A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH.
A substance that binds H+ during times of acidity and releases H+ during times of alkalinity is referred to as a phosphate buffer system
A uses direct elimination of acids bases, or carbon dioxide from the body in order to adjust systemic acidity bicarbonate buffer.
What is a buffer?A buffer is a substance that resists changes to its pH when a small quantity of a strong acid or base is added to it.]
Buffers are important in living organisms as they help to maintain the pH of the blood to prevent extreme changes in the body.
There are several buffer systems in the body. The buffer systems in the body are:
the bicarbonate buffer system (HCO₃⁻/CO₂) - consists of bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxidehemoglobin buffer present in erythrocytesthe phosphate buffer,proteins, in the blood andammonium buffer.Learn more about buffer systems at: https://brainly.com/question/11033169
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what are the three general classes of neurons that correspond to the three major aspects of nervous system function? check all that apply.
Motor neurons that send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, Interneurons that lie between, and interconnect the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS, and Sensory neurons that are specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure, and chemicals, and transmit information about them to the CNS, are the three general classes of neurons that correspond to the three major aspects of nervous system function. The correct options are 1, 3, and 4.
What are the three general classes of neurons?Generally, neurons considered the fundamental unit of receiving and sending information in the nervous system, do this efficiently by delivering this information over long distances. There are neurons present in the brain too.
The answer is not option 5, as ependymal cells are non-neuronal cells, they function in brain metabolism.
The answer is also not option 2, as schwann cells are are non-neuronal cells too. In summary, from the question, neurons, aside from the neurons in the brain, we have three types which are: sensory, motor, and interneuron.
Missing parts:
What are the three general classes of neurons that correspond to the three major aspects of nervous system function? Check all that apply.
1. Motor neurons that send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells.
2. Schwann cells that envelop nerve fibers of the PNS.
3. Interneurons that lie between, and interconnect the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS.
4. Sensory neurons that are specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure, and chemicals, and transmit information about them to the CNS.
5. Ependymal cells that produce cerebral spinal fluid.
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If a segment of DNA were replicated without any errors, the replicated strand would have the following sequence of nucleotides:
5' - ACTACGTGA - 3'
Sort the following replicated DNA sequences by the type of point mutation each contains (frameshift, base substitution, or neither), as compared to the correct sequence shown above.
Sort the items into the appropriate name as frameshift mutation, base substitution mutation and or neither
5'-ACTCGTGA-3'
5'-ATTACGTGA-3'
5'-ACTACGTGT-3'
5'-ACTAAGTGA-3'
5'-ACTCGTGA-3' - Frameshift mutation
5'-ATTACGTGA-3' - Base substitution mutation
5'-ACTACGTGT-3' - Base substitution mutation
5'-ACTAAGTGA-3' - Base substitution mutation
Frameshift and base substitution mutationsMutation generally refers to a sudden change in the base sequence in the genome of cells or organisms.
Mutation can occur by:
Deletion of nucleotide bases: outright removal of basesInsertion of nucleotide bases: addition of foreign basesSubstitution of nucleotide bases: displacement of a base or bases by another base or basesThe deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases in such a way that the order of reading the triplet bases that constitute the genetic code changes is otherwise known as frameshift mutation. In order for this to happen, the deleted or inserted bases will not be in multiples of 3.
In other words, frameshift mutation will occur if bases are inserted or deleted but not in multiples of 3.
Thus:
5'-ACTCGTGA-3' is a frameshift mutation because a base has been deleted off.5'-ATTACGTGA-3' is a base substitution mutation because the second C has been substituted by T.5'-ACTACGTGT-3' is a base substitution mutation because the last A has been substituted by T.5'-ACTAAGTGA-3' is a base substitution mutation because the second C has been substituted by A.More on mutations can be found here:https://brainly.com/question/13923224
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A scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material. Which of the following would be a workable alternate hypothesis?
(A) RNA, like DNA, is a carrier of genetic information and contains the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine.
(B) RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate.
(C) RNA exists in both single-stranded and double-stranded configurations; however, it is less stable compared with DNA.
(D) Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA are products of transcription, but they are not translated as is mRNA.
If a scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material, then RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate would be a workable alternate hypothesis (Option B).
What are the functions of RNA?The functions of RNA are not limited to transporting the genetic material from DNA to protein but also act as catalytic agents in some situations, which are called ribozymes, in addition to the reservoir of genetic information for viruses.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the functions of RNA are not limited to transport genetic information.
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What are the Mendelian inheritance principles?
The Mendelian inheritance principles are called the Law of Segregation, the Law of genetic Dominance and the Law of Independent Assortment.
What are the Mendelian genetic inheritance principles?The Mendelian genetic inheritance principles are a series of laws that dominate genetic patterns of inheritance which were discovered by Gregor Mendel who investigated inheritance in pea plants.
The Law of Segregation indicates that alleles separate in different gametes when they are not linked, and the law of dominance indicates that certain alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Moreover, the Law of Independent Assortment is based on genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the Mendelian genetic inheritance principles are fundamental to understanding inheritance patterns and they were discovered by Gregor Mendel working with different traits in the pea plant.
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Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
A
Attachment of spindle fibres to the kinetochore
B
Pairing of homologous chromosomes.
C
Replication of DNA prior to the start of cell division.
D
Separation of sister chromatids at anaphase.
Explain the movement of water for each of the solutions based on the concentration levels. Write under each visual.
For a hypotonic solution the movement of water is from the solution to the cell, in isotonic solution there is no net movement and for hypertonic solution the movement of water is from the cell into the solution.
Hypotonic solution is the one where the concentration of solute is less as compared to the cell. This is the reason why movement of water is from solution to the cell and the animal and plant cell become lysed and turgid respectively.
Hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solute is more as compared to the cell. This is the reason why movement of water is from cell to the solution and the animal and plant cell become shriveled and plasmolyzed respectively.
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Why would a pedigree help determine if a trait is X-linked?
Responses
Pedigrees are not useful tools for determining X-linked inheritance.
It would show which sex in a family is affected, unaffected, and the carrier for a trait.
It can determine all the possible genotypes for a trait that can result from a cross between two parents.
It can measure how likely an X-linked trait is to be inherited.
A pedigree may help determine if a trait is X-linked since it can measure how likely an X-linked trait is to be inherited (Option D).
What is a genetic pedigree?A genetic pedigree is a diagram used in genetics to evidence the inheritance pattern of a given trait, which may or not be associated with sex chromosomes such as the X chromosome.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a genetic pedigree is used in order to show the inheritance pattern of a condition and it may or not be related to the sex chromosomes.
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According to the graph in the figure, B cells will first produce effector cells between 0 and 4 days. This is why an antibody test for COVID-19 can be done so early after infection.
According to the graph in the figure, B cells will first produce effector cells between 0 and 4 days. This is why an antibody test for COVID-19 can be done so early after infection. This is a false statement.
What is a B cell?Immune cells are those cells that protect the body from foreign harmful pathogens by different methods, such as cell-mediated immunity, innate immunity, etc. After the attack of COVID, the body first identifies it and activates the T cell and then the B cell. As shown in the graph, the B cell divides and produces antibodies against the COVID, and antibody production increases after 1 week, nearly on the 14th day. So it takes time, and no antibody production begins with the initial infection.
Hence, antibody production cannot occur at the start of a COVID infection. This is a false
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Which of the following accurately describes chelicerates?
A. The most anterior appendages are mandibles.
B. Predominantly aquatic
C. Most are carnivorous.
D. Have four pairs of walking legs.
E. Bodies consist of three tagmata.
According to the research, the correct answer is Options are C and D. Most of Chelicerates are carnivorous and have four pairs of walking legs.
What are Chelicerates?They form the phylum Arthropoda and are characterized by having four pairs of locomotor legs and a pair of appendages for sensory and reproductive function.
In this sense, they are represented by the Merostomes, Arachnids and Pycnogonids within these, the Arachnids are the most numerous group, they are almost all terrestrial and have predatory habits, so some have poisonous glands.
Therefore, we can conclude that Chelicerates have four pairs of walking legs for greater locomotor efficiency and speed and one pair of appendages and have adapted to predatory feeding.
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prophase of mitosis is characterized by which of the following?
-sister chromatids are visible by light microscopy
-nuclear envelope begins to dissociate
-nucleolus is visible
-nuclear envelope forms
-sister chromatids separate from each other
-nucleolus is no longer visible
According to the research, the correct answer is Options are A and B. Sister chromatids are visible by light microscopy and nuclear envelope begins to dissociate are part of the prophase of mitosis.
What is the prophase?It is the first phase of cell division, in which chromosomes become visible as isolated entities as Sister chromatids.
In this sense, the separation of the centrioles and the disintegration of the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope also occur.
Therefore, we can conclude that prophase of mitosis is characterized by Sister chromatids are visible and nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.
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What is the purpose of nucleic acid?
Answer:
The purpose of nucleic acids is to keep the life going.
Explanation:
Definition:
Nucleic acid is any group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is one of the two types of known nucleic acids and plays a significant part in heredity. It is in charge of holding the construction information for each and every chemical required to build a live creature. As a result, practically all living forms possess one.
The other is ribonucleic acid, also known as RNA, which has several tasks, some of which are connected to DNA. But for other animals, RNA also plays a part in heredity. The only obvious example of this is viruses. RNA plays a number of very significant roles in other living things, and is known by various names depending on what it does in a cell. As suggested by their names, some of these types, such as messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), perform particular functions.
So we can say the role of nucleic acids in living things is to keep the life going.
Thanks.
the coenzyme form of niacin is central to the metabolism of ________.
The coenzyme form of niacin is central to the metabolism of glucose and it helps the enzyme during catalysis.
How does a coenzyme help the protein activity?A coenzyme helps the protein activity by attaching the active site of the enzyme and thus enhancing the binding between this protein and the substrate in order to increase the rate of reaction.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a coenzyme such as the niacin coenzyme (which is the vitamin B3) helps the enzyme activity by binding to the active site of the enzyme.
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The graph presents three activation energy profiles for a chemical reaction (the hydrolysis of sucrose): an uncatalyzed reaction, and the same reaction catalyzed by two different enzymes. Activation Energy -Uncatalyzed -Enzyme A -Enzyme B Energy C₂H2O,, + H₂O 2CH2O Reaction Progress Rank these by reaction rate, as measured by the rate of product formation per unit time, from lowest reaction rate to highest reaction rate. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. View Available Hint(s) Reset Help Reset Help reaction catalyzed by enzyme A reaction catalyzed by enzyme uncatalyzed reaction lowest reaction rate highest reaction rate Submit
This shows the graph of enzyme catalysis. The uncatalyzed reaction is the slowest of the three, followed by the second catalyzed by enzyme A and the third by enzyme B. The fastest reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme B.
What is the catalysis of the enzyme?
The enzyme decreases the rate of activation of the substrate so that the product is formed faster, and due to this process, the enzyme is called the catalyst of the biological system. The uncatalyzed reaction has a high activation rate and requires a lot of energy to make the product. So it is the slowest one. The enzyme A lowers the rate of activation but still requires more energy than B. The enzyme B lowers the activation energy and speeds product formation.
Hence, the slowest reaction is uncatalyzed, followed by enzyme A, and then enzyme B, which is the fastest reaction.
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• connect redox reactions to energy transformations that occur throughout photosynthesis
The redox reactions to energy transformations that occur throughout photosynthesis are as follows:
CO₂ molecules are reduced to form higher-energy carbohydrate moleculesenergy from sunlight is used to produce ATP and electron donor molecules capable of decreasing CO₂oxidation of water is associated with the reduction of CO₂ through a series of redox reactions in which electrons passed from one compound to another.the process begins with the absorption of sunlight by protein-pigment complexes, providing energy that drives electrons through the electron transport chain. What is a redox reaction?Redox reaction is described as a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the substrate change due to a gain and a loss of electrons by the chemical species involved in the reaction.
Oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the same time in a redox reaction.
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Which of the following
allows enormous lengths of
DNA to supercoil inside of a
nucleus of a cell?
A. ribosomes
B. histone proteins this
C. mitochondria
Answer:
histone proteins
Explanation:
An astigmatism is an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens which causes rays of light to refract unevenly. True/False.
Answer:T
Explanation:
Drag each label to the corect location on the image.
Nephrons, the functional unit of kidneys, are responsible for formation of urine. The sentences describe situations that are the result of problems in the urine
ormation process. For the nephron shown below, match each situation to the step in the urine formation process where the problem lies
Stella's urine sample
shows the presence
of large proteins.
©2022 Edmentum. All rights reserved.
Lenovo
filtration
John's blood test
report indicates
a high toxin level.
Miguel's blood test
shows an increase
in metabolic waste.
M
Janice's urine report
shows the presence
of vital minerals.
secretion
1. Stella's urine contains protein, which is a sign of poor filtration or insufficient absorption. The protein is left in the filtrate and excreted in urine because there is less reabsorption at the proximal tubule.
2. The high level of toxins found in Johns' blood test suggests that the kidneys are not properly secreting toxins out of the body. As a result, the amount of toxin in the blood rises due to decreased elimination.
3. The kidneys are used to remove metabolic waste from the body. The insufficient reabsorption will be the cause of the metabolic waste. Miguel's blood levels of waste may have increased because his kidneys either failed to filter waste properly or the waste was reabsorbed.
4. Following filtration, the majority of the body's valuable substances are reabsorbed. This enables the body to retain minerals. Vital minerals may be released into Janice's urine as a result of insufficient reabsorption.
What percentage of the kidneys are nephrons?The total number of nephrons (glomeruli) in healthy human kidneys has been shown to vary significantly in several studies. The average number of nephrons per kidney, according to studies, is between 900,000 and one million, but the number of nephrons in a single kidney can range from 200,000 to more than 2.5 million.
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Order the evolutionary events based on time.
0s:
10-35 S:
10-10 S:
At 0s big bang occurs,
At 10⁻³⁵ s inflation occurs
At 10 ⁻¹⁰ s elementary particles form.
What does evolution in biology mean?The process of evolution causes a population's genetic makeup to change over time. A new species, altered genes, and novel traits can arise as a result of an organism's adaptations to its environment.
We frequently envision a gradual change when we hear the word "evolution." Evolutionary changes, however, are not made in an effort to achieve perfection or even a specific goal.
a branch of biology that studies how organisms evolve and how their patterns change over time, especially in relation to the diversity of organisms that make up the world. One of the greatest scientific puzzles is how species come to be.
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In science class, you are asked to plan your own experiment for the science fair. You decide to plan an investigation to answer the question, "How does the color of light affect plant growth?" (..or growth in height?)
Identify the independent variable.
Identify the dependent variable.
Briefly describe your investigation including how you will collect data, your units of measurement, and your timeline.
1. Based on the research question:
the independent variable is light colorthe dependent variable is plant growth2. The investigation will be done over a period of a month where light seedlings are exposed to the light of different colors and their growth rate compared against a control.
What are variables in research?Variables in research refer to the factors that are controlled and that can be changed or altered by the researcher in order to study the effect of these factors on the topic under research.
There are three types of variables in research:
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Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community?
When researchers keep track of the kind and quantity of producers present each year following the eruption, they may determine when an ecosystem is reaching its peak.
How to determine the climax community?When an ecological community reaches the last stage of its ecological succession, it has reached its peak.
Animals and plants have reached this stage of development where they coexist peacefully.
Therefore, whether a community is approaching its climax, biologists must monitor the number of producers that settle in each ecological succession.
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the table shows data collected on pH level of an Adirondack lake from 1989 to 1996.
describe the the trend in pH level in lake over this 16 year period.
___________________________________________________________________________
Year pH level
1989. 6.7
1984. 6.3
1986. 6.4
1988. 6.2
1990. 5.9
1992. 5.6
1994. 5.4
1996. 5.1
The lake's pH has become acidic; in 1989, it was 6.7; by 1996, it had dropped to 5.1. This shows that the increase in the acidity which has several bad impacts on the lake water ecosystem and its community.
What happens when the freshwater becomes acidic?The freshwater ecosystem differs from the oceanic saltwater ecosystem in that freshwater contains phytoplankton, edible fish, and so on. The fresh water has a normal pH, but the pH decreases and induces acidity when the water is polluted with different chemicals, such as nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.
When acid rain happens due to man-made pollution, this further adds acidity to the fresh water, and as a result, the species that live in the lake are not able to live and breathe properly due to a lack of oxygen. The acidity in the table increased year after year from 1989 to 1996.
Hence, the acidity of the lake increased and the pH decreased in these years, from 1989 to 1996.
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Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that does not require energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient that requires energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances against a concentration gradient that requires metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances against a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient that requires energy. Option 2.
Passive and active transportsMaterials are constantly moving in and out of the cell. This movement of materials is otherwise known as cell transport.
The transport of materials in and out of the cell could be:
PassiveActivePassive transport is the movement of materials without the involvement of energy. The movement of materials is often down their concentration gradients.
One major way through which substances are passively moved in and out of cells is diffusion. The diffusion could be a simple one or a facilitated one that involves the assistance of carrier molecules.
Active transport, on the other hand, is the movement of materials in and out of cells with the assistance of energy, usually in the form of ATP. The movement of materials in active transport is mostly against their concentration gradients.
Examples of active transport found in cells include phagocytosis, movement of ions, etc.
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After analyzing the diagram and paragraph, how would you describe the differences and similanties between Molecule 1 and Molecule 2?
All molecules are not compounds. All compounds are molecules.
What is molecules?A molecule of an element and a molecule of a compound differ only in that an element's molecule has same atom composition. For instance, there are one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water (a compound). However, both atoms in an elemental molecule of oxygen (oxygen) are oxygen.Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom, the smallest unit of matter. The combination of two or more atoms forms molecules. Three elements are carbon, oxygen, and gold. An element is a substance that has only one sort of atom.Both molecules and compounds are composed of numerous atoms that are ionically bonded to one another chemically.To learn more about molecules refer to:
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A cell must continually make resources in order to maintain regular cellular activities and to create and repair cellular structures. What are created for the cell during interphase? Select all macromolecules that apply. Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates
Answer: nucleic acids
Explanation:
what is the system a parrot fish use to chew of food
Answer:
Fused teeth help the parrot fish chew on coral.
33. communication between neurons occurs when the action potential reaches the end of the presynaptic cells axon, and:
Answer: calcium moves into presynaptic cell, causes the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine then binds and open the ligand gated sodium channels on the post synaptic neuron causing graded or local potential on the membrane, This potential then opens up Voltage gated sodium channels causing action potential..
Explanation:
"In eukaryotic gene regulation, RNA interference occurs through:
A. the accumulation of mRNA that blocks transcription of the target gene by feedback inhibition.
B. the action of microRNAs that block translation of specific mRNA molecules.
C. the action of RNA–protein complexes that degrade the regulatory proteins responsible for initiating transcription.
D. the accumulation of mRNA that blocks transcription of nearby genes."
"In eukaryotic gene regulation, RNA interference occurs through the action of microRNAs that block translation of specific mRNA molecules and is therefore dfenoted as option B.
What is RNA?This is referred to as ribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of organisms. It has a ribose sugar unlike a DNA which has a deoxyribose sugar and are both involved in the passing of trait from the parent to offspring.
During the process of eukaryotic gene regulation, RNA interference occurs through . the action of microRNAs that block translation of specific mRNA molecules which is why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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a patient has mild-stage glaucoma secondary to drugs in both eyes. which icd10cm code from category h40 is used?
A patient has mild-stage glaucoma secondary to drugs in both eyes therefore the icd10cm code which is used from category h40 is H40.63.
What is Medical coding?This is referred to as the process in which diagnosis, treatment etc are translated into numeric and alphanumeric characters in other to reduce ambiguity in the healthcare system and is used especially during record keeping of the patients.
The icd10cm code from category h40 which is used is H40.63 and it indicates glaucoma. There is H40. 63X1 which is different from the former as a result of it being used for reimbursement purposes.
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Glucose enters the epithelial cells of the small intestine against its concentration gradient. Select the BEST explanation from the following.
a. Glucose is transported through a glucose pump in the apical membrane that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi.
b. Glucose is co-transported in the Na+/K+ pump.
c. Glucose is co-transported with Na+, which moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
d. Glucose follows the water that is pumped into the cell.
e. Glucose enters by diffusion.
The best explanation is that; Glucose is transported through a glucose pump in the apical membrane that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi. option A.
What is active transport?We know that the term active transport has to do with a movement that occurs against the concentration gradient. In this case, we are having glucose entering the epithelial cells of the small intestine against its concentration gradient.
As such, we have the to know that there must be energy requirement that would make the process to occur. Without the input of energy it is not possible for active transport to occur.
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In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____.
Nucleotide is the image that is present in the DNA structure. There are 4 nucleotide of DNA. There are 4 bases that are A,T,C and G. The letter that represents the nucleotide is B.
What is the bond present in the nucleotide ?The bonds that are present in the nucleotide are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
The letter that is representing the letter B in the image is the nucleotide. Nucleotide that are present in the structure are adenine and thymine that is the double hydrogen bonds, cytosine and guanine are joined together by three triple bonds.
The nucleotide that are made up by sugar that is deoxyribose sugar, phosphate molecule and nitrogenous bases.
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