This cycle is known as Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the 10 step process, which occurs in cytoplasm of cell and is conversion of glucose to pyruvate.
There are several steps and enzymes that is required in glycolysis pathway.
STEP 1: PHOSPHORYLATION
This is irreversible reaction.
Here glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate with the help of enzyme hexokinase and 1 ATP is utilized.
STEP 2 : ISOMERISATION
The isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6-phosphate, done with the help of enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase.
STEP 3 : SECOND PHOSPHORYLATION
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is phosphorylated to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate which is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase and cost another ATP.
STEP 4: BREAKDOWN
The fructose-1,6 bisphosphate is breaken down too produce two 3carbon molecules - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or GADP, and a molecule of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate or DHAP.
The reaction is catalyzed by aldolase.
STEP 5 : CONVERSION OF DHAP INTO GADP
DHAP is oxidized to form GADP.
The reaction is catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.
STEP 6: OXIDATION
Here 2 mol. of GADP are oxidized.The GDAP is converted to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate with the help of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. This requires NAD+ and a free phosphate.
STEP 7: DEPHOSPHORYLATION
First substrate level phosphorylation ( addition of phosphate to ADP to give ATP )
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate with the help of Phosphoglycerate kinase become 3-phosphoglycerate and will produce 1 ATP.
STEP 8: PHOSPHATE TRANSFER
The phosphate ester linkage in 3 phosphoglycerate is moved from 3 C to 2 , because of low free energy to form 2 phosphoglycerate with the help of phosphoglycerate mutase .
STEP 9: DEHYDRATION
2 phopshoglycerate is dehydrated by enolase to form Phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP)
This is reversible reaction.
STEP 10: SECOND DEPHOSPHORYLATION
2 substrate level phosphorylation which gives out ATP.
Non - oxidative phosphorylation.
Here Phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP) is converted to last product of glycolysis pyruvate releasing ATP by pyruvate kinase.
The first five step is production of GADP, And usage of ATP and the next five steps are the formation of ATP and pyruvate. The net formation of ATP is 2 mol. of ATP and 2 mol. of NADH. This pyruvate then move to the TCA cycle.
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The figure below shows a sealed balloon containing helium.
The balloon is squashed so its volume decreases.
No helium enters or leaves the balloon.
What happens to the density of the helium in the balloon?
When a sealed balloon containing Helium is squashed so its volume decreases, and no helium enters or leaves the balloon the density of the Helium in the balloon increases.
What is the explanation for the above?Note that the expression or equation for density is:
Density = Mass/ Volume
But we know that the mass of the Helium Atom is Constant.
Lets assume that is is 1,
Hence,
Density = 1/V
Hence, if V reduces, D increases creating an inverse relationship.
Note that the term density refers to how much space an item or substance occupies (its volume) in proportion to the amount of matter in that thing or substance (its mass). Density may also be defined as the quantity of mass per unit of volume.
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if 100. ml of the solution in part 1 is concentrated by evaporation to give a final volume of 1.00 ml, what is the change in ph?
if 100. ml of the solution in part 1 is concentrated by evaporation to give a final volume of 1.00 ml, the change in pH decreases by 2 pH increases by 2.
what is evaporation?
Your body feels a little bit colder when you put perfume on it. Water and acetone operate similarly. This is a result of evaporation, which is the process by which a substance transforms from a liquid to a gas. The only distinction is the speed at which the cooling is experienced. Acetone causes the area of your body closest to the liquid to cool off the fastest. This occurs as a result of acetone evaporating more quickly than water or scent.The transfer of the liquid particles into the gaseous phase is known as evaporation, which often occurs on the surface of liquids.However, This procedure is therefore stated to include a shift in the liquids' condition of matter.
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3. if a nitrogen atom contains only single bonds to 2 h atoms and one cl atom, how many bonding electrons are assigned to the n atom when calculating the oxidation number?
There are 14 valence electrons assigned to the n atom.as it forms NH4CL lewis structure.
Lewis structure can be explained the bonding pair from the lone pair electrons.it shows non bonding electrons.hydrogen atom form one covalent bond.cl is anionic monoatomic ligand. H is a diatomic anionic ligand. Nitrogen is the least electronegative atom goes at the center.Hydrogen atoms always go on the outside of lewis structure.
In this, N has 5 valence electron.Hydrogen has 1 and cl has 7 valence electron.that gives total 14 valence electrons.cl has 3 lone pairs and n has a lone pair..
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what is the abbreviated nomenclature for a 14-carbon omega-3 fatty acid that contains no other double bonds?
14:1 (delta 11) denotes the presence of a single double bond at carbon 11, starting at the carboxyl terminus, in the fatty acid.
How is omega-3 created?
The chloroplasts of plants, including grass, leaves, green algae, and other plants, produce omega-3s. Fish, animals, and humans are unable to make omega-3s on their own. Instead, they obtain them from this vegetation.
Explanation:
With the exception of steroids, fatty acids are carboxylic acids that provide the structural foundation of fats, oils, and all other types of lipids. More than 70 have been found in the natural world. They are typically unbranched, have an even number of carbon atoms, and can be divided into groups based on the existence and quantity of carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
14:1 (delta 11) denotes the presence of a single double bond at carbon 11, starting at the carboxyl terminus, in the fatty acid.
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The ratio :14 (delta 11) inside the fatty acid indicates a lone double bond at carbon 11, starting at the 3'-end.
How is omega-3 created?In their chloroplasts, plants such as grasses, leaves, cyanobacteria, and other flora all produce omega-3 fatty acids. Fish, animals, or humans cannot create omega-3s on their own. Instead, they get them from this facility.
Explanation:Fatty acids, which are naturally acidic, are the components of oils, oils, and other lipids as well as the legos of steroids. The natural world has more than 70 that have been discovered. They can be classified into categories based on the number and amount of coal single bonds, and are often spindle-shaped.
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after performing a tlc experiment, a researcher determines the rf value of a component to be 2. he also notes that the solvent travelled a distance of 4cm on the plate. what can you conclude about this experiment?
The conclusion would be that Rf value is wrong.
Rf value refers to the retention factor. It is used in Thin Layer Chromatography, which is the technique to identify molecules based on their polarity. The. rf value is the ratio of distance travelled by solute to the distance travelled by solvent.
Solute can not move faster than solvent, hence, the distance travelled is always less. This means that numerator will be less than denominator making it less than 1. In general, the rf value lies between 0 and 1. Therefore, there is something wrong in the experiment.
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Which of the following elements is the LEAST reactive?
Fluorine, Rubidium, Cesium, and Gold
Answer:
The least reactive metals would be Platinum, Gold, Palladium, Osmium and Silver and in the decreasing order.
Of the following elements: Fluorine, Rubidium, Cesium, and Gold is the LEAST reactive:
Gold
Outline an alternative method and name equipment you could use to collect gas and work out the
volume produced in a more accurate way.
The alternative method to collect the gas and measure the volume is by a gas syringe.
What is a gas syringe?
Gas syringe is an equipment used to pump or withdraw gas from a closed container and can measure the volume of the gas produced in any chemical reaction.
The volume of the gas produced can be measured by reading the measuring scale on the gas syringe when the plunger moves in a gas syringe.
Hence, gas syringe is an alternative method to collect and measure the volume of the gas in a chemical reaction.
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which of the following best summarizes the composition of hydrocarbon molecules in this outcrop of tar sand? choose one: a. small, simple hydrocarbon molecules b. moderate-length chain hydrocarbon molecules c. large, complex chain hydrocarbon molecules
The Correct answer is A) small, simple hydrocarbon molecules the following best summarizes the composition of hydrocarbon molecules in this outcrop of tar sand.
Crude oil, natural gas, and coal all contain hydrocarbons, which are organic molecules made of hydrogen and carbon. Humans have modified them to be utilized as an energy source, such as in the production of gasoline and jet fuel.
The simplest organic molecules, hydrocarbons are composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Fuel is the most significant application of hydrocarbons. Among the most widely used hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane. Plastics and synthetic fabrics like polyester are made using hydrocarbons as well.
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what is the voilume of a solution that would result by diluting 50.0 mlof 0.101 m naoh to a ocfncentration of 0.0505m
The volume of the solution that would result by diluting 0.1M solution to 0.05M is 100ml.
The molarity of the substance is defined as the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution in liters.
Hence, if we can write,
Molarity = moles/volume
Moles = molarity x volume
Moles are always constant, so,
initial molarity x initial volume = final molarity x final volume
The initial volume is 50ml and initial molarity is 0.1M, after diluting, the final molarity is 0.05M.
Putting values,
50 x 0.1 = Volume of NaOH after dilution x 0.05
Volume of NaOH after dilution = 100 ml.
So, the volume of the resulting solution after dilution is 100ml.
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which of the following is true about free radicals? a. they are unstable and highly reactive molecules. b. they act as antioxidants in the body. c. they defend against cancer.
It is true about free radicals. a. they are unstable and highly reactive molecules.
Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ions are two examples of oxygen-containing molecules with an unbalanced number of electrons. The unequal distribution of electrons makes it simple for them to interact with other molecules. To combat free radicals, use antioxidants. Heart disease and cancer are caused by free radicals. an unstable molecule type produced by typical cell metabolism The physiological metabolism produces some of these reactive molecule species (RMS), also known as "Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ions are two examples of oxygen-containing molecules with an unbalanced number of electrons. The unequal distribution of electrons makes it simple for them to interact with other molecules. To combat free radicals, use antioxidants. Heart disease and cancer are caused by free radicals. an unstable molecule type produced by typical cell metabolism The physiological metabolism produces some of these reactive molecules species (RMS), also known as "free radicals" or "oxidants." Cell compartments and cells are hurt or destroyed when RMS concentrations go above a certain free radicals" or "oxidants." Cell compartments and cells are hurt or destroyed when RMS concentrations go above a certain point. These reactive molecules species (RMS), also known as "free radicals" or "oxidants," are a by-product of some physiological processes.
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What element has the highest electrical conductivity?
Mg
H
He
CI
Helium(He) will have the highest electrical conductivity.
Magnesium (Mg) is a metal, so it is electrically conductive in nature, though not as much as hydrogen and helium.
Above certain temperatures, hydrogen(H) is also electrically conductive.
Helium(He) The ease with which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material is measured as conductivity. A conductor is a material that resists the flow of an electric current or thermal energy very little. Metals are generally good conductors of electricity.
Because chlorine(Cl) is a nonmetal, it has the lowest electrical conductivity.
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22) in the polysaccharide amylose, large numbers of monosaccharides are linked together through . a) alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages b) beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages c) alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages d) beta 1-6 glycosidic linkages e) none of the above
In the polysaccharide amylose,a large number of monosaccharides are linked together through alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages.
Alpha 1-4 linkage is a stored form of sugar in plant. In this carbon atom 1 and 4 of the the two monomers forms a glycosidic bond. Polysaccharides are long chain forms of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group.this bond gives glycogen that is suitable for energy storage.
Amylose is plant starch made from monosaccharide connected through alpha 1-4 linkages.monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar.from monosaccharides, all carbohydrates are built.
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If the hydrogen atom emits red, blue-green, blue, and violet light, how many energy levels does it have in the visible region of the spectrum?.
If the hydrogen atom emits red, blue-green, blue, and violet light, 4 energy levels do it have in the visible region of the spectrum. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?The term electromagnetic spectrum can be defined as the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective photon energies and wavelengths.
Therefore, the four colors red, blue-green, blue, and violet light emitted by a hydrogen atom, are of four energy levels in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Thus, option B is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was
If the hydrogen atom emits red, blue-green, blue, and violet light, how many energy levels does it have in the visible region of the spectrum?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
three samples of an ideal gas, all at the same temperature, occupy identical containers with the same volume. assume that the mass of the particle is proportional to its size. which of the gas samples has the greatest pressure?
The three samples of an ideal gas, all at the same temperature, occupy identical containers with the same volume. the particle mass is proportional to the size of particles. the gas samples has the greatest pressure is in which has greater no. of moles.
The equation for an ideal gas given as :
P V = n RT
where,
P = pressure
V = volumes in L
T = temperature at K
n = moles
R = 0.082 L atm / mol K = gas constant
since volume and temperature are constant , then :
P = n
therefore greater the number of moles , greater will be the pressure.
Thus, The three samples of an ideal gas, all at the same temperature, occupy identical containers with the same volume. the mass of the particle is proportional to its size. the gas samples has the greatest pressure is in which has greater no. of moles.
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Order the sequence of ideas that led to the current model of the atom. Place a number in front of each event to show the correct order.
The correct sequence of ideas that led to the current model of the atom is as follows:
1. Dalton developed the theory that all matter is made of atoms.
2. Thomson discovered that atoms contain electrons.
3. Rutherford discovered that atoms have a nucleus.
4. Bohr developed the model in which electrons orbit the nucleus.
5. Schrödinger developed the electron cloud model of the atom.
What is an atom?An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
The atomic theory of matter is the theory that all matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Several scientists contributed ideas that led to the current model of the atom. These scientists include:
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Complete question:
Order the sequence of ideas that led to the current model of the atom. Place a number in front of each event to show the correct order.
Rutherford discovered that atoms have a nucleus.
Dalton developed the theory that all matter is made of atoms.
Schrödinger developed the electron cloud model of the atom.
Bohr developed the model in which electrons orbit the nucleus.
Thomson discovered that atoms contain electrons.
When you put food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. When you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. Which of the two indicates a chemical reaction and why?
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color.
Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color.
Food coloring because it indicates that there is a temperature in the water.
Apple because by cutting it, you are rearranging the apple molecules which is indicated by the brown color.
When one puts food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. Also, when you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. The options that indicate a chemical reaction are:
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color. (Option A)Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color. (Option B)What is the explanation for the above choices?In the case of A, chemically speaking, the nature of the water has been altered. It is now a mixture, not water. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be easily separated.
In the case of B, the process that has taken place is called Oxidation.
Redox reactions occur when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or atoms within it is referred to as oxidation. Reduction is the addition of electrons or a reduction in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms.
Decomposition Reaction is one of the several forms of redox reactions.
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an insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of air at 15 oc and 100 kpa. an electric resistance heater inside the tank is now turned on and kept on until the air temperature rises to 40 oc. determine the entropy change of the air during this process.
Answer is Δs=0.3kJ/K
Since, the tank is insulated rigid tank, The process is constant volume process,
Air as perfect gas
Obtain the properties from the table. Consider th state 1. P=100kPa, T, = 15°C
s=6.830kJ/kg-K
v=0.827 m³/kg
Constant volume process,
Consider the state 2. T = 40°C, v, v = 0.827 m²/kg
5,6.890 kJ/kg-K
Calculate the change in entropy,
Δs=m(s, -s) =5(6.890-6.830)
Δs=0.3kJ/K
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find the volume of 0.250 m sulfuric acid necessary to react completely with 74.3 g sodium hydroxide.
The volume of 0.250 m sulfuric acid necessary to react completely with 74.3 g sodium hydroxide is 3.7 L.
The chemical reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide is given as below:
H2SO4 + 2NaOH ------- Na2SO4 + 2H2O
From above, we noticed that, one mole of sulfuric acid react with two moles of sulfuric acid.
Therefore, firstly we convert grams of sulfuric acid into moles.
As we know that, molar mass of sodium hydroxide is 40 g.
What is mole?It is defined as the given mass to the molar mass of substance.
Mathematically,
Moles = Given mass / molar mass
Given mass of sulfuric acid = 74.3 g
By substituting all the values, we get
Moles = 74.3 / 40
= 1.85 mol
So, 1/2 moles of sulfuric acid one moles of sodium hydroxide.
Or, 1.85 moles of sodium hydroxide react with 1/2 × (1.85) moles of sulfuric acid.
1.85 moles of sodium hydroxide react with 0.925 moles of sulfuric acid.
Now,
Concentration of sulfuric acid = 0.250 M
Moles of sulfuric acid = 0.925 mol
C = m/ V
V = m/ C
= 0.925/ 0.250 = 3.7 L
Thus, we concluded that the volume of 0.250 m sulfuric acid necessary to react completely with 74.3 g sodium hydroxide is 3.7 L.
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100. grams of ammonia (nh3) is dissolved in a 8.3 l solution. what is the molarity of the resulting solution? report your answer with the correct number of significant figures.
The molarity of a resulting solution is 0.707 mol/L
The molarity of a solution is defined by the amount of solute in moles divided by the volumes of solution in litres.
1 grams of ammonia is equals to 0.05872 mol
100 grams of ammonia is equals to 5.872 mol
Molarity of a resulting solution would be = 100 gm of NH3 / 8.3 L of a solution.
That is 5.872 moles of NH3 / 8.3 of a solution.
Molarity of a resulting solution would be 0.707 mol/L of a solution.
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What are the hydronium-ion and the hydroxide-ion concentration of a solution at 25°C that is 0.0085 M Ba(OH)_2?
The hydronium-ion concentration of the solution containing 0.0085 M Ba(OH)₂ is 0.017M and the hydroxide-ion concentration of the solution containing 0.0085 M Ba(OH)₂ is 5.88 × 10⁻¹³ M.
Given,
Ba(OH)₂ = 5.88 × 10⁻¹³ M
Dissociation of Ba(OH)₂ is given as :
Ba(OH)₂ → Ba²⁺ + OH⁻
Balanced equation:
Ba(OH)₂ → Ba²⁺ + 2OH⁻
As 1 mole of barium hydroxide produces 2 moles of hydroxide ions, so the concentration of hydroxide ion is,
[OH⁻] = 2 × [Ba(OH)₂]
[OH⁻] = 2 × 0.0085 M
[OH⁻] = 0.017 M
The concentration of hydronium ion is as follows:
[H₃O⁺] = Kw / [OH⁻]
∴ Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴
[H₃O⁺] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ / 0.017
⇒ [H₃O⁺] = 5.88 × 10 ⁻¹³
Hence, the hydronium-ion and the hydroxide-ion concentration of the solution containing 0.0085 M Ba(OH)₂ at 25°C are 5.88 × 10 ⁻¹³ and 0.017 M respectively.
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3. using the 1h nmr spectrum shown below. a) confirm the identity of the compound using the nmr provided. is this consistent with acetophenone (starting material) or the benzoic acid (product)? b) using the table below list the 4 signals shown. include chemical shift in ppm, multiplicity and number of protons. for calculating the number of protons, use the integration curves provided in the nmr and a ruler. c) support your answer in a) using the data obtained from the nmr. explain using the peak(s), or absence of peak(s), that sustain the identity of the compound.
Since 2 2.60 PPM singlet was seen for the /C-CH, Proton, and IHNMR data clearly showed the presence of acetophenone. IHNMR chemical with a multiplicity of 2.60 PPM is singlet, and there are 3 photons in total.
IHNMR chemical with a multiplicity of multiple number of photons of 7.49 to 7.45 PPM and a Proton number of 1. acetophenone number of photons in an IHNMR chemical with a multiplicity of 7.60 - 7.55PPM is multilaterally 2. IHNMR Chemical of multiplicity 7:98 - 7.94 PPM is multiplet no. of Proton is 2. So, Acetophenone chemical will be administered. Only one at proton comparatively shielded opposition and miter will give multiple in the benzene ring according to the IHNMR value of one singlet observed at 2–6 1 PPM. OxfordCryosystems.
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Can buffer happen with a strong acid and a salt?
The question: 0.2 HCl and 0.2 NaCl
A buffer can not be made from a strong acid and a salt.
What is a buffer?We know that the term buffer has to do with the type of solution that we use to prevent any kind of change in the acidity or the alkalinity of a solution. In order words, the buffer is the type of solution that is used to prevent a change in the pH of the system.
Unfortunately, there can not be a buffer that is made from a strong acid and a strong base. Rather we can only have a buffer that is made from a weak acid and its salt or a buffer that is made from a weak base and its salt.
Since HCl is a strong acid and NaCl is a salt of strong acid, it then follows that the combination of HCl and NaCl can never be used as a buffer.
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what are the procedure in removing carbon (iv) oxide from hair
Answer:
There are two primary hair removal methods with electrolysis: galvanic and thermolytic. Galvanic hair removal chemically destroys the hair follicle. Thermolytic removal uses heat to destroy the follicle.
Explanation:
Which play borders the philippine plate
The plates which borders the great philippine plate are the:
The Pacific platesThe Sunda platesThe Eurasia platesHow are the Pacific, Sunda and Eurasia plates borders the philippine plate.It follows that all the plates which have the sea Philippines plates bordered have one thing in common. They are all defined by means of convergent boundaries. In order words, the Pacific, Sunda and Eurasia plates border the philippine plate are produced by different plates which are converging towards each other in several directions.
In conclusion, we can now know that one of the major plates which borders the sea philippines plate is the Pacific plates.
Complete question:
Which plates borders the philippine plate?
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Write the balanced neutralization reaction that occurs between h2so4 and koh in aqueous solution. Phases are optional.
The equilibrium equation for the neutralization reaction between H2SO4 and KOH in aqueous solution is
[tex]H_2SO_4 + 2KOH= > K_2SO_4 +H_2O[/tex]
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which acids and bases react quantitatively with each other. When reacted in water, the neutralization effect works because there is no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions in the solution.
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form a salt with water, and H+ and OH ions mix to form water. Neutralizing strong acids and strong bases results in a pH of 7.
The reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction, which can be thought of as a kind of substitution reaction in which the protons of an acid are replaced while being given to another species.
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What mass of iodine is produced when 14.2 grams of chlorine reacts with potassium iodine?
Answer:
50.8g of iodine is produced.
Explanation:
You have to do stoichiometry. To get grams of iodine produced.
Start with grams of chlorine that you're givenConvert these to moles (using molar mass)Convert moles of Cl2 into moles of I2Convert moles of I2 into grams of I2 (using molar mass)(Remember to multiply across the top and divide by the bottom)
[tex]\frac{14.2g Cl2}{1} * \frac{1 mol Cl2}{70.9g} * \frac{1 mol I2}{1mol I2} * \frac{253.8g}{1 mol I2}[/tex]
in the next three problems, we will attempt to solve the problem: what is the standard entropy change for the combustion of 1 mole of diamond at room temperature?
The standard entropy change for the combustion of 1 mole of diamond at room temperature is 6.22 J / K mol.
The reaction is given as :
C (diamond) + O₂ -----> CO₂
At room temperature the value of S° is given as follows :
C = 2.38 J / K mol
O₂ = 205.2 J/Kmol
CO₂ = 213.8 J/Kmol
The standard entropy change is given as :
ΔS° = ∑S° product - ∑ S° reactant
ΔS° = ( 213.8 ) - ( 2.38 + 205.2)
ΔS° = 213.8 - 207.58
ΔS° = 6.22 J / K mol
Thus, The standard entropy change for the combustion of 1 mole of diamond at room temperature is 6.22 J / K mol.
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saline solutions are often administered intravenously to patients. if a saline solution is 0.450% sodium chloride by mass, what is the molarity of na in the saline solution? assume the saline solution has a density of 1.005 g/ml.
The the the molarity of na in the saline solution of nacl in the saline solution was 0.077 M.
Molar concentration is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, especially of a solute in a solution, in terms of the amount of substance according to the unit quantity of the solution. In chemistry, the most normally used unit for molarity is the variety of moles according to liter, having the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm³ in the SI unit.
Calculation:-
0.45% NaCl by mass
Density = 1.005 g/ml
0.45g NaCl in a total mass of 100 g
100 g in ml = 100/1.005 mL
= 99.50 ml
0.450 g NaCl in moles = 0.450 /M nacl
= 0.450/58.44
= 7.70 × 10⁻³ mol
Molarity of NaCl = 7.70 × 10⁻³ /99.50 × 100
= 0.077 M
Molarity (M) is the quantity of a substance in a sure volume of answer. Molarity is defined because the moles of a solute according to liters of a solution. Molarity is also called the molar awareness of a solution.
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calculate the ph for each case in the titration of 50.0 ml of 0.160 m hclo(aq) with 0.160 m koh(aq). use the ionization constant for hclo. what is the ph before addition of any koh? what is the ph after addition of 25.0 ml koh?
pH before addition of any KOH = 4.10
pH after addition of any KOH = 7.40
What is pH?The quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions is known as pH. In pure neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline) water, the concentration of hydrogen ions is 10⁻⁷ gram-equivalents per liter, which means a pH of 7. Solutions below pH 7 are acidic. Solutions of pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.
For the given question:
HClO ⇄ H⁺ + ClO⁻
Kₐ = 4 × 10⁻⁸
Kₐ = [H⁺ ][ClO⁻]/[HClO]
Let, [H⁺ ] = [ClO⁻] = x
Since [HClO] = 0.160 M
Then,
4 × 10⁻⁸ = x²/0.160
x = 8.0 × 10⁻⁵ M which is [H⁺ ]
pH = -log[H⁺ ]
pH = 4.10
Now initial moles of HClO = 0.05L × 0.160 mol/L
= 8 × 10⁻³ mol
Addition of 25.0 ml KOH adds 4 × 10⁻³ mol of KOH which reacts with HCl forming 4 × 10⁻³ mol ClO⁻ leaving 4 × 10⁻³ mol of HClO
Concentration [ClO⁻] = 4 × 10⁻³ mol / 0.0750L
= 0.0533M
Now,
Kₓ = 4 × 10⁻⁸
= [H⁺ ](0.0533)/(0.0533)
[H⁺ ] = 4 × 10⁻⁸
pH = 7.40
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the molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.5m. calculate the solute potential at 26 degrees celsius.
The solute potential at 26 degrees Celsius of the molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.5m is -12.4 bar.
Solute potential can be calculated by using:
Ψ = -iCRT
As we know,
i = 1
C = 0.5 (mol/L).,
R = 0.0831 L·bars/mol·K
T = 299K
Ψ = - 0.5*0.0831*299 = - 12.4 bar
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