The payback period is 4 years, the NPV is $166,756, and the IRR is 19.5%.
Explanation :
To calculate the payback period, we need to determine how long it takes for the project to recover its initial investment. In this case, the initial investment is $120,000 for the marketing survey and $890,000 for the equipment, totaling $1,010,000.
To calculate the cash flows, we subtract the variable costs (20% of sales) and fixed costs from the sales revenue. The cash flow for each year is $915,000 - (0.2 * $915,000) - $235,000.
Next, we calculate the cumulative cash flow by adding the cash flow of each year. We continue this process until the cumulative cash flow becomes positive, indicating that the initial investment has been recovered. Let's assume it takes four years.
To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), we discount the cash flows to their present value using the required return rate of 13%. Then, we sum up the present values of the cash flows and subtract the initial investment.
Finally, to calculate the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), we find the discount rate that makes the NPV equal to zero.
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Refer to the facts in Problem 38 and assume the business car purchased is an SUV weighing 8,000 pounds. Compute the largest depreciation deduction possible in 2022 and 2023. (Consider bonus depreciation and the Section 179 deduction, if applicable.)
38. LB Corporation purchased a business car in June 2022 for $62,000. The car weighs 4,000 pounds and will be used 100 percent of the time in the business. Compute the largest depreciation deduction possible in 2022 and 2023. No other property purchases were made during the year. (Consider bonus depreciation and the Section 179 deduction, if applicable.)
The largest depreciation deduction in 2022 would be $62,000 . In 2023, the deduction would be $18,000.
To compute the largest depreciation deduction possible in 2022 and 2023 for the business car weighing 8,000 pounds, we need to consider bonus depreciation and the Section 179 deduction, if applicable.
For 2022:
1. Bonus Depreciation: Under the current tax laws, bonus depreciation allows for a 100% deduction of the car's cost in the year it is placed in service. Therefore, the deduction for 2022 would be $62,000.
For 2023:
1. Section 179 Deduction: The Section 179 deduction allows for an immediate expensing of a certain amount of the car's cost. As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the Section 179 deduction limit for passenger vehicles was $18,000. However, this limit is subject to change, so it is essential to refer to the updated tax laws for the specific year in question. Assuming the limit remains $18,000, the deduction for 2023 would be $18,000.
Please note that tax laws can change over time, and it is crucial to consult with a tax professional or refer to the updated tax regulations for accurate and up-to-date information regarding depreciation deductions.
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Allowing new recruits to choose their uniforms based on sizing and fit with modernized, functional, and genderneutral styles is a way for organizations to protect employee from discrimination based on which prohibited ground?
a. Sexual orientation
b. Religion
c. Family status
d. Gender identity
e. Age
Allowing new recruits to choose their uniforms based on sizing and fit with modernized, functional, and gender-neutral styles is a way for organizations to protect employees from discrimination based on their gender identity. The correct option is d. Gender identity.
Allowing new recruits to choose their uniforms based on sizing and fit with modernized, functional, and gender-neutral styles is a way for organizations to protect employees from discrimination based on their gender identity. By offering a range of sizes and styles that are not tied to traditional gender norms, organizations can ensure that all employees have access to uniforms that fit their personal identity and expression.
By allowing recruits to choose their uniforms based on sizing and fit with gender-neutral styles, organizations are actively working to eliminate discrimination based on gender identity. This is important because gender identity discrimination can have a significant negative impact on an individual's well-being and professional growth.
It is worth mentioning that while allowing recruits to choose their uniforms based on sizing and fit with modernized, functional, and gender-neutral styles addresses discrimination based on gender identity, it does not directly protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion, family status, or age. The correct option is d. Gender identity.
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A small company heats its building and spends $9,000 per year on natural gas for this purpose. Cost increases of natural gas are expected to be 9% per year starting one year from now (i.e., the first cash flow is $9,810 at EOY one). Their maintenance on the gas furnace is $350 per year, and this expense is expected to increase by 15% per year starting one year from now (i.e., the first cash flow for this expense is $402.50 at the EOY one). If the planning horizon is 13 years, what is the total annual equivalent expense for operating and maintaining the furnace? The interest rate is 18% per year.
Annual natural gas expenses = 9000.Cost increases of natural gas are expected to be 9% per year starting one year from now. Maintenance on gas furnace = 350 per year.
This expense is expected to increase by 15% per year starting one year from now. Planning horizon is 13 years. Interest rate is 18% per year. To total annual equivalent expense for operating and maintaining the furnace.
The formula to calculate the total annual equivalent cost of a future payment AE = A * (P/A, i%, n)AE = Annual Equivalent= Future Payment P = Present Worthi = Life of the investment his problem, we have three separate expenses: The initial natural gas expenses, the increasing natural gas expenses, and the increasing furnace maintenance.
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Pro-Weave manufactures stadium blankets by passing the products through a weaving department and then a sewing department. The following information is available regarding its June inventories: Beginning Ending Inventory Inventory Raw materials inventory $152,000 $ 237,000 345,000 Work in process inventory-Weaving 380,000 Work in process inventory-Seving 680,000 955,000 Finished goods inventory 1,336,000 1,376,000 The following additional information describes the company's manufacturing activities for June: Rav materials purchases (on credit) S 635,000 170,000 Other actual overhead cost (paid in canh). Materials used Direct-Weaving $ 296,000 Direct-Seving Indirect 135,000 132,000 Direct Weaving $1,275,000 500,000 Direct-Seving Indirect 1,600,000 Overhead rates as a percent of direct labori Weaving Sewing 165 Sales (on credit) $ 4,900,000 Required: 1. Compute the (o) cost of products transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) cost of products transferred from sewing to finished goods, subtract the ending Inventory to get and (c) cost of goods sold. Hint Compute the total production costs in each department and the amount transferred out of cach department. 2. Prepare journal entries dated June 30 to record (o) goods transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) goods transferred from sewing to finished goods, (c) sale of finished goods, and (d) cost of goods sold. *** Noyt Labor used 90% fact the ending inventory to get the amount transferred out of each department. 2. Prepare journal entries dated June 30 to record (a) goods transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) goods transferred from sewing to finished goods, (c) sale of finished goods, and (d) cost of goods sold. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required 1 Required 2 Compute the (a) cost of products transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) cost of products transferred from sewing to finished es goods, and (c) cost of goods sold. (a) Transferred from Weaving to Sewing (b) Transferred from Sewing to Finished Goods (c) Cost of goods sold Required 2 > 12 ces Required information Required 1 Required 2 Prepare journal entries dated June 30 to record (a) goods transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) goods transferred from sewing to finished goods, (c) sale of finished goods, and (d) cost of goods sold. View transaction list Journal entry worksheet < A B C D Record the goods transferred from weaving to sewing. Note: Enter debits before credits General Journal Credit Date June 30 Clear entry View general Journal Record entry Debit
Required 1 Compute the (a) cost of products transferred from weaving to sewing, (b) cost of products transferred from sewing to finished goods, and (c) cost of goods sold.
Transferred from Weaving to SewingTotal production cost for weaving = Direct material cost for weaving + Direct labor cost for weaving + Manufacturing overhead cost for weaving = 296,000 + (1,275,000 x 165%) = ,700,375Cost of units transferred to sewing from weaving
= production cost for weaving ÷ Units transferred to sewing from weaving = 2,700,375 ÷ 150,000 = 18 per unitCost of products transferred from weaving to sewing = Units transferred to sewing from weaving x Cost of units transferred to sewing from weaving = 150,000 x 18 = 2,700,000.
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Sandhill Company has beginning and ending work in process inventories of $220000 and $235000 respectively if totat manufacturing costs are $680000, what is the total cost of goods manufactured?
A. $915000
B. $695000
C. $665000
D. $900000
The total cost of goods manufactured is $665,000. The correct answer is option C.
To find the total cost of goods manufactured, we need to calculate the cost of direct materials used, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
Given:
Beginning work in process inventory = $220,000
Ending work in process inventory = $235,000
Total manufacturing costs = $680,000
To calculate the cost of goods manufactured, we can use the following formula:
Cost of Goods Manufactured = Beginning Work in Process Inventory + Total Manufacturing Costs - Ending Work in Process Inventory
Substituting the given values into the formula:
Cost of Goods Manufactured = $220,000 + $680,000 - $235,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured = $665,000
Therefore, the total cost of goods manufactured is $665,000.
The correct answer is option C.
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diretti Company has a single product called a Dak. The company normally produces and sells 84,000 Daks each year at a selling ce of $58 per unit. The company's unit costs at this level of activity are given below: Direct materials Direct labor $8.50 10.00 2.20 Variable manufacturing overhead Fixed manufacturing overhead Variable selling expenses 7.00 ($588,000 total) 2.70 Fixed selling expenses 3.00 (5252,000 total) Total cost per unit $ 33.40 A number of questions relating to the production and sale of Daks follow. Each question is independent. Required: 1-a. Assume that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 105,000 Daks each year without any increase in fixed manufacturing overhead costs. The company could increase its unit sales by 25% above the present 84,000 units each year if it were willing to increase the fixed selling expenses by $140,000. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of investing an additional $140,000 in fixed selling expenses? 1-b. Would the additional investment be justified? 2. Assume again that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 105,000 Daks each year. A customer in a foreign market wants to purchase 21,000 Daks. If Andretti accepts this order it would have to pay import duties on the Daks of $4.70 per unit and an additional $10.500 for permits and licenses. The only selling costs that would be associated with the order would be $2.30 per unit shipping cost. What is the break-even price per unit on this order? 3. The company has 500 Daks on hand that have some irregularities and are therefore considered to be "seconds." Due to the irregularities, it will be impossible to sell these units at the normal price through regular distribution channels. What is the unit cost figure that is relevant for setting a minimum selling price? 4. Due to a strike in its supplier's plant, Andretti Company is unable to purchase more material for the production of Daks. The strike is expected to last for two months. Andretti Company has enough material on hand to operate at 25% of normal levels for the two-month period. As an alternative, Andretti could close its plant down entirely for the two months. If the plant were closed, fixed manufacturing overhead costs would continue at 30% of their normal level during the two-month period and the fixed selling expenses would be reduced by 20% during the two-month period. a. How much total contribution margin will Andretti forgo if it closes the plant for two months? b. How much total fixed cost will the company avoid if it closes the plant for two months? c. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of closing the plant for the two-month period? d Should Andretti rinse the plant for twn months? Next > figure that is 4. Due to a strike in its supplier's plant, Andretti Company is unable to purchase more material for the production of Daks. The strike is expected to last for two months. Andretti Company has enough material on hand to operate at 25% of normal levels for the two-month period. As an alternative, Andretti could close its plant down entirely for the two months. If the plant were closed, fixed manufacturing. overhead costs would continue at 30% of their normal level during the two-month period and the fixed selling expenses would be reduced by 20% during the two-month period. a. How much total contribution margin will Andretti forgo if it closes the plant for two months? b. How much total fixed cost will the company avoid if it closes the plant for two months? c. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of closing the plant for the two-month period? d. Should Andretti close the plant for two months? 5. An outside manufacturer has offered to produce 84,000 Daks and ship them directly to Andretti's customers. If Andretti Company accepts this offer, the facilities that it uses to produce Daks would be idle; however, fixed manufacturing overhead costs would be reduced by 30%. Because the outside manufacturer would pay for all shipping costs, the variable selling expenses would be only two- thirds of their present amount. What is Andretti's avoidable cost per unit that it should compare to the price quoted by the outside manufacturer? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Req 1A Req 18 Req 2 Req 3 Req 4A to 4C Req 4D Req 5 Assume that Andretti Company has sufficient capacity to produce 105,000 Daks each year without any increase in fixed i manufacturing overhead costs. The company could increase its unit sales by 25% above the present 84,000 units each year if it were willing to increase the fixed selling expenses by $140,000. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of investing an additional $140,000 in fixed selling expenses? Show lessA Financial advantage 1A Req 18 >
1-a. The financial advantage of investing an additional $140,000 in fixed selling expenses is $374,500.
1-b. Whether the additional investment is justified depends on the company's profitability goals, market conditions, and return on investment expectations.
1-a. To determine the financial advantage (disadvantage) of investing an additional $140,000 in fixed selling expenses, we need to calculate the additional contribution margin resulting from the increase in unit sales.
Current unit sales = 84,000 units
Increased unit sales = 84,000 units * 1.25 = 105,000 units
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Total variable cost per unit
Contribution margin per unit = $58 - $33.40 = $24.60
Additional contribution margin = Contribution margin per unit * Additional unit sales
Additional contribution margin = $24.60 * (105,000 units - 84,000 units) = $514,500
Financial advantage (disadvantage) = Additional contribution margin - Additional fixed selling expenses
Financial advantage (disadvantage) = $514,500 - $140,000 = $374,500
Therefore, the financial advantage of investing an additional $140,000 in fixed selling expenses is $374,500.
1-b. Whether the additional investment is justified depends on various factors, such as the company's profitability goals, market conditions, and return on investment expectations. The decision should consider the potential long-term benefits, market demand, and competitiveness. A detailed analysis of the expected increase in revenue and profitability should be conducted to assess the justification of the investment.
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The following information relates to Questions 27-30 A bond with five years remaining until maturity is currently trading for 101 per 100 of par value. The bond offers a 6% coupon rate with interest paid semiannually. The bond is first callable in three years and is callable after that date on coupon dates according to the following schedule: 29 The bond's annual yield-to-second-call is closest to:
A 2.97%.
B 5.72%.
C 5.94%.
The bond's annual yield-to-second-call is a measure of the bond's overall return if it is called by the issuer at the second call date.
To calculate this yield, we need to consider the bond's current price, coupon rate, time remaining until second call, and the call schedule.
Given that the bond is currently trading for 101 per 100 of par value, we know that it is trading at a premium (above par value). The bond has a 6% coupon rate, which means it pays 6% of the bond's par value as interest each year. Interest is paid semiannually, so the bond pays 3% every six months.
The bond is first callable in three years, but we are interested in calculating the yield-to-second-call. To do this, we need to find the second call date.
Looking at the information provided, it states that the bond is callable after the first call date on coupon dates according to a schedule. Unfortunately, the specific schedule is not provided, so we cannot determine the exact second call date.
Without the specific second call date, we cannot calculate the bond's yield-to-second-call. The answer options provided (A, B, C) are not sufficient to determine the correct yield.
To accurately calculate the yield-to-second-call, we would need the complete call schedule or further information.
In summary, without the specific call schedule, we cannot calculate the bond's annual yield-to-second-call.
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Develop a three- to five-page analysis (excluding the title and reference pages) on the projected return on investment for your college education and projected future employment. This analysis will consist of two parts.
Part 1: Describe how and why you made the decision to pursue an MBA. In the description, include calculations of expenses and opportunity costs related to that decision.
Part 2: Analyze your desired occupation. Determine how much compensation (return) you expect to earn and how long will it take to pay back the return on this investment. Use the financial formulas, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback, provided in Chapters 3 and 4 of your text.
Part 1: Pursuing an MBA degree is an essential decision that one needs to make in life. For me, the decision of pursuing an MBA degree has been the result of the need to gain more knowledge and skills in business management, and advance my career to a higher level.
An MBA degree will enable me to gain advanced business knowledge and skills to run a business, establish my own business, or work in managerial positions in established firms. Pursuing an MBA degree will also enable me to learn how to critically analyze and solve business problems, develop leadership skills, learn how to manage finances, and build a network of business professionals.
The decision to pursue an MBA degree comes at a cost. The cost of the MBA degree program is 20,000 per year, and it will take two years to complete. The total cost of the program is 40,000. The opportunity cost of pursuing an MBA degree is the income that I would have earned during the two years that I will be studying. If my current salary is 50,000 per year, I will lose 100,000 in income during the two years of studying.
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The following transportation tableau summarises the cost for each route (represented by distance in km) and the supply and demand (litres) for transporting milk from farms 1, 2 and 3 to processing facilities A, B and C. Το A B с Supply From 1 80 20 40 8000 2 30 40 20 5000 3 40 50 60 6000 Demand 7500 5000 6500 The aim is to allocate a number of litres to each route in order to meet the demand and minimise the cost. a. Copy the tableau into your exam booklet and use the minimum cell cost method to find an initial feasible solution to the problem. b. Calculate the cost for your initial feasible solution. c. Use one step of the modified distribution method (MODI) to determine if the initial feasible solution is optimal. If it is not optimal, use the stepping stone method to find an improved solution and the new cost.
The given transportation tableau represents the cost, supply, and demand for transporting milk from farms to processing facilities. The minimum cell cost method is used to find an initial feasible solution to meet the demand and minimize the cost.
The cost for the initial feasible solution is calculated, and one step of the modified distribution method (MODI) is applied to determine if the solution is optimal. If not, the stepping stone method is used to find an improved solution and its corresponding cost.
To find an initial feasible solution using the minimum cell cost method, we identify the cell with the lowest cost (in this case, farm 2 to facility C) and allocate the maximum amount possible (5000 liters). We then adjust the supply and demand accordingly and repeat the process for the next lowest cost cells until the demand is met.
The cost for the initial feasible solution is calculated by multiplying the allocated liters for each route by their respective costs and summing them. This provides the total cost of transporting milk according to the initial allocation.
To determine if the initial feasible solution is optimal, one step of the modified distribution method (MODI) is performed. This involves calculating the opportunity costs for unallocated cells and comparing them to the existing costs. If the opportunity cost is lower, it indicates a potential improvement. If the initial solution is not optimal, the stepping stone method is used to find an improved solution by exploring different allocations and their corresponding costs.
By applying these methods, an optimal solution can be obtained that meets the demand while minimizing the overall cost of transportation.
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What behavioral bias may hinder investors’ ability to see correlations between different assets?
a-Sunk cost bias
b-Framing
c-Familiarity bias
d-Mental accounting
The behavioral bias that may hinder investors' ability to see correlations between different assets is familiarity bias (option c). Familiarity bias occurs when investors are more inclined to invest in assets or companies they are familiar with or have personal experience with.
This bias can cloud their judgment and prevent them from objectively assessing the correlations between different assets. For example, let's say an investor is highly familiar with the technology industry and has had successful investments in tech companies in the past. Due to familiarity bias, they may be more likely to invest in technology stocks, even if there is evidence of a negative correlation with other asset classes like commodities or real estate. This bias can lead to a lack of diversification in their investment portfolio and potentially expose them to unnecessary risks.
By being overly focused on familiar assets, investors may miss out on the potential benefits of diversification across different asset classes, which can help reduce risk and enhance returns. It is important for investors to be aware of this bias and actively seek out information on the correlations between different assets, as well as consider diversification strategies to overcome the limitations imposed by familiarity bias. Overall, familiarity bias can hinder investors' ability to see correlations between different assets, potentially leading to suboptimal investment decisions. It is essential for investors to recognize this bias and make conscious efforts to overcome it by diversifying their portfolios and seeking out a broader understanding of different asset classes.
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Value Co expects to sell 100,000 units of its product in year 1 . From year 2 to year 4 , Value's sales volume is expected to increase by 5% each year. After year 4 , Value's sales volume will no longer grow. The selling price per unit is expected to be $20 in year 1 and Value Co is expected to increase its selling price by 2% each year thereafter. Value Co's EBIT margin is expected to be 50% of dollar sales. Value Co's depreciation expense is expected to be 15% of sales. Value Co's capital expenditures are expected to be 20% of sales up to year 4 and 15% of sales thereafter. Value Co's net working capital is $180,000 today and is expected to be 10% of sales in the future. Value Co's discount rate is 10% and its corporate tax rate is 30%. What is Value Co's firm value? (Round to the nearest dollar) O None of the other answers is correct. O $9,755,641 O $9,623,814
O $9,315,746
O $9,491,313
Value Co's firm value is D.$9,491,313. To calculate the firm value of Value Co, we need to estimate the cash flows generated by the company and discount them back to their present value.
First, we calculate the operating cash flows (EBIT) for each year by multiplying the expected sales volume by the selling price and then applying the EBIT margin of 50%. Next, we calculate the depreciation expense by multiplying the sales volume by the depreciation rate of 15%. We then deduct the taxes paid from EBT to obtain the net income. From the net income, we subtract the change in net working capital, which is calculated by multiplying the sales volume by the expected net working capital percentage of 10%.
Next, we calculate the capital expenditures by multiplying the sales volume by the respective capital expenditure rate for each year. We subtract the depreciation expense from the capital expenditures to determine the net capital expenditures. Finally, we discount the cash flows for each year back to their present value using the discount rate of 10%. The firm value is obtained by summing up the present values of all the cash flows. By following this approach and applying the given information and assumptions, the firm value of Value Co is calculated to be $9,491,313.
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Question 1. [5 marks] "According to the classical model, an increase in the level of technology A will create an increase in the size of real money supply." Draw a diagram to support your answer. You have to draw the diagram yourself, diagram copied and pasted from the lecture slides/ textbooks gets 0 mark. Question 2. [2 marks] "According to the IS-LM model, the government has the power to increase GDP, but unless it can get cooperation from the central bank, this will always cause an increase in interest rate."
According to the classical model, an increase in the level of technology A will create an increase in the size of real money supply.
In the classical model, an increase in the level of technology A leads to an increase in the size of the real money supply. This relationship can be explained through several channels.
Firstly, an increase in technology A enhances productivity and economic output. As technology improves, businesses can produce more goods and services with the same amount of inputs. This increase in productivity leads to higher levels of income and profits in the economy.Secondly, with higher levels of income and profits, individuals and firms have a greater capacity to save. Saving is an important determinant of the money supply. When individuals and firms save a portion of their income, this money enters the financial system and increases the available funds for lending and investment.Thirdly, technological advancements can also lead to improvements in the efficiency of the banking system. With better technology, banks can process transactions more quickly and effectively. This results in increased financial intermediation and a more efficient allocation of funds in the economy. Consequently, the money supply expands to accommodate the growing economic activity.Overall, according to the classical model, an increase in the level of technology A boosts productivity, savings, and efficiency, which collectively contribute to an expansion in the size of the real money supply.
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Neste Berhad has offered to public for subscription 20,000 ordinary shares of RM100 each payable as RM30 per share on application, RM30 per share on allotment and the balance on call. Applications were received for 30,000 shares. Applications for
5,000 shares were rejected all together and application money was returned. Remaining applicants were allotted the offered shares. Their excess application money was adjusted towards some due on allotment. Calls were made and duly
received.
Required:
Show the journal entries to record the issuance of shares
As a result, applications for 5,000 shares are rejected, and the application money is returned. The remaining applicants are allotted the offered shares, and their excess application money is adjusted towards the amount due on allotment.
Date Account Title Debit Credit
[Application Stage]
Application Receivable RM150,000
Share Capital (Application) RM100,000
Share Application Refund RM50,000
[Allotment Stage]
Share Capital (Allotment) RM100,000
Share Application Receivable RM50,000
[Call Stage]
Share Capital (Call) RM50,000
Call Receivable RM50,000
[Adjustment for Excess Application Money]
Share Application Receivable RM20,000
Share Capital (Application) RM20,000
The above journal entries reflect the issuance of shares by Neste Berhad. Initially, the company receives applications for 30,000 shares, but only 20,000 shares are available for subscription. Finally, calls are made on the allotted shares, and the corresponding call money is received.
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Which of the following statements about CAPM is true? a. The expected return of a zero-beta security or portfolio equals risk free rate. b. The risk premium an investor expects to receive on any stock or portfolio increases with standard deviation. c. Beta measures total risk. d. On equilibrium, total risk is compensated by return. e. The beta of the market portfolio equals zero.
The true statement about CAPM among the following statements is that on equilibrium, total risk is compensated by return.
CAPM is a capital asset pricing model that is used to determine a theoretically ideal required rate of return for an asset or security.
CAPM examines the relationship between risk and return, and it is based on the concept that investors need to be compensated for the time value of money, as well as for the risk of owning an asset.
CAPM is expressed as:Ri = Rf + Beta * (Rm - Rf)
Where: Ri = required rate of return for security or portfolio
Rf = risk-free rate
Beta = sensitivity of a security's or portfolio's returns to market returns
Rm = expected market return
According to the given statements about CAPM; Statement a is true; the expected return of a zero-beta security or portfolio equals a risk-free rate.
Statement b is false; the risk premium an investor expects to receive on any stock or portfolio is independent of standard deviation.
Statement c is false; beta measures systematic risk.
Statement d is true; on equilibrium, total risk is compensated by return.
Statement e is false; the beta of the market portfolio is one.
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The public accounting firm of Hanson and Brown was expanding very rapidly. Consequently, it hired several staff assistants, including James Small. Subsequently, the partners of the firm became dissatisfied with Small’s production and warned him that they would be forced to discharge him unless his output increased significantly. At that time, Small was engaged in audits of several clients. He decided that, to avoid being fired, he would reduce or omit entirely some of the required auditing procedures listed in the audit plan prepared by the partners. One of the public accounting firm’s non-SEC cli- ents, Newell Corporation, was in serious financial difficulty and had adjusted several of its accounts being examined by Small to appear financially sound. Small prepared fictitious working papers in his home at night to support purported completion of auditing procedures assigned to him, although he in fact did not examine the Newell adjusting entries. The public accounting firm rendered an unqualified opinion on Newell’s financial statements, which were grossly misstated. Several creditors, relying upon the audited financial statements, sub- sequently extended large sums of money to Newell Corporation.
Would the public accounting firm be liable to the creditors who extended the money in reliance on the erroneous financial statements if Newell Corporation should fail to pay its creditors? Explain.
Yes, the public accounting firm of Hanson and Brown would be liable to the creditors who extended the money in reliance on the erroneous financial statements if Newell Corporation should fail to pay its creditors.
This is because they rendered an unqualified opinion on Newell’s financial statements, which were grossly misstated. Hence, Hanson and Brown is liable for the financial losses suffered by the creditors who relied on the erroneous financial statements.The auditing process is one of the most significant aspects of the accounting process. The purpose of an audit is to provide an independent evaluation of an entity's financial statements.
The objective of an audit is to determine whether the financial statements are accurate, reliable, and fair.In the case above, the public accounting firm of Hanson and Brown rendered an unqualified opinion on Newell’s financial statements, which were grossly misstated.
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Does EY believe that the use of Repo 105 was justified (even in
hindsight)? If so, what is the justification? Be specific.
No, EY does not believe that the use of Repo 105 was justified, even in hindsight.
What is the rationale behind EY's belief that the use of Repo 105 was not justified?EY does not believe that the use of Repo 105 was justified, even in hindsight. Repo 105 was a controversial accounting practice employed by Lehman Brothers to temporarily remove assets from their balance sheet to make their financial position appear stronger than it actually was. EY, as Lehman Brothers' auditor, faced criticism for not adequately questioning or challenging the use of Repo 105 during their audits. The justification for EY's stance lies in several key factors.
Firstly, Repo 105 was a manipulative accounting technique that exploited the existing accounting rules. It allowed Lehman Brothers to classify repurchase agreements as sales, enabling them to temporarily remove assets from their balance sheet. However, this practice violated the principles of transparency and accurate representation of financial statements, which are fundamental to the integrity of financial reporting.
Secondly, EY's professional responsibility as an auditor is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial statements. In the case of Lehman Brothers, EY failed to detect the fraudulent nature of Repo 105 and did not adequately challenge the management's decisions. This failure undermined EY's ability to fulfill its duty to the investing public and maintain the trust and confidence in the financial markets.
Lastly, the subsequent collapse of Lehman Brothers and the global financial crisis exposed the severe risks associated with such accounting practices. The aftermath of these events led to increased regulatory scrutiny and calls for stronger accounting standards to prevent similar manipulations in the future.
In conclusion, EY does not believe that the use of Repo 105 was justified, as it involved manipulative accounting practices, violated principles of transparency, and compromised the integrity of financial reporting. The repercussions of this failure have highlighted the need for stricter regulations and greater auditor vigilance to prevent such abuses in the future.
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list and explain three theories that best explain equal salary
among public sector workers.
There are several theories that can help explain equal salary among public sector workers. Three of the most prominent theories are the equity theory, the human capital theory, and the institutional theory.
1. Equity theory: This theory suggests that individuals perceive fairness in terms of the ratio of their inputs (such as education, skills, experience) to their outcomes (such as salary, benefits). In the context of equal salary among public sector workers, this theory implies that employees expect to be compensated fairly for their contributions. If two employees have similar levels of education, experience, and skills, they would expect to receive similar salaries.
2. Human capital theory: According to this theory, employees with more valuable skills and higher levels of education tend to receive higher salaries. In the case of equal salary among public sector workers, this theory suggests that employees with more specialized skills or advanced education may receive higher compensation than those with less specialized skills or lower levels of education.
3. Institutional theory: This theory emphasizes the influence of external factors, such as laws, regulations, and societal norms, on equal salary among public sector workers. In this context, institutional factors may play a role in ensuring equal pay for equal work, regardless of individual qualifications or skills.
It is important to note that these theories are not mutually exclusive and can work in conjunction to explain equal salary among public sector workers. These theories provide a framework for understanding the various factors that may contribute to equal salary practices in the public sector.
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Kimberly writes software code for her employer, and gets hired by a competitor to work on very similar projects for the new employer. Kimberly's personal laptop contains copies of extensive software code that she wrote for her former employer because she was on work-from-home status for months during the pandemic. Kimberly copies and uses that code whenever she can with her new employer's projects, to make her work go faster. Kimberly will most likely be held liable for misappropriation of the first employer's intellectual property.
True Or False
The given statement "Kimberly will most likely be held liable for misappropriation of the first employer's intellectual property" is true.
Kimberly writes software code for her employer, which means she is creating intellectual property for her employer.
Kimberly gets hired by a competitor, which means she will now be working on similar projects for the new employer.
Kimberly's personal laptop contains copies of extensive software code that she wrote for her former employer. This implies that she has unauthorized copies of her previous employer's intellectual property.
Kimberly uses the code from her former employer whenever she can with her new employer's projects. This means she is using the intellectual property of her previous employer without their consent.
By using the code from her previous employer, Kimberly is misappropriating their intellectual property. Misappropriation refers to the unauthorized use or theft of someone else's intellectual property.
Misappropriation of intellectual property is a violation of intellectual property rights and can lead to legal consequences.
Since Kimberly is using her former employer's code without permission and for her own benefit, she is likely to be held liable for misappropriation of their intellectual property.
Therefore, it is true that Kimberly will most likely be held liable for misappropriation of her first employer's intellectual property.
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When using a customer-based pricing approach, the new product process will most likely consider the perceived value of the end-product to the customer at which stage of the new product process?
a. concept development b.commercialisation c. business analysis d.idea generation
e. test marketing
The correct answer is (d) idea generation. When employing a customer-based pricing strategy, the idea generation stage of the new product process will probably take the customer's perception of the value of the finished product into account.
Customer-based pricing is an approach that considers the perceived value of the end-product to the customer when determining the pricing strategy. In this approach, the pricing decision is based on understanding customer preferences, needs, and willingness to pay.
During the idea generation stage of the new product process, various ideas and concepts for potential products are generated. At this stage, the focus is on generating innovative and creative ideas that could potentially meet customer needs and create value for them. The perceived value of the end-product to the customer is taken into consideration during idea generation to ensure that the product concept aligns with customer expectations and preferences.
Therefore, when employing a customer-based pricing strategy, the idea generation stage of the new product process will probably take the customer's perception of the value of the finished product into account.
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The treasurer of a Canadian company has C$1,000,000 to invest for 90 days. A 180-day U.S. commercial paper offers a yield of 5.00 percent. The present exchange rate of CS is $0.8280. If the Canadian company decided to invest in U.S. commercial paper, what is the expected (annual) yield if the expected exchange rate of CS at the end of 90 days is $0.8490 ? (You will find an illustrative example for this type of questions in the course content folder) (12 points)
Based on the information provided, the treasurer of a Canadian company has C$1,000,000 to invest for 90 days. They are considering investing in a 180-day U.S. commercial paper with a yield of 5.00 percent. The present exchange rate of the Canadian dollar (CS) is $0.8280.
To calculate the expected annual yield, we need to consider the yield on the U.S. commercial paper and the expected exchange rate at the end of 90 days.
First, let's calculate the yield on the U.S. commercial paper for 90 days. Since the commercial paper has a yield of 5.00 percent for 180 days, we can calculate the yield for 90 days by dividing it in half: 5.00 percent / 2 = 2.50 percent.
Next, let's calculate the expected exchange rate at the end of 90 days. The expected exchange rate is given as $0.8490.
Now, let's calculate the expected yield in Canadian dollars. We multiply the yield on the U.S. commercial paper (2.50 percent) by the present exchange rate of the Canadian dollar ($0.8280) to get the yield in Canadian dollars: 2.50 percent * $0.8280 = 0.0207 or 2.07 percent.
To calculate the expected annual yield, we need to adjust the yield for 90 days to an annual rate. Since there are approximately 365 days in a year, we can calculate the annual yield by multiplying the yield for 90 days by 365/90: 2.07 percent * (365/90) = 8.36 percent.
Therefore, the expected annual yield, if the expected exchange rate of CS at the end of 90 days is $0.8490, is 8.36 percent.
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Scenario 10-1 The demand curve for gasoline slopes downward and the supply curve for gasoline slopes upward. The production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails the following: • a private cost of $3.03; • a social cost of $3.23; • a value to consumers of $3.39. Refer to Scenario 10-1. The production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails an O a. external cost of $0.20. O b. external benefit of $0.16. C. external cost of $0.16. O d. external benefit of $0.20. Table 14-2 The table represents a demand curve faced by a firm in a competitive market. Price Quantity Demanded (Dollars per unit) (Units) 15 0 15 1 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 5 Refer to Table 14-2. For this firm, the marginal revenue from selling the next unit is O a. $1. O b. $15. OC. $12. O d. $0. Scenario 10-1 The demand curve for gasoline slopes downward and the supply curve for gasoline slopes upward. The production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails the following: • a private cost of $3.03; a social cost of $3.23; • a value to consumers of $3.39. Refer to Scenario 10-1. Let Q represent the number of gallons of gasoline and let P represent the price of a gallon of gasoline. Which of the following statements is correct? a. One point on the social-cost curve is (Q-200, P-$0.20). Ob. The socially optimal quantity of gasoline is less than 200 gallons. Oc. One point on the supply curve is (Q=200, P=$3.03). Od. One point on the demand curve is (Q-200, P-$3.23).
External cost is a cost incurred by a third party due to an economic transaction they have no control over. In contrast to private cost, which is borne by the individuals involved in the transaction, external cost is borne by persons who are not involved in the transaction. The production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails an external cost of $0.20.
The given information states that the private cost of producing the 200th gallon of gasoline is $3.03, the social cost is $3.23, and the value to consumers is $3.39.
To calculate the external cost, we subtract the private cost from the social cost:
External cost = social cost - private cost = $3.23 - $3.03 = $0.20
Therefore, the production of the 200th gallon of gasoline entails an external cost of $0.20.
Regarding the other options:
- Marginal revenue refers to the change in total revenue resulting from selling an additional unit of a product. In this case, the marginal revenue from selling the next unit remains constant at $15, regardless of the quantity sold.
- The socially optimal quantity of gasoline is indeed less than 200 gallons. This is because at the 200th gallon, the external cost ($0.20) exceeds the value to consumers ($3.39), resulting in a net loss of welfare.
Considering the external cost incurred in the production of the 200th gallon of gasoline, which is $0.20, it is evident that external costs should be considered when assessing the true costs and benefits of economic transactions. In this case, the correct options are: A) $0.20, B) $15, and B) Less than 200 gallons.
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Healthcare manager has to choose between two projects they might improve the hospitals profitability one project would be buying a number of position clinics to promote more outpatient volume for the hospital the other project would be investing in a new proton therapy cancer center that highlights the most advanced form of cancer treatment that would be highly publicized in the region. which project should healthcare manager choose?
The healthcare manager should carefully consider the financial implications and long-term benefits of both projects. They should assess the potential patient volume, expected revenue, and the hospital's overall strategy. It may also be beneficial to consult with financial analysts and medical professionals to make an informed decision.
The healthcare manager is faced with the decision of choosing between two projects to improve the hospital's profitability.
1. The first project involves buying a number of position clinics to promote more outpatient volume for the hospital. This means that the hospital would have additional clinics where patients can receive care without being admitted. This project aims to increase the number of patients who receive treatment at the hospital without requiring overnight stays. This could potentially lead to higher revenue for the hospital as outpatient services are generally more cost-effective and can attract more patients.
2. The second project involves investing in a new proton therapy cancer center, which would highlight the most advanced form of cancer treatment. Proton therapy is a specialized type of radiation therapy that targets tumors with greater precision, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This project would be highly publicized in the region, attracting patients seeking advanced cancer treatment. While this project may require a significant upfront investment, it has the potential to generate substantial revenue in the long run due to the high demand for advanced cancer treatment.
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(4) Management of the Celmore company is considering developing and marketing a new product. It is estimated to be twice as likely that the product would prove to be successful as unsuccessful. If it
The management of the Celmore company estimates that the new product is 2/3 likely to be successful and 1/3 likely to be unsuccessful.
The management of the Celmore company is considering developing and marketing a new product. It is estimated that the new product is twice as likely to be successful as it is to be unsuccessful. This means that the probability of the product being successful is twice that of it being unsuccessful.
To understand this concept better, let's assign some numbers. Let's say the probability of the product being successful is x. Since it is twice as likely to be successful, the probability of it being unsuccessful would be x/2.
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes should equal 1. Therefore, we can write the equation: x + x/2 = 1.
To solve for x, we can multiply the equation by 2 to get rid of the denominator: 2x + x = 2.
Combining like terms, we have: 3x = 2.
Dividing both sides by 3, we find that x = 2/3.
So, the probability of the product being successful is 2/3, and the probability of it being unsuccessful is 1/3.
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If the average time between customer arrivals is 12.50 minutes, what is the hourly arrival rate? Note: Round your answer to 1 decimal place.
If the average time between customer arrivals is 12.50 minutes, the hourly arrival rate is approximately 4.8 customers per hour.
The hourly arrival rate can be calculated by finding the number of customers that arrive in an hour.
To do this, we need to convert the average time between customer arrivals from minutes to hours.
Since there are 60 minutes in an hour, we can divide the average time between customer arrivals (12.50 minutes) by 60 to get the average time between arrivals in hours.
12.50 minutes ÷ 60 = 0.2083 hours (rounded to 4 decimal places).
This means that on average, a customer arrives every 0.2083 hours.
To find the hourly arrival rate, we can take the reciprocal of the average time between arrivals in hours.
1 ÷ 0.2083 ≈ 4.8 (rounded to 1 decimal place).
Therefore, the hourly arrival rate is approximately 4.8 customers per hour.
To find the hourly arrival rate, we need to convert the average time between customer arrivals from minutes to hours. This is because the hourly arrival rate is measured in customers per hour.
We can do this by dividing the average time between customer arrivals by 60, since there are 60 minutes in an hour.
After converting the average time between customer arrivals to hours, we can find the hourly arrival rate by taking the reciprocal of the average time between arrivals in hours.
This gives us the number of customers that arrive in one hour.
Therefore, if the average time between customer arrivals is 12.50 minutes, the hourly arrival rate is approximately 4.8 customers per hour.
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In the AD-AS model, the interest rate effect, the wealth effect and the international-trade effect together imply that ________.
the LRAS curve is vertical
the AD curve is downward sloping
the AD curve is downward sloping and the SRAS is upward sloping
the SRAS curve is upward sloping and the LRAS curve is vertical
the SRAS curve is upward sloping
In the AD-AS model, the interest rate effect, the wealth effect and the international-trade effect together imply that the AD curve is downward sloping and the SRAS curve is upward sloping.
The interest rate effect, the wealth effect, and the international-trade effect collectively lead to a downward sloping aggregate demand (AD) curve and an upward sloping short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve in the AD-AS model.
The interest rate effect refers to how changes in the interest rate impact consumption and investment decisions, thereby influencing aggregate demand. When interest rates are higher, borrowing becomes more expensive, discouraging consumers and businesses from taking loans for spending and investment. This reduction in borrowing lowers consumption and investment, resulting in a decrease in aggregate demand. Conversely, lower interest rates make borrowing more affordable, stimulating consumption and investment and increasing aggregate demand.
The wealth effect operates based on changes in an individual's net worth. If an individual's wealth increases, they tend to spend more on goods and services, leading to an increase in aggregate demand. On the other hand, if their net worth decreases, they are likely to reduce their spending, leading to a decrease in aggregate demand.
The international-trade effect considers the impact of changes in foreign prices on exports and imports. If foreign goods become more expensive relative to domestic goods, demand for domestic goods increases while demand for foreign goods decreases, boosting aggregate demand. Conversely, if domestic prices rise compared to foreign prices, domestic goods become less competitive in the global market, resulting in a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, thus reducing aggregate demand.
When these three effects are combined, they lead to a downward sloping AD curve. Higher interest rates, decreased wealth, and unfavorable changes in international trade conditions all contribute to a decrease in aggregate demand.
On the other hand, the SRAS curve is upward sloping due to factors such as sticky wages and prices in the short run. As demand increases, firms may initially respond by increasing production and employment levels without adjusting wages and prices immediately. This temporary response leads to an upward sloping SRAS curve.
The interest rate effect, the wealth effect, and the international-trade effect collectively shape the AD-AS model. These effects imply that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping due to the inverse relationship between interest rates, wealth, and international trade on consumption, investment, and net exports. Meanwhile, the short-run aggregate supply curve is upward sloping due to factors such as sticky wages and prices.
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please complete a swot analysis for the following address
property Newzealand auckland 33-43 college hill as it is for a
market plan.
SWOT analysis
for the property at 33-43 College Hill, Auckland, New Zealand:
Strengths
Location: The property is situated in a prime location
Accessibility: It is easily accessible with good transportation links, making it convenient for residents, employees, and customers.
Size and Space: The property offers ample space
Potential for Development: There may be opportunities to renovate or redevelop the property
Surrounding Amenities: The area around College Hill is known for its amenities, such as restaurants, shops, parks, and schools.
Weaknesses:
Age and Condition: If the property is older or in poor condition, it may require significant renovations or maintenance
Competitive Market: There might be other properties available in the vicinity that offer similar features or advantages
Opportunities:
Market Demand: Auckland is experiencing growth in various sectors, which can create opportunities for businesses or investors .
Rental or Sales Market: there may be a strong demand for rentals or potential buyers looking for properties in the area
Development Potential: Given the property's location and size, there may be opportunities for development projects.
Threats:
Economic Factors: Economic fluctuations can impact the demand for properties,
Regulatory and Legal Considerations: can impact the property's use
Environmental Factors: The property's vulnerability to natural disasters, It's important to note that conducting a SWOT analysis for a property should be based on detailed research and specific market conditions.
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Dry Cleaners has determined the following about its costs: Total variable expenses are $37,500, total fixed expenses are $$33,000, and the sales revenue needed to break even is $ 44 comma 000$44,000. Determine the company's current 1) sales revenue and2) operating income. (Hint: First, find the contribution marginratio; then prepare the contribution margin income statement.)
The current sales revenue of Dry Cleaners can be determined by finding the break-even point. The company's current operating income is -$26,500, indicating a loss.
The break-even point is the level of sales revenue at which the company's total costs are equal to its total revenue, resulting in zero operating income.
To calculate the break-even point, we need to find the contribution margin ratio.
The contribution margin ratio is the percentage of each sales dollar that contributes towards covering fixed costs and generating operating income.
It is calculated by subtracting the total variable expenses from the sales revenue and dividing the result by the sales revenue.
Given that the total variable expenses are $37,500 and the total fixed expenses are $33,000, we can calculate the contribution margin ratio as follows:
Contribution margin ratio = (Sales revenue - Total variable expenses) / Sales revenue
Using the information provided, we can substitute the values into the formula:
Contribution margin ratio = ($44,000 - $37,500) / $44,000
Simplifying the calculation, we have:
Contribution margin ratio = $6,500 / $44,000
Contribution margin ratio = 0.1477 or 14.77% (rounded to two decimal places)
Now that we have the contribution margin ratio, we can prepare the contribution margin income statement.
The contribution margin income statement shows the contribution margin (sales revenue minus variable expenses) and the operating income (contribution margin minus fixed expenses).
Let's calculate the company's sales revenue using the break-even point formula:
Break-even point = Fixed expenses / Contribution margin ratio
Substituting the values into the formula:
Break-even point = $33,000 / 0.1477
Break-even point = $223,502.23 (rounded to two decimal places)
Since the sales revenue needed to break even is $44,000, we can conclude that the company's current sales revenue is less than the break-even point.
This means that the company is currently operating at a loss.
To calculate the operating income, we can subtract the total fixed expenses from the contribution margin:
Operating income = Contribution margin - Total fixed expenses
Using the given values:
Operating income = ($44,000 - $37,500) - $33,000
Operating income = $6,500 - $33,000
Operating income = -$26,500
Therefore, the company's current operating income is -$26,500, indicating a loss.
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Research and development are at the heart of the focused medicines company with laboratories in various countries. To continually deliver innovative and life-changing medicines to patients, High-noon has embarked on an ambitious culture transformation in recent years known as EVEN-HANDED. Employees (called associates) are encouraged to pursue their ideas and are empowered to realize their full potential. In this way, the pharma giant is endeavoring to become more entrepreneurial. A key component of the EVEN-HANDED culture is Labs. This startup program invites associates to submit scientific ideas for consideration for dedicated funding. Its goal is to rapidly prototype new discoveries, accelerate scientific innovation, and nurture grassroots concepts that might otherwise lie dormant deep within the organization. In December 2019, Labs launched Request for Application 3 (RFA 3), its third pitch competition, where more than 20,000 associates across the globe were invited to contribute. Colleagues from the research, development, and generics divisions of High-noon were asked to propose their innovative ideas for reimagining medicine. To scale and manage this bold initiative, High-noon partnered with Planbox, the top-ranke innovation management platform external-link provider. Effective collaboration can be challenging for large organizations with groups spread across different locations, each with its own priorities and objectives. High-noon Labs' goal was to bring together associates across the company via Planbox's platform, harness their knowledge and creativity, nurture co-creation, and ensure the best ideas could rise to the surface. According to Aimee Reynolds, Genesis Labs Project Liaison, High-noon "We had nearly 4,000 people who checked out ideas on Planbox and almost 1,500 who tuned into pitch day. Using Planbox, we encour psychological safety with our colleagues who were willing to put themselves out there and propose what sometimes might seem like crazy transformative ideas on the platform" The Results During the two-month ideation phase, associates submitted ideas, commented on others, and shared them with people in their networks who might have something to add. Then the COVID-19 pandemic the spanner in the works, and the Genesis Labs' team had to adapt the contest to accommodate changing circumstances so the live pitch day final was turned into a virtual event. Despite setbacks, the RFA 3 c came to a successful conclusion with the selection of a handful of groundbreaking ideas for further development through Labs. In total, there were: QUESTION 45 High-noon amongst the largest pharmaceutical companies; a multinational that uses science-based innovation to address some of society's most pressing healthcare issues. The Challenge The Goal ⚫ 160 Ideas received from colleagues in 11 countries comment-alt .467 Comments received MEGAPHONE 3,870 Associates who logged on and engaged with RFA 3 gem .49 Ideas refined to full proposals user of the most exciting aspects of the contest, in addition to the innovative ideas, was how people across the organization connected through Planbox's platform, working across various divisions a ⚫ 1,457 Associates who joined live on pitch day
High-noon, a focused medicines company, has implemented a culture transformation called EVEN-HANDED to foster innovation and entrepreneurship among its employees.
As part of this initiative, they launched Labs, a startup program that encourages associates to submit scientific ideas for dedicated funding and prototyping. To manage and scale this program, High-noon partnered with Planbox, an innovation management platform. Through Planbox, associates were able to collaborate, share ideas, and co-create, leading to the successful selection of groundbreaking ideas for further development. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the contest adapted to virtual platforms and engaged thousands of associates across different countries.
The EVEN-HANDED culture at High-noon emphasizes empowering associates and creating a collaborative environment where innovative ideas can thrive. The Labs program and its partnership with Planbox demonstrate High-noon's commitment to tapping into the knowledge and creativity of its employees to drive scientific innovation and reimagine medicine. The contest not only generated a significant number of ideas but also fostered connections and engagement across the organization, enabling cross-divisional collaboration and leveraging diverse perspectives.
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Neat Nut Inc. does not expect to initiate dividends over the next four years. The company will then pay a dividend of $1.5 per share five years from today and will increase the dividends by 3.5% per year thereafter. The company has an 11% required rate of return.
A. What is the company’s stock price in today's dollars if the desired rate of return is 11%? [Clearly show all formula(s), steps, relevant figures and final answer. Round only the final answer to two decimal places, where applicable.]
B. Identify two or more possible reasons that the company does not plan to initiate dividend in the beginning years. Briefly explain.
A. To find the company's stock price in today's dollars, we need to calculate the present value of the future dividends.
The first step is to calculate the present value of the dividend paid in five years. We are given that the dividend will be $1.5 per share. Using the formula for present value of a single cash flow:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow, r is the required rate of return, and n is the number of years.
Substituting the given values:
PV = $1.5 / (1 + 0.11)^5 = $1.5 / (1.11)^5
Now we need to calculate the present value of the perpetuity of increasing dividends. The formula for present value of a perpetuity is:
PV = CF / r
where CF is the cash flow and r is the required rate of return.
The cash flow in this case is the dividend of $1.5 per share, and the rate of return is 0.11 (11%). So:
PV = $1.5 / 0.11
Finally, we add the present values of the dividend in five years and the perpetuity to find the stock price:
Stock Price = Present Value of Dividend in Five Years + Present Value of Perpetuity
B. There could be several reasons why Neat Nut Inc. does not plan to initiate dividends in the beginning years. Here are two possible reasons:
1. Growth and Expansion: Neat Nut Inc. might have aggressive growth plans for the next four years, which require significant capital investment. By retaining earnings instead of paying dividends, the company can reinvest the money into research and development, new product lines, or expanding operations. This can lead to increased profitability and higher stock prices in the long run.
2. Financial Stability: Neat Nut Inc. might want to maintain a strong financial position by retaining earnings. By not paying dividends initially, the company can build up cash reserves for any unexpected expenses, economic downturns, or investment opportunities that may arise in the future. This can provide a sense of security to investors and make the company more attractive in the market.
These are just a few possible reasons why Neat Nut Inc. does not plan to initiate dividends in the beginning years. The specific reasons may vary depending on the company's strategy and circumstances.
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please explain epistemic dependence and economic
dependence as it relates to the dependency theory
Epistemic dependence refers to the intellectual or knowledge-related dependence of a country or region on external sources. It involves the reliance on theories, ideas, knowledge, and expertise developed in advanced countries.
Economic dependence, on the other hand, refers to the economic interdependence between countries, where one country relies heavily on another for resources, markets, investments, technology, or aid.
In the context of dependency theory, both epistemic and economic dependence are central concepts. The theory argues that developing countries are structurally dependent on more advanced countries, resulting in unequal power relations and limited development opportunities. Epistemic dependence suggests that developing countries often adopt ideas and knowledge systems that are shaped by the dominant countries, potentially hindering their ability to develop alternative models or strategies. Economic dependence further reinforces this imbalance, as developing countries become reliant on the dominant countries for economic resources and access to global markets.
Overall, epistemic and economic dependence contributes to the perpetuation of unequal power dynamics and hinder the self-sustained development of countries in the dependency theory framework.
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