Answer:
Science is:
objective
based on fact
must be ethical
Explanation:
Science is considered to be objective because it is based on empirical evidence and systematic observation, and it strives to eliminate personal bias and opinions from the scientific process. Science is based on fact, as it relies on repeatable and verifiable experiments to test hypotheses and theories. And, it is important for science to be ethical because the scientific community has a responsibility to ensure that research is conducted in an ethical and responsible manner, and that the results are reported accurately and honestly.
Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in a 70.0g sample of ammonia .
Answer: 52.69
Explanation:
A 41.5 lb child has a Streptococcus infection. Amoxicillin is prescribed at a dosage of 45 mg per kg of body weight per day given b.i.d. How many milligrams of amoxicillin should be given at each administration?
Answer:
424.8 mg.
Explanation:
divide the weight in pounds by 2.2046 to get the weight in kilograms.
41.5 lb / 2.2046 = 18.88 kg
multiply the weight of the child in kg by the prescribed dose of 45 mg/kg per day.
18.88 kg * 45 mg/kg = 849.6 mg per day
Amoxicillin is prescribed to be given twice a day, so divide it by 2.
849.6 mg / 2 = 424.8 mg per administration
Therefore, Amoxicillin should be given to the child twice a day, and each administration should be 424.8 mg.
A lead ball has a mass of 55.0 grams and a density of . What is the volume of the ball in L?
Then density of the lead ball weighing 55 g is 11.4 g/cm³.Then the volume of the ball is its mass divided by density equal to 4.82 cm³. Thus, volume in L is 0.004 L.
What is density ?Density of a substance is the measure of its mass per unit volume. It describes how closely its particles are packed within a given volume. It is the ratio of mass to the volume.
Volume of an object is the space occupied by the object. For a rectangle block, volume is the product of length, width and height.
Given, M = 55 g
density =11.4 g/cm³
Volume = 55.0 g/11.4 g/ cm³
= 4.82 cm³
1 ml = 1 cm³.
Therefore, 4.82 cm³ = 4.82 ml
Then volume in L = 4.82 /1000 = 0.004 L
Therefore, the volume of the ball in L is 0.004 L.
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Your question is incomplete. The complete question probably was:
A lead ball has a mass of 55.0 grams and a density of 11.4 g/cm³. What is the volume of the ball in L?
A 1.98L balloon filled with gas is warmed from 242.5K to 306.6 K. What is the volume of the gas after it is heated?
Answer:
V2 = 2.485L
Explanation:
V1 = 1.98L
T1 = 242.5K
V2 = Final volume (What we're solving for)
T2 = 306.6K
V2 / T2 = V1 / T1
Where V1 is the initial volume, T1 is the initial temperature, V2 is the final volume and T2 is the final temperature.
So,
V2 = V1 * T2 / T1 ==> multiply both sides by T2 to isolate V2
V2 =
1.98L * 306.6K / 242.5K =
2.485 L
Hence, V2 = 2.485L
The addition of which compound will cause a shift in equilibrium because of a common ion effect? • CCl • CO2 O CUSOA • Na,003
The addition of which compound will cause a shift in equilibrium because of a common ion effect is Na₂CO₃ which is therefore denoted as option D.
What is Equilibrium?This is referred to as the condition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs.
The compound which has a common ion effect is Na₂CO₃ because when added to the solution, it is dissolved to produce Na⁺ and CO₃²⁻. This increases the concentration of CO₃²⁻ and the concentration of the products side, so the reaction will be shifted to the left side to suppress the increase in the concentration of CO₃²⁻.
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The full question is:
Consider the following system at equilibrium.
CaCO₃(s) = Ca²+(aq) + CO₃²-(aq)
The addition of which compound will cause a shift in equilibrium because of a common ion effect?
CCIACOCuSO₄Na₂CO₃A. The fossils in layer 1 is approximately 55 million years old.
B. The fossils in rock layer 4 is younger than the fossils in rock layer C. The fossils in rock layer 2 is younger than the fossils in rock layer d
D. The fossils in rock layer 5 is about the same age as the fossil in rock layer E
Answer:
C. The fossils in rock layer 2 is younger than the fossils in rock layer D
Explanation:
Given, North American rock layer 3 is the same age as European rock layer D
Also, we know that rock layer 2 is younger than those of D
So, fossils in rock layer 2 must also be younger than the fossils in rock layer D
Consider the reaction: 2HBr(g)->H2(g)+Br2(g)
a) Express the rate of the reaction in terms of the change in concentration of each of the reactants and products.
b)In the first 25.0s of this reaction, the concentration of HBr dropped from 0.600M to 0.512M. Calculate the average rate of the reaction.
c)If the volume of the reactino vessel in part b was 1.50L, what amount of Br2(in moles) was formed during the first 15.0s of the reaciton?
a) The rate of the reaction in terms of the change in concentration of each of the reactants and products will be: -d[HBr]/dt or -d[Br2]/dt or d[H2]/dt
b) The average rate of the reaction will be 0.00352 M/s
c) = 0.0352 M amount of Br2(in moles) was formed during the first 15.0s of the reaciton.
a) The rate of a reaction can be expressed as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time.
For this reaction, the rate could be expressed as:
-d[HBr]/dt or -d[Br2]/dt or d[H2]/dt
b) To calculate the average rate of the reaction, we can use the formula:
average rate = (change in concentration of HBr) / (change in time)
where the change in time is 25.0 s and the change in concentration of HBr is 0.600 M - 0.512 M = 0.088 M.
average rate = 0.088 M / 25.0 s
= 0.00352 M/s
c) To calculate the amount of Br2 formed during the first 15.0s of the reaction, we need to multiply the average rate of the reaction by the change in time:
amount of Br2 = average rate * change in time
amount of Br2 = 0.00352 M/s * 15.0 s = 0.0528 moles
Since the volume of the reaction vessel is 1.50 L, we can find the concentration of Br2:
[Br2] = amount of Br2 / volume
[Br2] = 0.0528 moles / 1.50 L
= 0.0352 M
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Differentiate acid reagent bottle and base reagent bottle
Reagent bottles must be closed when not in use because they may contain volatile or sublime substances.
What is reagent bottle?Reagent bottles are most commonly used to store chemical reagents, including acid and alkali solvents that can be safely stored due to anti-corrosion capabilities.
Reagent bottles, often known as graduated bottles, are glass, plastic, borosilicate, or related-substance containers with specific caps or stoppers. They are used in labs to store chemicals in liquid or powder form in cabinets or on shelves.
Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter them; other bottles are tinted blue (cobalt glass) or uranium green for decorative purposes -mostly vintage apothecary sets.
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Please answer my question.
The free energy of the system is 13.9 kJ/mol. Option D
What is the Gibbs free energy?Gibbs free energy, also known as Gibbs energy or simply free energy, is a thermodynamic property that combines enthalpy (heat content) and entropy (measure of disorder or randomness) to predict the feasibility of a chemical reaction.
It represents the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from a system at constant temperature and pressure. A negative Gibbs free energy value indicates that a reaction is spontaneous and can proceed without input of energy, while a positive value means energy must be added for the reaction to occur.
Now we know that;
ΔG = -RTlnK
R = gas constant
T = temperature
K = equilibrium constant
Then we have;
ΔG = -(8.314 * 298) ln(3.7 * 10^-3)
ΔG = 13.9 kJ/mol
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Which of the following pieces of information is NOT correct?
Mg(s) + CuSo4(aq) _____MgSo4(aq) + Cu (s)
Copper(II) sulfate and magnesium sulfate are both soluble in water
the reaction is exothermic.
the total energy content of the products is less than the total energy content of the reactants.
the temperature of the reaction decreases.
The piece of information that is not correct is that the temperature of the reaction decreases since the reaction is exothermic.
The correct option is D.
What are exothermic reactions?An exothermic reaction is one in which energy is given off as heat or light. In contrast to an endothermic process, which draws energy from its surroundings, an exothermic reaction transfers energy into the environment.
In an exothermic reaction, the total energy content of the products is less than the total energy content of the reactants.
The given reaction below is an example of an exothermic reaction:
Mg (s) + CuSO₄ (aq) ---> MgSO₄ (aq) + Cu (s)
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Common brass is a copper and zinc alloy containing 37.0% zinc by mass and having a density of 8.48 g/cm3. A fitting composed of common brass has a total volume of 129.5 cm3 .
How many atoms of copper does the fitting contain?
The alloy has a composition of 37 % zinc by mass and having a density of 8.48 g/cm. And a fitting composed of common brass has a total volume of 112.5 cm 3 ^3 3.
How many atoms of copper does the fitting contain?The number of atoms of zinc and copper should be 3.25 x 10^24 atoms and 5.70 x 10^24 atoms
Calculation of a number of atoms of copper and zinc:
Measure the mass of the alloy by multiplying the density and volume.
m = (8.48 g/cm³)(112.5 cm³) = 954 g
Now
The mass of zinc in this alloy is,
(954 g)(0.37) = 352.98 g
Now
mass of copper,
= 954 g - 352.98 g
= 601.02 g
Now
n (zinc) = 352.98 g / (65.38 g/mol) = 5.40 moles
n (copper) = 601.02 g / (63.55 g/mol) = 9.46 moles
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A chemist must prepare 775.mL of 140.mM aqueous silver nitrate AgNO3 working solution. She'll do this by pouring out some 0.386M aqueous silver nitrate stock solution into a graduated cylinder and diluting it with distilled water.Calculate the volume in mL of the silver nitrate stock solution that the chemist should pour out. Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
The chemist should pour out 1763.28 mL of a 0.386 M aqueous silver nitrate stock solution. By rounding to three digits, the answer is 1763 mL.
Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute (n) divided by the volume (V) of the solution in liters. The molarity of a solution determines the concentration of the solution. This is very relevant in the chemist's process of making drugs.
The equation corresponding to molarity and volume is
M1×V1=M2×V2
To find V1,
V1=(M2×V2)/M1
Putting in the values,
(140 mM 775 mL) / 0.386 M = V1.
V1 = 1763.28 mL
As a result, the chemist should measure out 1763 mL of silver nitrate stock solution.
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Give the oxidation number for each atom in the following reaction. Then identify the reducing/oxidizing agent, the reduced/oxidized species, and the electron donor/acceptor from the reactants.
3Sn2+(aq)+IO−4(aq)+8H+(aq)→3Sn4+(aq)+I−(aq)+4H2O(l)
The oxidation number in the reaction is: Sn₂⁺ = +2, Sn₄⁺ = +4, IO₄⁻ = +5. The reducing agent is Sn₂⁺, the oxidizing agent is IO₄⁻, the reduced species is Sn₂⁺, the oxidized species is IO₄⁻, the electron donor is Sn₂⁺, and the electron acceptor is IO₄⁻.
In this reaction, Sn₂⁺ is the reducing agent and IO₄⁻ is the oxidizing agent. The reducing agent (Sn₂⁺) donates electrons to the oxidizing agent (IO₄⁻), causing it to be reduced from +5 to -1 oxidation state.
The oxidizing agent gains the electrons, which causes it to become oxidized and its oxidation state increases. This reaction results in the transfer of electrons from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent, with Sn₂⁺ losing electrons to become Sn₄⁺ and IO₄⁻ gaining electrons to become I⁻. The electron donor in the reaction is Sn₂⁺ and the electron acceptor is IO₄⁻. The reaction also results in the production of 4H₂O (water) and 8H⁺ (hydrogen ions).
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Active learning is the process of continually interacting with the material by reading the text, working problems, and attending lectures. Being an active learner means you are engaged with the material by asking questions and assessing your level of understanding as you read and study. Which of the following is NOT a study habit for successful learning?
Self-testing by working Sample Problems and Study Checks within the section
Forming a question from the title of the section you are going to read
Re-reading sections of the text or notes
Relating what you already know to new material by forming connections
Explanation:
Re-reading sections of the text or notes is a study habit, not one that is not a study habit for successful learning.
determine what percentage of surface atoms lose an electron (assuming the top tape is positively charged):
A cation is an ion that is generally positively charged and has more protons than electrons as a result of one or more electron losses.
Two charged atoms are produced when a neutral atom gives an electron to another neutral atom. At first, we have two neutral atoms, each of which has an electrical charge of zero. Because an electron has a charge of -1, if one of the two neutral atoms loses an electron, it becomes positively charged (charge: +1).The other atom that takes the electron consequently becomes negatively charged (charge: -1). We will ultimately have two charged atoms as a result. An atom will transform into an ion, a positively or negatively charged particle, when one or more of its electrons are lost or gained. Because there are fewer negatively charged electrons left to balance the positive charges of the protons in the nucleus, losing electrons causes atoms to gain a positive charge.
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30. Which of the following pure substances has the lowest melting point? a. Cs20 b. CsCl c. CsBr d. Csi e. CsF
Because it is least ionic, CsI has the lowest melting point.
The temperature at which a substance transforms from a solid to a liquid is known as its melting point. The solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium at the melting point. Pressure affects a substance's melting point, which is typically reported at a standard pressure such 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa. Because it is least ionic, CsI has the lowest melting point. This is because its ionic nature is the weakest. Depending on the charge of the ions they are made of, ionic compounds typically have a high melting point. The cohesive forces and melting point increase with increasing charge levels.
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Please help meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
the partial pressure of nitrogen in the atmosphere is 0.781atm. calculate the partial pressure in mmhg and torr. round each of your answers to 3 significant digits.
The partial pressure in mmHg and torr is 596.56 mmHg and 596.56 Torr.
The atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the weight of the air. It is typically measured in units of the atmosphere (atm) or millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
In gases, each component (such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) has its own pressure within the mixture, known as its partial pressure. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each component.
The conversion factors from atm to mmHg and atm to Torr are:
1 atm = 760 mmHg
1 atm = 760 Torr
The partial pressure of nitrogen in the atmosphere is 0.781 atm, so the partial pressure in mmHg is:
0.781 atm * 760 mmHg/atm = 596.56 mmHg (rounded to 3 significant digits).
The partial pressure in Torr is:
0.781 atm * 760 Torr/atm = 596.56 Torr (rounded to 3 significant digits).
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Aqueous solutions of aluminum sulfate and lead (IV) acetate react. What mass, in kilograms, of aluminum sulfate are required to produce 35.85 kilograms of lead (IV) sulfate?
The mass of aluminum sulfate in kilograms is 35.85 kilograms.
How to calculate mass?To find the mass of aluminum sulfate required to produce 35.85 kilograms of lead (IV) sulfate, we need to balance the chemical equation for the reaction between aluminum sulfate and lead (IV) acetate:
Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 6 Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₄ → 3 Pb(SO₄)₂ + 2Al(C₂H₃O₂)₃
From this equation, we can see that 1 mole of aluminum sulfate reacts with 6 moles of lead (IV) acetate to produce 3 moles of lead (IV) sulfate. The molar mass of aluminum sulfate is 342.14 g/mol, so we can convert 35.85 kilograms of lead (IV) sulfate to moles and then find the equivalent amount of aluminum sulfate.
First, convert 35.85 kilograms of lead (IV) sulfate to grams: 35.85 kg x 1000 g/kg = 35,850 g
Next, find the number of moles of lead (IV) sulfate: 35,850 g / 247.2 g/mol = 144.9 moles
Since the ratio of moles of aluminum sulfate to moles of lead (IV) sulfate is 1:3, we need to divide the number of moles of lead (IV) sulfate by 3 to find the number of moles of aluminum sulfate: 144.9 moles / 3 = 48.3 moles
Finally, convert the number of moles of aluminum sulfate to grams and then to kilograms:
48.3 moles x 342.14 g/mol = 16,569.2 g
16,569.2 g / 1000 g/kg = 16.57 kg
So, 16.57 kilograms of aluminum sulfate are required to produce 35.85 kilograms of lead (IV) sulfate.
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Please answer my question.
The molarity of solution is 8.61M. A material that may dissolve a solute is known as a solvent. moles per liter of a solution, is known as molar concentration or molarity.
What is molarity?The amount of mole of solute present in a certain number of liters of the solution, or moles per liter of a solution, is known as molar concentration or molarity.
Before we continue, let's clarify the differences between the phrases "solute," "solvent," and "solution" to make it simpler to comprehend the ideas that will follow. Solutes are simply substances that are found in solutions since a solution is defined as a homogenous mixture that comprises one or more solutes. A material that may dissolve a solute is known as a solvent.
Π= CRT
0.231=C×8.314×310
C=0.231/ 8.314×310
C=8.61M
Therefore, the molarity of solution is 8.61M.
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the double bond in ethene is made up of which of the following? responses a pi bond and a sigma bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a pi bond and a sigma bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a sigma bond formed by overlap of two s orbitals and a pi bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a sigma bond formed by overlap of two s orbitals and a pi bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a pi bond formed by end-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals and a sigma bond formed by overlap of two s orbitals a pi bond formed by end-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals and a sigma bond formed by overlap of two s orbitals a sigma bond formed by end-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals and a pi bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a sigma bond formed by end-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals and a pi bond formed by lateral overlap of two p orbitals a pi bond formed by lateral overlap of two sp2 orbitals and a sigma bond formed by end-on overlap of two sp2 orbitals
Double bond in ethene is made up of sigma and Pi bonds.
The covalent bond will be formed by the lateral overlap of the atomic orbitals is known as pi bond. For example, ethylene molecule contain 5 sigma bonding as well as 1 pi bonding in it. Pi bond formation will takes place by the parallel orientation of the two p orbitals in an adjacent atoms by proper sideways overlap. Thus in any molecule in which pi bond formation will takes place at all the atoms must be having in the same plane. Thus in pi bond carbon carbon double bond rotation is restricted due to the maximum overlap of the p orbitals. Example : Ethene molecule
Sigma bond (σ bond): A covalent bond will be formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals and/or hybrid orbitals along with the bond axis (i.e., along a line connected to the two bonded atoms). The sigma bond in the hydrogen molecule is formed by overlap of a pair of 1s orbitals, one from each hydrogen atom.
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2 Fe2O3 + 3 C 4 Fe + 3 CO2
Iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron by reacting with carbon. How many moles of carbon would you need if you need 2.4e+05 moles of iron to make the car?
How many moles of iron(III) oxide would you need?
The number of moles of iron(III) oxide would you need is 6 moles.
What are moles?Chemists employ the mole, a very significant unit of measurement.
In chemistry, the term ferric oxide is also used to represent the chemical compound iron (III) oxide. This is an inorganic chemical compound that is formed by the combination of two iron atoms, and three oxygen atoms.
So, the chemical formula of this compound is ferric oxide and its molar mass is equal to 159.69 grams per mole.
Therefore, the number of moles of iron(III) oxide would you need is 6 moles.
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1 The chloride ion concentration in a saturated
solution PbCh equals 0.072 mol/L .The
solubility product constant equals ?
In a saturated solution of lead chloride, PbCl2, there are 0.072 mol/L of chloride ions. 1.86 x is the solubility product constant.
A sparingly soluble solution is what?Sparingly soluble materials have a low degree of solubility. It is typically regarded as sparingly soluble if 1g of material dissolves in 30 to 100ml of solution. To put it another way, a substance is sparingly soluble if it can dissolve between 1 and 3g in 100ml of solute.
Which solution does the lead salts have a limited solubility in?There are numerous exceptions to lead salts' solubility, including: While the majority of sulfates are soluble in cold water, lead sulfate is not. Cold water does not dissolve lead chloride either, but hot water does.
Determination of the solubility product constant:PbCl2 dissociates into [tex]Pb^{2+}[/tex] + [tex]2Cl^{-}[/tex]
Ksp = [[tex]Pb^{2+}[/tex]] [[tex]Cl^{-}[/tex]]²
Ksp = [x] [2x]²
Ksp = 4x³
Ksp = 4 x (0.072 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex])³
ksp = 1.86 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
The chloride ion concentration in a saturated solution PbCl2 equals 0.072 mol/L. The solubility product constant equals
A-1.86x 10^-4
B- 4.6 10^-4
C- 1.49 10^-3
D-5.1 * 10^-3
Hydrogen gas has a density of 0.090 g/L, and at normal pressure and -1.72 C one mole of it takes up 22.4 L. How would you calculate the moles in 900. g of hydrogen gas? Set up the math. But DONT DO ANY OF IT. Just leave your answer as a math expression. also, be sure your answer includes all the correct unit symbols.
The number of moles of hydrogen gas in 900 g can be calculated using the following formula:
Moles = (900 g)/(0.090 g/L * 22.4 L/mol) = 4.05 mol.To calculate the moles of a substance, you need to know the mass of the substance and the molar mass of the substance. The molar mass is the mass of one mole of the substance, and it is usually expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). To find the number of moles, you need to divide the mass of the substance, in grams, by the molar mass of the substance, in g/mol.
For example, if you have 900 g of hydrogen gas, with a molar mass of 2.02 g/mol, you can calculate the moles of hydrogen gas by dividing 900 g by 2.02 g/mol, which gives you 4.47 moles of hydrogen gas.
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How does intermolecular forces can influence how molecules arrange themselves
Although intermolecular forces are significantly weaker than intramolecular forces of attraction, they are still significant because they affect how molecules behave in terms of their melting and boiling points, densities, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization.
What is intermolecular force?An intermolecular force is an attracting force that develops between the protons of one molecule and the electrons of another molecule's negative components. A substance's various physical and chemical properties are influenced by this force.
What is intramolecular force?Contrary to intermolecular forces, which are the forces that exist between molecules, intramolecular forces are any forces that hold the atoms of a molecule or compound together.
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Identify the true statements regarding disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds). Include all that apply. a. Disulfide bridges are important to primary and tertiary structure, not quaternary b. Disulfide bridges have a stabilizing effect on proteins c. A disulfide bridge forms between two cysteine residues. d. Disulfide bridges can exist between two amino acid residues on the same chain. e. Disulfide bridges are formed by an irreversible oxidation reaction.
The correct statement about disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds) is C. A disulfide bridge is formed between the two cysteine residues.
What is a disulfide bond?Disulfide bonds are mainly covalent bonds between side chain residues in the same protein or may be different proteins thus forming between 2 cysteine residues.
Apart from peptide bonds, disulfide bonds are a different type of covalent bond, present in protein molecules. This bond is formed due to the oxidation of sulfhydryl or thiol groups (SH groups) derived from cysteine residues (non-essential amino acids). The disulfide bond is designated as RSSR1 and is also known as the SS bond.
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How might you the number of people to increase the sleigh's acceleration?
The number of people can be changed by reducing them in other to increase the sleigh's acceleration.
What is Acceleration?This is referred to as the rate at which velocity changes with time, in terms of both speed and direction and it is a vector quantity.
Fewer people would increase the sleigh's acceleration because more weight usually have a slower acceleration and light weight have a faster acceleration because of the high force which is needed to move the body thereby making it the correct choice.
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Each ionizable group of an amino acid can exist in one of two states, charged or neutral. The electric charge on the functional group is determined by the relationship between its pKa and the pH of the solution. This relationship is described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
(a) Histidine has three ionizable functional groups. Write the equilibrium equations for its three ionizations and assign the proper pKa
for each ionization. Draw the structure of histidine in each ionization state. What is the net charge on the histidine molecule in each ionization state?
(b) Draw the structures of the predominant ionization state of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12. Note that the ionization state can be approximated by treating each ionizable group independently.
(c) What is the net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12? For each pH, will histidine migrate toward the anode (+) or cathode (−) when placed in an electric field?
a) The equilibrium equations for its three ionizations
are
Imidazole nitrogen ionization:Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (H+) + OH^-
pKa = 6.0
2. Amino nitrogen ionization:
Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (H2+) + OH^-
pKa = 8.0
3. Carboxyl carbon ionization:
Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (COOH) + OH^-
pKa = 1.8
c) The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12
pH 1: +1
pH 4: 0
pH 8: +2
pH 12: +1
(a) Histidine has three ionizable functional groups: the imidazole nitrogen (pKa = 6.0), the amino nitrogen (pKa = 8.0), and the carboxyl carbon (pKa = 1.8). The equilibrium equations for each ionization are as follows:
Imidazole nitrogen ionization:Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (H+) + OH^-
pKa = 6.0
2. Amino nitrogen ionization:
Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (H2+) + OH^-
pKa = 8.0
3. Carboxyl carbon ionization:
Histidine (H) + H2O <-> Histidine-H^+ (COOH) + OH^-
pKa = 1.8
The structure of histidine in each ionization state is shown below:
Histidine (H):
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COOH
Histidine-H^+ (H+):
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COO^-
Histidine-H^+ (H2+):
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H2N COOH
Histidine-H^+ (COOH):
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COO^-
The net charge on the histidine molecule in each ionization state depends on the pH of the solution. At pH values close to the pKa of a particular ionization, the ionization state will be mostly in the charged form, and the net charge on the molecule will be positive. At pH values far from the pKa, the ionization state will be mostly neutral, and the net charge will be close to zero.
(b) The predominant ionization state of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12 is shown below:
pH 1: Histidine-H^+ (COOH)
pH 4: Histidine (H)
pH 8: Histidine-H^+ (H2+)
pH 12: Histidine-H^+ (H+)
pH 1:
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COO^-
pH 4:
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COOH
pH 8:
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H2N COOH
pH 12:
H N
\ /
C=O
/ |
H N COO^-
(c) The net charge of histidine at pH 1, 4, 8, and 12 is shown below:
pH 1: +1
pH 4: 0
pH 8: +2
pH 12: +1
At pH 1, histidine will migrate toward the cathode (-) as it has a positive charge. At pH 4, histidine will not migrate as it has a neutral charge. At pH
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PLEASE HELP ME ITS AN EMERGENCY PLEASE HELP CHEM HONORS 10th GRADE GAS LAWS
The new volume of the gas is 62.2 L
What is the Charles's law?Charles's Law, also known as the Law of volumes, states that at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. This means that as the temperature of a gas increases, its volume will also increase, and vice versa.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as: V/T = k, where V is the volume of the gas, T is its absolute temperature, and k is a constant.
We know that;
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1T2 = V2T1
V2 = 60 * 313 /301.5
V2 = 62.2 L
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Which is the stronger base in the following pair? Select the single best answer. Sodium ethide (NaCH2CH3) or sodium methylamine (NaNH2CH2) O Sodium methylamine is the stronger base. O Sodium ethide is the stronger base.
Between sodium ethide (NaCH₂CH₃) or sodium methylamine (NaNH₂CH₂), the strongest base is sodium methylamine (NaNH₂CH₂).
sodium ethide (NaCH₂CH₃) and sodium methylamine (NaNH₂CH₂) are both sodium compounds with a basic nitrogen atom. However, sodium methylamine is a stronger base than sodium ethide because it has a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons that can participate in protonation to form a cation.
This increases the basicity of the compound, allowing it to be a stronger base than sodium ethide. In addition, the nitrogen atom in sodium methylamine is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, making it more basic than sodium ethide, which only has one hydrogen atom bonded to its nitrogen atom.
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