Continuing from the question, if the central bank conducts an open-market sale of 50 shekels' worth of government bonds, the bank reserves, bank deposits, and the money supply will be affected in the following ways:
Bank Reserves: Bank reserves will reduce because open-market sales of government bonds lower bank reserves. Therefore, the sale of 50 shekels worth of government bonds will decrease bank reserves by 50 shekels.
Bank Deposits: Bank deposits will reduce because an open-market sale of government bonds reduces the level of bank reserves and because money is deposited in banks in the form of reserves. Therefore, the sale of 50 shekels worth of government bonds will decrease bank deposits by 50 shekels.
Money Supply: The money supply decreases because of the reduction in bank deposits. Money supply is defined as the sum of bank deposits and currency in circulation. Therefore, the sale of 50 shekels worth of government bonds will reduce the money supply by 50 shekels.
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Assume that nominal GDP grows in a given year. On the basis of this data, it is certain that: both real output and the price level (GDP deflator) have increased. real output has risen. the price level (GDP deflator) has risen. real output has decreased and the price level has risen. either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have risen.
The statement "either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have risen" would be the most accurate reflection of the given information. To determine the specific changes, we would need additional data on inflation and other economic indicators.
When nominal GDP grows in a given year, it indicates an increase in the overall value of goods and services produced in an economy. However, it does not provide a certain indication regarding the changes in real output and the price level (GDP deflator). To determine the impact on real output and the price level, we need additional information.
Real output refers to the quantity of goods and services produced, adjusted for inflation. It is measured by real GDP, which takes into account changes in the price level.
Therefore, if nominal GDP growth is accompanied by an increase in the price level (GDP deflator), it suggests that the increase in nominal GDP may be due to inflation, rather than an actual increase in the quantity of goods and services produced. In this case, real output may not have necessarily risen.
On the other hand, if nominal GDP growth is accompanied by a stable or decreasing price level (GDP deflator), it indicates that the increase in nominal GDP is primarily driven by an increase in the quantity of goods and services produced. In this scenario, real output has likely risen.
Therefore, based solely on the information that nominal GDP grows in a given year, we cannot be certain about the changes in real output and the price level. It is possible that either real output has risen, or the price level (GDP deflator) has risen, or both have increased.
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Many companies have switched from absorption costing to variable costing for internal reporting: Select one: a. to comply with external reporting requirements as required by GAAP b. to increase bonuses for managers c. so the denominator level is more accurate d. to reduce the undesirable incentive to build up inventories that would show higher operating income
Many companies have switched from absorption costing to variable costing for internal reporting to reduce the undesirable incentive to build up inventories that would show higher operating income.
The decision to switch from absorption costing to variable costing for internal reporting is often driven by the desire to eliminate the impact of fixed manufacturing overhead costs on inventory valuation. Under absorption costing, fixed manufacturing overhead costs are allocated to units produced and included in the cost of inventory. This means that as inventory levels increase, more fixed overhead costs are allocated and reported as part of the cost of goods sold.
By using variable costing, fixed manufacturing overhead costs are treated as period costs and are not allocated to units produced. This eliminates the incentive for managers to build up inventories to reduce reported operating income. Instead, variable costing focuses on the direct costs incurred to produce units, such as direct materials and direct labor.
The switch to variable costing provides a more accurate representation of the costs incurred by the company for internal reporting purposes. It helps align the reported costs with the actual costs incurred to produce the goods and allows for better analysis and decision-making based on the true cost structure of the company.
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Explain the basics of Financial Management ( Minimum 5 pages- PDF) Note : 1.Add references in a separate sixth page excluding the contents. 2. References must be in the APA format. 3.At least 5 reputed journal must be referred
Title: Basics of Financial Management
Abstract:
Financial management is a vital aspect of any organization, encompassing various activities and strategies to effectively manage its financial resources. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of financial management, covering key concepts, principles, and techniques used in decision-making processes related to financial matters. The topics discussed include financial planning, budgeting, capital budgeting, risk and return analysis, financial statements analysis, and working capital management. The document also highlights the importance of financial management in achieving organizational goals and maximizing shareholder value.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Financial Management
Definition and Importance of Financial Management
Objectives of Financial Management
Financial Planning
Process and Components of Financial Planning
Long-term and Short-term Financial Planning
Forecasting and Projections
Budgeting
Types of Budgets
Budgeting Process
Importance of Budgeting in Financial Management
Capital Budgeting
Techniques of Capital Budgeting
Net Present Value (NPV)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Payback Period
Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting
Risk and Return Analysis
Risk and Return Concepts
Risk-Return Tradeoff
Diversification and Portfolio Management
Financial Statements Analysis
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash Flow Statement
Financial Ratios Analysis
Interpretation of Financial Statements
Working Capital Management
Importance of Working Capital
Cash Management
Inventory Management
Accounts Receivable and Payable Management
Role of Financial Management in Organizational Success
Maximizing Shareholder Value
Strategic Financial Decision-making
Ethical Considerations in Financial Management
Conclusion:
Financial management plays a crucial role in the success and sustainability of any organization. By effectively managing financial resources, making informed decisions, and strategically planning for the future, companies can optimize their performance and achieve their financial goals. This document provided an in-depth overview of the basics of financial management, covering various key concepts and techniques. By understanding and applying these principles, organizations can enhance their financial stability, profitability, and overall value creation.
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An investment earns 7% the first year, earns 12% the second year, and loses 10% the third year. The geometric average return over the three years was Select one: a. 9.65% 2.55% O b. O c. 3% d. 3.59% e. 9.67%
The correct option is: a. 9.65% To calculate the geometric average return over multiple periods, we multiply the individual returns and then take the nth root, where n is the number of periods.
In this case, we have three periods with returns of 7%, 12%, and -10%.
Geometric Average Return = (1 + 0.07) * (1 + 0.12) * (1 - 0.10)^(1/3) - 1
Calculating this expression, we find:
Geometric Average Return ≈ 0.0965 or 9.65%
Therefore, the geometric average return over the three years is 9.65%.
So, the correct option is: a. 9.65%
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Your PowerPoint assignment should ONLY include 10 slides. They are listed below:
Title slide
Introduction slide
Three slides for each of the identified challenges
Three slides for each of the proposed strategies
Conclusion slide
References slide (all images and sources used must be cited and referenced)
the PowerPoint on is on this:
Respected Sir,
I'm writing to advise you that one of our clients has requested that we work on the project. The customer wants our organization to work on the project since we have a lot of expertise handling client projects and assisting them with database management. They considered our firm since we are the leading software and solution supplier with a strong global brand.
I'd want to explain why I decided to accept this project. This project may be accepted since the customer requesting our services is one of the largest airline service providers in the United States. Working for a large customer like this would help us gain additional comparable clients for our company. The customer has ties to a number of large industries, and this would provide us the opportunity to network with them as well. Furthermore, because this is the larger project, we will be able to generate more money from it. This project has few variables, and we are simply required to handle the airline company's database. As a result, the cost of the project's change would be small. We also have the resources to manage this project, which means that working on it will maximize our capability.
There are several challenges that we may face while working on this project:
1. The first communication problem is that the team established should be cross-cultural in order to interact with the customer. Communication amongst team members would be difficult to synchronize.
2. It may be possible that a conflict may erupt between the employees working in a team for the project and this would hamper the free flow of the communication between the employees in a team.
3. The team's members should be able to openly interact with those in higher positions in the organization's hierarchy. If horizontal communication is not adopted, employees will be unable to openly express their opinions, causing communication between them to be distorted.
In order to resolve the above challenges, there are the following recommendations:
1. When building a cross-cultural team, it is suggested that team members communicate in a common language, such as English. If any of the team members are not native English speakers, the firm should provide training during the project's duration.
2. When team members are fighting, a conflict resolution process should be developed. It should be made clear to them that team members will be expected to convey all important aspects of the project, even if there is a dispute between them. Miscommunication should also be punished in the case of a confrontation.
3. The organization should adopt a horizontal communication plan that allows employees to successfully interact with management's higher authority.
I hope that the suggestions I've made will assist in efficiently overcoming the obstacles of communication boundaries while working on the project.
Regards
Jaaron Almonte
Jaaron Almonte’s letter is regarding accepting a project for database management of a large airline service provider in the United States. The letter outlines the reasons for accepting the project and identifies some of the challenges that the team may face while working on the project.
Additionally, the letter provides recommendations for the team to overcome those challenges.The reasons for accepting the project are that the customer requesting their services is one of the largest airline service providers in the United States, and working for a large customer like this would help them gain additional comparable clients for their company. The project has few variables and would result in more profit. The challenges faced while working on the project are communication problems because of the cross-cultural team established to interact with the customer. A conflict between team members could result in hampering communication, and team members should be able to openly interact with those in higher positions. To overcome these challenges, the recommendations are that a common language should be adopted to communicate within the team, a conflict resolution process should be developed, and a horizontal communication plan should be adopted to interact with management’s higher authority.The PowerPoint presentation should be of 10 slides. The title slide will have the name of the project, the company name, and the team name. The introduction slide will have the purpose of the project, a brief description of the project, and the reasons for accepting the project. Three slides for each of the identified challenges should contain a description of each challenge and how the team could face it. Three slides for each of the proposed strategies should outline the recommendations mentioned above. The conclusion slide will have a summary of the project’s objectives, the challenges faced, and the strategies recommended to overcome them. Finally, the references slide should contain all the images and sources used, which must be cited and referenced.
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True or false d) you know that by increasing the level of investment of a project, you reach a point where the return on weight invested begins to decrease. thus, as investment increases, the domestic rate of marginal return falls. therefore the optimal level of investment is that value of marginal tir = 0 since each peso invested up to that value of genera a return >0 e) it is never convenient to execute a project where the VAN<0 and that should always be executed with VAN>0, if the resources for them are available
Statement d) is true. According to the principle of diminishing marginal returns, as the level of investment increases, the return on each additional unit of investment tends to decrease.
This implies that the domestic rate of marginal return (the return on the last unit of investment) falls as investment increases. The optimal level of investment occurs where the marginal rate of return equals zero, indicating that further investment would not generate any additional positive return.
Statement e) is false. The Net Present Value (NPV) of a project determines its profitability by comparing the present value of cash inflows and outflows. A positive NPV indicates that the project is expected to generate a net positive return, while a negative NPV suggests that the project is not expected to be financially viable. It is not always necessary for a project to have a positive NPV to be executed. Depending on various factors such as strategic importance, intangible benefits, or risk considerations, a project with a negative NPV may still be undertaken if the resources and circumstances justify it.
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True or False. Please explain
Dwight’s utility function is U(a,b) = a0.4b0.6, where a is his consumption of apples and b is his consumption of bananas. If prices and income change in such a way that Dwight’s old consumption lies on his new budget line, then Dwight will not change his consumption bundle.
False, the given utility function is U(a, b) = a^0.4b^0.6. For Dwight, a is his consumption of apples, while b is his consumption of bananas. The question is whether or not Dwight would alter his consumption bundle if prices and income change in such a way that his old consumption lies on his new budget line. The statement is false.
Explanation: Dwight's budget line is determined by the equation pa + qb = m, where p is the price of apples, q is the price of bananas, m is Dwight's income, and a and b are the quantities of apples and bananas he consumes, respectively. Since Dwight's initial consumption of apples and bananas lie on his budget line, his old budget line can be described as pa1 + qb1 = m, where a1 and b1 are the quantities of apples and bananas he consumed initially, respectively.
When prices and income change, Dwight's new budget line can be described as pa2 + qb2 = m, where a2 and b2 are the new quantities of apples and bananas that he consumes, respectively. If Dwight's original consumption is on his new budget line, this implies that pa1 + qb1 = pa2 + qb2. Dividing both sides of the equation by p yields: a1 + (q/p)b1 = a2 + (q/p)b2. The left-hand side of the equation is a constant, and the right-hand side depends on a2 and b2. Since Dwight's utility is U(a, b) = a^0.4b^0.6, he will choose the bundle that maximizes his utility given his budget constraint. Under these circumstances, Dwight will definitely alter his consumption bundle.
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A bond with a price today of $1,100 is said to:
a. be a zero coupon bond
b. be a premium bond
c. sell at par
d. be a discount bond
A bond with a price today of $1,100 is said to be a premium bond. A premium bond refers to a bond that is priced higher than its face value.
In this case, the bond's price of $1,100 exceeds its par value or face value. The par value is the amount the bondholder will receive upon maturity. The premium on the bond is the difference between the bond's price and its par value.
The premium on a bond can occur when the bond's coupon rate is higher than the prevailing interest rates in the market. Investors are willing to pay a premium for the higher interest income generated by the bond. The premium reflects the higher demand and attractiveness of the bond to investors.
Premium bonds are characterized by a coupon rate that is higher than the yield to maturity. The yield to maturity takes into account the bond's price, coupon payments, and the time until maturity. When the bond is priced higher than its par value, the yield to maturity is lower than the bond's coupon rate.
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Explain the difference between an opt-in policy and an opt-out policy. Which policy is favoured by privacy advocates?
An opt-in policy requires active consent for personal information use, while an opt-out policy assumes consent unless declined. Privacy advocates prefer opt-in for its proactive consent and privacy protection.
An opt-in policy requires individuals to take a proactive step, such as checking a box or signing a consent form, to indicate their agreement to have their personal information collected or used. This approach puts the control in the hands of individuals and respects their privacy preferences. On the other hand, an opt-out policy assumes consent unless individuals take action to revoke or decline the collection or use of their personal information. Privacy advocates argue that an opt-in policy is more protective of privacy rights as it ensures that individuals have the opportunity to make an informed decision about the use of their personal data. By requiring explicit consent, an opt-in policy promotes transparency, autonomy, and privacy by design principles.
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The following graph input tool shows the daily demand for hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. To help the hotel management better understand the market, an economist identified three primary factors that affect the demand for rooms each night. These demand. factors, along with the values corresponding to the initial demand curve, are shown in the following table and alongside the graph input tool. Demand Factor Initial Value $40,000 per year Average American household income Roundtrip airfare from San Francisco (SFO) to Las Vegas (LAS) $100 per roundtrip Room rate at the Exhilaration Hotel and Casino, which is near the Triple Sevens $200 per night 4 Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. Graph Input Tool (?) Market for Triple Sevens's Hotel Rooms 500 450 Price 300 (Dollars per room) 400 Quantity Demanded 200 350 (Hotel rooms per night) 300 250 Demand Factors 200 150 Demand Average Income (Thousands of 100 dollars) 50 Airfare from SFO to LAS 0 (Dollars per roundtrip) 0 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 QUANTITY (Hotel rooms) Room Rate at Evhilaration PRICE (Dollars per room) 40 100 200 (Dollars per roundtrip) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 QUANTITY (Hotel rooms) 200 Room Rate at Exhilaration (Dollars per night) For each of the following scenarios, begin by assuming that all demand factors are set to their original values and Triple Sevens is charging $300 per room per night. If average household income increases by 50%, from $40,000 to $60,000 per year, the quantity of rooms demanded at the Triple Sevens from rooms per night to rooms per night. Therefore, the income elasticity of demand is , meaning that hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens are If the price of a room at the Exhilaration were to decrease by 20%, from $200 to $160, while all other demand factors remain at their initial values, the quantity of rooms demanded at the Triple Sevens from rooms per night. Because the cross-price elasticity of demand is rooms per night to hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens and hotel rooms at the Exhilaration are Triple Sevens is debating decreasing the price of its rooms to $275 per night. Under the initial demand conditions, you can see that this would cause its total revenue to . Decreasing the price will always have this effect on revenue when Triple Sevens is operating on the portion of its demand curve. The following graph shows the daily demand curve for bikes in Denver. Use the green rectangle (triangle symbols) to compute total revenue at various prices along the demand curve. Note: You will not be graded on any changes made to this graph. 240 Total Revenue PRICE (Dollars per bike) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 9 18 27 x 36 45 54 63 72 QUANTITY (Bikes) B Demand 90 81 99 108 On the following graph, use the green point (triangle symbol) to plot the annual total revenue when the market price is $40, $60, $80, $100, $120, $140, and $160 per bike. 6250 5820 5390 4950 4530 4100 3670 3240 2810 2380 TOTAL REVENUE (Dollars) 4 Total Revenue 0 20 40 60 20 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 PRICE (Dollars per bike) According to the midpoint method, the price elasticity of demand between points A and B is approximately Suppose the price of bikes is currently $80 per bike, shown as point A on the initial graph. Because the demand between points A and B is in total revenue per day. ♥ 1 a $20-per-bike decrease in price will lead to In general, in order for a price increase to cause an increase in total revenue, demand must be B
To answer the questions based on the given information, let's go through each scenario step by step:
Scenario 1:
Initial quantity demanded: 300 rooms per nightIncrease in average household income by 50%: $40,000 to $60,000 per yearQuantity demanded after the income increase: 350 rooms per nightIncome elasticity of demand: (350 - 300) / 300 / (60,000 - 40,000) / 40,000 = 0.25The income elasticity of demand is 0.25, meaning that hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens are income inelastic.Scenario 2:
Initial quantity demanded: 300 rooms per nightDecrease in room rate at Exhilaration by 20%: $200 to $160 per nightQuantity demanded after the price decrease: 320 rooms per nightCross-price elasticity of demand: (320 - 300) / 300 / (160 - 200) / 200 = -1.0The cross-price elasticity of demand is -1.0, meaning that hotel rooms at the Triple Sevens and hotel rooms at Exhilaration are substitutes.Scenario 3:
Initial price at Triple Sevens: $300 per room per nightPrice decrease at Triple Sevens: $275 per room per nightBased on the demand curve, decreasing the price from $300 to $275 per room per night will increase the quantity demanded from 300 rooms to approximately 325 rooms per night.This price decrease will increase total revenue since the price reduction occurs on the elastic portion of the demand curve.Moving on to the second part of the question about the graph for bike demand:To calculate total revenue, we multiply the price per bike by the quantity of bikes sold.
Scenario 4:
Given prices: $40, $60, $80, $100, $120, $140, $160 per bikeTotal revenue at each price:$40: 2380$60: 3240$80: 4100$100: 4950$120: 5820$140: 6250$160: 5820Scenario 5:
According to the midpoint method, the price elasticity of demand between points A and B is calculated as:Price elasticity of demand = [(Q2 - Q1) / ((Q1 + Q2) / 2)] / [(P2 - P1) / ((P1 + P2) / 2)]Using the given values, let's assume point A is at $80 per bike and point B is at $120 per bike:Price elasticity of demand = [(108 - 99) / ((99 + 108) / 2)] / [(120 - 80) / ((80 + 120) / 2)]Price elasticity of demand ≈ 0.275Scenario 6:
Currently, at point A, the price is $80 per bike.To increase total revenue, demand must be elastic.From the price elasticity of demand calculated in Scenario 5 (0.275), we can determine that demand is inelastic at point A because the elasticity is less than 1.Therefore, in order for a price decrease of $20 per bike to lead to an increase in total revenue, demand must become elastic.
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Choose the most correct answer from the options given below. Jane owns a garden company and her employee Sam broke his arm while felling a tree. Jane does not want to offer Sam compensation because he broke his arm because he was talking on his phone to his wife, while he should have been working. There were no eye-witnesses. Sam claims the belt attaching him to the tree was broken. What does the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 say? Select one:
A) The employee must prove that it was the employer’s fault with photographic or video evidence in order to claim compensation.
B) The employee must prove that he or she was at work at that time with eye witnesses, in order to claim compensation.
C) The employee does not have to prove that it was the employer’s fault in order to claim compensation (although if the employee can prove this, he or she can apply for more compensation). The employee must only show that the injury or illness arose because of or during work.
D) The employee must prove that it was the employer’s fault or that the equipment was faulty in order to claim compensation.
E) The employee must prove that he or she was focusing 100% on the job in order to claim compensation.
The employee does not have to prove that it was the employer’s fault in order to claim compensation (although if the employee can prove this, he or she can apply for more compensation). The employee must only show that the injury or illness arose because of or during work.
In South Africa, the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993 governs compensation for employees who are injured while working. An employee, who is injured or contracts an illness due to his or her job, is entitled to receive compensation from the employer in terms of this Act. The employee must only show that the injury or illness arose because of or during work. According to the question, Jane owns a garden company and her employee Sam broke his arm while felling a tree. Jane does not want to offer Sam compensation because he broke his arm because he was talking on his phone to his wife, while he should have been working. There were no eye-witnesses. Sam claims the belt attaching him to the tree was broken. Therefore, Sam should receive compensation as he suffered the injury during his work time and his work nature was dangerous. Even if it was due to his own fault or a result of his negligence, the employer is still liable to compensate the employee. Therefore, option C is the correct answer, which says the employee does not have to prove that it was the employer’s fault in order to claim compensation (although if the employee can prove this, he or she can apply for more compensation). The employee must only show that the injury or illness arose because of or during work. This is the rule set by the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993.
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Carlos was supposed to pay Tyler $3,600 6 months ago and $1,720 in 5 months. If he wants to repay this amount with two payments of $2,800 today and the balance amount in 3 months, calculate the balance amount. Assume interest is 4.40% p.a. and the agreed focal date is 3 months from now. Round to the nearest cent.
The balance amount that Carlos needs to repay in 3 months would be the present value of the remaining balance.
To calculate the balance amount that Carlos needs to repay in 3 months, we can use the concept of present value. The present value represents the current value of future cash flows, accounting for the time value of money.
Given:
Amount due 6 months ago = $3,600
Amount due in 5 months = $1,720
Payment today = $2,800
Interest rate = 4.40% p.a.
Focal date = 3 months from now
First, we need to calculate the present value of the two outstanding payments:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^(Time Period)
Present Value of the payment due 6 months ago:
PV1 = $3,600 / (1 + 0.044)^6
Present Value of the payment due in 5 months:
PV2 = $1,720 / (1 + 0.044)^5
Next, we need to calculate the remaining balance by subtracting the payment made today and the present values of the outstanding payments from the total amount due:
Remaining Balance = Total Amount Due - Payment Today - PV1 - PV2
Remaining Balance = $3,600 + $1,720 - $2,800 - PV1 - PV2
Finally, we calculate the present value of the remaining balance, accounting for the time remaining until the focal date:
Present Value of the Remaining Balance = Remaining Balance / (1 + Interest Rate)^(Time Period)
Present Value of the Remaining Balance = Remaining Balance / (1 + 0.044)^3
Therefore, the balance amount that Carlos needs to repay in 3 months would be the present value of the remaining balance.
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A firm where the owners are not responsible for any of the firm's debt is said to operate with: No Liability Limited Liability Zero Liability Total Liability
The correct answer is "Limited Liability."A firm where the owners are not responsible for any of the firm's debt is said to operate with Limited Liability.
Limited Liability is a type of ownership in which the owners' liability is limited to the amount of money they have invested in the business.Limited liability limits the amount of risk that business owners are exposed to. In this way, they are not responsible for the firm's debt beyond their initial investment. The owners of the firm are not personally responsible for the company's debts and obligations with Limited Liability.This is the right response: "Limited Liability."A company is considered to operate with limited liability if none of the owners are held accountable for any of the debt.
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You are working for an investment bank’s shipping division in charge of credit assessment of clients. You are given two projects to look at and evaluate their credit risk.
1- The first project involves a 3 year loan for the purchase of a 5 year old MR tanker whose current market value is $30m.
2- The second project involves a 3 year loan for the purchase of a 10 year old Suezmax tanker whose current market value is $42m.
Both projects are set to operate on a one-ship-one-company basis and the companies would like to borrow as much as possible to the full price of the vessel. However, your bank has a strict policy of taking the vessel as collateral and only approving loans with a maximum default probability of 15%, in order to reduce its credit risk exposure. It is also known that both borrowers have good business and credit history; therefore, according to the assigned credit rating of borrowers, default may occur if value of the asset falls 5% below the amount borrowed.
--> Assuming that the volatility of the second price for 5-year old MR tanker is 25%, the volatility of the second price for 10-year old Suezmax tanker is 30%, the risk free rate is 3%, determine the maximum amount of funds that you are permitted to provide to each shipping company for the purchase of these vessels
The maximum amount of funds that can be provided to the shipping company for the purchase of the 5-year old MR tanker is $25.8 million, and for the 10-year old Suezmax tanker is $34.44 million, while maintaining a maximum default probability of 15% based on loan-to-value ratios and market values.
To determine the maximum amount of funds that can be provided to each shipping company while maintaining a maximum default probability of 15%, we need to calculate the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for each project. The LTV ratio represents the loan amount as a percentage of the vessel's market value.
For the 5-year old MR tanker:
Volatility (σ) = 25%
Risk-free rate (r) = 3%
Default probability (Pd) = 15%
Loan-to-Value ratio (LTV) = 1 - Pd / (1 + r - σ²/2)
LTV = 1 - 0.15 / (1 + 0.03 - 0.25²/2)
LTV = 0.86
Maximum loan amount = LTV * Market value
Maximum loan amount = 0.86 * $30m
Maximum loan amount = $25.8m
For the 10-year old Suezmax tanker:
Volatility (σ) = 30%
Risk-free rate (r) = 3%
Default probability (Pd) = 15%
Loan-to-Value ratio (LTV) = 1 - Pd / (1 + r - σ²/2)
LTV = 1 - 0.15 / (1 + 0.03 - 0.30²/2)
LTV = 0.82
Maximum loan amount = LTV * Market value
Maximum loan amount = 0.82 * $42m
Maximum loan amount = $34.44m
Therefore, the maximum amount of funds that can be provided to the shipping company for the purchase of the 5-year old MR tanker is $25.8 million, and for the 10-year old Suezmax tanker is $34.44 million.
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suppose that the strong form of the efficient markets hypothesis holds. consider a firm that is cutting its dividend. when would we expect to see an abnormal return? group of answer choices when the financial press reports that sources have indicated a cut is imminent. when the board votes to approve the reduced dividend. when the firm issues a press release explaining the move. when the ceo presents the plan to the board.
According to the strong form of the efficient markets hypothesis, all publicly available information is incorporated into stock prices.
Therefore, if a firm cuts its dividend, we would not expect to see an abnormal return because this information would already be reflected in the stock price.However, if the financial press reports that sources have indicated a cut is imminent, we may see an abnormal return as this would be new information not yet incorporated into the stock price. Similarly, when the firm issues a press release explaining the move, this could also result in an abnormal return as this would be new information not yet reflected in the stock price.On the other hand, when the board votes to approve the reduced dividend or when the CEO presents the plan to the board, these events are considered internal and would not be expected to impact stock prices. Hence, the correct options are "when the financial press reports that sources have indicated a cut is imminent" and "when the firm issues a press release explaining the move."
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The high-low method: Group of answer choices has the advantage of objectivity. has the advantage of subjectivity. is the most accurate methods. is not affected by the presence of outliers.
The high-low method has the advantage of objectivity.Option (1)
The high-low method has the advantage of objectivity. It is a technique used to estimate fixed and variable costs in a cost-volume-profit analysis. By selecting the highest and lowest levels of activity and their corresponding costs, the method provides a clear and objective approach to estimating the cost behavior.
It calculates the variable cost per unit by dividing the change in costs by the change in activity levels. However, it is important to note that the high-low method may not always be the most accurate method as it assumes a linear relationship between cost and activity. Additionally, the presence of outliers can potentially distort the accuracy of the estimates obtained using this method.
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Full Question: The high-low method: Group of answer choices
has the advantage of objectivity. has the advantage of subjectivity. is the most accurate methods. is not affected by the presence of outliers.Message strategy statements tend to be plain, straightforward outlines of benefits and positioning points that the advertiser wants to stress? True False Question 30 Frequency is a measure of the percentage of people in the target market who are exposed to the ad campaign during a given period of time. True False Question 28 Setting the promotion budget to match competitors' outlays. They monitor competitors' advertising or get industry promotion spending estimates from publications or trade associations, and then set their budgets based on the industry average ? affordable method percentage of sales methos competitive parity method none of the above
This statement is False. Message strategy statements tend to be plain, straightforward outlines of benefits and positioning points that the advertiser wants to stress.
A message strategy is a statement that outlines the key points a brand needs to convey in its advertising to achieve its marketing goals. It is a document that sets out the advertising and marketing objectives, target audience, and the messaging or communication objectives that the advertiser wants to achieve. The message strategy of a company refers to the plan for delivering messages to its target audience. The message must be conveyed in a way that is relevant, appropriate, and persuasive. It includes a company's intended brand positioning and is used to create advertising messages and communication plans that support marketing goals.
Frequency is a measure of the percentage of people in the target market who are exposed to the ad campaign during a given period of time. This statement is True. Setting the promotion budget to match competitors' outlays is known as the competitive parity method. The competitive parity method is one of the three methods used to set a promotion budget. This statement is True. Therefore, option (b) False and True are correct answers for question 30 and 28 respectively. The promotion budget can be set using any of the following methods:
Affordable method Percentage of sales method Competitive parity method Arbitrary method In conclusion, Message strategy statements tend to be plain, straightforward outlines of benefits and positioning points that the advertiser wants to stress is a False statement.
Frequency is a measure of the percentage of people in the target market who are exposed to the ad campaign during a given period of time is a True statement. Setting the promotion budget to match competitors' outlays is known as the competitive parity method.
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Can you think of some ways that we, in the USA, identify
ourselves in a nonphysical configuration but rather by cultural
traits, beliefs, practices, and social relationships?
In the USA, we often identify ourselves based on cultural traits, beliefs, practices, and social relationships rather than physical configurations.
Cultural traits such as language, customs, and traditions contribute to our sense of identity. For instance, identifying as American may involve speaking English, celebrating certain holidays like Thanksgiving or Independence Day, and participating in cultural practices like sports events or music festivals. Beliefs and values also play a crucial role, as they shape our worldview and guide our actions. These can include shared beliefs in democracy, freedom, equality, and the pursuit of individual success.
Social relationships further contribute to our nonphysical identification. We form connections and affiliations with various groups, such as family, friends, religious communities, and professional networks. These relationships provide a sense of belonging and reinforce our identity through shared experiences and common goals.
In summary, nonphysical configurations such as cultural traits, beliefs, practices, and social relationships are key elements that help us identify ourselves in the USA. These aspects shape our collective identity, provide a sense of belonging, and contribute to the rich diversity and tapestry of American society.
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The firm with the largest ratio of fixed costs to total costs automatically gets the greatest increase in operating profits from an increase in sales. A True B) False The firm with the largest ratio of fixed costs to total costs automatically gets the greatest increase in operating profits from an increase in sales. A True B) False The firm with the largest ratio of fixed costs to total costs automatically gets the greatest increase in operating profits from an increase in sales. A True B) False The firm with the largest ratio of fixed costs to total costs automatically gets the greatest increase in operating profits from an increase in sales. A True B) False
False. The statement that the firm with the largest ratio of fixed costs to total costs automatically gets the greatest increase in operating profits from an increase in sales is false.
The statement is false because the relationship between fixed costs, total costs, and operating profits is more complex. While a firm with a higher proportion of fixed costs may experience a significant increase in operating profits as sales increase, it is not an automatic guarantee.
The firm's pricing strategy, variable costs, market conditions, and other factors also play a significant role in determining the impact of increased sales on operating profits. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that the firm with the highest fixed costs to total costs ratio will always experience the greatest increase in operating profits from increased sales.
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Which curve shifts, and in what direction, when the following events occur in the coffee market?
a. The technology to harvest coffee beans advances.
(Click to select) Supply increases. Supply decreases. Demand increases. Demand decreases. Neither curve changes.
b. The land that coffee is grown on is increasingly being used for condominium development.
(Click to select) Supply decreases. Supply increases. Demand increases. Demand decreases. Neither curve changes.
c. More people are drinking tea instead of coffee.
(Click to select) Demand decreases. Supply decreases. Supply increases. Demand increases. Neither curve changes.
The given events and their effects on the coffee market are shown below. When the technology to harvest coffee beans advances, the supply curve shifts rightward.
An increase in the supply of coffee is indicated by a shift to the right of the supply curve. When the land that coffee is grown on is increasingly being used for condominium development, the supply curve shifts leftward. A decrease in the supply of coffee is indicated by a shift to the left of the supply curve.
When more people are drinking tea instead of coffee, the demand curve shifts leftward. A decrease in the demand for coffee is indicated by a shift to the left of the demand curve.Therefore, the answer is:a. The supply curve shifts rightward. b. The supply curve shifts leftward. c. The demand curve shifts leftward.
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Jasra Brother Ltd. acquired an item of machinery on 1 July 2019 for a cost of $120 000. When the asset was acquired, it was considered that the asset would have a useful life to the entity of five years, after which time it would have no residual value. It was considered that the pattern of economic benefits would best be reflected by applying the sum-of-digits method. Contrary to expectations, on 1 July 2021, the asset was sold for $80 000. Q4(a) P the depreciation schedule by applying sum-of-digits method. (15 marks) HEB IA X, X" 22. E <>66 X !!! Q4(b) Calculate the profit on disposal and prepare the journal entry to record the disposal? (5 marks) H-E- 1 A+ x x Ω· Ξ Ξ Φ 66 Χ B
Residual value is an asset's worth at the end of its useful life or a lease term. It is the estimated amount that the asset would be sold for when it is no longer useful.
Residual value is used to calculate depreciation in accounting, particularly with the straight-line and declining balance methods. Residual value, sometimes known as salvage value, scrap value, or trade-in value, is a critical accounting concept that is frequently used to calculate depreciation expenses on a fixed asset like machinery or equipment.
Sum-of-digits method:In accounting, the sum-of-digits method is a popular depreciation technique. This method allocates an asset's cost over its expected useful life, with a higher depreciation rate in the early years of an asset's life and a lower rate in the later years. The total depreciation is the sum of the digits of the years of the expected life of the asset. The digits are added together in descending order of magnitude.In the question, the depreciation schedule by applying the sum-of-digits method is required.
Q4(a)Depreciation Schedule using Sum-of-Digits Method: Calculation of depreciation for the first year = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) / 15 x $120 000 = $40 000Calculation of depreciation for the second year = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) / 15 x ($120 000 - $40 000) = $32 000Calculation of depreciation for the third year = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) / 15 x ($120 000 - $40 000 - $32 000) = $24 000Calculation of depreciation for the fourth year = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) / 15 x ($120 000 - $40 000 - $32 000 - $24 000) = $16 000Calculation of depreciation for the fifth year = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) / 15 x ($120 000 - $40 000 - $32 000 - $24 000 - $16 000) = $8 000
Depreciation Schedule for Jasra Brother Ltd.Item of MachineryTotal DepreciationYear 1$40,000Year 2$32,000Year 3$24,000Year 4$16,000Year 5$8,000
Q4(b)Calculation of Profit on Disposal:Cost of Asset = $120 000Accumulated Depreciation = $40 000 + $32 000 = $72 000Net Book Value = Cost of Asset - Accumulated Depreciation = $120 000 - $72 000 = $48 000 Selling Price = $80 000Profit on Disposal = Selling Price - Net Book Value = $80 000 - $48 000 = $32 000Journal Entry to record Disposal:Particulars Amount ($)Debit/Credit Accumulated Depreciation 72,000 Debit Cash/Bank 80,00 0Credit Profit on Disposal 32,000 Credit Asset 48,000 Debit To record the disposal of Asset on 1 July 2021
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Consider the following two models of sales Y, on time t Y₁ = a₁ + a₁t+e; Y-B₁ + B₁+B₂1² + e, a. What are the properties of these models? b. How can you decide which model to use? c. Explain how to test the hypothesis that B₁-1 and B₂-0
a. The first model, Y₁ = a₁ + a₁t + e, is a simple linear regression model where Y is the dependent variable, t is the independent variable (time), a₁ is the intercept, a₁ is the slope coefficient, and e is the error term. This model assumes a linear relationship between Y and t, with a constant slope.
The second model, Y = B₁ + B₁t + B₂t² + e, is a polynomial regression model. It includes an additional term, B₂t², which represents the quadratic effect of time on Y. This model allows for a nonlinear relationship between Y and t, accounting for curvature in the relationship.
b. To decide which model to use, you can consider several factors:
Theoretical understanding: Consider the nature of the relationship between the dependent variable (Y) and the independent variable (t). If there is prior knowledge or theoretical reasons to believe that the relationship is linear, the first model might be appropriate. If there is a basis to suspect a nonlinear relationship, such as expected curvature, the second model might be more suitable.Data exploration: Visualize the data and look for patterns. If there is a clear nonlinear pattern or curvature in the relationship between Y and t, the second model might be more appropriate.Model fit: Assess the goodness of fit for both models using appropriate statistical measures such as R-squared, adjusted R-squared, or other model comparison criteria. Choose the model with a better fit to the data.Parsimony: Consider the principle of parsimony, which suggests choosing the simpler model if both models provide similar explanatory power. The first model is simpler than the second, as it does not include the quadratic term.c. To test the hypothesis that B₁ = 1 and B₂ = 0, you can perform hypothesis testing using statistical methods such as t-tests or F-tests.
For B₁ = 1, you would set up the null hypothesis as H₀: B₁ = 1 and the alternative hypothesis as H₁: B₁ ≠ 1. You can estimate the parameter B₁ from the model and calculate the standard error of B₁. Then, using the t-test, you can compare the estimated B₁ to 1, taking into account the standard error. If the p-value associated with the t-test is less than the chosen significance level (e.g., 0.05), you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that B₁ is significantly different from 1.
Similarly, for B₂ = 0, you would set up the null hypothesis as H₀: B₂ = 0 and the alternative hypothesis as H₁: B₂ ≠ 0. Again, estimate the parameter B₂ from the model, calculate the standard error of B₂, and use the t-test to compare the estimated B₂ to 0. Reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the chosen significance level.
These hypothesis tests will provide statistical evidence on whether B₁ is significantly different from 1 and whether B₂ is significantly different from 0, allowing you to make conclusions about the significance of the coefficients in the model.
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The following mutually exclusive investment alternatives have been presented to you. The life of all alternatives is 10 years. TABLE P6-82 Data for Problems 6-82 through 6-85 A B C D E Capital investment $60,000 $90,000 $40,000 $30,000 $70,000 Annual expenses 30,000 40,000 25,000 15,000 35,000 Annual revenues 50,000 52,000 38,000 28,000 45,000 Market value at EOY 10 10,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 IRR m 7.4% 30.8% 42.5% 9.2% The IRR for Alternative A is most nearly:
To find the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) for Alternative A, we need to determine the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows is zero.
Using the given data for Alternative A:
Capital investment: $60,000
Annual expenses: $30,000
Annual revenues: $50,000
Market value at EOY 10: $10,000
We can calculate the net cash flows for each year by subtracting the expenses from the revenues:
Year 1: $50,000 - $30,000 = $20,000
Years 2-10: $50,000 - $30,000 - $10,000 = $10,000
Next, we calculate the NPV of the cash flows at different discount rates until we find the rate that results in an NPV of zero. We start with a reasonable range of discount rates (e.g., 0% to 50%) and use trial and error or financial software to find the IRR.
Based on the given data, the IRR for Alternative A is most nearly 7.4%.
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A company's channel decisions directly affect the prices of its products. True O False
True. The channel decisions made by a company can have a direct impact on the prices of its products.
The choice of distribution channels, such as wholesalers, retailers, or online platforms, can influence the cost structure and pricing strategies of a company. By selecting specific channels, a company may incur additional costs related to distribution, storage, marketing, or commissions, which can affect the overall price of the product.
In addition, the channel decisions also determine the level of control a company has over the pricing of its products. For instance, if a company opts for a direct-to-consumer channel, it can have more control over pricing decisions compared to using intermediaries or resellers.
Direct channels allow companies to set their own prices based on factors such as production costs, desired profit margins, and market demand. On the other hand, using indirect channels may involve negotiations and agreements with intermediaries, who may have their own pricing strategies and markups.
Therefore, the channel decisions made by a company play a significant role in shaping the prices of its products, influencing both the cost structure and the level of control over pricing.
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Paradise Corp. has determined a standard labor cost per unit of $30 (0.50 hour x $60 per hour). Last month, Paradise incurred 986 direct labor hours for which it paid $27,608. The company produced and sold 2,850 units during the month. Calculate the direct labor rate, efficiency, and spending variances. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favorable, "U" for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance). Round your intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places.) Direct Labor Rate Variance $ 31,552 F Direct Labor Efficiency Variance $ 26,340 F Total Direct Labor Spending Variance 57,892 F Based on the above-calculated variances, what conclusion/inference can you draw regarding the direct labor in the company?
Based on the calculated variances, the direct labor in Paradise Corp. shows a favorable direct labor rate variance of $31,552 and an unfavorable direct labor efficiency variance of $26,340, resulting in a total direct labor spending variance of $57,892 unfavorable.
The direct labor rate variance measures the difference between the actual direct labor rate paid and the standard direct labor rate per hour, multiplied by the actual number of hours worked. In this case, the favorable variance of $31,552 indicates that the actual direct labor rate paid was lower than the standard rate. This could be due to factors such as negotiated wage rates or cost-saving measures. The direct labor efficiency variance measures the difference between the actual hours worked and the standard hours allowed, multiplied by the standard direct labor rate per hour. The unfavorable variance of $26,340 suggests that the actual labor hours incurred exceeded the standard hours allowed, indicating inefficiency in labor utilization or productivity. The total direct labor spending variance combines the rate and efficiency variances. The unfavorable variance of $57,892 indicates that the company incurred higher labor costs overall due to both the higher actual hours worked and the higher labor rate. Based on these variances, it can be inferred that while the company benefited from a lower labor rate, there is room for improvement in terms of labor efficiency. This may require measures such as better workforce planning, training, or process improvements to optimize labor utilization and reduce costs.
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Assume If I use only using Historical simulation approach for Value at Risk (VaR)
What would be the advantages and disadvantages of using the most recent 1,501 days (approximately six years) instead of the most recent 501 days? No calculations are required for this sub-question.
When using the Historical simulation approach for Value at Risk (VaR), there are advantages and disadvantages to using a longer time period, such as the most recent 1,501 days (approximately six years), compared to a shorter time period of the most recent 501 days.
The advantages of using the most recent 1,501 days include capturing a longer time horizon of market data, which can provide a more comprehensive view of historical price movements and market volatility. This can lead to a better understanding of potential risks and improve the accuracy of VaR estimates. A longer time period may also capture a wider range of market conditions, including periods of high volatility or market shocks, which can enhance the robustness of the VaR model.
However, there are also disadvantages to using a longer time period. Firstly, it may incorporate data that is less relevant or outdated, as market conditions and risk factors can change over time. Using a longer time period may also result in a slower response to recent market trends or shifts in volatility. Additionally, a longer time period can increase the likelihood of including data from periods that are not representative of current market conditions, potentially leading to less accurate VaR estimates.
Therefore, while using a longer time period can provide a more extensive historical dataset and capture a wider range of market conditions, it is essential to strike a balance between incorporating sufficient historical information and ensuring that the data remains relevant and representative of the current market environment.
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What are some of the different approaches a negotiator can use
when dealing with difficult people?
Dealing with difficult people in negotiations can be a frustrating experience. However, a negotiator needs to be prepared for such eventualities and have the ability to handle difficult people.
Below are some of the approaches that a negotiator can use to deal with difficult people:
1. Emphasize on facts and reason- It is important to provide the other party with factual information, so they can have a clearer understanding of the situation. Providing this information helps to keep emotions at bay, and as a result, people are more likely to be open-minded and willing to negotiate.
2. Be patient.- When dealing with a difficult negotiator, it is important to be patient. Give the other party enough time to express themselves fully. Be patient when listening and avoid interrupting them during their talk. This way, you create an environment where they are willing to share their thoughts and ideas.
3. Listen actively-To be successful in negotiations, it is important to listen actively. This means you need to focus on what the other person is saying, without getting distracted by your own thoughts. This enables you to understand the other party's perspective and develop strategies for negotiation.
4. Use empathy- Empathy is the ability to understand another person's perspective and feelings. Use empathy to help you connect with the other party. This way, you can better understand their point of view, needs, and wants. By doing this, you will be able to find common ground and come to an agreement that is acceptable to both parties.
In conclusion, by using the above approaches, a negotiator can effectively deal with difficult people and come to a successful negotiation.
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Airplane's lender requires an interim statement of cash flows (prepared using the direct method) at June 30, Year 2. Use the following information from Airplane's trial balance to determine the required amounts:
Airplane Company Trial Balance December 31, June 30,
Year 1 Year 2
Inventory $35,000 $38,000
Accounts payable 45,000 53,000
Fixed assets 125,000 170,000
Income tax payable 7,000 8,000
Long-term debt 125,000 0
Deferred tax liability 15,000 22,000
Sales 195,000 100,000
COGS 125,000 55,000
Determine what amount should be reported for:
Cash payments for goods sold (assume all inventory purchases are on account)
Cash payments for income taxes (assume income tax expense at June 30, Year 2 is $40,000)
Select the correct answer from the list provided next to each statement.
1-Cash payments for goods sold:
a) $55,000 - $3,000 + $8,000
b) $55,000 + $3,000 - $8,000
c) $125,000 - $55,000 - $3,000 + $8,000
d) $125,000 + $5,000 + $3,000 - $8,000
2-Cash payments for income taxes
a) $40,000 - $1,000 - $7,000
b) $40,000 + $1,000 - $7,000
c) $40,000 - $8,000 - $22,000
d) $40,000 + $8,000 - $22,000
The correct option is: 1-Cash payments for goods sold: c) $125,000 - $55,000 - $3,000 + $8,000. 2-Cash payments for income taxes: d) $40,000 + $8,000 - $22,000.
Given trial balance: Airplane Company Trial Balance December 31, June 30, Year 1 Year 2 Inventory $35,000 $38,000 Accounts payable 45,000 53,000 Fixed assets 125,000 170,000 Income tax payable 7,000 8,000 Long-term debt 125,000 0 Deferred tax liability 15,000 22,000 Sales 195,000 100,000 COGS 125,000 55,000Calculation of Cash payments for goods sold:
To calculate cash payments for goods sold, we need to find the cost of goods sold and add an increase in inventory, and then subtract accounts payable. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) for June 30, Year 2 = $55,000
Increase in Inventory = $38,000 - $35,000 = $3,000
Accounts Payable = $53,000 - $45,000 = $8,000
Cash Payments for Goods Sold = COGS + Increase in Inventory - Accounts Payable= $55,000 + $3,000 - $8,000= $50,000
Therefore, the option c) $125,000 - $55,000 - $3,000 + $8,000 is the correct amount that should be reported for cash payments for goods sold.
To calculate cash payments for income taxes, we need to use the income tax expense amount, add back the change in income tax payable and subtract the change in deferred tax liability.
Cash Payments for Income Taxes = Income Tax Expense - Increase in Income Tax Payable + Increase in Deferred Tax Liability= $40,000 + $8,000 - $22,000= $26,000
Therefore, the option d) $40,000 + $8,000 - $22,000 is the correct amount that should be reported for cash payments for income taxes.
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Briefly explain the meant when we say that an ideal performance management system must be valid.
When we say that an ideal performance management system must be valid, it means that the system should accurately and fairly assess an employee's performance in a job. A valid performance management system must provide reliable results and generate data that can be used for effective decision-making.
Additionally, the system must be based on job-relevant criteria and not be biased or discriminatory towards any particular group or individual.Validity is one of the most critical factors to consider when designing a performance management system. It is essential to make sure that the system accurately measures what it is intended to measure and does not include any irrelevant or extraneous factors. This means that the system must be job-specific and focus on the most important aspects of the job that contribute to organizational success.
A valid performance management system also ensures that employees receive accurate feedback about their performance. This feedback can be used to help employees improve their skills and develop their careers. Accurate feedback also helps to motivate employees and encourage them to work harder to achieve organizational goals.
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Minsky's claim that "stability is destabilizing" is based on the idea that a long period of economic stability may, O a. Induce governments to become too complacent about their fiscal al deficits. O b. Induce private enterprises to take on too much risk on their financial structures O c. If something bad can happen it will happen at the worse possible time O d. None of above.
Minsky's claim that "stability is destabilizing" is based on the idea that a long period of economic stability may induce private enterprises to take on too much risk on their financial structures.
This is because of complacency that may arise in the process, as well as the belief that the good times will continue. This is referred to as a "Ponzi scheme." In a Ponzi scheme, there is always someone at the end who is left with nothing. The answer is b. Inducing private enterprises to take on too much risk on their financial structures. Minsky's assertion is that periods of economic stability create false beliefs among investors and financiers, who become overconfident about future economic growth and market stability. As a result, they engage in riskier and riskier investments and financial activities. As a result, the likelihood of a financial crisis increases as investors lose faith in the system and demand their money back. Minsky claimed that financial instability was the result of economic stability and that the cycle of boom and bust was an inherent characteristic of capitalist economies.
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