Conventional genetic analyses of prions involving rrna sequences are impossible because Prions do not contain nucleic acids
The name "prions" refers to aberrant, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and capable of inducing improper folding of specific normal cellular proteins known as prion proteins, which are abundant in the brain.
Prions are virus-like creatures that contain a prion protein. These elongated fibrils (green) are thought to be protein aggregations from the infectious prion. Prions cause neurodegenerative brain illness by attacking nerve cells. Symptoms of "mad cow" include glassy eyes and uncontrollable bodily trembling.
Prion disorders develop when normal prion protein, which is found on the surface of many cells, becomes aberrant and clumps in the brain, causing harm to the brain.
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Conventional genetic analyses of prions involving rrna sequences are impossible because Prions do not contain nucleic acids.
Prions are misfolded proteins that have the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals. It is not known what causes a normal protein to misfold, but the resulting abnormal three-dimensional structure confers infectious properties by collapsing nearby protein molecules into the same shape.
The word prion is derived from the term, "proteinaceous infectious particle". In comparison to all other known infectious agents such as viroids, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, all of which contain nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, or both), the hypothesized role of a protein as an infectious agent stands in contrast.
Prion isoforms of the prion protein (PrP), whose specific function is uncertain, are hypothesized as the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle (commonly known as "mad cow disease") and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.
All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue; all are progressive, have no known effective treatment, and are always fatal. Until 2015, all known mammalian prion diseases were caused by the prion protein (PrP); however, in 2015 it was hypothesized that multiple system atrophy (MSA) was caused by a prion form of alpha-synuclein.
Prions are a type of intrinsically disordered protein, which change their conformation unless they are bound to a specific partner such as another protein. With a prion, two protein chains are stabilized if one binds to another in the same conformation. The probability of this happening is low, but once it does the combination of the two is very stable. Then more units can get added, making a sort of "fibril". Prions form abnormal aggregates of proteins called amyloids, which accumulate in infected tissue and are associated with tissue damage and cell death. Amyloids are also responsible for several other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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In conclusion, mention three values you have acquired through
Some of the values that a student can acquire through education are:
EmpathyCare EqualityIntegrityHonesty, etc.What are Values?This refers to the degree of importance of a thing or event that is in line with the ethics and belief system of a person that guides his interaction with others.
Hence, we can see that although your question is incomplete, a general overview is given to help you better understand the concept of values and the importance of education.
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Question mode multiple choice question what type of cells does the ground meristem make?
Answer:
Parenchyma Cells, I believe
Would hypothermia cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation of a vessel feeding a tissue?
Hypothermia would vasoconstriction of a vessel feeding a tissue.
What is hypothermia?In hypothermia the body temperature drops very low such that even necessary body functions cannot be maintained resulting in the vasoconstriction of blood vessels.Vasoconstriction (shrinking) of blood vessels helps by decreasing the exchange of heat of the organism’s body with the environment as the blood flow is decreased.Hypothermia is a medical emergency mainly caused due to exposure to cold for long time resulting is loss of heat faster than the body is able to generate it.It affects the brain resulting in confusion, memory loss, slurred speech.The initial symptom is uncontrolled shivering.Try to keep a hypothermic patient warm and provide medical care as soon as possible.Learn more about hypothermia here:
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Part 2
1. Go to Phet Reversible Reactions Simulation (click here).
2. Add in 5 of each A and B molecules
3. After observing for 10 seconds, what is happeningto both the A and B molecules? Other
observations?
It is observed that after adding 5 each to molecules A and B; of Phet Reversible Reactions that the equilibrium goes right, away from the reactant
However, on the other side, If we add product, equilibrium goes left, away from the product
This is because in reversible reactions, both forward and backward or reverse directions of the reaction usually occur at the same time.
What are reversible reactions?Reversible reactions can be defined as a type of chemical reaction in which the reactants form the products that; and in turn, react together to give the reactants back.
Generally, reversible reactions usually will reach an equilibrium point where the concentrations of the reactants and products will no longer change.
Please note that the " Phet " mentioned above means Physics Education Technology. It is a research based simulations for tutoring science subjects
So therefore, it is observed that after adding 5 each to molecules A and B; of Phet Reversible Reactions that the equilibrium goes right, away from the reactant
Complete question:
What happens when you add 5 each to molecules A and B in a reversible reaction?
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A seal and a shark eat the same kind of fish.
What ecological interaction describes the relationship between the seal and the shark?
Choose 1 answer:
A: Predation
B: Commensalism
C: Competition
D: Mutualism
Answer:
The correct answer is A.Predation
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
When aging neurons die, they can be replaced is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons.
What is neuron?Information is transmitted via neurons. They communicate between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system through electrical impulses and chemical signals.The basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system are neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells). A neuron is made up of a cell body, which includes a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long, thin portions that resemble hair grow. The neuron's lone long component, known as the axon, is responsible for carrying nerve impulses to various body areas. Dendrites are the short, branching components of the neuron.The fundamental unit of the neurological system is the neuron. Dendrites, cell bodies, and axons are the three distinct components of all neurons. The structure of the neuron is specifically equipped to quickly transmit electrical information over long distances in the body.
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Biology: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letters only.
(It’s abt the respiratory system btw)
(I’ve answered some, but I’m not sure, so can someone do?, ASAP!!)
Answer:
Greetings !
2. B, Lungs
3. B, Alveoli
4. C, Trachea
5. C, sinuses
6. A, Adenoids and tonsils
7. C, Pharynx
8. C, Larynx
9. B, Larynx
10. A, Bronchi and Bronchiole tubes
Hope it helps !
Now conduct research on the types of organisms that live in the ecosystem you chose. note that quaternary consumers and even tertiary consumers can include land animals that rely on the animals in the aquatic ecosystem for food. collect information based on these guidelines: producers: identify 2-3 species. primary (or first-level) consumers: identify 2-3 species. secondary (or second-level) consumers: identify 2-3 species. tertiary (or third-level) consumers: identify 2-3 species. quaternary (or fourth-level) consumers: identify 1-2 species. write down the species you’ve identified for each consumer level in the ecosystem.
conduct research on the types of organisms that live in the ecosystem you choose -
Ecosystems, or biological communities, comprise both living organisms such as animals, plants, insects, and microorganisms and nonliving components such as rocks, soil, water, and sunshine.
Producers are plants and algae that manufacture their own sustenance.Herbivores eat plants and are classified as main consumers. Secondary consumers are carnivores that devour herbivores at the third level. Tertiary consumers are predators that consume other carnivores.To learn more about ecosystem from the given link
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__________ are the primary means by which neisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract.
Fimbriae are the primary means by which Neisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract.
What is gonorrhea?Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused due to bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium attaches with the help of fimbriae.N. gonorrhoeae infects the reproductive tract and attaches to the mucous membranes of cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in both women and men. This bacterium can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from mother to child during birth.Gonorrhea can lead to pelvic pain, pus discharge from reproductive organs, painful urination.It can lead to infertility and risk of HIV/AIDS infection.To prevent infection, do not have unprotected sex, avoid sharing needles, regularly check for gonorrhea infection.Learn more about gonorrhea here:
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In order, from the earliest to the most recent?
a. evolution of eukaryotic cells
b. origin of prokaryotic cells
c. evolution of multicellular organisms
d. plants and fungi colonize land
b. origin of prokaryotic cells
a. evolution of eukaryotic cells
c. evolution of multicellular organisms
d. plants and fungi colonize land
Prokaryotes are primitive cells without nuclei that were the first to evolve. Their DNA is round. Circular DNA is found in the mitochondrion and chlorophyll of eukaryotes as well, which shows that prokaryotes evolved first.According to fossil evidence, eukaryotes diverged from prokaryotes between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Studies of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are assumed to have evolved from bacteria residing in big cells, are particularly helpful in supporting the idea that eukaryotic cells originated from an endosymbiotic association of prokaryotes.Eukaryotic cells' evolution is explained by the endosymbiotic hypothesis. Both the large and small cells profited from their symbiotic interaction. Some of the small cells were able to use the energy from the waste products of the large cells. They provided energy for more than just themselves.learn more about prokaryotic here: https://brainly.com/question/5716507
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Why are microbial etcs so diverse? relate to anaerobic respiration, alternative energy sources, chemoautotrophs, phototrophs? hint: do all cells use have cytochrome oxidase?
There are different kinds of microbes and distinguished by their differing characteristics of cellular metabolism , physiology and morphology by their various ecological distribution and activities that distinct genomic structure and expressions.
The electron transport system that energy production for aerobic organism found in mitochondria of cells.Its final stage in cellar respiration,which process by which the cell produces.Bacteria with different shapes are present different physical feature to outside world.
Cytochrome oxidase that conserves energy released when oxygen is reduced by pumping protons across the membrane .It locates in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cellular space of aerobic prokaryotes .Human cytochrome oxide is composed of 13 sub-units.
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Some individuals inherit an xx chromosome pattern but are exposed prenatally to drugs that are converted to male hormones once in the body. these individuals are likely to?
Individuals inherit an xx chromosome pattern but are exposed prenatally to drugs that are converted to male hormones once in the body have masculinized genitalia and behave in more 'masculine ways'.
Person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. The Y chromosome is present in males, who have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research.
In general Gender schema theory proposes that children learn schemes related to gender from their interactions with other children and adults, as well as from TV program and films. Such schema or stereotypes have the function of organizing and structuring other information that is presented to children.
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When looking at condensed chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell through a microscope, you are actually looking at_________.
When looking at condensed chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell through a microscope, you are actually looking at metaphase of mitosis or meiosis II. Metaphase is a stage during the process of of cell division (mitosis or meiosis).
Normally Individual chromosomes are dispersed throughout the cell nucleus. The chromosomes of the cell condense and move toward one another, aligning in the centre of the dividing cell, and the nucleus of the cell disintegrates during metaphase of mitosis. By microtubules attached to its kinetochore, one of the sister chromatids is joined to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid is associated to the other pole. During meiotic cell division, metaphase is also visible. Specifically designed cells undergo a type of cell division called meiosis to produce gametes (egg cells or sperms). The two nuclear cell division cycles that make up meiosis are known as meiosis I and meiosis II.
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The main reason for illegal dumping of
hazardous waste is
A. the lack of laws
B. lack of enforcement of waste laws
C. the considerate nature of hazardous waste producers
D. the cost of legal disposal
Answer:
lack of enforcement of waste laws
B
What is it about a person that could cause ordinarily beneficial traits to become so self-defeating?.
You may have feelings of inadequacy when you can't have—or give your children—the kind of life that others seem to have. All of these situations and challenges can lead to stress, which in turn lead to the development of Self Defeating Behaviors (SBD).
What is beneficial traits?Beneficial traits are extremely varied and may contain anything from protective coloration to the ability to operate a new food source, to a change in size or constitution that might be useful in a certain environment.Over time, these favorable traits become more common in the residents. Through this process of natural preference, favorable characteristics are transmitted through generations. Natural preference can lead to speciation, where one species gives rise to a new and distinctly different species.The artificial section is the identification by humans of seductive traits in factories and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and memorialize those traits in future years.To learn more about beneficial traits, refer to:
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In order to for fertilization to occur in seed plants the pollen grain is dispersed by a pollinator to the egg.
a. true
b. false
Answer:
true
Explanation:
a pollinator carries pollen grain to the next flower for fertilization to occur
The colorless liquid produced as a byproduct when plasma passes nourishment to capillaries and cells is known as?
The colorless liquid produced as a byproduct when plasma passes nourishment to capillaries and cells is known as Lymph.
The extra fluid that leaks out of cells and tissues but is not reabsorbed into capillaries is what is referred to as lymph, also known as lymphatic fluid. Since RBCs are missing in lymph, lymph is colourless, the colour of blood is caused by the presence of haemoglobin in RBCs.
They can be discovered in a number of locations on the body, including as the groyne, armpits, chest, abdomen, and throat. They typically exist in chains or groupings. All are located close to veins and arteries and are embedded in fatty tissue. Although lymph nodes serve a variety of purposes, body defence is typically one of them.
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Polar microtubules ___ during anaphase.
Polar microtubules shorten during anaphase.
Late a is characterized by shortening of the kinetochore microtubules, while anaphase b movements lengthen the pole microtubules. This will move the two spindle poles further apart.
On the other hand, changes in microtubule length provide a mechanism for chromosome movement. more specifically, in the first part of anaphase, sometimes called anaphase A, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the chromosome towards the spindle pole.
Chromosome segregation occurs in two stages. In anaphase a, the chromosomes move towards the spindle poles, and in anaphase b the spindle poles separate from each other. anaphase a requires chromosome-to-pole shortening of microtubules, whereas anaphase b requires this pole-to-pole shortening, resulting in microtubule lengthening.
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Which of the following is a function of Producers?
A. All of these
B. Convert sunlight into chemical energy
C. Prevent soil erosion
D. Convert nitrates into usable proteins
The function of producers include all of the above and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is a Producer?This is referred to as an autotrophic organism which are able to produce food for the other organisms in the food chain.
A typical example is plants which produce food through photosynthesis via sunlight and perform other functions such as preventing soil erosion and converting nitrates into usable proteins.
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Root hairs, which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants, are the extensions of root.
Root cells extend into epidermal cells. In most plants, they take up the water and minerals.
What are epidermal cells and what do they do?The waxy cuticle of the epidermis acts as a barrier against infection, water loss, and mechanical harm. Different altered epidermal cells control transpiration, boost water absorption, and produce chemicals.
What makes epidermal cells unique?The epidermis of plants is made up of a variety of cell types called epidermal cells. Although they perform a range of crucial tasks, their main purpose is to guard against various harmful elements (environmental stressors), such as microorganisms, chemicals, UV light, and others.
Do epidermal cells have specific roles?Subsidiary or auxiliary cells are specialized epidermal cells that surround the guard cells.
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The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve?
Musculocutaneous nerve is responsible for innervating the flexors of the arm.
The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor. The musculocutaneous nerve is responsible for innervating the flexors of the arm, including the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and the medial aspect of the brachialis. The Musculocutaneous nerve is a large branch of the Brachial Plexus. It is called musculocutaneous nerve as it supplies the muscles of the front of the arm and skin of lateral side of forearm. The Musculocutaneous nerve is a terminal branch of the lateral cord of the Brachial Plexus.
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Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of dna. which metabolic intermediate and pathway will function as crossover points between triglycerides and dna?
Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of DNA. Acetyl-CoA is the metabolic intermediate involved in Citric acid cycle pathway which functions as crossover points between triglycerides and DNA.
The Citric acid cycle also known as Krebs cycle or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) involves a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions which occur in the mitochondrial matrix. In this pathway, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and the coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) takes part in many biochemical reactions linked with protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main role is to deliver the acetyl group to the Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
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What type of control exists in the somatic nervous system?
a. automatic
b. voluntary
c. reflexive
d. partial
e. involuntary
Voluntary control exists in the somatic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system (SNS), or voluntary nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
The somatic nervous system consists of sensory nerves carrying afferent nerve fibres, which relay sensation from the body to the central nervous system (CNS), and motor nerves carrying efferent nerve fibres, which relay motor commands from the CNS to stimulate muscle contraction.
The somatic nervous system consists of two parts:
Spinal nerves: They are mixed nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.Cranial nerves: They are the nerve fibres that carry information into and out of the brain stem. They include smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue.Function :
The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs.
The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons (upper motor neurons) within the precentral gyrus (which approximates the primary motor cortex). Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons, down the corticospinal tract, to lower motor neurons (alpha motor neurons) in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord: upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter called glutamate from their axon terminal knobs, which is received by glutamate receptors on the lower motor neurons: from there, acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) of muscles, thereby relaying the stimulus to contract muscle fibres.
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The ______ the working distance of an objective lens, the ______ the magnification.
The greater the working distance of an objective lens, the lower the magnification.
Magnification:Magnification is the process of enlarging something's apparent size rather than its actual size. This enlargement is measured in terms of a calculated quantity known as "magnification." The term "minification" or "de-magnification" is frequently used to describe a reduction in size when this number is less than one.
Magnification frequently refers to enlarging graphics or images to view more detail, boosting resolution, using a microscope, printing methods, or digital processing. The viewpoint of the image is unaffected by image magnification in every situation.
The ratio of the image's height to the object's height is represented by the formula for magnification. Additionally, the letter "m" stands for the object's magnification. Additionally, its formula is
Magnification (m) = h / h’
Here, the object's height is indicated by the letters h and h'.
Additionally, it might be connected to the image and object distances. So, it can be written as follows:
m = -v / u
Here, c denotes the picture distance, and u is the object distance.
Most notable, the expression for magnification will be as follows:
m = h' / h = -v / u
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The country or culture we live in can largely influence what we consider to be a normal portion of food. what is the name of this phenomenon?
The culture of our country where we live can largely influenced by both symbolic and material elements. For is cultural ,not nutritional.
There is one most important things which we remember in connection with cultural factors involves in food portion of our daily life.Consist of values, attitude, habits and customs, acquired by learning all are starts by the starting experience of our childhood.
Food habits are largely influence by oldest and most deeply entrenched aspects of many culture. In many culture food has a social roles. Social and cultural factors to health programs in general. Culture also play an important role in human nutrition and must be considered in either clinical or public health intervention particular in immigrant population.
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Part a :put the paramecium or protist slide on the base of your compound microscope.
Paramecium is a genus of eukaryotic unicellular ciliates and is widely studied as a representative of the ciliate group. Paramecium is widely distributed in freshwater, brackish and marine territories and is expected in sedentary aquariums and ponds. Some species are widely used in classrooms and laboratories to explore biological processes because they are easy to culture and easily induce binding and division. Its usefulness as a model organism has led some ciliate investigators to characterize it as a "white rat" in the phylum Ciliate.
What is compound microscope?Paramecium size range from 50 to 330 microns (0.0020 to 0.0130 inches). The cells are usually oval, rectangular, foot or cigar-shaped.The body of a cell is surrounded by a rigid but flexible structure called a membrane. It consists of an outer cell membrane (protoplasmic membrane), a layer of flat membrane-bound sac called the alveoli, and an intima called epiplasma. The cuticle is not soft, but consists of hexagonal or rectangular indentations. Each of these polygons is perforated by a central opening with a single cilia protruding. Between the alveolar sac of the cuticle, most Paramecium species have a dense spindle-shaped trichocyst, an explosive organelle that secretes thin, non-toxic filaments often used for defensive objectives.To learn more about compound microscope, refer to:
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The anerobic conversion of 1 mole of glucose to 2 mol of lactaet by fermentation is accompanied by
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mole of glucose to 2 moles of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of 2 moles of ATP.
The chemical breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen is called as fermentation. This process is also known as anaerobic respiration.
Under anaerobic conditions, 2 ATP are produced (net) per mole of glucose. 7 ATP are made per mole of glucose in glycolysis aerobically, whereas, Pyruvate is converted to Lactate by the enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP) under anaerobic conditions.
Thus, the net gain is 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP.
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Sponges are examples of ________.
a. animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry
b. photoautotrophs suspension feeders
c. animals that lack a true body cavity
In regards to the above, Sponges are examples of animals that lack a true body cavity.
What are Sponges?Sponges are known to be larvae that are said to be motile and they tend to move through the motion of cilia.
Sponges are known to have no true tissues and are called filter feeders,
The animal known to be sponges are known to be one whose body is said to be the simplest sponges and they often the shape of a cylinder.
Therefore, In regards to the above, Sponges are known to be good yo be animals that do not have a true body cavity.
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Answer:Suspension Feeders
Explanation:
suspension feeders
The diamond-shaped ________ muscle originates on the middle of the neck and back, and inserts on the clavicles and scapular spines, covering the upper back and extending to the base of the skull.
The diamond-shaped trapezius muscle originates on the middle of the neck and back, and inserts on the clavicles and scapular spines, covering the upper back and extending to the base of the skull.
What is trapezius?The trapezius is a muscle that starts at the base of your neck, goes across your shoulders and extends to the middle of your back.
The trapezius helps you move your head, neck, arms, shoulders and torso.
It also stabilizes your spine and helps with posture.
Thus, the diamond-shaped trapezius muscle originates on the middle of the neck and back, and inserts on the clavicles and scapular spines, covering the upper back and extending to the base of the skull.
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The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as ____
The condition characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth is known as Hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia is the presence of abnormally high calcium levels in the blood. Hypercalcemia is considered mild if the total serum calcium level is between 10.5 and 12 mg per dL (2.63 and 3 mmol per L). Levels higher than 14 mg per dL (3.5 mmol per L) can be life threatening. People with mild hypercalcemia may not require treatment, and calcium levels may return to normal over time. The doctor will monitor these levels and the health of the kidneys. Pamidronate is the most commonly used medication for the treatment of hypercalcemia.
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