cords of connective tissue that connect MUSCLES TO BONES

Yes, a spectrophotometer can be used to measure the absorption of a particular wavelength of light that is not visible to a normal human eye.

Even though we can't directly perceive this light's absorption, it can be quantified. We may calculate concentration by using a spectrophotometer, which detects the absorption of light at particular wavelengths (whether visible or not) by a solution. The number of chemicals in a solution or the amount of light absorption may be measured using the common and affordable method of spectrophotometry.

Each substance in the solution either absorbs or transmits light over a certain wavelength when a light beam is directed through the sample. Combining them with colored derivatives that are visible and measurable. Another is that colorless substances typically absorb light from the part of the spectrum that is invisible to the unaided eye, as measured by a spectrophotometer.

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A block of mass 0.260 kg is placed on top of a light, vertical spring of force constant 5 025 n/m and pushed downward. After the block is released, the spring will travel upward to the maximum height of 10.86 meters.

The relation between the potential energy on a string and the length it stretches is given by:

E = 1/2 . kx²

Where:

k  = spring constant

x = spring stretch or compression

In the given problem:

k = 5,025 N/m

x = 0.106 m

Hence,

E = 1/2 . 5025 . (0.106)²

m . g . h =  1/2 . 5025 . (0.106)²

Where;

m = mass

h = height from the release point.

Hence,

0.260 x 10 x h = 28.23

h = 10.86 m

Therefore, the spring will travel upwards up to 10.86 m

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The method of radiation is faster through a vacuum, the method of convection is faster through a gas and the method of conduction is faster through a solid.

There are three modes of heat transfer:

conduction

convection, and

radiation

Radiation:

The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles causes ionization. As we know vacuum does not require any medium so radiation is the heat transfer which is faster in a vacuum.

Therefore we get that in vacuum radiation, solid conduction, and gas convection heat transfer is faster.

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The initial velocity is -25m/s.

What is velocity?

Velocity, which is a vector quantity, is referred to as the "pace at which an item changes its position." Imagine someone moving quickly, constantly going back to their starting position after taking one step forward. The velocity would be zero, even though there might be a frenzy of activity as a result.

What is acceleration?

Acceleration is the rate at which the direction and speed of motion change over time. Anything is said to have been accelerated when it moves straighter and faster or slower. Motion on a circle accelerates even though the speed is constant because the direction is constantly changing.

Is up in physics positive or negative?

If you choose to make the upward direction negative and the downward direction positive (the commonly accepted convention), then g will be positive if the object is stationary or moving downwards. If an object is moving upward, g will be negative.

Therefore, the initial velocity is -25m/s.

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The force (F) exerted on the mower of mass 24 kg is 2.125 N and The distance the mower will travel when before it stopping when F is removed is 0.53m.

Force can be defined as the product of mass and acceleration.

To calculate the force the person is exerting on the mower, we use the formula below.

Formula:

Where:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 1

Also, To calculate the distance the mower will move before stopping, We need to first find the acceleration of the mower using the formula below.

Formula:

Where:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 2

Finally, we use the formula below to calculate the total distance the mower will travel before stopping

Formula:

Where:

From the question,

Given:

Substitute these values into equation 3

Hence, the force exerted on the mower is 2.125 N and the distance the mower will travel before it stops is 0.53m.

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The torque on the wheel is 0.0294 Nm

The term "torque" was coined by the ancient Romans. They described these necklaces with the Latin word "Torquere", a twisted helix, a spiral, which means "twist" and "turn".

Torque is a measure of the force that rotates an object around an axis. Torque causes an object to undergo angular acceleration in the same way that force accelerates an object in linear kinematics. Torque is a vector quantity. Newton meter is the unit of torque.

Torque = Force × Perpendicular distance line of action of force and axis

τ = mg × L

τ = 0.01 × 9.8 × 0.3

τ = 0.0294 Nm

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To calculate the distance between the ships by formulas.

What constitutes speed?

The speed at which a position of an object changes in any direction. Speed is defined as the ratio of distance travelled to the amount of time needed to cover that distance. Because it only has a direction and no magnitude, speed is a scalar quantity.

What is distance?

Distance is an object's overall movement, independent of direction. Distance can be described as the amount of ground that an object has covered, regardless of its starting or ending points.

Known dx/dt= 35km/h

dy/dt= 25km/h

dz/dt when x=(4.35)= 140km and

y=(4.25) = 100 km

( then =[tex]\sqrt{100^2 + 240^2}[/tex] = 260 km)

∴ 100^2 ( x+y)^2 = Z²

0+∂(x+y)(dx/dt+dy/dt)=∂z(dz/dt)

=∂(140+100)(35+25)=∂(260)(dz/dt)

dz/dt= 55.4km/h

Therefore, the distance between the ships is55.4km/h.

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The speed at 7.0 m along the x-axis is  4.24 m/s.

the rate at which the location of an object changes in any direction. The ratio of distance traveled to the time required to travel that distance is known as speed. Considering that speed only has a direction and no magnitude.

given,

speed of the object at origin = 4 m/s

potential energy at origin = 10 J

mass of the object = 2 kg

potential energy at 7 m = 8 J

since the system is conservative so it'll follow the conservation of energy

that is,

initial energy = final energy

kinetic energy = 0.5 ×m× v²

initial potential energy + initial kinetic energy = final potential energy + final kinetic

energy

10+ 0.5 × 2 × 4² = 8 + 0.5 × 2 × v²

v = 4.24 m/s

speed at 7m = 4.24 m/s.

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Using the concepts of atwood machine, we got 4.05m[tex]s^{-2}[/tex]. is the acceleration of system when released from rest.

We know very well that in atwood`s two bodies having different mass are hanged around the pulley.

The accceleration of the atwood is given by :

a=((m2-m1)/(m2+m1))×g, where m2 is the mass of heavier body,m1 is the mass of lighter body and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

So, according to question m2=11.9,m1=4.93 and g=9.8

So, on putting the value in above formula, we got

a=[(11.9-4.93)/(11.9+4.93)]×9.8

=>a=[(6.97)/(16.83)]×9.8

=>a=4.05m[tex]s^{-2}[/tex].

Hence, an  atwood machine in which two masses: one of mass 4.93 kg and the other of mass 11.9 kg. when released from rest, the acceleration of the system is 4.05m[tex]s^{-2}[/tex].

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The momentum of a single photon in the pulse is 1.19 * 10^-27 kg m/s.

It is the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.

How to calculate the momentum of a single photon in the pulse?
Wavelength of light is given,
λ = 556nm = 556 * 10^-9m

Wavelength and momentum (p) are related by
λ = h/p

Where h is the planck constant = 6.63 * 10^-34 m^2 kg/s

So, the momentum is

p = h/λ

[tex]\frac{6.63*10^{-34} }{ 556*10^{-9}}[/tex]

p = 1.19 * 10^-27 kg m/s

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The width of the central maximum is 1.9×10-3 m.

For the distance L, where

light wavelength λ= 585 nm =585 x 10-9 m

Slit width yields sw =0.80 mm= 0.80 x 10-3 m

(a) First, we deduce that the minimum integer value m= 1 for the central maximum distance yields a minimum diffraction value from the center distance as Yc=0.95 mm 0.95 x 10-3 m. This relationship can be

calculation:-

yc=L sinθ=L(mλ/sw)  ----------(1)

Therefore, rearranging terms from the above equation, we get:

L=sw/λ(yc)

Whereby substituting initial values, the screen distance equation produces:

L=[(0.80×10-3)/(585×10-9)](0.95×10-3)

  =1.3 m

(b) Now, we deduce that the central maximum yields from equation (1):

W = 2 (yc)

Therefore, substituting initial values, we get:

W = 2 (0.95 x 10-3 m)

   =1.9×10-3 m

Wavelength is the distance among the same points (adjacent crests) within the adjoining cycles of a waveform signal propagated in space or along a wire. The wavelength is the distance between two wave crests, and it will likely be the same for troughs. The frequency is the number of vibrations that bypass a given spot in a single.

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The wool becomes positively charged because it gives up electrons to the rubber rod whereas wool is rubbed against a Nylon strip so the wool will steal electrons from the Nylon and form a negative charge.

When the woolen cloth is stroke against the plastic, both wood and plastic get electrified due to friction built while rubbing. So, plastic has greater electron affinity (ability to attract electrons) in a contrast to wool, therefore, plastic acquires a negative charge and wool obtains a positive charge. When you rub a balloon with a cloth made of wool, the balloon captures electrons from the wool, leaving the balloon with a negative charge and the wool with a positive charge. If both balloons are pat with wool, they will both have the same charge (negative) and therefore will repel each other.

So we can conclude that Wool is a conductive material, which means it readily gives away its electrons. accordingly, when you rub a balloon on wool.

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The second student must push with a force greater than 150 N to cause the car to accelerate.

The net force on the car is the sum of all the forces acting on the car. The direction of the net force on the car will determine the direction of motion of the car.

According to Newton's second law of motion, the force applied to an object is directly proportional to the product of mass and acceleration of the object.

The net force on the car is calculated as follows;

F(net) = F - Ff

ma = F - Ff

where;

For the car to move, sum of the applied forces must be greater than the force of friction.

200 + F > 350

F > 350 - 200

F > 150

Thus, the second student must push with a force greater than 150 N before the car can accelerate.

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Answer:  at least 180 degrees

a) The frequency of fundamental mode of vibration of steel piano is 400Hz.

b) The number of the highest harmonic that could be heard by a person is 24ᵗʰ.

In the given question we have,

lenth of steel piano wire (L) = 0.4 m

tension/ force on steel piano (T) = 800N

mass of steel piano (m) = 3g = 0.003 kg

We shall find out the frequency of fundamental mode of vibration of steel piano.

Fundamental Frequency of object depends on wave speed in turn which depend on tension .

Using Fundamental Frequency,

f₁ = v/2L

where , v---> wave speed

f₁ ---> fundamental frequency

L ---> length of wire

Firstly, we have to find out the value of wave speed.

For determining the wave speed we use following relation,

v = sqrt ( T/ μ )

where, v---> wave speed

T ---> Tension or force

μ ----> mass per unit length = m/L

Now, put all given values in formula

μ = m/L = 0.003/0.4 kg/m =

v = √800×0.40/(3× 10⁻³) = 327m/sec

fundamental frequency (f₁) = 327/(2×0.4 )

= 400Hz

b) The nth harmonic has frequency , fₙ = n f₁

wher, f₁---> fundamental frequency

fₙ----> highest frequency

n ----> harmonic number

fₙ = 10,000 Hz , f₁ = 409Hz

put in above formula, 10,000 = n × 409

=> n = 100/4 = 24.4

So, 24th harmonic is the highest harmonic that could be heard by a person who is capable of hearing frequenies upto 10,000Hz.

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a ) When they reach the ground, rock B has greater velocity.

b ) Both rocks have the same acceleration

c ) Rock A and Rock B arrives at the same time

According to law of conservation of energy,

1 / 2 m u² + m g hi = 1 / 2 m v² + m g hf

u = 0

hf = 0

m g hi = 1 / 2 m v²

v = √ ( 2 g / m ) √ hi

v ∝ √ hi

a ) hi of rock A will be higher because it reaches a certain height above the ground which will be considered as initial height for rock A. So, the final velocity of rock A is higher.

b ) Both the rock are affected by only the force of gravity. So they will have the same acceleration of 9.8 m / s²

c ) If air resistance is ignored,

s = u t + 1 / 2 at²

For an object that is dropped,

u = 0

a = g

s = at² / 2

t = √ ( 2 s / g )

It can clearly be seen that no matter what height an object might be dropped from, if air resistance is ignore they will fall at the same time.

Therefore,

a ) When they reach the ground, rock B has greater velocity.

b ) Both rocks have the same acceleration

c ) Rock A and Rock B arrives at the same time

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The situation that would be most appropriate to the use a vector quantity is determining the net force that is acting on an object.

option A is the correct answer.

Vector quantities are the physical quantities characterized by the presence of both magnitude as well as direction.

Examples of vector quantities include the following;

Scalar quantities, are those physical quantities that have only magnitude without direction. Example is temperature.

Thus, the situation that would be most appropriate to the use a vector quantity is the situation that needs to be described by both magnitude and direction.

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The distance of the image is 26.67 cm

The magnification is -1.67

The image is real

The image is inverted

The focal length of the concave mirror = 10 cm

The distance of the object from the concave mirror = 16 cm

                 1/p + 1/q = 1/f

where p is the distance of the object

          q is the distance of the image

          f is the focal length

                  1/q = 1/f - 1/p

                  1/q = (p - f)/fp

                    q = fp / (p - f)

                    q = 16 x 10 / ( 16 - 10)

                       = 160 / 6

                       = 26.67 cm

The distance of the image from the concave mirror is 26.67 cm

                  M = -q/p

where M is the magnification

                 M = -26.67 / 16

                     = -1.67

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In a collision between two unequal masses, the smaller mass by the larger mass compare with the impulse imparted to the larger mass by the smaller one they are equal.

Any incident where two or more bodies exert forces on each other quickly is referred to as a collision in physics. In physics, collision, which is also known as impact, is the abrupt, forceful coming together in close proximity of two bodies, such as, for instance, two pool balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, two railroad cars when coupled, or a falling object and a floor. In physics, a collision occurs when particles, aggregates of particles, or solid bodies move in the same direction and get close enough to each other to interact and have an impact on one another. Distracted driving is the most frequent reason for an auto accident. Speeding, disobeying traffic signs, making improper turns, and driving while intoxicated or drugged-up are additional risk factors for car accidents.

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The speed of this child from this surface would be 14.69 m / s

We have the formula for energy conservation as:

E - potential = E - kinetic

We have the following details with which we are to solve the problem

weight of child w = 350 N

length of rope L = 7.2m

angle θ = 12 degrees

we would have the solution as

m x 9.8m/s² x (10.2 + 1.79 - 7.2 x cos 12) = 1/2 mv²

we would have to solve out the expression that we have above. Such that :

9.8m * (11.99 - 0.9781) = 1/2 mv²

107.9 m = 1/2 mv²

cancel out m

107.9 = 0.5v²

divide through by 0.5

107.9 / 0.5 = v²

215.8 = v²

v = √215.8

v = 14.69

Hence the speed of the child at the surface of the water would be given as 14.69 m / s

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Answer:C) he does less work coming back because the force moving the wagon is only 50cos30

Explanation: got it right on edge

The amount of work Trevor performs going to the corner compared with the amount of work he performs coming back is that   he does less work coming back because the force moving the wagon is only 50cos30°

Since the formula, we refer to for calculating the work, when the angle is applied is:

Wₓ = W cos θ, where for the case the  θ is  30  and W is 50

Since the force done is  parallel to the motion's direction, and the work  has a larger magnitude, the work done in order of pulling the wagon back to the starting point is less than the work done in pulling the  wagon to the corner, as  the reason is for the  angle of 30 degrees in pulling it back

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When the amplitude varies, it means twice as much.

Simple harmonic motion, such the swinging of a pendulum or the weight of a weight on a spring, produces a sinusoidal relationship between position and time. Sound and water waves, for example, can be visualized as sinusoids.

Given:

if the string is given four times as much power.

According to the power that a sinusoidal wave on a stretched string transmits,

P =[tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex] μω^A^2v

Where  μ=mass per unit length, w= angular speed, A= amplitude, v= wave speed, P= power delivered.

P ∝[tex]A^{2}[/tex]

Here, the only terms we need are power and amplitude.

A =K[tex]\sqrt{P}[/tex]

Where K is constant

Here, "power become quadruple" refers to four,

A = [tex]\sqrt{4P}[/tex]

A =2 [tex]\sqrt{P}[/tex]

Therefore, an increase in amplitude by a factor of two is equivalent to a twofold increase.

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We can contrast distant galaxies with nearby galaxies.

Although scientists are unsure of the universe's actual age, we estimate that it is somewhere between 13 and 14 billion years old. In order to determine the age of the universe, astronomers use two different methods: (a) searching for the earliest stars; and (b) measuring the universe's rate of expansion and projecting it back to the Big Bang.

The amount of time it took for the galaxies to get to their current distances is therefore t=D/v. However, we know that v=H0D because to Hubble's Law. Therefore, t=D/v=D/(H0D)=1/H0. Thus, 1/H0 can be used as a rough estimate for the  age of the Universe.

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Answer:

C) 490

Explanation:

Normal force = mass × gravitational acceleration

50kg × 9.8

490 N

Using these formulas, determine the normal and static friction forces acting on the mountain goat.

What is normal force?

The normal force is the pressure that surfaces apply to stop solid objects from piercing one another. The normal force is a force in contact. Two surfaces cannot exert a normal force on one another if they are not in contact.

What exactly is static friction force?

An object experiences static friction when a force is applied to it; as a result, the object resists the applied force and stays at rest until static friction is removed. In kinetic friction, the frictional force opposes an object's motion.

Given:

The 60° angle from horizontal

900 N is the weight of the mountain goat.

To calculate the normal force, the weight perpendicular to the tilt must be resolved. As a result, we can write:

N = W CosΘ

= 900 N(Cos 60°)

= 900 N(0.5) (0.5)

= 450 N

The forces acting in conjunction with the inclination must all be added to determine the static friction force. We document:

F = W sinΘ

= 900 N(sin 60°)

= 900 N(0.8660254038) (0.8660254038)

= 779.42 N

Therefore, the normal force is 450 N, and the static friction force is 779.42 N.

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the linear separation d at the retina is 5.73micrometers

diameter=2mm

lambda=500nm

nair=1.33

d=2.5cm

alpha=1.22lambda/nd

=1.22(500x10^9)/(1.33)(2x10^-3)

=2.3x10^-4 rad

D=(2.3x10^-4)(.025)=5.73micrometers

The area of the eye that transforms light into neural signals is called the retina (Latin: rete, "net"). Most vertebrates and some molluscs have this innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in their eyes. A two-dimensional representation of the visual world is created on the retina by the optics of the eye (cornea and lens); some of the image is in focus and some of the image is out of focus. Visual perception is produced by the retina's processing of the image and the optic nerve's transmission of nerve impulses to the visual cortex. Similar to a camera's image sensor, the retina fulfills a purpose.

The neural retina is supported by an outer layer and is made up of numerous layers of neurons coupled by synapses.

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When an imbalanced force is applied to a mass, an acceleration results. When the same unbalanced force is applied to a mass that is half as large, the resulting acceleration doubles.

The rate at which an object's velocity with respect to time changes is called its acceleration. The vector quantity of accelerations (in that they have magnitude and direction). The direction of the net force acting on an object determines its acceleration in relation to that force.

An influence that can alter an object's motion is known as a force. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, or accelerate (for example, moving from a condition of rest). Intuitively, a push or a pull can also be used to describe force.

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.

The magnetic field is [tex]\vec{m}=\frac{Q}{3} R^2 \vec{\omega}[/tex]

The magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials is described by a magnetic field, which is a vector field. A force perpendicular to the charge's own velocity and the magnetic field acts on it when the charge is moving through a magnetic field.

Uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R carries a total charge =Q

Hence it has surface charge density

[tex]\sigma=\frac{Q}{4 \pi R^2}[/tex]

It rotates about its axis with frequency=f

∴ Its angular velocity ω=2πf

Suppose the angular velocity [tex]\vec{\omega}=\omega \hat{z}[/tex]

To find the magnetic moment of spinning shell we can divide

it into infinitesimal charges. Using spherical polar coordinates (ρ,ϕ,θ) with origin at the center of the spherical  shell, we consider infinitesimal area dS of a circular ring of infinitesimal width and of radius r located at a distance R from the origin on the surface of sphere.

Here [tex]\vec{r}=R \sin \theta \hat{r}[/tex] and coordinate ρ=R, is constant for each elemental area.

[tex]d q=\sigma d S=\sigma R^2 \sin \theta d \theta d \phi[/tex]

Current in the ring is given by

[tex]\begin{aligned}&d I=(d q) \times f=\left(\sigma R^2 \sin \theta d \theta d \phi\right) \times \frac{\omega}{2 \pi} \\&\Rightarrow d I=\frac{\omega \sigma R^2 \sin \theta d \theta d \phi}{2 \pi}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Now the magnetic dipole moment of ring is given by the expression in terms of position vector [tex]\vec{r}[/tex]current density [tex]\vec{J}[/tex]

[tex]\begin{aligned}&d \vec{m}=\frac{1}{2} \int_{\text {ring }} \vec{r} \times \vec{J} \\&\Rightarrow d \vec{m}=\frac{1}{2} d I \int_{\text {ring }} \vec{r} \times d \vec{l}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Line integral becomes equal to the circumference of ring

[tex]\therefore d \vec{m}=d I\left(\pi R^2 \sin ^2 \theta\right) \hat{z}[/tex]

Inserting value of dI we get

[tex]\begin{aligned}&d \vec{m}=\frac{\omega \sigma R^2 \sin \theta d \theta d \phi}{2 \pi}\left(\pi R^2 \sin ^2 \theta\right) \hat{z} \\&\Rightarrow d \vec{m}=\frac{\vec{\omega} \sigma R^4 \sin ^3 \theta d \theta d \phi}{2}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Total magnetic moment is integral with respect to both variables within respective limits

[tex]\begin{aligned}&\vec{m}=\frac{\vec{\omega} \sigma R^4}{2} \int_0^\pi \sin ^3 \theta d \theta \int_0^{2 \pi} d \phi \\&\Rightarrow \vec{m}=\frac{\vec{\omega} \sigma R^4}{2} \times \frac{4}{3} \times 2 \pi \\&\Rightarrow \vec{m}=\frac{4}{3} \pi \sigma R^4 \vec{\omega}\end{aligned}[/tex]

Rewriting in terms of charge Q

[tex]\begin{aligned}&\vec{m}=\frac{4}{3} \pi\left(\frac{Q}{4 \pi R^2}\right) R^4 \vec{\omega} \\&\vec{m}=\frac{Q}{3} R^2 \vec{\omega}\end{aligned}[/tex]

The complete question is : A spherical shell of radius R and uniformly charged with charge Q is rotating about its axis with frequency f. Find the magnetic moment of the sphere?

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With an astronomical telescope, the angle of just resolution light from two stars would be greater if the light of the average star is red or if it is blue.

What is an astronomical telescope?

An astronomical telescope consists of two lenses: objective and eyepiece.

The objective lens forms the image of a far off object at focal point while eyepiece lens just magnifies the image and make it look more clear, visible and magnified.

The formula D = 1.22λ/dФ is used to find the value of aperture of the telescope.

In general, an astronomical telescope is used to view distant stars. Thus, the angle formed would be greater if the light emitted by the average stars is red or blue.

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T[tex]_{C}[/tex] = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15K

T[tex]_{H}[/tex] = 477 + 273.15 = 750.15K

And by replacing Carnot efficiency:

e = 1 - [tex]\frac{298.15}{750.15}[/tex] = 0.39475 = 39.47%

W[tex]_{max}[/tex] = e × Q[tex]_{H}[/tex] = 0.39475 × 65000[tex]\frac{KJ}{min}[/tex] = 25658.75  [tex]\frac{KJ}{min}[/tex]

The United States (and its connected territories) and some Caribbean countries frequently use the Fahrenheit temperature scale, which bears the name of German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. Water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F according to the Fahrenheit scale (at sea level).

Nearly every other country uses the Celsius temperature scale, which was previously called centigrade before being changed for Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C on the Celsius scale (at sea level).

For this case we can use the fact that the maximum thermal efficiency for a heat engine between two temperatures are given by the Carnot efficiency:

e = 1 - frac T[tex]_{C}[/tex]T[tex]_{H}[/tex]

We have on this case after convert the temperatures in kelvin this:

T[tex]_{C}[/tex] = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15K

T[tex]_{H}[/tex] = 477 + 273.15 = 750.15K

And replacing in the Carnot efficiency we got :

e = 1 - [tex]\frac{298.15}{750.15}[/tex] = 0.39475 = 39.47%

And the maximum power output on this case would be defined as:

W[tex]_{max}[/tex] = e × Q[tex]_{H}[/tex] = 0.39475 × 65000[tex]\frac{KJ}{min}[/tex] = 25658.75  [tex]\frac{KJ}{min}[/tex]

Where [tex]Q_{H}[/tex] represent the heat associated to the deposit with higher temperature

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