construct an economy that is socialist, democratic, and free from exploitation and also to secure the wellbeing of people, particularly the poor and disadvantaged sections.
It includes the following economic provisions:
a) Right to Property: It is not just a fundamental right, but also a constitutional right. It was abolished in the year 1978. The right to property was removed as a fundamental right, and it became a legal right. The Constitution now defines the right to property as a legal right, which is not a fundamental right. This is one of the economic provisions that is mentioned in the Constitution.
b) Directive Principles of State Policy: These principles aim to provide social and economic justice to the people of India. The Directive Principles of State Policy can be divided into three categories.
These include:
Social welfare programmes Economic welfare programmes Administration welfare programmesc) Fundamental Duties: These duties are stated in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution. It includes the duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, to protect the natural environment, to develop scientific temper, and to safeguard public property. These duties are vital to securing the well-being of the people, particularly the poor and disadvantaged sections.
A major purpose of the economic provisions in the constitution was to provide social and economic justice to the people of India, particularly the poor and disadvantaged sections. The economic provisions aimed to eliminate poverty, unemployment, and inequality. It also aimed to promote a socialist, democratic, and free economy, where all the citizens can enjoy a better quality of life.
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Coplete question is:
"a major purpose of the economic provisions in the constitution was to ."
Question 5 3.5 pts In class we learned that transferring contents of source documents correctly is a critical step in ensuring data accuracy. Which of the following is considered a source document? Point of sales terminal Bank deposit sheet Purchase Order All of the options
In conclusion, source documents are critical for ensuring the accuracy of data entry. They serve as the foundation of a company's financial record-keeping process, providing essential information about transactions and helping to prevent errors.
In class, we learned that transferring the contents of source documents correctly is a critical step in ensuring data accuracy. A source document refers to a document that captures the key transaction data required to process a business transaction. A source document provides the information to record a transaction and may be in either paper or electronic form.
There are many types of source documents, including purchase orders, invoices, bank deposit slips, time cards, and others. The following is considered a source document:
All of the options
Point of sales terminal
Bank deposit sheet
Purchase Order
All the above mentioned options are considered source documents because they contain essential information about transactions. A point of sales terminal, for example, produces a receipt that contains information about the date, time, and cost of a purchase. Bank deposit sheets contain information about the amount, date, and account to which a deposit was made. Purchase orders provide information about the items or services being purchased, the quantity, and the price.
In conclusion, source documents are critical for ensuring the accuracy of data entry. They serve as the foundation of a company's financial record-keeping process, providing essential information about transactions and helping to prevent errors. Therefore, it's important to accurately transfer the contents of these documents into the company's financial records, whether they are in electronic or paper format.
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Last year John purchased a car for $45000, a desktop computer for $4000, and a camera for $2500. At present, John has $1000 in credit card debt and a $1800 bank loan with reasonable estimate of market values, John's car is worth $40 000, computer is worth $2000, and camera is worth $3000 What is John's net worth today?
A. $39 200
B. 548 700
C. $37 200
D. 542 200
To calculate John's net worth, we need to subtract his total debts from the total value of his assets.
Assets:
Car: $40,000
Computer: $2,000
Camera: $3,000
Total Assets = $40,000 + $2,000 + $3,000 = $45,000
Debts:
Credit card debt: $1,000
Bank loan: $1,800
Total Debts = $1,000 + $1,800 = $2,800
Net Worth = Total Assets - Total Debts
Net Worth = $45,000 - $2,800
Net Worth = $42,200
Therefore, John's net worth today is $42,200, which corresponds to option (D) $542,200.
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Please answer and label all questions in full detail.
1."Should preparation for a career in the nonprofit sector emphasize management skills or a broader understanding of civil society and the role of nonprofit organizations? Explain your answer.
2. If nonprofit management challenges are as complex as those in business, should nonprofit managers be compensated at the same levels as managers at comparably large companies? Why or why not?
3. Should nonprofit organizations be viewed principally as businesses with a social purpose, or are they inherently different from for-profit companies? Explain your answer.
Discussion 2
1."If you had $25 to give today to any nonprofit organization, which one would it be? Now, imagine that you are 80 years old and have $1,000,000 to give to an organization at the event of your death—that is, through your will. Which one would it be? Do your answers reflect a difference between charity and philanthropy?
2. If you were the president of an independent (nonprofit) college or university, what things would you consider in making a decision on a possible tuition increase, which might enhance your bottom line but possibly work against your mission of providing educational opportunity?
3. Should gifts made by individuals to a nonprofit organization that receives the largest portion of its revenues from fees for services—for example, a hospital that is mostly supported by payments from patients and insurance—be fully tax deductible, partially tax deductible, or not deductible at all? Explain your answer.
4. Suppose a nonprofit organization operates a business that is related to its mission, such that revenue is not subject to the UBIT, but it competes directly with a for-profit business nearby that must pay taxes. For example, think about a nonprofit bookstore that is near another bookstore run by private owners as a for-profit business. Is that unfair competition with the for-profit businesses? Should the nonprofit be taxed just to level the playing field? Why or why not?"
Management skills and understanding nonprofit's role are vital for nonprofit career success. "Management skills crucial for nonprofits, but understanding civil society and unique characteristics also vital."
What is the career preparationManagement skills are crucial for nonprofits to operate efficiently and allocate resources effectively. Nonprofits require efficient leaders to manage teams, budgets, programs, and operations. Compensation of nonprofit managers vs. large company managers is debatable.
Nonprofit challenges impact compensation levels. Nonprofits rely on donations, grants, and government funding due to limited finances. Donors and funders may expect strict allocation for expenses and salaries. Nonprofits must show more programmatic allocation than administrative costs.
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suppose a firm has 15.6 million shares of common stock outstanding and eight candidates are up for election to four seats on the board of directors.
In a firm with 15.6 million shares of common stock outstanding and eight candidates vying for four board of director seats, the answer lies in determining the voting procedure and the number of votes required to secure a seat.
When electing candidates for the board of directors, the voting process can vary. In this scenario, where there are 15.6 million shares of common stock outstanding, each share is typically entitled to one vote. The total number of votes available for the election would be 15.6 million. However, to secure a seat on the board, a candidate would need to receive the highest number of votes relative to the other candidates. Therefore, the four candidates with the highest number of votes would be elected to the board of directors.
The specific voting procedure may also play a role in determining the outcome. For instance, if it follows a simple majority voting system, where candidates need to receive more votes than any other single candidate, the four candidates with the highest individual vote counts would win the seats. However, if the voting process involves a plurality system, where candidates only need to secure more votes than any other candidate, regardless of achieving a majority, the four candidates with the highest vote counts overall would be elected.
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Setting the Lease Payment Quartz Corporation is a relatively new firm. Quartz has experienced enough losses during its early years to provide it with at least eight years of tax loss carryforwards, so Quartz's effective tax rate is zero. Quartz plans to lease equipment from New Leasing Company. The term of the lease is four years. The purchase cost of the equipment is $970,000. New Leasing Company is in the 25 percent tax bracket. There are no transaction costs to the lease. Each firm can borrow at 6 percent. a. What is Quartz's reservation price? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. What is New Leasing Company's reservation price? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.9., 32.16.)
The Quartz's reservation price is 6% (round to 2 decimal places). New Leasing Company's reservation price is 4.50%.
Calculation of Quartz's reservation price:
Given, Purchase cost of equipment = $970,000
Lease term = 4 years
Quartz has experienced enough losses during its early years to provide it with at least eight years of tax loss carryforwards, so Quartz's effective tax rate is zero.
Hence, Quartz's tax shield rate = 0
Quartz can borrow at 6 percent.
Therefore, the after-tax cost of Quartz debt is:
6% × (1 - 0) = 6%
Quartz's required return on debt = 6%
After-tax cost of leasing = [(1 - 0.25) × 6%] = 4.50%
The present value of lease payments is calculated using the lease payment formula:
PV of lease payments = C × [1 - 1 / (1 + r)n] / r
where, PV = present value of the lease payments
C = annual lease payment
r = discount rate per period
n = number of periods
For this problem, there are four annual lease payments and the term of the lease is four years.
New Leasing Company's tax shield rate = 0.25
New Leasing Company can borrow at 6 percent.
Therefore, the after-tax cost of New Leasing Company's debt is:
6% × (1 - 0.25) = 4.50%
New Leasing Company's required return on debt = 4.50%
The present value of lease payments is calculated using the lease payment formula:
PV of lease payments = C × [1 - 1 / (1 + r)n] / r
where, PV = present value of the lease payments
C = annual lease payment
r = discount rate per period
n = number of periods
For this problem, there are four annual lease payments and the term of the lease is four years. Therefore, using the above formula.
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What is the present value of an ordinary annuity with annual
payment of $1200 evaluated at a 15.75 percent interest rate? n=5
years
a. $842.91 b. $1,368.64 c. $3,952.18 d. $2,345.78
d) the present value of an ordinary annuity with annual payment of $1200 evaluated at a 15.75 percent interest rate with n = 5 years is $2,345.78.
The correct answer is d. $2,345.78.
Present value of an ordinary annuity with annual payment of $1200 evaluated at a 15.75 percent interest rate is calculated using the formula;
PV = P * (1 - (1 + r)^-n)/r
Where, P = $1200r
= 15.75% or 0.1575n
= 5 years
Substituting these values into the formula above, we get; PV = 1200 * (1 - (1 + 0.1575)^-5)/0.1575= $2,345.78
Therefore, the present value of an ordinary annuity with annual payment of $1200 evaluated at a 15.75 percent interest rate with n = 5 years is $2,345.78.
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if a contractionary monetary policy raises interest rates in the us, what will happen to the value of the us dollar, the value of the japanese yen, and the us balance of trade?
(dollar) (value of yen) (balance of trade)
appreciate depreciate toward surplus
appreciate appreciate toward deficit
appreciate appreciate toward surplus
appreciate depreciate toward deficit no change
appreciate toward deficit
The type of license you are referring to is commonly known as a "volume license." A volume license is a legal agreement between a software vendor and a customer that allows the customer to install and use the software on multiple computers, often at a discounted price. Volume licenses are typically used by organizations or businesses that need to deploy software on a large number of computers within their network.
Under a volume license agreement, the terms and conditions may vary depending on the specific agreement negotiated between the vendor and the customer. The agreement usually specifies the number of licenses purchased, the scope of software usage, and any restrictions or limitations imposed on the usage.
It's worth noting that the exact terminology and terms of volume licenses can differ between software vendors. Some vendors may use specific names for their volume license programs, such as Microsoft's "Volume Licensing" or Adobe's "Creative Cloud for Teams." Therefore, it's important to review the specific terms and conditions associated with the software you are interested in to understand the exact licensing agreement.
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Ponderosa Development Corporation (PDC) is a small real estate developer that builds only one style cottage. The selling price of the cottage is $115,000. The cost per cottage includes land for $55,000 and lumber, supplies, and other materials run another for $28,000. Total labor costs are approximately $20,000 per cottage. The one salesperson of PDC is paid a commission of $2,000 on the sale of each cottage. Ponderosa leases office space for $2,000 per month. The cost of supplies, utilities, and leased equipment runs another $3,000 per month. PDC has seven permanent office employees whose monthly salaries are $35,000. a- Calculate the breakeven quantity for the company b- Develop a one-way data table to examine the effect of the change in the land price from 50000 to 60000 with increments of 1000 on the breakeven point c- Develop a two-way table to examine the change in the monthly salaries and selling price on the breakeven quantity. Use values from 100,000 to 120,000 with increments of 2,000 for the selling price and values from 30,000 to 40,000 with increments of 2000 for the monthly salaries.
Breakeven point is a point in the production or sales of an item where the total cost and total revenue for that item are equal. Any product's breakeven point is calculated by multiplying its price by the quantity it would take to recover the cost of producing it. A table of data is used to show the relationship between two or more variables and to investigate how they affect a model's outcome. It can be either one-way or two-way in nature.
Calculation of Break-even pointBreakeven quantity formula is given as follows:Break-even quantity = fixed cost / (unit price - unit variable cost)Fixed costs per monthOffice Space lease = $2,000Salaries of seven permanent office employees = $35,000Total fixed costs = $2,000 + $35,000 = $37,000 per monthVariable costs per unitCost of land per cottage = $55,000Cost of lumber, supplies and other materials per cottage = $28,000Total variable costs per unit = $55,000 + $28,000 = $83,000Sales commission per unit = $2,000Labour cost per unit = $20,000Total variable cost per unit = $83,000 + $2,000 + $20,000 = $105,000Breakeven quantity = Fixed costs / (Unit price - Unit variable cost)= $37,000 / ($115,000 - $105,000) = 370One-way Data TableBreakeven point can also be calculated for a wide range of land costs from $50,000 to $60,000 with increments of $1,000, using the one-way data table. One-way data table is a data table with a single variable for which the values of inputs can be substituted.
The one-way data table can be created as follows:Break-even point for land price of $50,000 = Fixed cost / (Unit price - Unit variable cost)= $37,000 / ($115,000 - $83,000) = 493.33Break-even point for land price of $51,000 = $36,000 / ($115,000 - $84,000) = 448.98
The impact of changes in land price on the break-even quantity can be seen by creating a one-way data table.Two-way Data TableTwo-way data tables are used to analyze the relationship between two variables and how they affect the outcome of a model. It is a table of data that compares the different possible values for two variables. The following table shows how the change in monthly salaries and selling price affects the break-even quantity.Selling price range is $100,000 to $120,000 with increments of $2,000, while monthly salaries range from $30,000 to $40,000 with increments of $2,000.370 is the break-even quantity for the company, according to the information given.The following two-way data table can be developed to investigate the relationship between monthly salaries and selling price on the break-even quantity.
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In an open economy, private savings funds all of the following EXCEPT domestic investment the current account O domestic absorption government debt
In an open economy, private savings fund all of the following except government debt. What is an Open Economy?
An open economy refers to an economy that allows a large quantity of international trade and commerce. It indicates that a nation's economy is integrated with the global economy, which allows free trade of goods and services as well as financial transactions across borders. A nation with an open economy follows a market-oriented economy where its GDP depends on export, import, and overseas investment.
Its policies and regulations depend on international trade and commerce. Private savings funds all of the following except government debt in an open economy. Private savings are essential for a nation's economic growth, and it helps in generating capital for investing in different sectors of the economy. Private savings encourage people to participate in different types of investment, which, in turn, create employment and generate income.
As private savings enhance the economy's efficiency, it is necessary to have adequate policies and regulations to safeguard the private savings from any unpredictable external factors. The following are the points that private savings fund in an open economy: Domestic investment Domestic absorption The current account The above-listed factors are the key elements that private savings fund in an open economy.
Hence the correct option is A - Domestic investment, private savings fund all except domestic investment.
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the sarbanes-oxley act of 2002 (sox) was created, in part, to address cases of companies making fraudulent entries to avoid reporting net losses. to find evidence of this kind of earnings management, review the below tableau dashboard, which includes available data from all u.s. public companies for 1985-2017 (except banks, financial institutions, and other regulated companies). by following the requirements below, you will discover whether earnings management occurred during certain periods.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted in the wake of some major corporate scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco International. The Act was created to address cases of companies making fraudulent entries to avoid reporting net losses.
SOX established stringent accounting and auditing standards for public companies and required the management to provide certification of financial statements.The below Tableau Dashboard includes available data from all US public companies for 1985-2017 (except banks, financial institutions, and other regulated companies). To find evidence of earnings management, you must follow the below requirements.Requirements:1. Select “Accounts Receivable” as the account to focus on.2. Identify the years 1998–2001 and observe the graph trend. 3. Identify the years 2002–2005 and observe the graph trend. 4. Interpret and explain the graph trend from step 2 and step 3. 5. Discuss whether you believe earnings management occurred during the two periods observed.In step 2, the graph shows that accounts receivable remained stable from 1998 to 2001, with a slight increase in 2001. In contrast, in step 3, accounts receivable decreased continuously from 2002 to 2005. This decrease implies that companies may have engaged in aggressive collection procedures to meet earnings expectations.In conclusion, the graph suggests that companies used aggressive accounting techniques during 2002-2005 to meet earnings expectations. Therefore, it can be concluded that earnings management occurred during this period.
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Call and response is exclusive to Native American music only? true or false?
False. Call and response is a musical technique found in various cultures and musical traditions worldwide, not exclusive to Native American music.
It is a common practice in many African, Caribbean, Latin American, and African American musical styles, among others. Call and response involves a musical phrase or line being played or sung by one person or group (the "call"), followed by a response from another person or group. It is a form of musical interaction and dialogue that can be found in diverse cultural contexts and musical genres.
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Government spending cannot affect the long-run aggregate supply curve. Select one: O True O False Check
False. Government spending can affect the long-run aggregate supply curve.
Government spending can affect the long-run aggregate supply curve. It can alter the economy's productive capacity by changing the availability of resources like labor, capital, and technology. When the government increases its spending on public goods and services, it creates a higher demand for these resources, which causes the prices of the resources to rise in the short term. This may result in higher wages for workers, making it more profitable for businesses to invest in new capital or technology that increases productivity.
In the long run, government spending can also impact the economy's potential growth rate by investing in education, research and development, and infrastructure. These investments can help increase the economy's capacity to produce goods and services over time and result in higher levels of long-run aggregate supply. However, if government spending is not done wisely, it can lead to higher inflation, crowding out of private investment, and higher taxes that could dampen the growth of the economy.
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what is the difference between comparative negligence and contributory negligence
The main difference between comparative negligence and contributory negligence lies in how they determine liability in cases where both the plaintiff and defendant share some degree of fault.
Comparative negligence is a legal doctrine that allows for the allocation of fault and damages based on the proportion of negligence attributable to each party involved in a lawsuit. In states that follow comparative negligence, the plaintiff's recovery of damages is reduced by their percentage of fault. For example, if the plaintiff is found to be 20% at fault, their recoverable damages would be reduced by 20%.
On the other hand, contributory negligence is a legal doctrine that completely bars the plaintiff from recovering any damages if they are found to have contributed to the incident in any way. Under contributory negligence, even if the plaintiff is only 1% at fault and the defendant is 99% at fault, the plaintiff would be barred from receiving any compensation.
It's important to note that the approach to negligence varies among jurisdictions, and different states and countries may apply different standards. Some jurisdictions follow pure comparative negligence, where the plaintiff can still recover damages even if they are mostly at fault.
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This is a Public Relation course
What are the best strategies to create content for your
brand?
In the world of Public Relations, creating content for your brand is essential for success.
Below are some of the best strategies that you can use to create content for your brand:Strategy 1: Know Your AudienceBefore creating content, it is vital to know who your target audience is. This involves researching demographics, age, gender, interests, etc. It will help to create targeted content that meets the needs and preferences of your audience.
Strategy 2: Consistency is crucial in creating a brand image. It is essential to have a consistent voice and style across all platforms to ensure brand recognition. It is also recommended that you have a content calendar to ensure a consistent flow of content.
Strategy 3: Focus on Quality Over QuantityQuality content is more important than the number of posts or content shared. Quality content will build trust and engage your audience, while low-quality content can have the opposite effect.
Strategy 4: Use Visuals and Interactive ContentVisuals and interactive content are more engaging and shareable than text-based content. Videos, images, infographics, and other interactive elements help to capture attention and increase engagement.
Strategy 5: Engage with Your AudienceInteraction with your audience is critical. Respond to comments, ask questions, and engage with your followers to build relationships and encourage engagement.
Overall, these strategies will help you to create compelling content that will build your brand, engage your audience, and improve your public relations. The main objective is to build strong relationships with your audience, and these strategies will help you achieve that in a more efficient way.
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Explain concept formation. Drawing from the Sartori article, describe common problems associated with conceptualization.
Concept formation refers to the process of acquiring knowledge about the world through the creation of mental categories that are distinct from one another. It is an essential component of human cognition, as it allows individuals to organize their perceptions and experiences into meaningful and coherent patterns.
The Sartori article discusses some of the common problems associated with conceptualization. One of these problems is the issue of conceptual ambiguity, which occurs when a term or concept is unclear or has multiple meanings. This can lead to confusion and misunderstandings in communication and research. For example, the term "democracy" can have different meanings depending on the context, which can make it difficult to compare and analyze data.
Another problem is the issue of conceptual stretching, which occurs when a term or concept is applied too broadly or narrowly. This can lead to inaccurate or incomplete representations of the world and can hinder the ability to recognize new instances of those categories. For example, the term "terrorism" can be stretched too broadly to include acts that are not typically considered terrorist acts, or too narrowly to exclude acts that fit the definition of terrorism.
Finally, the article discusses the problem of conceptual circularity, which occurs when a term or concept is defined in terms of itself. This can lead to a lack of clarity and precision in definitions, and can make it difficult to compare and analyze data. For example, the term "intelligence" is often defined in terms of the ability to solve problems, which is itself a component of intelligence. This circularity can make it difficult to distinguish between different types of intelligence and to develop effective measures of intelligence.
In conclusion, concept formation is a critical component of human cognition that allows individuals to organize their perceptions and experiences into meaningful patterns. However, there are several common problems associated with conceptualization, including conceptual ambiguity, conceptual stretching, and conceptual circularity, which can hinder our ability to accurately represent and understand the world.
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Identify each statement as true or false concerning Netflix's early relationship with industry analysts. True Many analysts doubted the firm would succeed when confronted by increased competition from well-known rivals O The firm's chief executive, Reed Hastings, was uniformly praised for the company's flawless growth The firm's cozy relationship with analysts led to an SEC investigation. It was quite friendly since Hastings had previously worked as an analyst himself 0 0 False O O O O O O Quest Quest Questi Questi Questi Questic Questic Questio Question Questio
First statement: False - Not all analysts doubted Netflix's success. Second statement: False - Reed Hastings wasn't uniformly praised for growth. Third statement: True - Netflix's relationship with analysts led to SEC investigation.
The first statement is false. While some analysts doubted Netflix's success in the face of increased competition, it wasn't a universal sentiment.
The second statement is false. While Reed Hastings, Netflix's CEO, was recognized for his leadership, the company's growth wasn't considered flawless. Netflix faced challenges and setbacks along the way.
The third statement is true. Netflix's cozy relationship with analysts did lead to an investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC looked into whether Netflix had selectively disclosed material information to analysts, which could be seen as favoritism.
Overall, the early relationship between Netflix and industry analysts was not without its controversies and challenges. While the company enjoyed success, there were doubts and scrutiny surrounding its practices, leading to the SEC investigation.
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Ms. Lily is the managing director of HappyGifts, a company that sell flowers, gifts and other related goods to offices and homes. Since the onset of the health pandemic in 2019, HappyGift has sold its products online in addition to the selling through its normal physical stores. Since 2020 until now, HappyGifts online sales constitutes an average of 65 % of the total sales. Thus, Ms. Lily is considering changing HappyGifts business direction to become a fully online business. Ms. Lily no longer directly manage the operations or the delivery service. She is interested in developing a performance measurement system that can help her to evaluate the relative performance of each product line and to provide signals of likely future performance issues. It is important that she knows any problems, especially those relating to customers and costs overruns as soon as they happen. She would like to know this information for each of her three major product line: flower arrangement, corporate gifts and flower wreaths. Ms. Lily knows that this line of business, customer loyalty can be short live, and profits are not stable.
You are appointed as consultant to HappyGifts.
Required:
(ii) Provide suggestions and justifications on four key non-financial measures required in the new performance measurement system. Please ensure the suggested measures are suitable with the nature of her business.
When developing a performance measurement system for HappyGifts, it's important to include key non-financial measures that provide insights into the company's operations, customer satisfaction, and potential performance issues. Here are two suggested non-financial measures that are suitable for Happy Gifts' online business:
Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT): CSAT measures the level of satisfaction among customers with their overall shopping experience. By regularly collecting feedback through surveys or customer reviews, Happy Gifts can gauge how well their products and services are meeting customer expectations. This measure is particularly important for an online business as it helps identify any potential issues with product quality, delivery, or customer support.
Order Fulfillment Time: This measure tracks the time it takes for Happy Gifts to process and fulfill customer orders from the moment they are placed to the moment they are delivered. With online sales constituting a significant portion of the business, efficient order fulfillment is crucial for maintaining customer satisfaction and loyalty. By monitoring order fulfillment time, Ms. Lily can identify bottlenecks or delays in the process and take necessary actions to improve operational efficiency.
These non-financial measures provide Ms. Lily with valuable insights into the performance of each product line and help her identify potential issues related to customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, website performance, and product quality.
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Which general ledger account is debited for the sale of inventory on credit? 1. Inventory Asset 2. Checking 3. Accounts Receivable 4. Job Materials
The general ledger account that is debited for the sale of inventory on credit is "Accounts Receivable."
Accounts Receivable is the general ledger account that is debited for the sale of inventory on credit. Accounts receivable is the money that a business is due to receive from its customers because they had purchased goods or services from the company, but the payment has not yet been received by the company. The money owed by the customer to the company is recorded in the accounts receivable ledger, which is then added to the company's balance sheet.
Inventory Asset is an account that records the cost of inventory held by a company that is ready for sale. Checking is a general ledger account used for recording checks received and cash withdrawn. Job Materials is a general ledger account that records the cost of raw materials purchased for a specific job. These accounts are not debited for the sale of inventory on credit, making them incorrect answers.
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Please tell us event(s) you faced or experiences you or someone you know had which is related to moral hazard or asymmetric information: please describe and explain in detail how and why and how such event or experience had moral hazard or asymmetric information component, and why it was relevant. (No copying/pasting from various websites; provide research references.)
One example of an event related to moral hazard and asymmetric information is the 2008 financial crisis, where banks took excessive risks due to the belief that they would be bailed out by the government.
The 2008 financial crisis serves as an example of an event with both moral hazard and asymmetric information components. Prior to the crisis, banks engaged in risky lending practices, particularly in the subprime mortgage market, knowing that they could pass off the risks to others. This is a classic case of moral hazard, where one party takes risks because they believe they will not bear the full consequences of their actions.
Asymmetric information played a crucial role in the crisis as well. Banks packaged and sold complex financial products, such as mortgage-backed securities, without providing adequate information about the underlying risks to investors. The investors, often institutional or individual buyers with limited expertise, lacked access to complete and accurate information about the quality of the assets they were purchasing. This information asymmetry allowed banks to offload toxic assets onto unsuspecting investors, exacerbating the crisis.
In summary, the 2008 financial crisis exemplifies the interplay between moral hazard and asymmetric information. Banks took excessive risks due to the expectation of government bailouts, while asymmetric information allowed them to sell complex financial products without disclosing the true risks to investors. These factors contributed to the severity and impact of the crisis, highlighting the relevance of moral hazard and asymmetric information in shaping financial events.
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Skor Co. leased equipment to Douglas Corp. on January 2, 2021 for an 8-year period expiring December 31, 2028. Equal payments under the lease are $600,000 and are due on January 2 of each year. The first payment was made on January 2, 2021. The cost of the equipment is $2,800,000. The lease is appropriately accounted for as a sales-type lease. The present value of the lease payments is $3,300,000. What amount of net profit on the sale should Skor report for the year ended December 31, 2021?
a.
$720,000
b.
$500,000
c.
$90,000
d.
$600,000
e.
$2,800,000
The answer to the question is as follows: To determine the amount of net profit on the sale that Skor Co. should report for the year ended December 31, 2021, Option (c) $90,000 is the correct answer.
We can calculate the amount of the sales revenue and the cost of goods sold. Sales revenue can be calculated by adding up all the lease payments received during the year, and the cost of goods sold can be calculated by multiplying the percentage of completion by the total cost of the equipment.
Sales revenue: The annual lease payment is $600,000, so the total lease payments received during the year would be $600,000. Therefore, sales revenue is $600,000.
Cost of goods sold: The percentage of completion can be calculated as follows: Percentage of completion = (Total lease payments received to date) / (Total present value of the lease payments)Percentage of completion = ($600,000) / ($3,300,000)Percentage of completion = 0.1818
Therefore, the cost of goods sold can be calculated as follows:Cost of goods sold = (Percentage of completion) × (Total cost of equipment)Cost of goods sold = (0.1818) × ($2,800,000)Cost of goods sold = $509,040
The amount of net profit on the sale should be calculated as follows:Net profit on the sale = Sales revenue - Cost of goods soldNet profit on the sale = $600,000 - $509,040Net profit on the sale = $90,960.
Therefore, the amount of net profit on the sale that Skor Co. should report for the year ended December 31, 2021, is $90,960.
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Frank is lending $1,000 to Sarah for two years. Frank and Sarah agree that Frank should earn a real return of 4 percent per year. Instructions: Enter your responses as whole numbers.
a. The CPI (times 100) is 100 at the time that Frank makes the loan. It is expected to be 112 in one year and 125.4 in two years. What nominal rate of interest should Frank charge Sarah?
The nominal rate of interest charged should be
b. Suppose Frank and Sarah are unsure about what the CPI will be in two years. How should Frank index Sarah's annual repayments ]%. to ensure that he gets an annual 4 percent rate of return?
c. Frank should charge Sarah [ ] % [more than] the inflation rate
Frank should charge Sarah a nominal interest rate that offsets the inflation rate and gives him a real return of 4%. Frank can achieve this by indexing Sarah's repayments to the CPI.
Given the expected CPI values, the nominal interest rate should be approximately 10% in the first year and about 12% in the second year. The formula for this is (CPI year 2/CPI year 1 - 1) + Real Rate. Frank should charge an interest rate higher than the inflation rate by 4% annually. To secure his real return despite uncertainty, he can index Sarah's annual repayments to the CPI. This means if the CPI increases, so will her repayments, maintaining his real rate of return.
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Define the notion of ‘privacy’ as it relates to the employer-employee relationship. Using examples published in online news sources, identify the ethical issues that can arise in the electronic monitoring of employee activities. Describe TWO (2) strategies a manager can employ to ensure that they do not violate their employees’ negative Right to privacy.
Privacy in the employer-employee relationship refers to the right of employees to maintain control over their personal information and activities while at work. Electronic monitoring of employee activities can give rise to ethical issues such as invasion of privacy, lack of transparency, and potential misuse of collected data.
Privacy in the employer-employee relationship pertains to the boundaries between an individual's personal life and their work life. It involves protecting employees' personal information, activities, and communications from unwarranted intrusion by their employers. Electronic monitoring, such as monitoring internet usage, email communications, or video surveillance, can raise ethical concerns.
One ethical issue that can arise is the invasion of privacy. Employees have a reasonable expectation of privacy in certain areas, such as personal emails or conversations during break times. When employers engage in excessive or covert monitoring without a valid justification, it can be seen as a violation of privacy rights.
Lack of transparency is another ethical concern. Employees should be informed about the extent and purpose of monitoring activities. If monitoring is carried out secretly or without clear guidelines, employees may feel uncomfortable and distrusted, which can harm the work environment and employee morale.
Moreover, there is the potential misuse of collected data. If employers collect personal information beyond what is necessary for legitimate business purposes, there is a risk that this data could be used for discriminatory practices, surveillance, or shared with unauthorized parties.
To ensure they do not violate their employees' negative right to privacy, managers can implement two strategies. Firstly, they can establish clear and transparent monitoring policies. This involves clearly communicating to employees the types of monitoring that may be conducted, the purpose behind it, and the extent of data collection. By setting clear boundaries and expectations, managers can build trust and maintain a respectful work environment.
Secondly, managers can employ the use of anonymized or aggregated data for analysis. Instead of monitoring individual employees' activities in a personally identifiable manner, data can be collected and analyzed in a way that protects individual privacy. This approach allows managers to gain insights into overall patterns and trends without compromising the privacy of individual employees.
By implementing these strategies, managers can strike a balance between ensuring the security and productivity of the workplace while respecting their employees' negative right to privacy.
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1. Consider the perfectly competitive ice cream stand industry in Newport Beach, which is made up of 1000 firms. Suppose that all ice cream stands use identical technology and have exactly the same cost conditions. Further let each individual firm's cost function be given by TC = 34+ 5y2 where y is the firm's output in ice cream cones sold per day. (a) Derive an expression for the MC curve of each individual firm. (b) Write down an expression for the supply curve for each individual firm, y as a function of p. (c) Using Qs to denote the quantity supplied by the industry, in ice cream cones sold per day, write down an expression for the supply curve for the entire industry. (d) Suppose that in equilibrium p = 20. Calculate the quantity that each individual firm would produce.
((a) The MC curve for each firm is MC = 10y. (b) The supply curve for each firm is y = p/10. (c) The supply curve for the entire industry is Qs = 1000y (d) Each firm produces 2 ice cream cones per day.
(a) The marginal cost (MC) curve for each individual firm can be derived by taking the derivative of the total cost (TC) function with respect to output (y). In this case, the TC function is given as TC = 34 + 5y^2. Taking the derivative, we get MC = dTC/dy = 10y.
(b) To write down the expression for the supply curve of each individual firm, we need to relate the output (y) to the price (p). In a perfectly competitive market, each firm is a price taker and sets its output where MC equals the market price (p). From part (a), we know that MC = 10y. Setting MC equal to p, we get 10y = p. Solving for y, we get y = p/10.
(c) The supply curve for the entire industry can be derived by summing up the quantities supplied by all individual firms. Since there are 1000 firms in the industry, the total quantity supplied (Qs) is given by Qs = 1000y.
(d) In equilibrium, the market price (p) is given as p = 20. Substituting this value into the expression derived in part (b), we get y = 20/10 = 2. Therefore, each individual firm would produce a quantity of 2 ice cream cones per day.
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HBM, Inc has the following capital structure:
Assets
$
350,000
Debt
$
122,500
Preferred stock
17,500
Common stock
210,000
The common stock is currently selling for $17 a share, pays a cash dividend of $0.55 per share, and is growing annually at 8 percent. The preferred stock pays a $7 cash dividend and currently sells for $89 a share. The debt pays interest of 7.5 percent annually, and the firm is in the 30 percent marginal tax bracket.
a. b. What is the after-tax cost of debt? Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
c. What is the cost of preferred stock? Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
d. What is the cost of common stock? Assume that the current $0.55 dividend grows by 8 percent during the year. Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
e. What is the firm’s weighted-average cost of capital? Round your answer to two decimal places.
%
HBM, Inc's after-tax cost of debt is 5.25%, the cost of preferred stock is 7.91%, and the cost of common stock is 11.24%. The firm's weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) is approximately 11.58%.
To calculate the various components of the cost of capital for HBM, Inc
a. After-tax cost of debt:
Debt interest rate = 7.5%
Tax rate = 30%
After-tax cost of debt = Debt interest rate * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 7.5% * (1 - 0.30)
After-tax cost of debt = 5.25%
b. Cost of preferred stock:
Preferred stock dividend = $7
Preferred stock price = $89
Cost of preferred stock = Preferred stock dividend / Preferred stock price
Cost of preferred stock = $7 / $89
Cost of preferred stock ≈ 0.0791 or 7.91%
c. Cost of common stock:
Dividend per share = $0.55
Dividend growth rate = 8%
Common stock price = $17
Cost of common stock = (Dividend per share / Common stock price) + Dividend growth rate
Cost of common stock = ($0.55 / $17) + 8%
Cost of common stock ≈ 0.0324 or 3.24% + 8%
Cost of common stock ≈ 11.24%
d. Weighted-average cost of capital (WACC):
Weight of debt = Debt / Assets
Weight of preferred stock = Preferred stock / Assets
Weight of common stock = Common stock / Assets
WACC = (Weight of debt * After-tax cost of debt) + (Weight of preferred stock * Cost of preferred stock) + (Weight of common stock * Cost of common stock)
WACC = (122,500 / 350,000 * 5.25%) + (17,500 / 350,000 * 7.91%) + (210,000 / 350,000 * 11.24%)
After performing the calculations, the WACC for HBM, Inc is approximately:
WACC ≈ 4.71% + 0.0344% + 6.7783%
WACC ≈ 11.58%
Therefore, the firm's weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) is approximately 11.58%.
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