chapter 8 - key issue 1: where are states distributed? rubenstein p 270-273

It is True that the South pole has 24 hours of daylight during the Winter Solstice.

The shortest day and the longest night of the year are experienced on the winter solstice, which typically falls in the month of December each year.

This occurs when the sun reaches its southern declination, which is placed at -23.5 degrees, and remains stationary directly above the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere.

Our planet's North Pole is tilted far away from the sun at this time, resulting in constant darkness there while the South Pole enjoys constant light.

The Latin term "solstitium," which means "Sun standing still," is the root of the English word "solstice." The summer and winter solstices are described by the sun's positions in the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, respectively.

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A new volcanic peak has emerged, and the volcano is still active.

Wizard Island was formed during the dramatic eruption of Mount Mazama, a sizable complex volcano, which built the crater that presently houses Crater Lake some 7,700 years ago.

Despite being a dormant volcano, Crater Lake is a member of the seismic monitoring network for the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the United States Geological Survey.

Two little islets are present in Crater Lake. Wizard Island is a cinder cone that is around 316 acres (128 hectares) in size and is situated close to the lake's western edge. Near the southern beach lies a naturally occurring rock pillar called Phantom Ship.

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Answer:

The volcano is still active, and a new volcanic peak has formed.

Explanation:

The transfer of livestock like cows and pigs in the Columbian Exchange had far-reaching and long-lasting impacts on the environment and indigenous civilizations in the Americas.

The Columbian Exchange was a period of exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds that took place after Columbus' voyage to the Americas. One of the major environmental effects of this exchange was the transfer of livestock such as cows and pigs, which allowed for new settlement patterns among Native Americans and Europeans.

The introduction of domesticated animals like cows and pigs in the Americas had significant impacts on the local ecosystem. Firstly, the need for more land to raise these animals resulted in increased deforestation and habitat loss for native species. This not only disrupted the balance of the ecosystem but also contributed to the decline of indigenous civilizations that relied on these habitats for food and resources.

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The highest altitude of the Sun on the summer solstice at the North Pole is (c) 47.0°.

The highest altitude of the Sun on the summer solstice at the North Pole is approximately 47.0°. This is because the North Pole is located at 90° North latitude, which is the point on the Earth's surface that is furthest from the equator.

On the summer solstice, which occurs around June 20th or 21st, the Sun is at its northernmost position in the sky and its rays reach the highest point above the horizon. At the North Pole, the Sun is directly overhead, meaning that it reaches an altitude of 90°. However, since the Earth's atmosphere bends the Sun's rays, the apparent altitude of the Sun is lower than 90°.

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d. Northwest Pacific Coastal States. The Pacific Coast states, including Washington and Oregon, experience the densest fog in the United States, averaging more than 60 days of fog each year.

Based on fog graphics discussed in lecture, the location in the US with the most dense fog days per year is across Maine, Southeast, and Florida, Appalachian Mountain States, and Rocky Mountain States. This region experiences more than 60 days of foggy days each year due to the combination of high humidity, mountainous terrain, and low temperatures. In the Northeast region, the ocean and coastal areas often experience foggy weather due to the moist air coming off the ocean, while in the Appalachian Mountain States, the lower temperatures and elevated elevation of the mountains contribute to the thick fog. In the Southeast, fog is caused by the warm and moist air coming off the Gulf of Mexico and mixing with the colder air in the mountains, creating thick fog. Finally, the Northwest Pacific Coastal States experience fog due to the combination of warm ocean air and cool mountain air.

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That is true. The Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994, reading 6.7 on the Richter Scale, and 57 people died.

The Kobe earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995, reading 6.9 on the Richter Scale, and 5,400 died.

The Northridge earthquake was a 6.7 magnitude earthquake that occurred in the San Fernando Valley in southern California on January 17, 1994. It was the most costly natural disaster in United States history, with more than $20 billion in damage and 57 people dead. The Kobe earthquake, which occurred on January 17, 1995, was a 6.9 magnitude earthquake that struck the city of Kobe in Japan. It caused extensive damage and killed 5,400 people.

In both earthquakes, the shaking was significant enough to cause significant damage. The Northridge earthquake caused extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure, while the Kobe earthquake caused fires and landslides that destroyed many buildings. Both earthquakes were known for their strong shaking and their long duration, lasting several minutes in some cases.

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The rarity of a pure marine sediment type on the seafloor is due to the fact that the seafloor is constantly being mixed by waves, currents, and other processes.

This mixing creates a large variety of sediment mixtures. Examples of these mixtures include sand mixed with clay, silt mixed with gravel, and organic material mixed with rocks and other material. Additionally, oceanic sediments can contain a variety of minerals, metals, and organic matter, such as microorganisms, from their sources. This wide range of sediment types and their mixtures make pure marine sediment types on the seafloor very rare.

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Answer:

i am pretty sure b

Explanation:

this is because most people are arabs of the muslim faith and muslims are islams

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A  component of culture in Iraq Nearly 98 percent of the people in Iraq practice the Islam faith. Thus the correct option is B.

A culture is referred to as a set of beliefs, traditions, values, customs, and rituals, followed by an individual in a community in order to preserve their ancestor's belongings.

Islam is referred to as a religion that is mainly followed by teh poeple of the Muslim community who believed in presence of a single God named Allah and follows their teachings in order to end suffering and fulfill the birth.

Although Iraq is primarily a Muslim nation, it has a diverse ethnic and religious population. The majority of people, or over 95%, are Muslims. Before Islam became the predominant religion, the country of modern-day Iraq was primarily Christian.

Therefore, option B is appropriate.

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The principle of cross-cutting relationships tells you the igneous sill (f) is younger than the bass dolomite (e).

As with gypsum which is often referred to as rock, dolomite is also known in the common people as dolomite stone or dolomite rock. It should be understood that dolomite is not a rock, but a mineral.

Dolomite is a very unique mineral group, and when compared to calcite it is easy to recognize, both the way it is formed, the naming, and the constituent minerals. To distinguish between the two can only be done by using auxiliary equipment such as an electron microscope (scanning electron microscope-SEM), dyes (staining) and X-ray diffraction.

Dolomite was discovered in 1795 by de Dolomieu in the Tyrol region, South France when analyzing limestone and found a very high magnesium content in the rock. Dolomite is a twin carbonate of the elements calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).

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The location at depth where an earthquake nucleates is called the Hypocenter or focus. The correct option is 1.

Finding the hypocenter, or the place where the earthquake originates, from the arrival times of the various seismic waves at seismic stations, is one of the most significant inverse problems in seismology.

At convergent plate borders, when a thick oceanic plate collides with a less dense continental plate and falls beneath the latter, the deepest earthquakes take place inside the core of subducting slabs, oceanic plates that drop into the Earth's mantle.

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A states would likely get hit by both hurricanes and tornadoes is Texas.

The term "six flags in Texas" derives from some of the nations that once ruled the region. Spain was the first European nation to recognize sovereignty over Texas. France established a brief occupation of Texas. Mexico ruled this territory until 1836 when Texas gained its independence, becoming an independent republic .

In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th member state. The annexation of the state of Texas became the trigger for the American Civil War which led to the Mexican-American War in 1846. As a slave state, Texas declared its separation from the United States in early 1861, to join the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. After the war and its return to Union states, Texas entered a long period of economic downturn.

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If the Earth's core or mantle cooled to a point place it became stable, the Earth's magnetic field of currents commits pass away, bringing an end to growth. Scientists understand this management occurs because it's occurred abroad on our earth.

For reasons obscure, the soil's central core has blocked alternating, provoking the globe's electromagnetic field to immediately decay. Instantly, history about the globe starts to change severely. Since the forces that create our magnetic field of currents are uniformly changing, the field itself is further in constant modification, allure strength fullering and decreasing over the period.

This causes the neighborhood of Earth's magnetic north and cold poles to evenly shift, and to even entirely throw locations each 300,000 age or so. In the past 180 age, the substance of Earth's magnetic field has dropped off by about 10 portions. During that synchronous, the breadth of the SAA has grown. Scientists have gambled that these occurrences maybe had a connection with a geomagnetic reversal.

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The given statement "Neo hunters are not actively searching for smaller objects that could destroy entire cities, but instead are focused on detecting larger objects that could threaten entire countries or continents" is True.

The NEO Observations Program's current congressionally mandated goal is to locate, track, and characterise at least 90% of all NEOs estimated to be 140 metres and larger—larger than a small football stadium—and to characterise a subset representative of the total population.

Any tiny body in the Solar System whose orbit puts it close to Earth is considered a near-Earth object (NEO). According to custom, a Solar System body is considered a NEO if its perihelion, or closest approach to the Sun, is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU).

A potentially dangerous object is one whose orbit crosses that of the Earth and is greater than 140 metres (460 feet) wide (PHO). A small percentage of the known PHOs and NEOs are comets, but most are asteroids.

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The geologic agent which are able of moving boulders of this size for several  long hauls is most  probably a glacier.

Glaciers form by the accumulation and  contraction of snow that over time will form thick layers of ice. Glaciers can move large  quantities of  deposition and  gemstone as they move downslope, and can indeed move boulders several  long hauls from their original  position.

Glaciers can move so  important  deposition because of two main processes plucking, in which  gemstone  fractions are plucked from their bedrock and detrained in the ice, and bruise, in which the  deposition is scraped and base down, and the performing  deposition is  also transported.

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Rationalism and Democratic Athen.

Rationalism is a philosophical and scientific approach that emphasizes the use of reason and logic in understanding the world and making decisions. In classical Athens, the development of rationalism played a significant role in the creation of democratic government.

Democratic government is a system of government in which the people have the power to make decisions through the election of representatives. In Athens, the development of rationalism helped to facilitate the creation of democratic government in several ways.

First, rationalism encouraged the idea of individual autonomy and the ability of each person to think and make decisions for themselves. This idea of individual autonomy is fundamental to democratic government, as it allows each person to have a voice and a say in the decisions that affect their lives.

Second, rationalism also promoted the idea of critical thinking and the ability to question authority. This is important for democratic government, as it allows citizens to evaluate the actions and decisions of their representatives and hold them accountable for their actions.

Finally, rationalism also encouraged the use of logic and reason in decision-making, rather than relying on tradition or authority. This is crucial for democratic government, as it allows citizens to make informed decisions based on evidence and reasoning, rather than blindly following the decisions of a leader or ruling class.

In conclusion, the development of rationalism in classical Athens played a crucial role in the creation of democratic government. By promoting individual autonomy, critical thinking, and the use of logic and reason in decision-making, rationalism helped to establish the foundational principles of democratic government, which still form the basis of democratic societies today.

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When it comes to population control, strategizing becomes one of the major factors through which we can handle the situation.

One of the best strategies to do that is a one-child policy. Once implemented, it will encourage couples to have only one child. A similar policy was introduced in china which supposedly prevented more than 400 million births.

Another good strategy will be to increase the age of marriage in women. According to research, women between the ages of 19-23 have a greater chance of getting pregnant as compared to women after the age of 25.

One of the major campaigns can be to increase social awareness about adoption so that there is a change in the attitude of people and abortion practices can be thought about positively.

Finally, family planning and the use of contraception is the most important and basic strategy that can be used by people. Government can facilitate family planning offices so that people who are confused can come to seek help.

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Answer:

There have been several natural disasters that have occurred in Canada over the years. Some examples include:

Forest fires: Canada experiences forest fires every year, but some years have been particularly severe. For example, in 2016, a massive wildfire in Alberta displaced over 80,000 people and caused an estimated $3 billion in damage. The disaster had a significant impact on the region's economy, as the oil sands industry was forced to shut down operations, and many businesses were destroyed.

Floods: Canada has a number of areas that are prone to flooding, particularly in spring when snow melts. For example, in 2011, the city of Manitoba experienced one of the worst floods in its history, with over 11,000 people forced to evacuate their homes. The disaster caused an estimated $1 billion in damage and had a significant impact on the region's economy and infrastructure.

Hurricanes: Canada experiences hurricanes, and tropical storms, for example, in 2017, Hurricane Irma affected the Atlantic provinces, causing widespread power outages, flooding and damage to infrastructure.

Earthquakes: Canada is located in an active seismic zone and has experienced several significant earthquakes over the years. For example, in 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck the region of Haiti, causing widespread destruction and over 200,000 deaths.

The political, social and economic impact of natural disasters can be severe, for example, it can cause displacement and loss of housing, loss of income and jobs, and damage to infrastructure. Additionally, governments often spend large sums of money on recovery and rebuilding efforts, which can put a strain on the national economy. Natural disasters also can lead to social unrest and political instability, as people may become frustrated with their government's response to the disaster.

Explanation:

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In California, most (>80%) of the water used for agriculture.

California is among the most productive agricultural regions in the world. It is the major producer of many nuts, fruits, and vegetables. In the US, California is the only producer of 13 commodities and is a top producer of more than 74 different commodities. The state exports a huge quantity of agricultural products.

California’s agricultural success is dependent on irrigation. In an average year, approximately 9.6 million acres are irrigated with roughly 34 million acre-feet of water. California receives 75 percent of its rain and snow in the watersheds north of Sacramento. Eighty percent of the water, therefore, is used for agriculture in California.

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Of the following, the common tectonic settings associated with volcanic activity are island arcs, continental rifts, mantle plumes, and continental arcs. (Option A, B, C, and D)

Tectonic setting is defined as the different tectonic conditions which are present at a particular location on Earth. It describes if a location is near a tectonic plate boundary or in a more interior position on the plate. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate boundaries as well as hotspot regions.

Convergent plate boundary is where the tectonic plates are moving towards each other which gives rises to island arcs and continental arc. Island arcs are long chains of active volcanoes with intense seismic activity found along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. A continental arc refers to a type of volcanic arc which occurs along a continental margin is formed at an active continental margin where two tectonic plates meet.

Divergent plate boundary is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. It gives rise to continental rift and mantle plumes. A continental rift is defined as a thinning process of the lithosphere ultimately leading to the rupture of the continent and the formation of a mid-oceanic ridge which can lead to formation of volcanoes.  A mantle plume refers to an area under the Earth’s crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. Due to the heat from this extra hot magma, melting and thinning of the rocky crust occurs which leads to widespread volcanic activity on Earth's surface above the plume.

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Human influence on the carbon cycle   is actually very large and very detrimental to the planet. I will name some of the most important reasons for this statement.

1) By burning fossil fuels, humans increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

2) Man cuts down forests, thereby reducing the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by plants.

3) Human anthropogenic influence leads to an imbalance in the carbon cycle, as a result of which conditions on our planet may change (because global warming is directly related to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere)

4) Man pollutes the waters of the world's oceans, which also absorb carbon.

The nonelastic sedimentary rocks may form in accumulation of clay minerals in shale.

Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that form as a result of the cementation of mineral or organic particles that have accumulated or descended to the Earth's surface. Sedimentation is the general term used to describe the processes that result in these particles gathering in one place. The term "sediment" refers to the minute fragments that make up sedimentary rocks, which can be either biological or geological detritus (minerals). When dissolved minerals separate from water, sedimentation can also result. According to estimations, sedimentary rock barely accounts approximately 8% of the entire crustal volume, although covering a significant section of the crust of the Earth's continents. The crust is mostly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, with sedimentary rocks making up a very thin layer.

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Answer:

The Pacific has most of the lightest water with densities below 26.0, whereas the Atlantic has most of the densest water between 27.5 and 28.0. Antarctic bottom water is indeed densest for Pacific and Indian oceans but not for the Atlantic which has a lot of similarly dense water.

Answer:

Pull factors:

Better job opportunities

Better educational opportunities

Food security

Better facilities and healthcare

Push factors:

Lack of high paying jobs

Limited education opportunities (tertiary education)

Lack of proper facilities, entertainment

Answer:

Push and pull for immigrants

Explanation:

Push: Religious persecution, poverty, inaccessibility to to decent education

Pull: Religious freedom, job opportunities, better educational opportunities

Three factors that might affect how people, goods, money, and intangible items move include:

An example of cultural ecology is the relationship between the indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest and their environment.

Political stability in a region can affect the ease and safety of movement of people, goods, and money. For example, if a region is experiencing political unrest, it may discourage people from traveling there and businesses from investing, which can result in a slowdown of the flow of goods, money, and people.

Physical geography, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts, can affect the flow of goods, people, and money. Economic conditions, such as the level of development, the availability of resources, and the cost of living, can affect the flow of people, goods, and money. For example, if a region has a high cost of living, people may be discouraged from moving there, and businesses may be reluctant to invest, which can result in a slowdown of the flow of goods, people, and money.

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Answer: Altitude is the height something is above sea level.

The answers to each question above is given as follows:

(c) Convection currents are the circulation of material within a fluid, driven by differences in temperature. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle cause plates to move.

(d) At constructive plate boundaries, plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap, creating new crust. Features include mid-oceanic ridges and volcanic activity. Example: Mid-Atlantic ridge.

(e) At destructive plate boundaries, plates collide and one is forced beneath the other in a process known as subduction. Features include earthquakes and volcanic activity. Example: The Ring of Fire around the Pacific.

(f) At conservative plate boundaries, plates slide past each other without creating or destroying crust. Features include transform faults and no volcanic activity. Example: The San Andreas Fault in California.

Note that a plate boundary is a three-dimensional surface or zone where one lithospheric plate's velocity (speed or direction) relative to the neighboring lithospheric plate changes significantly.

Most earthquakes are caused by movement in small zones along plate borders. Most seismic activity occurs at three types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform.

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Answer:

b. along mid-ocean ridges

Explanation:

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Seafloor spreading is driven by volcanic activity that occurs in the middle of the abyssal plains. Thus, option b is correct.

Tectonic plates, which are huge chunks of the lithosphere of the Earth, split away from one another during the geologic process of seafloor spreading. Mantle convection is what causes seafloor spreading and other tectonic activity processes. The sluggish, turbulent circulation of the Earth's mantle is known as mantle convection. Heat is transferred to the lithosphere by convection currents from the lower mantle and core.

In addition, convection currents "recycle" elements from the lithospheric layer back into the mantle. At divergent plate borders, seafloor spreading takes place. The mantle's convection currents generate heat that makes the crust more flexible and less thick when tectonic plates progressively drift apart from one another. Less dense material rises, frequently creating mountains or raised seabed regions. The crust eventually fractures.

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Tropical wet climates are prevalent in equatorial Africa.

Tropical wet climates, also known as tropical rainforest climates, are characterized by high temperatures and high levels of precipitation throughout the year. In Africa, these climates are prevalent in areas near the equator, such as the Congo Basin and the West African coast.

These regions experience high temperatures and high levels of rainfall due to the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which is a band of converging trade winds that brings moist air from the Atlantic Ocean. The abundant rainfall in these areas supports lush vegetation and a rich diversity of flora and fauna.

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Layered lava flows are useful in the construction of the timescale of magnetic reversals because they preserve the record of Earth's magnetic field at the time when the lava erupted.

The magnetic field at different times is different and by analyzing the lava layers, scientists can determine when the magnetic field reversed. This helps them to create a timeline of past magnetic reversals that can be used to understand the history of Earth's magnetic field.

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