In the absence of oxygen, only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, takes place in the absence of oxygen.Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, whereas alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is much more energy efficient than anaerobic respiration. What are the examples of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?Examples include: In humans, animals, birds, and insects, when glucose breakdown occurs with use of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration. Yeast, for example, are organisms that can live without oxygen in the air because they obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration.
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Recombinant DNA technology is used for all of the following EXCEPT ________.
insertion of genes from humans or plants into bacteria or viruses
human-insulin production by bacterial cells
amplification of DNA for microbe identification
hepatitis-B-vaccine production using yeast cells
culturing unknown organisms
culturing organisms
Recombinant DNA technology is used for all of the following EXCEPT
culturing organisms.
Culture is the process of reproducing an organism for scientific study. We say microorganisms are cultured when they are grown. Culture is the process of reproducing an organism for scientific study.
What is recombinant DNA technology, and what are some examples?
The joining of DNA molecules from two different species is known as recombinant DNA technology. The recombined DNA molecule is inserted into a host organism, resulting in new genetic combinations useful to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
What types of DNA recombination exist?
In living organisms, at least four types of recombination have been identified: (1) general or homologous recombination, (2) illegitimate or nonhomologous recombination, (3) site-specific recombination, and (4) replicative recombination.
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Full Question :Recombinant DNA technology is used for all of the following EXCEPT ________.
insertion of genes from humans or plants into bacteria or viruses
human-insulin production by bacterial cells
amplification of DNA for microbe identification
hepatitis-B-vaccine production using yeast cells
culturing unknown organisms
culturing organisms
What are the 3 main elements required for transcription to occur?.
Transcription occurs in three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination—all proven here.
Transcription is done by way of enzymes referred to as RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template). Transcription has 3 degrees: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Transcription is accomplished via an enzyme called RNA polymerase and some of the accent proteins called transcription factors. Transcription elements can bind to specific DNA sequences referred to as enhancer and promoter sequences in order to recruit RNA polymerase to the correct transcription web site. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter series near the beginning of a gene (at once or through helper proteins).
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the stages of translation are multiple choice initiation, elongation cycle, and termination. dna replication, transcription, and termination. initiation, transcription, mrna processing, and termination.
The stages of translation are a. initiation, elongation, and termination cycles.
Protein synthesis is the process of forming protein molecules involving the synthesis of amino acids that occur in the nucleus and ribosomes. The function of protein synthesis is to form and compile proteins that will be utilized in the body. Protein synthesis consists of two stages, namely transcription and translation.
Translation is the process of translating the genetic code resulting from the resetting of DNA that has been carried by the previous mRNA. Translation consists of three stages: 1. mRNA initiation brings the DNA codons up to the ribosome. 2. Elngation, the codon carried by the mRNA is translated into amino acids. 3. and termination, that is, one of the stop codons meets the ribosome.
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Select the effect of climate change that decribe a diruption in ecological procee
The early animal mating and flower blossoming times are caused by climate change, which disrupts natural systems.
Numerous challenges to wildlife have been brought on by climate change in all of our parks. Due to changes that result in less food, less successful reproduction, and interference with the environment for local wildlife, rising temperatures reduce the survival rates of many species. The life cycles of plants and animals are also impacted by climate change. For instance, many plants are beginning to grow and bloom earlier in the spring as temperatures rise and to live longer into the fall. There are also some species that emerge from hibernation earlier or migrate at different times.
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what is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome? view available hint(s)for part a what is the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome? a chromatid always consists of a double-stranded dna molecule, whereas a chromosome always consists of a single-stranded dna molecule. chromosomes are always replicated, whereas chromatids are not. a chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome, whereas a chromosome consists of dna wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner. chromatids consist only of dna, whereas chromosomes consist only of proteins.
One of a chromosome's two identical halves that has undergone replication in order to facilitate cell division is referred to as a chromatid. The centromere, a constrictive area of the chromosome, serves as the connection between the two "sister" chromatids.
A chromosome has one chromatid, right?A chromatid is one of a chromosome's two halves. One chromatid makes up one chromosome. When the cell cycle occurs, two identical sister chromatids are present on the chromosome after the cell cycle's S-phase has ended. DNA replication happens during the S-phase.
The number of chromatids on a chromosome twin chromatids ?Two sister chromatids make up each chromosome. The third and last stage of meiosis, known as meiosis II, is now entered by the daughter cells.
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a test tube is inoculated with 100 cells of a bacterial strain that has a generation time of 30 minutes. the carrying capacity of the test tube for this strain is 6 billion cells. what will the bacterial population be after 90 minutes of culturing?
The bacterial population be after 90 minutes of culturing is 8 × 10².
What is generation time?In population biology and demography, generation time is the average time between two successive generations in the lineage of a population. Generation time is the time (usually hours or days) for the bacteria to divide. To convert this to a growth rate, divide 0.301 by the generation time.
For number of generation
G = t/n
Where, G = Generation time (30 minutes)
t = time (90 minutes)
n = number of generation
30 = 90/n
n = 90/30
n = 3
Now, for the final population:
Pₙ = P₀ × 2ⁿ
Where, Pₙ = Final population
P₀ = Initial population
n = number of generation
Pₙ = 100 × 2³
Pₙ = 8 × 10²
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one of two major forms of neurofibromatosis results from inheriting a dominant allele of a gene with affected individuals having phenotypes that range from mild to very severe. which of the following is the best explanation for why a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed with a severe form of the condition?
One of two major types of neurofibromatosis is caused by having inherited a dominant allele of a gene, with affected individuals exhibiting mild to severe phenotypes. The strongest reason to explain why an infant is the first member of her family to be given a diagnosis with a severe form of the ailment is that one of the parents has a mild expression of the gene.
A neurofibromatosis is a group of genetic disorders that cause tumors to grow on nerve tissue. Tumors of the nervous system can be found anywhere in the body, which include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. There are three types of neurofibromatosis: neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis. NF1 is typically detected during childhood, whereas NF2 and schwannomatosis are generally diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood.
Tumors in these diseases are typically non-cancerous (benign), however they can become cancerous on circumstance (malignant). Typically, the symptoms are mild. Hearing loss, learning disabilities, heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) issues, vision loss, and severe pain are all possible complications of neurofibromatosis.
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Using the number from question 4, how many chromosomes would you suggest the offspring of green spotted putter fish have?
How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do they have?
42 chromosomes
21 homologous pairs
The green-spotted puffer fish have a total of 42 chromosomes. As a result, they have 21 pairs of chromosomes. They are diploid in nature. Second option is the correct in terms of homologous pairs of chromosomes
What is diploidy?Because eukaryotes are diploid, each cell contains one set from the paternal side and one from the maternal side. During the zygote's formation, each parent gives a haploid (n) set to form a zygote. These two haploid gametes of puffer fish each consist of 21 chromosomes (n = 21). After the zygote's formation, the cell has a total of 42 chromosomes, or 21 pairs of chromosomes.
Hence, the green-spotted puffer fish have a total of 42 chromosomes. As a result, they have 21 pairs of chromosomes.
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which of the following statements about the evolution of life on earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, is true?
The statement "It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial decrease in the entropy of the planet" is true about the evolution of life on earth.
The sophisticated eukaryotic cell signaled the start of an altogether new era for life on Earth when these cells evolved into multicellular creatures.
Evidence is presented to support the idea that eukaryotic cells are fundamentally the result of various prokaryotic cells fusing together in a symbiotic union. In reality, it appears that the mitochondrion is the "great-great-great-great-great-great-great granddaughter" of a free-living bacterium that was ingested by another cell, perhaps as a meal, and ended up lingering as a sort of permanent houseguest.
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What are the 3 RNA types?.
The three types of RNA are
rRNAtRNAmRNAThe messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as the blueprint for protein synthesis during translation. The transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids and reads the genetic code. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as a structural and catalytic component of translation.
Other RNA types include small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Molecular biology, developmental biology, and even medicine are being revolutionized by siRNA and miRNA.
Hence, RNA act as mediating molecule between DNA and proteins.
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The 3 types of RNA is the following:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.Transfer RNA (tRNA)- which carries amino acids that bind to mRNA to form proteins on the ribosome.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - who interprets the mRNA information and binds the amino acids brought by the tRNA.Three types of RNA and their functions:
Ribonucleic acid, also known by the acronym RNA, is composed of only one strand derived from DNA and formed in the nucleus of the cell. One of its main functions is the control of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
RNA can be divided into three parts:
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. Messenger RNA is responsible for transporting DNA information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA, on the other hand, transports the amino acids that will be used in the formation of proteins to the ribosomes. And finally, ribosomal RNA is part of the constitution of ribosomes.
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why is glycogen used at all by the body, when fatty acids yield more energy and yield acetyl coa which can be used in gluconeogenesis? consider, what is the functional difference between glucose from glycogen and the glucose made through gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis is the pathway by which glucose is produced from pyruvate and/or LAC, and gluconeogenesis is the pathway by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose. Glycogenolysis is a quick and easy way to get glucose into the blood when the body needs it, but there is another effective but energy-intensive way to get more glucose into the blood. I have. This process is called gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are two pathways essential for glucose homeostasis. These signaling pathways are activated almost simultaneously when the insulin to glucagon ratio is sufficiently low.
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Can produce either a white flower or a purple flower with the purple flower allele being dominant?.
The probability of having purple-flowered offspring is 75%.
What did Marshall Nirenberg discover about DNA?.
Marshall Nirenberg discover about DNA that a triplet codon is made that code for amino acid.
The first "triplet" was found in 1961 by Marshall Nirenberg, a young biochemist working at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. A "triplet" is a sequence of three DNA bases that codes for one of the twenty amino acids that make up proteins. The full genetic code was then unraveled in about five years.
The secret to the code was provided by RNA, DNA's close relative and co-worker. While RNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where protein synthesis occurs, DNA is virtually solely found in the nucleus of the cell.
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cancer cells often lack normal dna damage response and cell-cycle control mechanisms. why does this make them more susceptible to dna-damaging chemotherapies?
Normal DNA damage response and cell-cycle control mechanisms are frequently absent in cancer cells. Cancer cells may disregard normal processes that stop the cell cycle in reaction to damage and continuing division with damage results in death.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a container as it evolves and divides. A container spends most of the alluring time in what is named interphase, and all the while occurring one time only it evolves, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cellular division.
Cancer is a disease created when cells separate madly and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is led to changes in DNA. Most tumor-creating DNA changes happen in sections of DNA named genes. An operation where doctors remove fabric accompanying cancer containers. Chemotherapy: Special cures that recoil or cancel cancer cells. Radiation cure: Using extreme-energy indications (complementary to X-beams) to cancel cancer cells. Hormone remedy: Blocks malignancy containers from getting the hormones they need to evolve.
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What are the 3 types of photosynthesis?.
The 3 types of photosynthesis are
C3 pathwayC4 pathway CAMThe main process through which plants absorb carbon dioxide and make carbohydrates is called C3 photosynthesis. In C3 photosynthesis, Rubisco accepts CO2 and simultaneously reduces it into carbs. When I say so, I'm referring to the chloroplast of the same cell and the time of day (sunlight), when the stomata are open, the CO2 enters the cell, and the water exits through the same aperture. This poses a problem because it loses the most water and stresses the plant during July's peak photosynthetic activity.
C4 grasses, commonly referred to as "warm season grasses," include foxtail, crab grass, sugarcane, sorghum, corn, and crab grass. These plants have rubisco in one cell and a mechanism for drawing in CO2 in a second cell, which are joined by spaces between the cells known as plasmodesmata. As a result, the plant can concentrate its CO2 near the rubisco and avoid the oxygen inhibition that would otherwise occur in the C3 pathway. These plants don't receive a lot of sunlight in July. Additionally, due to the cells' specialisation, 40% less water is required per weight of CO2 reduction. Simply put, it uses water 40% more efficiently on average.
Plants in the desert contain CAM. To reduce water loss during the hot days, these plants open their stomata at night to let CO2 in. During the night, the CO2 is converted to malic acid and stored in the plant's vacuole. The CO2 is "removed" from the malic acid when the desert sun shines, and it is then added to the rubisco to produce carbohydrates. Stomatal openings are closed at this time.
Hence, types of photosynthesis is decided based on plants primary acceptor of carbon dioxide.
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dna exists in a double-stranded form whereas rna is mainly a single stranded molecule. what is the likely reason for dna being double stranded?
The major reason behind this is RNA strands cannot form base pairs. Double stranded DNA is a more stable structure. DNA cannot exist in the single stranded format and is easier to replicate double stranded DNA than single stranded RNA.
What do you mean by DNA and RNA ?
Deoxyribonucleic acid can be defined as polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.It has four bases : adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).DNA contains the information needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.Ribonucleic acid can be defined as a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
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TRUE/FALSE. the babylonians allowed jeremiah to remain in the land of judah, and he ministered there until he and his scribe baruch were kidnapped by a faction of jews and taken away as hostages to egypt.
The babylonians allowed jeremiah to remain in the land of judah, and he ministered there until he and his scribe baruch were kidnapped by a faction of jews and taken away as hostages to egypt. It is true.
Hear the word of the Lord, that the babylonians all you people of Judah who come through these gates to worship the Lord, declares God via Jeremiah as he enters the temple. The Almighty Lord, the God of Israel, declares as follows: If you change your behaviour, I'll allow you to reside here.During Jehoiakim, son of Josiahsixth ,'s year in power. To attend the Temple services that day, people travelled to Jerusalem from all around Judah. 10 To the assembled crowd, Baruch read the scroll's passages from Jeremiah. He was positioned in front of Gemariah, the son of the secretary Shaphan, who was in the Temple.
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an alveolar unit a has one half the compliance of alveolar unit b explain why the time constant of unit bis twice as long as that of unit a, and why the volume in unit b is two times greater than the volume in unit a
Time constant of unit B is twice as long as that of unit A of alveolar . The time constants of the two systems are the same. Therefore, the time required for a unit of alveolar to reach equilibrium is the sum of two terms. One term is due to the difference in volume of units A and unit B.
Unit B's time constant is twice as long as unit A's alveolar. The two systems' time constants are identical. Therefore, the total of two terms is the amount of time needed for a unit to attain equilibrium in alveolar. The volume difference between units A and B of alveolar for one term. equilibrium is required to maintain contanat flow.
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Time constant of unit B is twice as long as that of unit A of alveolar .
The time constants of the two systems are the same. Therefore, the time required for a unit of alveolar to reach equilibrium is the sum of two terms. One term is due to the difference in volume of units A and unit B.Unit B's time constant is twice as long as unit A's alveolar. The two systems' time constants are identical. Therefore, the total of two terms is the amount of time needed for a unit to attain equilibrium in alveolar. The volume difference between units A and B of alveolar for one term. equilibrium is required to maintain contanat flow. Time constant of unit B is twice as long as that of unit A of alveolar .
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If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale anymore, the amount of air that he expelled would be his/her ____
The amount of air he exhales is the vital capacity.
The respiratory system is the process of taking in oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide and using the energy that is in the body. Humans can do two ways of breathing, namely using chest breathing and abdominal breathing. Human respiratory organs consist of nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after filling their lungs. The normal air volume in the lungs is up to 4500 cc. A person can be said to have a normal respiratory rate if he breathes 12-20 times per minute at rest and takes place continuously. So when a student inhales deeply and then exhales until the total amount he exhales is the vital capacity.
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the layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the choroid plexus. arachnoid mater. dura mater. pia mater. subarachnoid space.
Pia mater is the layer of meninges that is in direct contact with spinal cord.
What are the meninges?
The meninges are the membrane-like linings that protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are the names of the three layers that make up the meninges.
The two primary purposes of these covers are:
To support the cerebral and cranial arteries, provide a framework.
Utilizing cerebrospinal fluid to shield the central nervous system (CNS) against harm.
Subarachnoid space is located underneath the pia mater. It covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord and is firmly attached despite being quite thin. The shape of the brain is exclusively followed by this covering (the gyri and fissures).Similar to the dura mater, it is heavily vascularized, with blood veins puncturing the membrane to supply the underlying neural tissue.
Astrocyte processes serve as the pia mater's anchors. At the CNS surface, a layer of astrocyte "end feet" is where the pia mater joins. It is challenging to pinpoint the precise boundary between the arachnoid matter and pia mater because the arachnoid trabeculae that cross the subarachnoid space really integrate with the pia mater in a way that is almost imperceptible. This complete leptomeningeal complex is hence sometimes referred to as the pia-arachnoid.
The pia mater is a delicate, fibrous tissue that may let water and tiny solutes pass through it. Blood arteries can flow through the pia mater and hydrate the brain. It is suggested that the perivascular region between blood vessels and the pia mater is a component of the brain's pseudolymphatic system. Meningitis results from irritation and inflammation of the pia mater.
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Which statements accurately describe how fructose metabolism in the liver differs from glucose metabolism?a.The presence of fructose inhibits the entrance of glucose into glycolysis.b.Two products of the fructose 1-phosphate pathway can enter glycolysis.c.The fructose 1-phosphate pathway can deplete intracellular phosphate/ATP.d.Fructose enters a separate metabolic pathway from glucose, which enters the glycolytic pathway.
There are two fructose 1-phosphate pathway products that can enter glycolysis.
Option b is correct.
What distinguishes the pathways for the absorption of glucose and fructose?Fructose is transported by a different transporter than glucose when it enters the enterocytes, but both sugars use the same transporter when they leave the enterocyte and enter the capillaries. Fructose has a quantitative limit and is absorbed significantly more slowly than glucose.
Why might fructose be worse than glucose in terms of health?These sweeteners are particularly common in various sweetened beverages, such as soft drinks, and candies. Because fructose has a sweetening impact that is two times greater than that of glucose, it is harmful because it can make individuals demand additional soft drinks that contain fructose.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly, while other memories last much longer. this evidence would create the most problems for the ___theory of forgetting.
imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly, while other memories last much longer. this evidence would create the most problems for the decay theory of forgetting.
According to the Decay theory, memory deterioration results from the simple passage of time. As time goes on and memory and memory strength deteriorate, information becomes less accessible for subsequent recall. A neurochemical "memory trace" is made when someone learns something new. But as time passes, this trace gradually disappears. Actively practicing new material is thought to be a key element in preventing this temporal decrease.
Despite the widespread belief that neurons inevitably die off as we age, some older memories can be more powerful than the majority of more recent ones. As a result, the short-term memory system is primarily affected by the decay theory, which means that older memories (in long-term memory) are frequently more resilient to shocks or other physical attacks on the brain.
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habitat corridors group of answer choices reduce dispersal. increase inbreeding. impede migrations. increase gene flow. prevent the spread of disease.
Habitat corridors group will reduce dispersal and prevent the spread of disease.
Habitat corridor, also known as a green corridor is area of habitat connecting wildlife populations divided by the human activities or structures . These wildlife corridors allows for the chances of connecting between small isolated populations in the wild. These corridors are help full in the increase of genetic variation within these small populations and lower inbreeding depression risks.
Corridor such as Pine forest to the Sea allows plants and animals to range throughout the habitat, that is by increasing chances of healthy and genetically divergent populations.
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The sympathetic division of the ans is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
The sympathetic division of the ans is also called the thoracolumbar division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
What is the thoracolumbar division?The peripheral nervous system's autonomic nervous system controls physiological functions that are carried out automatically, such as digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system is the part of the body that is responsible for kicking off the "flight or fight" reaction when the body is under stress. Preganglionic neurons. Neurons that are located in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. These neurons can be found between levels T1 and L3.
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which cast restoration is designed to fit snugly inside the tooth and involves the proximal surface and most or all of the occlusal surface?
An onlay is a cast restoration that covers the majority of the occlusal surface as well as the proximal surfaces.
A dental onlay is what?
Insofar as it pertains to filling crowns, an onlay is similar to an inlay. On the other hand, a dental technician or a dentist models and creates an onlay rather than an inlay inside the mouth.
It is created using a certain measurement and fits over the necessary areas on the inside and exterior of the tooth.
Dental cement, a unique material, is used to bind the onlay to the tooth. It is exposed to light to fast harden and effectively cure it.
The cast restoration that covers the proximal surfaces is necessaryand the onlay refers to the majority of the occlusal surface.
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Which of the following are ways in which white matter in the spinal cord conveys sensory and/or motor information between the body and the brain? Check all that apply.
-Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the brain.
-Each funiculus region contains either sensory or motor tracts, but not both.
White matter in the spinal cord conveys sensory and/or motor information between the body and the brain by ascending tracts that conduct sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the brain.
The dorsal column of the white matter sends sensory information to the brain, whereas the anterior column mostly sends motor instructions to the ventral horn motor neurons.
Corticospinal pathways are descending or motor tracts that are responsible for carrying nerve impulses from your brain to different skeletal muscles. Your body moves carefully and subtly as a result of these urges. Spinothalamic tracts are sensory or ascending tracts. They communicate information about pain and body temperature to our brains.
The posterior tract is the spinal cord's back has a number of sizable ascending or sensory tracts. These channels transmit pressure and touch signals from our skin to the brain. Additionally, they communicate vibrational information.
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upon completion of glycolysis, what is the fate of the majority of the potential energy contained in the original glucose molecule?
In two pyruvate molecules, it is kept. Energy is released during glycolysis, and this energy is utilised to create four molecules of ATP.
What happens to the majority of the glucose's potential energy?The majority of the potential energy present in glucose is retained in the two pyruvates, which are formed during glycolysis when each molecule of glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvate.
One glucose molecule initiates glycolysis, which culminates with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, four ATP molecules overall, and two NADH molecules.
A glucose molecule has a storage capacity of 3,000 kJ. The stored potential energy in the bonds holding the atoms of a molecule together is known as chemical energy.
The enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase interacts with pyruvate.
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Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the _________ of the spinal cord gray matter.
Answer: anterior horn.
Explanation: Skeletal muscles are innervated by neurons that have cell bodies located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter.
explain how deamidation could affect the tertiary structure of a protein. be specific about what kinds of non-covalent interactions might be involved.
Deamidation removes the amide functional group from asparagine and glutamine, they are changed into aspartic and glutamic acid.
Deamidation takes place when acid-catalyzed direct nucleophilic attack of water on the amide, the most common mechanism is considered as intramolecular cyclization that involves in nucleophilic attack by the succeeding amide nitrogen to form a succinimide intermediate
Optimizing pH is the best approach for stabilizing proteins against deamidation and isomerization. Deamidation reactions are base-catalyzed and increase between pH 5–8.
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based on the map above, explain the degree to which lettuce production takes place in the united states
The Central Coast (Monterey) is where the majority of California's leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is produced. San Luis, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Benito.
Where is lettuce grown in the United States?California and Arizona account for more than 90% of all lettuce output in the United States. Iceberg, romaine, and varied leaf variations are the principal varieties. Through a series of production in Arizona and California, lettuce is produced all year round in the US.
How hot or cold is lettuce grown?10-22°C (50-72°F) is the ideal soil temperature for germination. Depending on the circumstances, seeds should germinate in 7–15 days. In the summer, when the soil temperature is over 22°C (72°F), lettuce seeds do not readily sprout.
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