Consider our authentication protocol 4.0, in which Alice authenticates herself to Bob, which we saw works well (i.e., we found no flaws in it.). Now suppose that at the same time that Alice authenticates herself to Bob, Bob must authenticate himself to Alice. Give a scenario by which Trudy, pretending to be Alice, can now authenticate herself to Bob as Alice.

Answers

Answer 1

According to protocol 4.0, the scenario can be defined in terms of Bob, Alice and Trudy as follows:

The communication is done between Bob and Alice only in whom they share a secret key KAB with each other. The Trudy is an intruder who wants to get the information that is being communicated between Alice and Bob. To do so, Trudy wants Bob to initiate the communication by authenticating herself her Alice. Thus, Trudy waits for the Bob to start in-order to make the Bob authenticate himself.

Here are the steps how the communication is done between the Bob and Trudy:

Step 1: Bob starts the communication by himself to other side and waits for the reply.

Step 2: Trudy starts to disguise as Alice herself and authenticate herself to Bob.

Step 3: After looking at the reply, Bob sends the nonce key to Trudy. At this step, still Trudy does not know the KAB(R) in-order to reply to Bob.

Step 4: At this point Trudy response to the step-1 while Bob still continuing to authentication. Trudy picks the nonce for the Bob to encrypt the message with the Bob sent nonce in the Step-3.

Step 5: Now Bob completes his own authentication to himself on the other side of encrypting the nonce he sent at step 4. Where, Trudy gets the nonce key KAB( R).

Step 6: Now, Trudy completes her authentication in responding to R that is sent by Bob in step 3. At this point, Trudy has responded properly, so Bob thinks that he is communicating with Alice(Trudy).

The actual scenario with respect to above steps, the communication is done as follows:

Bob: “I am Bob”

Trudy: “I am Alice”

Bob: “R”

Trudy: “R”

Bob: “KAB (R )” – Bob completes his authentication.

Trudy: Get the KAB (R ) – Trudy complete her authentication.

Thus, the communication is started between the Bob and Trudy instead of Bob and Alice according to protocol 4.0.

Related Questions

What does it mean "Be Proactive"?

Answers

Answer:controlling a situation by making things happen or by preparing for possible future problems

Explanation:

Make things happen instead of waiting for them

Question # 9
Multiple Choice
Which option best describes open source software?

a type of software that can be freely used and modified

a type of software that works well with almost all applications and drivers

a type of software used to sync up to Windows

a type of software used to bundle products together

Answers

Answer:

the first option is the best description for an OSS

At what layer in the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy could a firewall be placed to filter incoming traffic by means of:

a) message content
b) source address
c) type of application

Answers

The answer is c) type of application

The most significant protocol at layer 3, often known as the network layer, is the Internet Protocol, or IP.The IP protocol, the industry standard for packet routing among interconnected networks, is the source of the Internet's name. Thus, option C is correct.

What are the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy could a firewall?

Application-layer firewalls operate at the TCP/IP stack's application level (all browser traffic, or all telnet or ftp traffic, for example), and thus have the ability to intercept any packets going to or from an application. They stop different packets (usually dropping them without acknowledgment to the sender).

Firewalls are frequently positioned at a network's edge. An external interface is the one that is located outside the network, while an internal interface is the one that is located inside the firewall.

Therefore, The terms “unprotected” and “protected,” respectively, are sometimes used to describe these two interfaces.

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#SPJ2

Which meter would you use to determine which lamp is defective in the shortest possible time? Explain how you would use this meter and why.

Answers

Answer:

bla bla bla bla

Explanation:

I dont anther stand

What is a shell programming? Write a shell program to get the following details from the student: NAME, AGE, USN and GENDER. Output all the details to the terminal and also display message whether the student is eligible to vote or not

Answers

Shell programs are computer programs designed to run on the Unix/Linux shell

The shell program where comments are used to explain each line is as follows:

#This gets input for NAME

read NAME

#This gets input for AGE

read AGE

#This gets input for USN

read USN

#This gets input for GENDER

read GENDER

#This prints the name

echo "Name: $NAME"

#This prints the age

echo "Age: AGE"

#This prints the usn

echo "USN: USN"

#This prints the gender

echo "GENDER: $GENDER"

#The following if condition determines, if the user is eligible to vote or not

if [ $USN -gt 50 ] then

echo "You are not eligible"

else

echo "You are eligible"

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Where is the option to set Conditional Formatting rules found?
O Insert tab in the Formatting group
O Page Layout tab in the Styles group
O Home tab in the Styles group
Formulas tab in the Formatting group

Answers

Answer:

C. Home tab in the Styles group

Explanation:

answer on edge 2021

How to use section header in word document?

Please answer fast

Answers

Answer:

Configure headers and footers for different sections of a document

Click or tap the page at the beginning of a section. Select Layout > Breaks > Next Page. Double-click the header or footer on the first page of the new section.

Explanation:

list different examples of models

Answers

Answer:

Planet 3D model

Chemical reactions on a computer simulation

Flowchart of how science has changed over time

Tectonic plate movement in a drawing or picture

Making an Atom cake (i've done it and it was fun)

Earth foam Structure with a quarter or it cut out to show the inside

Additional rows and columns are inserted into a table using the
tab.
o Table Tools Design
o Insert Table
o Table Tools Layout
o Table Tools Insert

Answers

The Option D , Table Tools Insert

Which of the following Access objects provides a user-friendly data entry method?
Select one:
a. query
b. table
c. form
d. report

Answers

Answer:

Table

Explanation:

Microsoft Access uses an object called a _____ to enter and organize data.

The answer is table.

List the four types of computer cases

Answers

Answer:

full-tower, mid-tower, mini-tower, and SFF(Small Factor Form).

I hope it helps.

This is the answer. Hope it’s helpful

What is it called when a unique letter is assigned to a shared drive

Answers

Answer:

Assigning a drive letter to a network drive is called mapping the drive, or linking the drive, by network nerds.

Explanation:

list 3 things needed in order to complete mail merge process.

pls help me!

Answers

There are three documents that are involved in the mail merge process:

1- the main document
2- the data source
3- the merged document.

how to count binary ? Help Better understand this question

Answers

Explanation:

For each row in the picture, you have to switch on some of the bits to create the number on the left.

Each bit has a value, a "weight" so to speak. By switching on the bit, you add that weight to the sum.

These "weights" are shown at the top row.

So to create 4, it's easy, you just switch on the '4' bit.

Same for 128, only one bit has to be switched on.

40 is a bit more involved, now you have to switch on 32 and 8, since 32+8 is 40.

For every number, there is exactly one combination of switched on bits to create that number. In the case of 40, the binary representation is:

00101000.

Write a program that reads the student information from a tab separated values (tsv) file. The program then creates a text file that records the course grades of the students. Each row of the tsv file contains the Last Name, First Name, Midterm1 score, Midterm2 score, and the Final score of a student. A sample of the student information is provided in StudentInfo.tsv. Assume the number of students is at least 1 and at most 20.
The program performs the following tasks:
Read the file name of the tsv file from the user.
Open the tsv file and read the student information.
Compute the average exam score of each student.
Assign a letter grade to each student based on the average exam score in the following scale:
A: 90= B: 80=< X < 90
C: 70=< X < 80
D: 60=< X < 70
E: X < 60
Compute the average of each exam.
• Output the last names, first names, exam scores, and letter grades of the students into a text file named report.txt.
• Output one student per row and separate the values with a tab character.
• Output the average of each exam, with two digits after the decimal point at the end of report.txt. Hint: Use the setprecision manipulator to format the output.
Ex: If the input of the program is:
StudentInfo.tsv
and the contents of Studentinfo tsv are:
Barrett Edan 70 45 59
Bradshaw Reagan 96 97 88
Charlton Caius 73 94 80
Mayo Tyrese 88 61 36
Stern Brenda 90 86 45
the file report.txt should contain:
Barrett Edan 70 45 59 F
Bradshaw Reagan 96 97 88 A
Charlton Caius 73 94 80 B
Mayo Tyrese 88 61 36 D
Stern Brenda 90 86 45 C
Averages: midtermi 83.40, midterm2 76.60, final 61.60

Answers

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include

using namespace std;

// Class student required to store the data
class Student{
public:
string lname;
string fname;
int marks[3];
char grade;

// Function which generates the grade for student
void calculate_grade(){
double sum = 0;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
sum+= marks[i];
}
double average = sum/3;
if(average>=90 && average<100)
this->grade = 'A';
else if(average>=80)
this->grade = 'B';
else if(average>=70)
this->grade = 'C';
else if(average>=60)
this->grade= 'D';
else this->grade = 'F';
}
};

// This function reads the file , and creates a vector of Students data
vector read_file(string fileName){

// Opening the file
fstream fin;
fin.open(fileName);

// Temp variables
vector list;
vector row ;
string line, word, temp;

// Read the data into vector
while(getline(fin,line)){
row.clear();
stringstream s(line);

while(getline(s,word,'\t')){

row.push_back(word);

}
Student st;
st.fname = row[0];
st.lname = row[1];
st.marks[0] = stoi(row[2]);
st.marks[1] = stoi(row[3]);
st.marks[2] = stoi(row[4]);
st.calculate_grade();
list.push_back(st);
}
fin.close();
return list;
}

// This function takes filname to be output as input, and list of student
void writeFile(string filename, vector list){

// Opening the new file
ofstream fin(filename);
for(int i=0;i string line = list[i].fname+"\t"+list[i].lname+"\t"+to_string(list[i].marks[0])+"\t"
+to_string(list[i].marks[1])+"\t"+to_string(list[i].marks[2])+"\t"+list[i].grade+"\n";
fin<
}

// Find the stats required
double average1 =0,average2 =0 ,average3 = 0;
for(int i=0;i average1+=list[i].marks[0];
average2+=list[i].marks[1];
average3+=list[i].marks[2];
}
average1/=list.size();
average2/=list.size();
average3/=list.size();

// Writting the stats
fin<<"\n"<<"Average: "<<"mid_term1 "<
// Closing the file
fin.close();
}
int main(){

// Taking the input
cout<<"Enter the filename: ";
string filename;
cin>>filename;
vector list;

// Reading and Writting to the file
list = read_file(filename);
writeFile("report.txt",list);

}

Your job is to protect your company's information assets. What security objectives
should you address?
1) Assets, liabilities, and threats
2) Common vulnerabilities and exposures
3) Confidentiality, integrity and availability
4) Risks, threats and vulnerabilities

Answers

Answer:3

Explanation: The CIA Triangle is the basis of all Security related needs.

Consider the following declaration:
String s = "cat";
Which of the following statements assigns the number of characters in s to k?

A. int k = s.length;
B. int k = s.length();
C. int k = s.size;
D. int k = s.size();

Consider the following declarations:
String s1 = "apple";
String s2 = "apple";
What is the result of s1.compareTo(s2)?

A. true
B. false
C. 0
D. 1

Consider the following declarations:
String s1 = "apple";
String s2 = "APPLE";
Which of the following expressions is true?

A. s1.equals(s2) && s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)
B. !s1.equals(s2) && s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)
C. s1.equals(s2) && !s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)
D. !s1.equals(s2) && !s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)

Answers

Answer:

B, C, B

Explanation:

According to my understanding of these questions, these are in Java.

For the first one, there is a built in function called .length() for a string, so it's answer B.

For the second one, this should come out as C, 0 since compareTo compares the ascii values of the characters.

The third one's answer should be B. s1.equals(s2) for characters that are caps and not caps comes out with false, so ! would negate it. s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2) would come out as true, ignoring the cases of APPLE.

You are given an array of integers. Your task is to create pairs of them, such that every created pair has the same sum. This sum is not specified, but the number of created pairs should be the maximum possible. Each array element may belong to one pair only.

Write a function

class Solution public int
solution (int[] A); }

that, given an array A consisting of N integers, returns the maximum possible number of pairs with the same sum.

Examples:
1. Given A = [1, 9, 8, 100, 2], the function should return 2. The pairs are (A[0]. A[1]) and (A[2], A[4]); the sum of each pair is 10.
2. Given A = [2, 2, 2, 3], the function should return 1. Although, for instance, A[0]+A[1] = A[0]+A[2], the pairs (A[0], A[1]) and (A[0], A[2]) cannot exist at the same time, because they both contain a common element, A[0].

Answers

Complete PYTHON code with explanation:

def solution(nums):

# form a dictionary which will store

# the possible pair's sum as key and the indexs used for the sum

sumAndpair = {}

# for every element in list nums

for i in range(len(nums)):

# iterate on all the element to the right of current element

for j in range(i+1,len(nums)):

# calculate the sum of current 2 elements

sum = nums[i] + nums[j]

# if the sum is already in the dictionay

if sum in sumAndpair:

# check if the current index have already been used

# if yes, then continue to next iteration

# this will make sure that same number have not been used more than once

if i in sumAndpair[sum] or j in sumAndpair[sum]:

continue

# if no, then append the current i and j to the value of current sum

else:

sumAndpair[sum].append(i)

sumAndpair[sum].append(j)

# if the current sum is not in the dictionary

# add the sum as key with a list of index used

else:

sumAndpair[sum] = [i, j]

# copmpute the maximum possible number of pairs with the same sum

# which will be the maximum length value out of all the possible sum

# this maximum length will be divided by 2, since a pair of i, j contrinute to one sum

maxLength = 0

for key, value in sumAndpair.items():

if maxLength

"""
Multiply.py - This program prints the numbers 0 through 10 along
with these values multiplied by 2 and by 10.
Input: None.
Output: Prints the numbers 0 through 10 along with their values multiplied by
2 and by 10.
"""
head1 = "Number: "
head2 = "Multiplied by 2: "
head3 = "Multiplied by 10: "
NUM_LOOPS = 10 # Constant used to control loop.
print("0 through 10 multiplied by 2 and by 10" + "\n")
# Initialize loop control variable.
# Write your counter controlled while loop here
# Multiply by 10.
# Multiply by 2.
print(head1 + str(numberCounter))
print(head2 + str(byTwo))
print(head3 + str(byTen))
# Next number.
Summary
In this lab, you use a counter-controlled while loop in a Python program. When completed, the program should print the numbers 0 through 10, along with their values multiplied by 2 and by 10. The data file contains the necessary variable declarations and output statements.
Instructions
Make sure the file Multiply.py is selected and opened.
Write a counter-controlled while loop that uses the loop control variable (numberCounter) to take on the values 0 through 10.
In the body of the loop, multiply the value of the loop control variable by 2 and by 10. Remember to change the value of the loop control variable in the body of the loop.
Execute the program by clicking the "Run Code" button at the bottom of the screen.

Answers

head1 = "Number: "
head2 = "Multiplied by 2: "
head3 = "Multiplied by 10: "
NUM_LOOPS = 10 # Constant used to control loop.

print("0 through 10 multiplied by 2 and by 10" + "\n")

# Initialize loop control variable.
# Write your counter controlled while loop here
# Multiply by 10.
# Multiply by 2.
x = 0
while(x<11):
print(head1 + str(x))
print(head2 + str(x*2))
print(head3 + str(x*10))
x += 1
# Next number.

What was the main limitation of computer networking that the invention of the Robert website of the 1990s

Answers

Answer:

The TCP/IP protocol could only be used in universities, governments, and businesses. People around the world could not send data to one another.

So has anyone opened the link/file those people are giving out as answers? Like what are they, viruses, answers, nothing??? Someone that has opened one tells me what it was and what happened because I am to scared to open it.

Answers

Answer:

They're viruses that why they answer so quick and get deleted quickly

Responsible manner in video and audio conferencing

Answers

Answer:

1.Mute yourself when not speaking.

2.Be on time.

3.Ensure your technology works correctly.

4.Use technology to fully engage remote participants.

Explanation:

I really need help with this question! Please help!

Answers

Answer:

(C) Emma goes to sleep late and does not set an alarm.

Explanation:

Decomposing a problem is setting a back drop inference as to (WHY?) something happens . So Emma woke up late , the only reasonable (WHY?) in this question would be (C)

Suppose a password must have at least 8, but no more than 12 characters, where each character can be either:

Answers

Answer:

A combination of uppercase letters, lower case letters, numbers, and special characters.

Explanation:

A password is a word that permit you to register, log or sign in a site.

what are organization tools?

Answers

an app or software created to optimize your daily task performance

A hybrid data mart ________ data from a data warehouse as well as other data collection systems. It incorporates a top-down approach, end-user inputs, and enterprise-level integration. g

Answers

Answer:

Hybrid Data Marts

A hybrid data mart allows you to combine input from sources other than a data warehouse. This could be useful for many situations, especially when you need ad hoc integration, such as after a new group or product is added to the organization.

We can use a hybrid data mart to mix data from sources other than a data warehouse, and the further discussion can be defined as follows:

Hybrid Data Marts:

It could be useful in a variety of scenarios, particularly when informal integration is required, like when a new group or product is added to the organization.

We can use a hybrid data mart to combine data from various sources other than a data warehouse. It's a structure or access pattern that retrieves client-specific data in data warehouse environments. This data mart is a subset of a data warehouse that is typically focused on a particular business line or functional area.

Therefore, the final answer is "separates".

Find out more about the Hybrid Data Marts here:

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Consider that a man is watching a picture of a Black Horse. He receives an external stimulus from input channel. Man gains some information about the picture from external environment and stores it in the memory. Once the initial information is gained, it is compared with the memory and then stores it. Finally upon perceiving and storing the information in memory Man says that the picture contains Black horse.
Based on the information-processing model, cognition is conceptualized as a series of processing stages where perceptual, cognitive, motor processors are organized in relation to one another.
You are required to identify and elaborate that which cognitive processes i.e. Perceptual system, Cognitive system, and motor system are involved when man interacts with the picture and also that which input channel is responsible in taking information to the brain.

Answers

The first Cognitive Process that was in play according to the excerpt is Perceptual System. It is also called Perceptual Representation and Intelligence.

This function of the brain is responsible for the sensory input which may be auditory (sounds), visual (pictures), and kinesthetic (emotions or feelings).

So the Perceptual Cognitive system (visual) relays the input (image of the horse to his brain, then it is stored.

This next stage is handled by the memory. Memory (a crucial process for learning) is a cognitive function that enables us to code, store, and recover information from the past.

Notice that the man perceived the information, and as the input interacts with the memory, he is able to say that the image or picture contains a black horse because there is a recall function.

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You decided to test a potential malware application by sandboxing. However, you want to ensure that if the application is infected, it will not affect the host operating system. What should you do to ensure that the host OS is protected

Answers

Considering the situation described here, the thing to do to ensure that the host OS is protected is to install a virtual machine.

What is a virtual machine?

Virtual Machine is the virtualization of a computer system. The purpose of a Virtual Machine is to deliver the functionality of a physical computer containing the execution of hardware and software.

How Virtual Machine is used to ensure that the host OS is protected

Virtual Machine is used to host the virtual environment and subsequently run the operating system within the virtual machine.

This process allows the sandbox to be isolated from the physical hardware while accessing the installed operating system.

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is to install a virtual machine.

Learn more about Virtual Machine here: https://brainly.com/question/24865302

smart art is considered a

Answers

Explanation:

visual representation of information and ideas, and a chart is a visual illustration of numeric values or data. Basically, SmartArt graphics are designed for text and charts are designed for numbers. Use the information below to decide when to use a SmartArt graphic and when to use a chart.

VPN or Proxy is safer?

Answers

Proxy chain is safer

Other Questions

A forest covers 54,000 acres. A survey finds that 0.6% of the forest is old-growth trees. How manyacres of old-growth trees are there? Which nutrient provides the most energy, carbs or the nurtient that starts with an "F" because brainly keeps making me censor it. What fraction of Oklahoma workers are in manufacturing? How does this compare to the national average? Find the value of x given that the area of the triangle is 8 ft2.(x + 1) ft(3x - 7) ft The Planet Mars Out of all the planets in our solar system, Mars is the only one that has features similar to that of Earth. There is, therefore, a likelihood that life may exist there in the future. This is because of the similar tilt angles of both planets' rotational axes. Its seasons, as well as the nights and days, are similar to what we have on Earth. However, Mars has a thin atmosphere that doesn't allow it to trap any heat. So, its seasons are extreme. Therefore, the average temperature on Mars is much lower than that on Earth. The year on Mars is also twice as long as that on Earth because it is farther from the Sun than Earth. As a result, it takes longer to go around the Sun. It also has mountains, canyons, and deserts like those found on Earth. However, some of the volcanoes on Mars are 10 to 100 times bigger than those found on Earth. In particular, Olympus Mons, with a height of 16 miles, is the largest volcano in our solar system.4Which would be the best concluding sentence for this paragraph? A. These similarities and differences make the presence of life on Mars a possibility. B. Therefore, astronomers should be well equipped for extreme weather conditions. C. Therefore, the planet Mars is more unique and special than Earth. D. These similarities make us wonder why Mars is not called Earth II. 2. In Act III, which is MOST CLEARLY a reason Macbeth fears Banquo?O a. Banquo wants to steal the crown away from him.b. Banquo want to kill him.O c. Banquo has stayed loyal to the true king.O d. Banquo has virtues that make him a fearsome rival.Macboth toll two murderers to persuade them to kill BRAINLIEST Please answer these What is the reciprocal of A if A doesn't equal 0? 5. Seismologists use the Richter scale to measure the magnitudes and intensity ofearthquakes that occur all over the earth. (see below, some info about Richter scales,and intensity formula)Let's say an earthquake hit Santa Monica, CA and had a magnitude of 6.2. If anotherearthquake hit Charleston, SC and was a magnitude of 3.8, then how much moreintense was the earthquake in LA?Student's WorkStudent's AnswerA. 251.19 timesB. 11.02 timesC. 42.81 timesD. 2.4 timesSome additional Richter scale info...A common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10. You can write a common logarithm logio * simply as log x, withoutshowing the 10Many measurements of physical phenomena have such a wide range of values that the reported measurements arelogarithms (exponents) of the values, not the values themselves. When you use the logarithm of a quantity instead of thequantity, you are using a logarithmic scale. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale. It gives logarithmic measurementsof earthquake magnitudo.13) 1 Hot 10Intensity formula:-= M - M-log12 Please help me find all choices that apply to the question Which statement is an Enlightenment idea that Jefferson used in the Declaration of Independence?Kings get their power from God.Governments exist to protect people.People get their rights from governments.People should always obey their governments. PLEASE HELP ME!!! PLEASE PLEASE AND PLEASE! A park in the shape of a rectangle has sidelengths of 7 miles and 9 miles. Approximately howmuch shorter is the walk diagonally across the parkthan along the two sides of the park? joeys town voted on a new speed limit . 40 % of the 25 votes were in favor of the new speed limit . How many votes were in favor ? You rent an apartment that costs $1600$1600 per month during the first year, but the rent is set to go up 11% per year. What would be the rent of the apartment during the 10th year of living in the apartment? Round to the nearest tenth (if necessary). What rational number represents a drop of 4 1/4 in?Enter your answer in the box. Is - 4 the absolute value of 3 7? Explain. area of a triangle b-2s^2+3t^2 h-4s^2-3t^2 I need Someone to help me with this problems equation and answer must be correct (100 Points) The boiling points of different substances are given in the table below. Substance Boiling point (C) Acetic acid 118. 1 Benzene 80. 2 Chloroform 61. 2 Water 100. 0 Which substance most likely has the strongest intermolecular forces? acetic acid benzene chloroform water.