Saturn's Atmosphere :-Proportionally less helium, Thinner Atmosphere, Most colorful in visible light, Composed of hydrogen and helium.
Jupiter's Atmosphere :- Oval stroma systems, Differential Rotation, Fewer observers features in light.
Electromagnetic radiation that the human eye can see is referred to as light or visible light. Typically, visible light is characterized as having wavelengths in the 400–700 nanometer (nm) range, which corresponds to frequencies of 750–420 terahertz, lying between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths) (with shorter wavelengths).
In physics, the term visible light" can more widely be used to refer to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether or not it is visible.
This definition of light includes gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. The main characteristics of light include intensity, polarization, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and propagation direction. One of nature's basic constants is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is 299 792 458 meters per second (m/s). Visible light travels through space by, like all forms of electromagnetic energy,
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to construct a nonmechanical water meter, a 0.500-t magnetic field is placed across the pipe supplying water to a home, and the hall voltage between the ends of a pipe diameter perpendicular to the field is measured. this works, because water contains ions, which are charged particles and move at the flow speed of the water.
Required:
a. Find the flow rate through a 3.00-cm-diameter pipe if the Hall voltage is 60.0 mV.
b. What would the Hall voltage be for the same flow rate through a 10.0-cm-diameter pipe with the same field applied?
The flow rate and hall voltage of non mechanical water meter is 0.339m/s and 1592.3volt respectively.
Flow rate equations depends on intensive study of fluid mechanics.
a]. flow rate =V/B x A= 60/0.500 x 3.14 x 0.03²=0.339m/s
V is hall voltage , B is magnetic field and A is cross sectional area.
The Hall effect principle describes the behavior of charge carriers when exposed to electric and magnetic fields. This principle can be viewed as an extension of the Lorentz force, which is the force acting on charge carriers (electrons and holes) passing through a magnetic field.
The Hall effect principle states that when a conductor or semiconductor is introduced with current flowing in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, voltage can be measured perpendicular to the current path.
b]. V=M/A=0.500/(3.14 x 0.01²) =1592.3volt
The effect of obtaining a measurable voltage as described above is called the Hall effect.
Hall voltage is directly proportional to the currentHall voltage is directly proportional to the applied magnetic field.To study about charge carriers -
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What are the units used to measure mass and weight?; Are mass and weight measured in the same units?; What unit is mass measured in kilograms pounds Newton's?
Kilogram are the units used to measure mass and weight. The same units are used to measure mass and weight. A body's mass can be thought of as a measurement of its amount of matter.
And the SI unit of mass is Kilogram (kg). Weight is a measurement of how much gravity is pulling on a body. Weight is calculated using the method w = mg. Each item in physics has a unit that establishes its common measurement. Consequently, a physical quantity like mass has a unit as well. In International systems, SI, the mass is measured in Kilograms symbolised by symbol kg. Weight in this context is a vector quantity denoted by N and measured in Newton.
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compare the final kinetic energies of pucks a and b . compare the final kinetic energies of pucks and . ka
Puck B's kinetic energy is 2 times puck A's kinetic energy.
what is kinetic energy?The energy an item has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy. If we wish to accelerate an item, we must use force. We must put in effort in order to apply force.
Briefing:
Let the,
mass of puck A =m
mass of puck B = 2 m
The initial speed for both the pucks is the same as u and the distance is the same for both as s.
Let the tension is T for the same.
Then, the kinetic energy is given as,
KE= [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex] M[tex]V^{2}[/tex]
where M is the mass of an object
and v is the velocity of an object
as the speed is the same for both mass A and B so kinetic energy will depend on only the mass of the object.
[tex]\frac{KE OF A}{KE OF B}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{2} M_{A} V_A^{2}[/tex] /[tex]\frac{1}{2} M_{B} V_B^{2}[/tex]
on putting the values of masses a and b
we get,
[tex]\frac{KE OF A}{KE OF B}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]
KE OF B= 2(KE OF A)
As a result, we can say that puck B has kinetic energy that is twice that of puck A.
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the complete question is:
Puck B has twice the mass of puck A. Starting from rest, both pucks are pulled the same distance across frictionless ice by strings with the same tension. Compare the final kinetic energies of pucks A and B.
using energy considerations, calculate the average force (in n) a 60.0 kg sprinter exerts backward on the track to accelerate from 2.00 to 5.00 m/s in a distance of 25.0 m, if he encounters a headwind that exerts an average force of 30.0 n against him. (enter a number.)
The average force is 55.62 Newtons
If acceleration from 2 meters per second to 5 meters per second is necessary within 25 meters against an average force of 30 Newtons, the sprinter must exert the force of approximately 55.62 Newtons.
Force:
A force is an influence that can alter an object's motion according to physics. A force can cause an object with mass to accelerate when it changes its velocity, such as when it moves away from rest. An obvious way to describe force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction. It is calculated using the newton SI unit (N). Force is denoted by the letter F.Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can offer a simple explanation of how forces are described.
Complete question:
Using energy considerations, calculate the average force (in N) a 61.0 kg sprinter exerts backward on the track to accelerate from 2.00 to 5.00 m/s in a distance of 25.0 m, if he encounters a headwind that exerts an average force of 30.0 N against him. (Enter a number.)
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a large goose lands in a lake and bobs up and down for a short time. a fisherman notices that the first wave crest created by the goose reaches the shore 8.6 ss after the goose first contacts the water. the distance between two wave crests is 75 cmcm, and in 1.8 ss he sees four wave crests hit the shore.
The shore the goose landed 11.85m
Briefly:-For development of this problem we must resort to concepts of the basic kinematic equations that define the distance of a body, such as speed for a certain time, that is,
D=v*t
From the information is provided say that the distance between the cretas is= 0.6m,
Dcrets= .06m
In our information we have also that length between the first and the latest wave is in time terms of 2.2s. They are 4 waves in 3 intervals then
Dt= Dcrets*3= 2.4m
t= 1.6s
V= Dt/t
V= 1.5 m/s.
Then the distance from the shore is given by the speed of the waves for the total time. That is
X= v*t=11.85
the shore the goose landed X=11.8m
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in the hydrogen spectrum, the series of lines called the lyman series results from transitions to the n=1 energy level. What is the longest wavelength in this series and in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does it lie?
According to question the longest wavelength in the lyman series and in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does it lie is 122nm.
What is meant by Lyman series?When an electron transitions from the smallest energy level of n = 1 to n = 2 (here n is the primary quantum number), known as the Lyman series, it emits ultraviolet light from the hydrogen atom in a sequence of changes.
Breifing:Rydberg equation: 1/L = R(1/n2 - 1/m2)
where L is wavelength, R is Rydberg constant, m and n are quantum numbers of levels involved in transition.
Longest wavelength in Lyman series: n = 1, m = 2
1/L = 1.097 x 107 x (1/1 - 1/2)
L = 1.22 x 10-7 m = 122 nm
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if you were drawing an imaginary solar system which of the following would most likely be best to use to determine which planet has the most moons revolving about it?
Mass and distance between planets
The acceleration of a planet in its orbit around the Sun depends upon the mass of the Sun and the inverse square of the planet's distance from the Sun. As the planet moves further away in its orbit around the Sun, the gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the planet decreases.But a planet's size is not necessarily proportional to its mass. In the end, how massive a planet is has more to do with its composition and density. So while a planet like Mercury may be smaller in size than Jupiter's moon Ganymede or Saturn's moon Titan, it is more than twice as massive than they are.
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In exercising, a weight lifter loses 0.178 kg of water through evaporation, the heat required to evaporate the water coming from the weight lifter's body. The work done in lifting weights is 1.35E+5 J. Assuming that the latent heat of vaporization of perspiration is 2.44E+6 J/kg, find the change in the internal energy of the weight lifter.
The change in the internal energy of the weight lifter is -5.69 x 10⁵J.
Solution:
[tex]\Delta U = Q-W[/tex]
work done is lifting a body is [tex]1.35*10^5 J[/tex]
so, [tex]W = 1.35*10^5 J[/tex]
during perspiration, heat will be lost by the body to make water evaporate
so,
[tex]Q= -L_v \times m[/tex]
where m is the mass of water
[tex]Q= -2.44 \times 10^6 \times 0.178 J=-4.34 \times 10^5 J[/tex]
Now, change in internal energy,
[tex]\Delta U = -4.34\times 10^5- 1.35 \times 10^5 =-5.69 \times 10^5 J[/tex]
A glass of water standing on a table has no visible macroscopic potential or kinetic energy. However, water molecules have internal energy because they move randomly and each molecule contributes to the total internal energy of water. The energy involved in the system is related to the random motion of the particles and the potential energy of the molecules due to their orientation.
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If a vector pointing to the right has a positive magnitude, then one pointing to the left has a negative magnitude.
"If a vector pointing to the right has a positive magnitude, then one point to the left has a negative magnitude " is a false statement.
Vector, in physics, a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. This is usually represented by an arrow whose direction is the same as the quantity and whose length is proportional to the magnitude of the quantity. A vector has magnitude and direction, but no position. In other words, the vector does not change with translation unless the length changes.
Reason :
Because magnitude is never negative, only direction may be negative or positive.
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A square loop of wire lies in the plane of the page and carries a current I as shown. There is a uniform magnetic field Vector B parallel to the side MK as indicated. The loop will tend to rotate: A. about PQ with KL coming out of the page B. about PQ with KL going into the page C. about RS with MK coming out of the page D. about RS with MK going into the page E. about an axis perpendicular to the page.
The correct option A. about PQ with KL coming out of the page B; for the direction of the rotation of the loop for the uniform magnetic field.
Explain the term uniform magnetic field?The field lines must be both parallel and equally spaced in order for the region under examination to have a uniform magnetic field, which must have the same strength and direction throughout.If the magnetic field's lines are parallel, the magnetic field's intensity will be the same at every place, meaning the field's strength will be constant.Assume that the X and Y axes are, respectively, along OQ and OR.
Since the current in MK is along B, F(MK) = 0.Since the current in LN is the opposite of B, F(LN) = 0.The two forces, F(KL) and F, have different lines of attack (MN).
The angle of perpendicularity between F(KL) and F(MN) is l.
As a result, the square loop will revolve around PQ, with KL emerging from the page.
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The diagram for the question is given -
T/F which of the following best describes the energy transformations that occur when a flashlight that runs on batteries is turned on?
The chemical energy in the batteries is transformed into electrical power when the lighting is put on, which goes through the wires of the flashlight. Then, light and heat energy are created from this electrical energy.
What are two sorts of batteries?Batteries can be divided into two categories: main and secondary. Primary batteries cannot be refilled because they are "single use."Examples of primary batteries include dry phones and (most) alkaline batteries. The second type, which is rechargeable, is a secondary battery.
What exactly are batteries used for?An object that stores energy and releases it by transforming chemical energy into electrical energy is a battery. Typical batteries typically employ one or more fuel cells to chemically generate electricity.
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a passenger car of an overhead monorail system is driven by one of its two small wheels a or b. select the one for which the car can be given the greater acceleration without slipping the driving wheel and compute the maximum acceleration if the effective coefficient of friction is limited to 0.25 between the wheels and the rail. neglect the small mass of the wheels.
Monorail, sometimes known as a single-rail railroad. This rail could be found either on top of or below the train cars. Cars are supported by wheeled axles that travel along an overhead rail in systems that use them. The system is stabilized gyroscopically.
How is the monorail powered?
Power. Although diesel-powered monorail systems do exist, the majority of current monorails are driven by electric motors fed by twin third rails, contact wires, or electrified channels attached to or enclosed in their guide beams. Some systems in the past, like the Lartigue Monorail, utilized steam engines.
How does monorail technology work?
A monorail is a type of railway system where the trains are either supported or hung and the track is made up of a single elevated rail, beam, or track. The phrase is also used to refer to the system's beam or the vehicles that move along a beam or track like that.
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The figure shows an overhead view of a ring that can rotate about its center like a merry-go-round. Its outer radius R2 is 0.8 m, its inner radius R1 is R2/2, its mass M is 8.0 kg, and the mass of the crossbars at its center is negligible. It initially rotates at an angular speed of 7.6 rad/s with a cat of mass m = M/4 on its outer edge, at radius R2. By how much does the cat increase the kinetic energy of the cat-ring system if the cat crawls to the inner edge, at radius R1?
The cat increase the kinetic energy of the cat-ring system is 42.4 J.
Mass of the merry-go-round = M = 7.6 kg
Outer radius of the merry-go-round = R2 = 0.9 m
Inner radius of the merry-go-round = R1 = R2/2 = 0.9/2 = 0.45 m
Moment of inertia of the merry-go-round = I
I = 3.8475 kg.m2
Mass of the cat = m = M/4 = 7.6/4 = 1.9 kg
Initially the cat is sitting at the outer edge that is at a distance of 'R2' from the center.
Initial moment of inertia of the system = I1
I1 = I + mR22
I1 = 3.8475 + (1.9)(0.9)2
I1 = 5.3865 kg.m2
Initial angular speed of the system = title=View image!
1 = 7.6 rad/s
Now the cat walks to the inner edge of the merry-go-round therefore it is at a distance 'R1' from the center.
New moment of inertia of the system = I2
I2 = I + mR12
I2 = 3.8475 + (1.9)(0.45)2
I2 = 4.23225 kg.m2
New angular speed of the system =
I = I2
(5.3865)(7.6) = (4.23225)2
= 9.673 rad/s
Initial kinetic energy of the system = E1
E2 = 198 J
Amount by which the kinetic energy of the system increases =
E = E2- E1
title=View image!
E = 198 - 155.6
ΔE = 42.4 J
Amount by which the kinetic energy of the system increases when the cat crawls to the inner edge = 42.4 J.
Kinetic Energy:
Kinetic energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work required to accelerate an object of specified mass from rest to a specified velocity. After the body acquires this energy during acceleration, it retains this kinetic energy as long as the velocity does not change.
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volume of right circular cone; volume of cone; how to find volume of a cone; cone formula
The volume of the right circular cone is given by the formula πR²H/3.
A right circular cone is a kind of cone in which the centre of the circular base of the cone is perpendicular to the vertical height of the cone.
The volume of any right circular cone is generally given by the formula,
V = πR²H/3
Where,
V is the volume of the right circular cone,
R is the radius of the circular base of the right circular cone.
H is the vertical height of The right circular cone.
π is a constant that has a valued 22/7.
In any general case when we are given the value of the radius of the circular base of the right circular cone and the height of the right circular cone, then we can just simply put the values in the above mentioned formula and we get the volume of the right circular cone.
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in the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n)___state.
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents an intermediate state.
Describe the two-string problem?
In the two string problem, the subjects are shown two strings hanging from the ceiling and are instructed to tie the strings together.
The strings are placed apart so that the subjects are unable to grasp both strings simultaneously.
In order to get the solution of the two-string problem, it involves the use of items which are available in the vicinity of the strings.
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The jumper has a mass of 55 kg, and the bridge's height above the river is 150 m. The rope has an unstretched length of 8 m and stretches a distance of 5 m before bringing the jumper to a stop. Determine the maximum speed of the jumper and the spring constant of the rope. In your calculation, use g 10 N/kg. m/s Vmax k = N/m E.
Now suppose the jumper has a mass of 80 kg. Do you think the maximum speed of the jumper will increase, decrease, or stay the same? Will the rope need a larger, smaller, or the same spring constant to bring the jumper to a stop in the same distance as part D?
The speed of jumper is 54.22 m/s and spring constant of the rope is 6468N/m.
Given data:
The mass of jumper is, m = 55 kg.
The height of bridge above the river is, h = 150 m.
The length of unstretched rope is, L = 8m.
The stretched length is, L' = 5m.
In this problem, when the jumper will jump then the only potential energy of the jumper will get converted into the spring potential energy of the rope. So we can say that the relation will be,
potential energy of jumper = spring potential energy of rope.
Here, k is the spring constant.
Solving as,
mgh = 1/2 KI²
55 × 90.8 × 150 = 1/2 × k × 5 × 5k
k = 6468 N/m
Now, apply the third kinematic equation of motion to calculate the final speed of jumper as,
v² = U² + 2as
We get U= 54.22 m/s.
Thus, we can conclude that the speed of jumper is 54.22 m/s and the spring constant of the rope is 9187.5 N/m.
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How did John philoponus changed the science of forces
Answer:
philoponus originated one of physics great paradigm shifts. he said that after a projectile is launched, it keeps moving because of a force impressed into it by the thrower
250 students sit in an auditorium listening to a physics lecture. because they are thinking hard, each is using 125 w of metabolic power, slightly more than they would use at rest. an air conditioner with a cop of 7.5 is being used to keep the room at a constant temperature. What minimum electric power must be used to operate the air conditioner?
The minimum electric power that must be used to operate the air conditioner is 6250 W.
The total students in the auditorium are n = 250
The metabolic power each student is using is p = 125 W
The coefficient of performance ( COP ) of the air conditioner is given as 5 to maintain a constant temperature inside the auditorium.
Let the minimum electric power that must b used to run the air conditioner be P.
We know that
COP = np / P
P = np / COP
= ( 250x 125 ) / 5
= 6250W
So, 6250 W power is the minimum power.
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According to Newton's Third Law, if a hammer puts a force of 100 N on a nail, how much force does the nail put back on the hammer?
A. -100 N
B. 50 N
C. 200 N
D. -200 N
Answer:
option (A) is correct.
Explanation:
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. His third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.
what happens to the atomic number of an atom when the number of neutrons in the nucleus of that atom increases? (2 points) it decreases it increases it doubles it remains the same
The atomic number of an atom when the number of neutrons in the nucleus of that atom increases, it remains the same.
What is meant by atomic number?The charge number of an atomic nucleus is the chemical element's atomic number, also known as nuclear charge number (symbol Z). This is equivalent to the proton number (np), or the number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of that element, for conventional nuclei. Ordinary chemical elements can be uniquely identified using their atomic number. The atomic number and the number of electrons are both equal in a regular, uncharged atom.Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but distinct neutron numbers, and thus, varying mass numbers. The standard atomic weight of an element is determined by the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for that element in a particular environment on Earth. A little over three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements).Learn more about atomic number refer to :
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substance a has a high melting point, is soluble in water, is a conductor of electricity when dissolved in water but not as a solid, and has a hard surface. stsate the type of bonding you would expect to find in this substance
The type of bonding in the substance is an ionic bond, as the substance is a non-conductor of electricity in the solid state but is a conductor when melted or in a liquid state.
When the complete transfer of some electrons takes place from one atom to another atom, the kind of bond is ionic bond. The atom which loses one or more electrons becomes a cation. It is a positively charged ion. The atom which gains one or more electrons becomes an anion. It is a negatively charged ion.
Ionic bonding is very strong. When the substance is in a solid state, bond force does not leave free electrons to conduct electricity. When dissolved in water, the bond breaks, and some electrons are freed to conduct electricity.
Water is a polar covalent compound that can help in breaking of ionic bonds.
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The distance around Earth's equator is about 24,000 miles. Use the formula in Question 4 to calculate the approximate rotational velocity at Earth's equator mph (using the fellowing formula: Velocity = Distance/Time miles/hour)
The distance around Earth's equator is about 24,000 miles. Thus, rotational velocity at Earth's equator is 1000 miles/hour.
What is rotational velocity?Every point on an object that is revolving about an axis has the same angular velocity. The tangential velocity of points distant from the axis of rotation is, nevertheless, different from that of points closer to the axis of rotation. Rotational velocity and an angular frequency vector are other names for angular velocity.
Given that,
The distance around Earth's equator is about 24,000 miles.
Time to complete one Rotation = 24 hours.
Thus, velocity = distance/time
or, velocity = 24,000 miles / 24 hours
or, velocity = 1000 miles/hour.
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a pile driver lifts a 200 kg weight and then lets it fall onto the end of a steel pipe that needs to be driven into the ground. a fall of 1.5 m before striking the pipe drives the pipe in 45 cm. What is the average force exerted on the pipe?
The average force exerted on the steel pipe due to the mass is 8666.7 N.
The mass that the pile driver lift up is 200kg up to a height of 1.5 m and then it is dropped on a steel pipe to dig it till a distance of 45cm.
So, we can write,
Work done by the mass = world done on the steel pipe
MgH = Fx
Where,
M is the mass,
g is the gravitational acceleration,
H is the height to which the mass is lifted,
F is the average force exerted on the steel pipe,
x is the distance to which the steep pipe goes down.
Putting values,
200(10)(1.95) = F(0.45)
F = 8666.7 N.
The average force exerted on the pipe is 8666.7N.
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Dario, a prep cook at an Italian restaurant, spins a salad spinner 20.0 times in 5.00 seconds and then stops spinning it. The salad spinner rotates 6.00 more times before it comes to rest. Assume that the spinner slows down with constant angular acceleration. What is the angular acceleration of the salad spinner as it slows down? Express your answer numerically in radians per second per second.ω = θ / t ω = 20 * 2 * π / 5.00 ω = 8π ω = 25.13272 radians/s now I can solve for α using a kinematic equation: ω2f = ω20 + 2α(θ) 02 = 25.132722 + 2 * α * (2 * π * 6.00) 0 = 631.6536 + 75.39816α 75.39816α = -631.6536 α = -8.37757 radians/s2
The angular acceleration, which is frequently denoted by the symbol and stated in radians per second per second, is the rate at which the angular velocity changes over time. = t and = 0 for the scenario when the angular velocity is constant (nonvarying).
In layman's words, what is angular acceleration?
A spinning object's change in angular velocity per unit of time is expressed quantitatively as angular acceleration, also known as rotational acceleration. It is a vector quantity with either one of two predetermined directions or senses and a magnitude component.
What is the basic angular acceleration formula?
The rate at which angular velocity changes is referred to as angular acceleration. Angular acceleration is written as the equation: =t = t, where is the change in angular velocity and t is the change in time.
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Chapter 9 Chapter Review
297
6. The starting line of a cross country foot race is at the
bottom of a hill. Which form(s) of mechanical energy of
the runners will change when the starting gun is fired?
Kinetic energy only
a.
b.
Potential energy only
1
c.
Both kinetic and potential energy
d. Neither kinetic nor potential energy
02 Simple Machines
Answer:
c. Both kinetic and potential energy
Explanation:
When the starting gun is fired at the beginning of a cross country foot race, the runners will begin to move from a stationary position at the bottom of a hill. This movement will result in a change in both their kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and it will increase as the runners accelerate from a stationary position and begin moving at a faster speed.
Potential energy is energy stored in an object due to its position or shape. The runners at the starting line have potential energy due to their position at the bottom of a hill. As they begin to move upward, their potential energy will decrease as they move further away from the ground.
Therefore, both kinetic and potential energy will change when the starting gun is fired at the beginning of a cross country foot race.
In photography; exposure is the amount of light allowed to strike the film_ Exposure can be adjusted by the number of stops used to take a photograph: The change in the number of stops n needed is related to the change in exposure c by n 10g2 A. How many stops would a photographer use to triple the exposure? B. How many stops would a photographer use to get 5 the exposure?
n = number of stops
c = change in exposure
n = log₂ C ..........(1)
A. Let n be no of stops needed to triple the exposure then n₁ = log(30) = n, log, 3+ log, C ..............(2)
We see using (1) in (2) n₁ = n + log 3 = n+1.5850
Thus we need to increase no. of stops by 1.585 ≈ 1.6.
B. Similarly to get exposure, changing c by c/5
n₁ = log₂ (45) = n₁ = log₂c - log₂5
n₁ = n - log₂5 = n₁ -2.3219
One needs to decrease the no. of stops by 2.3219.
Aperture is one of three camera settings that control the exposure of your image. These settings are collectively known as the exposure triangle and consist of shutter speed aperture and ISO. The aperture controls exposure by increasing or decreasing the relative amount of light entering the camera lens.
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The filament of a 75-W light bulb is at a temperature of 3300 K. Assuming the filament has an emissivity e = 0.9, find its surface area. (Use s = 5.6696 10-8 W/m2 · K4 for the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.)
Surface area is 1.10 × 10^-5 .
Stefan-Boltzmann law, statement that the total radiant heat power emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.All bodies radiate energy W depending on temperature T, according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law W = ε σT4 where emissivity ε is equal to 1 for black bodies and less than 1 for grey bodies, σ being the Stefan constant.
From Stefan's law, the power radiated by an object at absolute
temperature T and surface area A is POAT, where a=5.6696 × 10
W/m²K and e is the emissivity. Thus, the surface area of the filament
must be
A =75 W / (5.6696x10 )(1.0 )(3300) = 1.10 * 10^-5
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a radioactive material produces 1390 decays per minute at one time, and 4.1 h later produces 150 decays per minute. What is its half-life?
The half-life of the radioactive material is about 2.75 hours.
To determine the half-life of a radioactive substance, we need to determine the time it takes for the number of decays per minute to decrease by a factor of two.
You can set up an expression that relates decays per minute at two time points.
1390 decays/min ×(1/2)^(t/(half-life)) = 150 decays/min
where t is the elapsed time between two measurements (4.1 hours) and (1/2)^(t/(half-life)) is the decay factor, dividing the number of decays per minute by half. reduce to
By rearranging the equation, we can solve for the half-life.
half-life = t ×log(2) / log((1390/150)^(1/t))
Substituting the values of t and the number of decays per minute at the two time points, we get
half-life = 4.1 ×log(2) / log((1390/150)^(1/4.1))
This simplifies to:
half-life = 4.1 × 0.693 / log (9.27)
=2.747 hours.
Therefore, the half-life of the radioactive material is about 2.75 hours.
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a negative feedback system has the forward path transfer function g and feedback path transfer function h indicated below. you wish to add a controller gc to the system in cascade compensation with the plant, which means it is in the forward path. if gc has the form indicated below, and assuming the gain k is positive, what is the upper limit on the value of k? use the frequency response methods to find your answer.
The best technique to determine a system's response at a specific frequency is to drive the system being tested with a sine wave at the target frequency while keeping an eye on the relevant system output (s).
How does frequency response analysis work?
The process of measuring points on the frequency response of a transfer function or impedance function using a sinusoidal test signal is known as frequency response analysis. The fundamental configuration of a sine wave being applied to a system with a transfer function G is represented in Figure 1 (s).
The significance of frequency response analysis?
Frequency response analysis is frequently required with many modern electrical designs to make sure they meet performance standards. You can examine how the outputs of your circuit designs respond to a wide range of various frequency inputs using this area of signal characterisation.
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____ are thick in the middle and thin at the edges concave lenses convex lenses concave mirrors plane mirrors
