(a) The firm's short-run cost function, c(y), is given by c(y) = Pk * k + Pe * l, where Pk is the price of capital, k is the fixed capital input, Pe is the price of labor, and l is the variable labor input. (b) In the long run, the firm will determine the optimal combination of labor and capital inputs that minimizes the cost of producing a given output level.
The specific action taken by the firm will depend on the price inputs, Py and Py. If Py = 20 and Py = 0.50, further analysis is needed to determine the optimal input combination.
(a) The short-run cost function, c(y), can be calculated as follows:
c(y) = Pk * k + Pe * l
c(y) = 7 * 36 + 6 * l
c(y) = 252 + 6l
(b) In the long run, the firm will seek to minimize its costs by choosing the optimal combination of labor and capital inputs. This involves finding the input levels that minimize the cost function for a given output level.
To determine the firm's actions in the long run, we would need additional information about the specific cost function, the price of labor (Pe), and the price of capital (Pk). The given information does not provide sufficient details to determine the firm's behavior in the long run for different price inputs (Py and Py).
The firm's short-run cost function can be determined using the provided input prices and fixed capital input. In the long run, the firm will aim to minimize costs by optimizing the combination of labor and capital inputs. However, without further information about the cost function and specific price inputs, we cannot determine the firm's actions in the long run for the given price scenarios.
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Global Financial crisis of 2008 and its impact on global economy
The following elements must be addressed:
1) Elaborately discussed what were the issues that lead to the financial crisis?
2) Impact of the financial collapse on the global economy
3) What policy responses did the Federal Reserve Bank implement?
4) How did the global financial crisis have little impact on some wealthy economies?
Answer:
Explanation: 1) The financial crisis of 2008 was caused by a combination of factors. Some key issues that led to the crisis include:
a) Housing Bubble and Subprime Mortgage Crisis: The housing market experienced a significant bubble, with housing prices rapidly rising. Lenders provided mortgages to borrowers with low creditworthiness (subprime borrowers), leading to a surge in subprime mortgage lending. When housing prices started to decline, borrowers defaulted on their mortgages, causing a ripple effect across the financial system.
b) Securitization and Complex Financial Instruments: Financial institutions packaged and sold mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) based on these subprime mortgages. These complex financial instruments were often poorly understood and had underlying risks that were not adequately assessed or disclosed.
c) Excessive Risk-Taking and Leverage: Financial institutions engaged in excessive risk-taking by investing heavily in mortgage-backed securities and derivatives. They also used high levels of leverage, amplifying the impact of losses and leaving them vulnerable to market downturns.
d) Lack of Regulation and Oversight: Regulatory oversight and risk management within the financial industry were inadequate. Financial institutions were allowed to operate with limited transparency, lax lending standards, and insufficient capital requirements.
2) The financial collapse had a significant impact on the global economy:
a) Global Recession: The crisis triggered a severe global recession, with many economies experiencing negative GDP growth, rising unemployment rates, and declining consumer and business confidence.
b) Banking System Instability: The crisis led to the collapse or near-collapse of several major financial institutions, causing a loss of trust in the banking system and freezing credit markets. This restricted lending to businesses and consumers, hindering economic growth.
c) Stock Market Decline: Stock markets worldwide experienced sharp declines, eroding wealth and investor confidence. This, in turn, impacted consumer spending and business investment.
d) Global Trade Disruptions: The crisis resulted in a decline in international trade due to reduced demand and tighter credit conditions. Export-dependent economies faced reduced export volumes, impacting economic growth.
3) The Federal Reserve Bank implemented various policy responses to address the financial crisis:
a) Monetary Policy: The Fed lowered interest rates aggressively, moving towards near-zero levels, to stimulate borrowing and spending. This accommodative monetary policy aimed to encourage investment and support economic activity.
b) Quantitative Easing (QE): The Fed initiated a series of QE programs, purchasing large quantities of long-term securities to inject liquidity into the financial system and lower long-term interest rates. This measure aimed to support asset prices and stabilize financial markets.
c) Emergency Lending Programs: The Fed established emergency lending programs to provide liquidity and support the functioning of financial markets. These programs targeted specific sectors, such as commercial paper, money market funds, and troubled financial institutions.
d) Regulatory Reforms: The Fed worked on enhancing regulatory oversight and implementing reforms to address weaknesses in the financial system. This included increased capital requirements, improved risk management standards, and enhanced transparency and disclosure.
4) The global financial crisis had little impact on some wealthy economies due to various factors:
a) Strong Regulatory Framework: Some wealthy economies had robust regulatory frameworks and prudent risk management practices in place, which limited their exposure to the risky financial instruments and excessive leverage that caused the crisis.
b) Diversified Economies: Wealthy economies with diversified industries and strong fundamentals were better able to withstand the shocks from the financial crisis. Their economies were not heavily reliant on the sectors most affected by the crisis, such as housing and financial services.
c) Timely Policy Responses: Some governments and central banks in wealthy economies implemented prompt and effective policy responses to mitigate the impact of the crisis. These responses included fiscal stimulus measures, recapitalization of banks, and coordinated international efforts.
d) Strong Safety Nets and Social Programs
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The financial crisis of 2008 had several underlying issues that contributed to its occurrence.
a) Subprime Mortgage Crisis: It originated in the United States due to the proliferation of subprime mortgages. Lenders were providing mortgages to borrowers with low creditworthiness, and these mortgages were bundled into complex financial products known as mortgage-backed securities (MBS). When the housing bubble burst and home prices declined, many borrowers defaulted on their mortgages, leading to massive losses for financial institutions holding these MBS.
b) Excessive Risk-taking and Leverage: Financial institutions had taken on excessive risk and leverage, particularly through the use of complex financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and credit default swaps (CDS). These instruments amplified the impact of the subprime mortgage crisis and led to substantial losses.
c) Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There was a lack of transparency in the financial system, making it difficult to assess the true risks associated with the complex financial instruments. Additionally, regulatory oversight and risk management were inadequate, allowing for the buildup of systemic risks.
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What is creative destruction and why it is a positive occurrence
for an economy.
Creative destruction is an economic theory coined by Joseph Schumpeter in 1942. This theory proposes that new innovation in an economy may lead to the downfall of existing industries and companies, but it is necessary to drive economic growth.
The old methods and practices are replaced by new and efficient ones, and this allows the economy to be constantly restructured and improved. The creative destruction process is often viewed as a positive occurrence for an economy because of the following reasons:
It drives innovation: The process of creative destruction is fueled by the need for newer and better products or services. As companies compete to create the most innovative products, they are forced to improve their methods and come up with new ideas. This drive for innovation and improvement is what leads to the creation of new industries and better products that benefit the economy and consumers in the long run.
It creates jobs: The destruction of old industries can be disruptive in the short term, but it also opens up new opportunities for job creation in emerging industries. The development of new industries and products requires a skilled workforce, which in turn creates more employment opportunities.
It increases efficiency: The old methods and practices are replaced by new and more efficient ones. As companies compete to create better products, they are forced to optimize their processes and find new ways to reduce costs and improve quality. This increased efficiency leads to lower costs and better products for consumers.
It promotes competition: Creative destruction encourages competition, which helps to weed out inefficient companies and industries. Companies that are unable to adapt to the changing market conditions are forced to shut down, and this leaves room for new and innovative companies to enter the market. This competition helps to drive down prices, improve quality, and increase innovation in the long run.
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Foundation information is used to evaluate the effectiveness of
a particular decision after that decision is made.
True or false
The statement "Foundation information is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular decision after that decision is made" is true.
Foundation information refers to the relevant data, facts, and analysis that are gathered and considered before making a decision. This information forms the basis or foundation upon which the decision is made.
Once the decision has been implemented, the effectiveness of that decision can be evaluated by comparing the outcomes or results with the initial foundation information. This evaluation helps to determine whether the decision was successful or if any adjustments or improvements need to be made. By assessing the outcomes in relation to the foundation information, organizations can gain insights into the effectiveness of their decisions and make informed adjustments for future decision-making processes.
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Relevant costs for decision making Cipla Uganda pharmaceutical company, buys a chemical for $10,000, which it breaks down into two components: Component Sales value ($) Allocated costs (5) 8.000 7,000 B 4,000 3,000 Component A can be converted into Product A if 56.000 is spent on further processing. Product A would sell for $12,000. Component B can be converted into Product B if $10,000 is spent on further processing Product B would sell for $17,000 Required: a) What processing decision should Cipla make in order to maximize profits? Show all the working (13 marks) b) Illustrate the production plan to show the contribution margin. (08 marks) c) Is the project viable or not? Suggest reasons.
a) What processing decision should Cipla make in order to maximize profits?Cipla Uganda pharmaceutical company buys a chemical for $10,000, which it breaks down into two components:Component A can be converted into Product A if $56,000 is spent on further processing.
Product A would sell for $12,000.Allocated costs: 5$8,000Component B can be converted into Product B if $10,000 is spent on further processing. Product B would sell for $17,000.Allocated costs: 3$4,000To maximize profits, Cipla should produce the product with the higher contribution margin. Thus, Product B should be manufactured.Component B:Sales revenue$17,000Costs for further processing$10,000Allocated costs$3,000Total costs$13,000Contribution margin$4,000Component A:
Sales revenue$12,000Costs for further processing$56,000Allocated costs$7,000Total costs$63,000Contribution margin$(51,000)Therefore, it is more profitable to produce Product B because the contribution margin is higher. b) Illustrate the production plan to show the contribution margin.Production plan: Product B Product A Units produced1000400Sales revenue$1,700,000$4,800,000Total costs$1,300,000$63,000Contribution margin$400,000$(51,000) c) Is the project viable or not? Suggest reasons.Yes, the project is viable because it generates a positive contribution margin, which means that it is covering all of its variable costs and some of its fixed costs.
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An action that helps determine how much a person needs the product or service so that a sales rep can concentrate on those who are most likely to buy______. A) buying signal B)buying objection C)negotiating signal D)refusal to buy
The term that best suits the given description is "buying signal." In marketing, the term buying signal refers to any action that helps a salesperson determine how much a customer needs a particular product or service.
Sales reps can focus their efforts on those who are most likely to buy by recognizing these signals.Buying signals are often seen as verbal or nonverbal cues that indicate that a consumer is interested in purchasing a product or service. A buying signal could be a comment, an inquiry, or a facial expression that shows interest in what the salesperson is offering. Additionally, buying signals can be any action that a customer takes, such as asking for more information, making a purchase, or signing up for a demo. In summary, a buying signal is an action that helps determine how much a person needs the product or service so that a sales rep can concentrate on those who are most likely to buy. This can help sales representatives save time and increase their chances of closing deals.
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A presenter should rephrase a question back to the person who asked it if that person is a Select one:
a. promoter of a hidden agenda.
b. self-promoter.
c. poor articulator.
d. dominator of the discussion.
Overall, rephrasing a question back to the person who asked it can be a useful technique in many different situations. It can help to ensure that everyone understands the question, confirm that the presenter has understood the question correctly and clarify the thinking of the person who asked the question.
A presenter should rephrase a question back to the person who asked it if that person is a poor articulator. There are a few reasons why a presenter should rephrase a question back to the person who asked it if that person is a poor articulator.Firstly, it will ensure that the presenter has understood the question correctly. If the presenter simply repeats the question verbatim and then answers it, there is a risk that they may have misunderstood what the questioner was trying to ask. By rephrasing the question in their own words, the presenter can confirm that they have understood the question correctly.Secondly, it will help the to understand the question more clearly. If the person asking the question is a poor articulator, there is a chance that the audience may not have understood the question at all. By rephrasing the question, the presenter can ensure that everyone in the audience understands what is being asked.Finally, it will help the person who asked the question to clarify their own thinking. If the presenter rephrases the question in a different way, it may help the questioner to see the problem from a different perspective and clarify their own thinking on the matter. This can be particularly helpful in brainstorming sessions where people are trying to come up with new ideas or solutions to problems.Overall, rephrasing a question back to the person who asked it can be a useful technique in many different situations. It can help to ensure that everyone understands the question, confirm that the presenter has understood the question correctly and clarify the thinking of the person who asked the question.
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Putting the text's ideas into your ...
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explain basic concepts of quality improvement in the healthcare industry
The healthcare industry is a dynamic and ever-evolving field that requires continuous improvement to maintain patient safety and satisfaction. Quality improvement is a systematic approach that is employed to improve the quality of healthcare services provided to patients.
Here are some basic concepts of quality improvement in the healthcare industry:
1. Evidence-based medicine: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a fundamental concept of quality improvement in the healthcare industry. EBM involves the use of current, best-available evidence in making clinical decisions. It is an approach to patient care that involves integrating individual clinical expertise, patient preferences, and the best available evidence. EBM is essential in improving the quality of healthcare services delivered to patients by ensuring that clinicians make informed decisions based on the most up-to-date and relevant information.
2. Continuous quality improvement: Continuous quality improvement (CQI) is another important concept in the healthcare industry. CQI is an ongoing process of identifying, analyzing, and improving the quality of healthcare services provided to patients. It involves a cycle of planning, implementation, evaluation, and feedback. CQI is a vital approach to quality improvement in the healthcare industry as it ensures that healthcare providers are continuously working to improve the quality of care delivered to patients.
3. Patient-centered care: Patient-centered care (PCC) is an approach to healthcare delivery that puts the patient at the center of care. It is a fundamental concept of quality improvement in the healthcare industry. PCC involves providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. It is a vital approach to quality improvement in the healthcare industry as it ensures that healthcare providers deliver care that is tailored to meet the unique needs of each patient.
4. Process improvement: Process improvement is a crucial aspect of quality improvement in the healthcare industry. It involves analyzing the processes involved in delivering healthcare services and making improvements where necessary. Process improvement ensures that healthcare providers are delivering services efficiently and effectively while also reducing costs. It is a vital approach to quality improvement in the healthcare industry as it ensures that healthcare providers are always striving to deliver services that are of the highest quality.
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Reverse logistics is especially challenging to design as this flow does not directly add what? ROA O Speed O Quality O Value The longer the distance moved at one time the lower the per unit cost. O Economies of scale O Bulk economies O Shipping economies O Economies of distance
Reverse logistics is especially challenging to design as this flow does not directly add Value. The longer the distance moved at one time, the lower the per unit cost, which is an example of Economies of distance.
Reverse logistics, often seen as a complex process, doesn't directly add value to the product. It mostly involves returns, repairs, maintenance, and recycling, adding cost but not directly increasing the product's value. Economies of distance reflect a basic principle in logistics where longer distance hauls generally result in lower per-unit transport costs, primarily due to factors such as fuel efficiency and better resource utilization.
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If a business wanted to gather up-to-the-minute data on its customers, one way to do that would be database management O data mining. social media. O physical-world observations,
One way for a business to gather up-to-the-minute data on its customers is through social media.
Social media platforms have become powerful tools for businesses to gather real-time data on their customers. By monitoring social media channels, businesses can gain valuable insights into customer behavior, preferences, opinions, and trends. Social media platforms provide a constant stream of user-generated content, allowing businesses to track and analyze customer interactions, conversations, and sentiments in real-time.
Through social media monitoring and analytics tools, businesses can collect and analyze data related to customer demographics, interests, online activities, and purchasing behavior. This data can be used to personalize marketing campaigns, improve customer engagement, identify emerging trends, and make data-driven business decisions.
While database management and data mining are also important for managing and analyzing customer data, they may not provide the same level of real-time insights as social media. Physical-world observations can offer valuable data but may be limited in terms of scale and reach compared to social media, which allows businesses to gather data from a large and diverse customer base in real-time. Therefore, social media stands out as a prominent method for gathering up-to-the-minute data on customers.
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Marke Flag question By definition, the role of government in a market system a. Is non-existent. Government has no role in a market system. b. Involves protecting private ownership of property, enforcing contracts, collecting taxes c. Depends on a society's culture, norms, and beliefs d. Involves the ownership or control of strategic industries or resources e. Involves appointing a central planning body to make all economic decisions
The role of the government in a market system is to protect private ownership of property, enforce contracts, and collect taxes.
The main answer to the question is b. : A market system is a type of economic system where the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand. In a market system, private individuals and firms make decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and how much to charge for it.
The role of the government in a market system is to protect private ownership of property, enforce contracts, and collect taxes. The government has no role in the decision-making process of a market system. It only enforces the rules and regulations that help maintain a fair and competitive market. Therefore, the main answer to the question is b.
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(a). The standard deviation of a company is 20% and that of the market is 10%. The correlation with the market is 60%. Calculate the company's:
(i). Systematic risk (3marks).
(ii). Unsystematic risk, and (3marks).
(iii). The Beta factor. (3marks).
(b). Given that the risk free rate of interest is 6%, and the market portfolio offers an expected return of 14% for a standard deviation of 24%:
i. If Petros has as little as M1 000 to invest and desires an expected return of 20%. Show how he can achieve this by a combination of borrowing and investing in the market portfolio and calculate the standard the standard deviation of his final portfolio. (9 marks).
ii. If Petros is very risk averse with the M1 000 he wants to invest and that he will tolerate a maximum standard deviation of 6%. Show how he can achieve this by a combination of lending at the risk free rate and investing in the market portfolio and calculate the return for his final investment. (8marks).
Therefore, Petros can achieve a return of approximately 8% by lending M750 at the risk-free rate and investing M250 in the market portfolio.
1) Systematic Risk:
The systematic risk of a company is measured by its beta (β) factor, which represents the sensitivity of the company's returns to the market returns. The formula to calculate the systematic risk (β) is:
β = (Correlation with Market) * (Standard Deviation of Company / Standard Deviation of Market)
Given:
Standard Deviation of the company (σc) = 20%
Standard Deviation of the market (σm) = 10%
Correlation with the market (ρ) = 60%
Plugging in the values:
β = 0.60 * (20% / 10%)
β = 0.60 * 2
β = 1.2
Therefore, the company's systematic risk (β) is 1.2.
(ii) Unsystematic Risk:
Unsystematic risk, also known as idiosyncratic risk, is the risk specific to an individual company that can be diversified away by holding a well-diversified portfolio. It is measured as the difference between the total risk of the company and its systematic risk.
Since we know the company's standard deviation (σc) is 20%, and the systematic risk (β) is 1.2, we can calculate the unsystematic risk as follows:
Unsystematic Risk = Total Risk - Systematic Risk
Total Risk = Standard Deviation of Company = 20%
Unsystematic Risk = 20% - 1.2
Unsystematic Risk ≈ 18.8%
Therefore, the company's unsystematic risk is approximately 18.8%.
(iii) Beta Factor:
The beta factor (β) is a measure of the systematic risk of a company. We have already calculated the beta in part (i) as 1.2.
Therefore, the company's beta factor (β) is 1.2.
b)
(i) To achieve an expected return of 20%, Petros can create a leveraged portfolio by borrowing funds and investing in the market portfolio. The formula for calculating the weight of borrowing (B) and weight of investment (W) in the market portfolio is:
Expected Return = (Weight of Borrowing * Risk-Free Rate) + (Weight of Investment * Expected Return of Market Portfolio)
Let's assume Petros borrows M1,000 (B) and invests in the market portfolio (W), where W = (1 - B). Also, the expected return of the market portfolio is 14% and the risk-free rate is 6%.
Plugging in the values:
20% = (B * 6%) + ((1 - B) * 14%)
Simplifying the equation:
20% = 6% * B + 14% - 14% * B
20% - 14% = 6% * B - 14% * B
6% = -8% * B
B = -0.75
Since B represents the weight of borrowing, it cannot be negative. It indicates that borrowing is not suitable for achieving an expected return of 20% in this case.
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You are a value investor and are interested in applying the historical average graham number to calculate the intrinsic value of a stock. This company has earnings per share (EPS) of $3.5 and book value per share (BVPS) of $27.73. You have observed that the current P/E ratio of the company is 18.4, but its 5-year historical average is 17.2. You have observed that the current P/B ratio of the company is 2.91, but its 5-year historical average is 3.48. What is the estimated intrinsic value for this stock? State your answer as a dollar amount with two decimal places.
The estimated intrinsic value for the stock is $5376.17 (approx).
Given data:
Earnings per share (EPS) = $3.5
Book value per share (BVPS) = $27.73
Current P/E ratio = 18.4
Historical average P/E ratio = 17.2
Current P/B ratio = 2.91
Historical average P/B ratio = 3.48
Formula for calculating Intrinsic Value using the Graham Number
Graham Number = ( EPS × BVPS × 22.5 )
Current Intrinsic Value = Graham Number × ( Current P/E Ratio × Current P/B Ratio )1/2
Calculation:
Graham Number = ( EPS × BVPS × 22.5 )
= (3.5 × 27.73 × 22.5)
≈ $2195.34
Current Intrinsic Value = Graham Number × ( Current P/E Ratio × Current P/B Ratio )1/2
= $2195.34 × (18.4 × 2.91)1/2= $2195.34 × 2.452
≈ $5376.17
Thus, the estimated intrinsic value for the stock is $5376.17 (approx).
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Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question The Company raised capital by issuing 2000 shares of stock for a total worth $700,000. Note: Write your answer as follows: 1. Account title - Amount - Debit or Credit 2. Account title - Amount - Debit or Credit TO BUSIN
Cash - $700,000 - Debit, Common Stock - $700,000 - Credit
The account Cash is debited for $700,000 because the company receives cash, which is an increase in an asset account.
The account Common Stock is credited for $700,000 because the company issued shares of stock, which is an increase in the shareholders equity account.
When a company raises capital by issuing shares, it typically receives cash from investors in exchange for ownership (equity) in the company. In this case, the company issued 2,000 shares of stock with a total value of $700,000, indicating that each share was issued at $350.
The cash received from the issuance of shares increases the company's cash balance, and the common stock account represents the ownership interest of the shareholders. Therefore, the transaction is recorded by debiting the cash account and crediting the common stock account, ensuring that the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) remains in balance.
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A couple with secure jobs rent a house for $800 per week, and have been offered the chance to buy it for $1.4 million. They have $200,000 deposit, and their bank has agreed to lend the balance of the purchase price at 4.2 percent PA interest with repayment of principal and interest over 25 years in equal monthly payments. Calculate how much the monthly repayment will be.
The monthly repayment for the loan will be approximately $6,013.25.
To calculate the monthly repayment amount, we can use the formula for the monthly payment on an amortizing loan. The formula is:
M = P * r * (1 + r)^n / ((1 + r)^n - 1)
Where:
M = Monthly payment
P = Loan principal (purchase price minus deposit)
r = Monthly interest rate (annual interest rate divided by 12 and expressed as a decimal)
n = Number of monthly payments (number of years multiplied by 12)
Given information:
Purchase price = $1.4 million
Deposit = $200,000
Loan principal = Purchase price - Deposit = $1.4 million - $200,000 = $1.2 million
Annual interest rate = 4.2%
Number of years = 25
First, let's calculate the monthly interest rate:
r = 4.2% / 12 = 0.042 / 12 = 0.0035
Next, let's calculate the number of monthly payments:
n = 25 years * 12 = 300 months
Now we can substitute these values into the formula to calculate the monthly repayment:
M = 1,200,000 * 0.0035 * (1 + 0.0035)^300 / ((1 + 0.0035)^300 - 1)
Evaluating this expression, we find:
M ≈ $6,013.25
Therefore, the monthly repayment for the loan will be approximately $6,013.25.
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How can you create an effective climate when discussing matters
of importance with coworkers, clients, vendors, superiors, and
employees.?
What factors should be considered when creating that
climate?
To create an effective climate when discussing matters of importance with coworkers, clients, vendors, superiors, and employees, it's important to maintain a positive and respectful attitude, listen actively, and be clear and concise in communication.
Some factors to consider when creating such a climate include the purpose of the discussion, the relationship between the parties involved, the timing and location of the discussion, and the tone and language used.
It's also important to consider the cultural and individual differences of those involved and be willing to adjust one's communication style accordingly.
Ultimately, creating an effective climate requires a willingness to be open-minded, empathetic, and collaborative in approach.
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A hospital is considering a new procedure to be offered at $200 per patient. The cost involved per year are: patient meal $10, electricity bill for operating air-conditions in theatre room $25, surgical equipment $52,000 consultation fee for doctor $20, ambulance $30,000, cleaning bedsheet for patient $10, salary of ambulance driver $1000, capital for medicine $15,000, taxes and municipal levy $2,000, and patient admission fee $35. What is the break-even quantity for this service? If the most pessimistic sales forecast a for the proposed service were 1,500 patients, what would be the procedure's total contribution to profit and overhead per year?
To solve this problem, we need to know what break-even is. Break-even is the point where the total revenue of the product or service is equal to its total cost. At break-even, no profit or loss is incurred.Break-even quantity:
To find the break-even quantity, we will use the formula:Break-even quantity = Fixed cost / (Price - Variable cost)Fixed cost = patient meal + electricity bill + surgical equipment + consultation fee for doctor + ambulance + cleaning bedsheet for patient + salary of ambulance driver + capital for medicine + taxes and municipal levy + patient admission fee = $10 + $25 + $52,000 + $20 + $30,000 + $10 + $1000 + $15,000 + $2,000 + $35= $100,100Price = $200Variable cost = patient meal + cleaning bedsheet for patient + salary of ambulance driver + capital for medicine + taxes and municipal levy + patient admission fee = $10 + $10 + $1000 + $15,000 + $2,000 + $35= $18Break-even quantity = $100,100 / ($200 - $18) = 534Therefore, the break-even quantity for this service is 534 patients. Procedure's total contribution to profit and overhead per year:If the most pessimistic sales forecast a for the proposed service were 1,500 patients, we can calculate the procedure's total contribution to profit and overhead per year by using the formula:Total contribution to profit and overhead = (Price - Variable cost) x Number of units soldTotal contribution to profit and overhead = ($200 - $18) x 1,500Total contribution to profit and overhead = $282 x 1,500Total contribution to profit and overhead = $423,000Therefore, the procedure's total contribution to profit and overhead per year would be $423,000.
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1) What are "Break-even Point" and "Margin of Safety" in CVP analysis? (Ref: Chapter 18) 2) Briefly describe any TWO characteristics of relevant costs as the basis of making business decisions by managers. (Ref: Chapter 19)
1) Break-even Point and Margin of Safety in CVP AnalysisBreak-Even Point is defined as the point in time when a company starts generating revenues that are sufficient enough to cover all its incurred costs. When a company reaches break-even, it no longer makes any profit nor incurs any loss; this is because all the costs that are incurred are covered by revenues. Margin of Safety, on the other hand, is the level of production or sales that exceed the break-even point.
1) Break-even Point and Margin of Safety in CVP AnalysisBreak-Even Point is defined as the point in time when a company starts generating revenues that are sufficient enough to cover all its incurred costs. When a company reaches break-even, it no longer makes any profit nor incurs any loss; this is because all the costs that are incurred are covered by revenues. Margin of Safety, on the other hand, is the level of production or sales that exceed the break-even point. Margin of Safety represents the excess revenue over the break-even point.2) Characteristics of Relevant CostsRelevant costs are costs that will be directly affected by a decision made by a company. As such, managers base their business decisions on relevant costs. The two characteristics of relevant costs are:Future-Oriented: Relevant costs focus on future events, and so are forward-looking rather than backward-looking. The aim is to identify future costs and their implications on the decision being made. Predictability: The costs must be predictable; otherwise, it becomes challenging to make any informed business decisions. To be predictable, the costs must be estimated using quantitative and qualitative methods, i.e., statistical, economic, or probabilistic methods.
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Choose a country of interest to you. Go to the Executive Planet website (www.executiveplanet.com) or another website with cross-cultural comparisons of business etiquette. Read all the information about this country’s business culture and then do the following.
A. Write about the five most intriguing aspects of the culture.
B. Write about the five as aspects of etiquette you would observe when interacting with members of this culture.
C. Choose three relevant cultural dimensions (underlying sets of norms and values) and explain how they impact business etiquette in this country.
D. Write five questions about business etiquette you would like to ask a person from the country you chose.
Country of interest: JapanA. Five most intriguing aspects of Japanese business culture: 1. Punctuality is essential in Japan. If you arrive early, you are on time; if you are on time, you are late.
2. It is critical to be courteous and respectful to colleagues in Japan, even in informal settings.
3. In Japan, personal relationships are essential to business success. You must first establish a connection with your business partner before proceeding with the discussion.
4. It is customary for Japan's top-ranked individual to take center stage during business meetings, despite the presence of other employees in the room. 5. Japanese businesspeople dress conservatively, with black suits, white shirts, and simple ties, to make a good first impression.
B. Five aspects of etiquette to observe when interacting with Japanese members of the culture:1. The exchange of business cards is a vital aspect of business etiquette in Japan. It is expected to bow slightly when giving and receiving business cards.
2. Maintaining eye contact during a conversation with a Japanese colleague is considered rude. It is acceptable to show respect by bowing your head slightly. 3. In Japan, the word "no" is rarely used in business situations.
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Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about the foundational assumption used in CVP analysis. O Behavior of revenue and costs can be graphed as a straight line. O Only selling price and variable cost per unit are known and constant. O The time value of money is ignored. O Relative sales proportions of multiple products are known and constant. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about the foundational assumption used in CVP analysis. O Behavior of revenue and costs can be graphed as a straight line. O Only selling price and variable cost per unit are known and constant. O The time value of money is ignored. O Relative sales proportions of multiple products are known and constant.
The statement that is INCORRECT about the foundational assumption used in CVP analysis is that the relative sales proportions of multiple products are known and constant.Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis is a tool used to analyze the relationships between the revenue of a business, its costs, and its sales volume.
In addition, it enables a company to identify its break-even point, which is the number of products that need to be sold in order for the company to make a profit.CVP analysis assumes that behavior of revenue and costs can be graphed as a straight line. Only selling price and variable cost per unit are known and constant and the time value of money is ignored. However, the relative sales proportions of multiple products are unknown and can vary from one period to the next. As a result, it is an incorrect statement about the foundational assumption used in CVP analysis.
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Zama Zondi is employed in the manufacturing section of a factory. She is entitled to three weeks' paid leave per annum and a bonus equal to three weeks normal wage. She is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays per year. A normal day is 9 hours, which include 90 minutes for tea and lunch breaks; and a normal week is 5 days - Monday to Friday. Normal wage per hour is R110 for Zama. The company contributes 12% of normal wages on behalf of employees towards the pension fund Normal idle time is considered as 5% of available hours What is Zama's labour cost that the factory will use for budgeting purposes?
A. R242 550
B. R257 400
C. R303 138
D. R188 520
The labor cost for budgeting purposes for Zama Zondi in the factory is R242,550.
To calculate Zama's labor cost, we need to consider several factors:
1. Annual leave: Zama is entitled to three weeks' paid leave per annum, which is equivalent to 15 working days (3 weeks x 5 days per week). Therefore, the cost of annual leave is 15 days x 9 hours x R110 = R14,850.
2. Bonus: Zama receives a bonus equal to three weeks' normal wage, which is 3 weeks x 5 days x 9 hours x R110 = R44,550.
3. Public holidays: Zama is entitled to 10 paid public holidays per year. The cost of public holidays is 10 days x 9 hours x R110 = R9,900.
4. Normal working hours: A normal day consists of 9 hours, which includes 90 minutes (1.5 hours) for tea and lunch breaks. Therefore, the available working hours per day are 7.5 hours (9 hours - 1.5 hours).
5. Normal idle time: Normal idle time is considered as 5% of available hours. So, the idle time per day is 5% x 7.5 hours = 0.375 hours.
6. Annual working hours: Zama works 5 days a week, so the annual working hours can be calculated as (5 days per week x 52 weeks) - (annual leave days + public holidays) - normal idle time. This is (5 x 52) - (15 + 10) - (0.375 x 52) = 2,555 hours.
7. Labor cost: Zama's labor cost is the product of the annual working hours and the normal wage rate, which is 2,555 hours x R110 = R280,050.
However, the question asks for the labor cost that the factory will use for budgeting purposes. This means we need to deduct the pension fund contribution made by the company, which is 12% of normal wages. The pension fund contribution is 0.12 x R280,050 = R33,606.
Therefore, the labor cost for budgeting purposes is R280,050 - R33,606 = R246,444.
The closest option to this answer is A. R242,550.
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Jurassic World had world-wide box office receipts of $1.66 billion. The movie's production budget was $150 million with additional marketing costs. A successful movie brings pleasure to millions, creates work for thousands, and makes a few people rich.
What are some of the components of marginal cost and marginal benefit that the producer of a movie faces?
The marginal cost faced by the producer of a movie includes the cost of _____
A. a full rehearsal before filming begins
B. hiring an actor to replace one who falls ill
C. making the sets and hiring a location
D. hiring the crew for an additional day
The components of marginal cost for a movie producer include rehearsals, actor replacements, set creation, and extended crew hiring.
Marginal cost refers to the additional cost incurred by the producer when producing one more unit of a good or service. In the context of movie production, several components contribute to the marginal cost.
A full rehearsal before filming begins is a cost incurred to ensure that the scenes and performances are well-prepared and executed. Hiring an actor to replace one who falls ill can be a significant cost as it involves finding a suitable replacement and potentially reshooting scenes. Making sets and hiring a location involves expenses related to constructing or acquiring the necessary physical settings for the movie. Lastly, hiring the crew for an additional day incurs labor and logistical costs.
These components of marginal cost represent additional expenses that the movie producer must consider when determining the overall production budget and evaluating the feasibility and profitability of the project. By assessing and managing these costs, the producer aims to optimize the balance between costs and expected benefits from the movie's success.
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In class, we have discussed the formula: (1+i) = (1+p)(1+i+p) +p(0) where p is the probability of default (the bond does not pay at all), i is the nominal policy interest rate and x is the risk premium Calculate the probability of default when the nominal interest rate for a risky borrower (borrowing rate) is 8% and nominal policy rate is 3% O a. 1% O b. 3% O c. 5% O d. 7%
the probability of default is 1%. Hence, the correct option is (a). 1%.
The probability of default when the nominal interest rate for a risky borrower (borrowing rate) is 8% and nominal policy rate is 3% is option (a) 1%.
Let p be the probability of default, i be the nominal policy interest rate, and x be the risk premium.
The formula for the probability of default is:
1+i = (1+p)(1+i+p) +p(0)
Plug in the values:
i = 0.08, and i = 0.03.1 + 0.08
= (1 + p)(1 + 0.08 + p) + p(0)1.08
= (1 + p)(1.08 + p)1.08
= 1.08 + p + 1.08p + p²0
= p² + 2.08p - 0.08p - 0.08p²0
= p² + 2p(1 - 0.04p)0
= p(1 - 0.04p + 2)0
= p(1 - 0.04p + 2)0
= p(3 - 0.04p)
Therefore, p = 0 (which means there is no default) or 0.04p = 3p = 0.04
= 1/25
= 0.04
Thus, the probability of default is 1%.Hence, the correct option is (a). 1%.
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Which of the following statements about the business cycle is correct? a. Business cycles exhibit regular cycles of boom and bust and hence are periodic. b. Expansions and contractions are symmetric in duration. c. Business cycles are essentially focused on short-run macroeconomic fluctuations not exceeding a year. d. Australia has not had a classical recession since the 1990-91 recession.
The correct statement about the business cycle is: d. Australia has not had a classical recession since the 1990-91 recession.
The business cycle refers to the fluctuation in economic activity over time, including periods of expansion and contraction. While business cycles do exhibit regular cycles of boom and bust, they are not necessarily strictly periodic. The duration of expansions and contractions can vary and may not be symmetric.
Business cycles are not limited to short-run macroeconomic fluctuations within a year. They can encompass longer periods and may be influenced by various factors such as economic policies, external shocks, and structural changes in the economy.
Regarding option d, Australia has indeed experienced periods of economic downturns since the 1990-91 recession. Although it has not experienced a classical recession, which is typically defined as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, Australia has faced economic challenges and fluctuations in different periods, including the global financial crisis in 2008-2009 and the recent economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Discuss the cost and benefit if any of Dummy variable technique? Least Square
The dummy variable technique is a statistical method used to represent categorical variables in regression analysis. It involves creating binary (0 or 1) variables to represent different categories or groups within a categorical variable. These dummy variables allow for the inclusion of categorical variables in regression models, enabling the examination of their impact on the dependent variable.
Costs of the dummy variable technique:
Increased Dimensionality: Introducing dummy variables increases the number of independent variables in the regression model. This can lead to issues such as multicollinearity, especially if there are many categories within a categorical variable. Multicollinearity occurs when independent variables are highly correlated, potentially affecting the reliability and interpretation of regression results.
Loss of Degrees of Freedom: Each dummy variable requires the exclusion of one category as a reference category, which reduces the degrees of freedom available for estimating regression coefficients. This reduction in degrees of freedom can impact the precision of coefficient estimates and the overall statistical power of the model.
Benefits of the dummy variable technique:
Inclusion of Categorical Variables: The dummy variable technique allows for the inclusion of categorical variables in regression analysis, enabling the examination of their effects on the dependent variable. This is particularly useful when studying the impact of qualitative factors such as gender, geographic location, or product categories on outcomes of interest.
Interpretable Coefficients: By creating binary variables, the dummy variable technique assigns a coefficient to each category, providing insight into the differential effects of different categories on the dependent variable. These coefficients can be interpreted as the average difference in the dependent variable between the reference category and the category represented by the dummy variable.
Least Squares is a common method used to estimate the regression coefficients in linear regression models.
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Bramble Company applies overhead on the basis of machine hours. Given the following data, what is the overhead applied and the under- or overapplication of overhead for the period? Estimated annual overhead cost $1690000 Actual annual overhead cost $1655000 Estimated machine hours 440000 Actual machine hours 220000 O $845000 applied and $810000 overapplied O $1690000 applied and $810000 overapplied O $845000 applied and $810000 underapplied O $1655000 applied and neither under-nor overapplied
O $845000 applied and $810000 underapplied. In order to calculate overhead applied and under- or overapplication of overhead for the period, it is important to understand what overhead cost is. Overhead cost is the cost of indirect labor, indirect materials, and other indirect expenses that are associated with the production of a product. Bramble Company applies overhead on the basis of machine hours. Let's calculate the overhead applied and the under- or overapplication of overhead for the period with the given data.
Estimated annual overhead cost = $1690000Actual annual overhead cost = $1655000Estimated machine hours = 440000Actual machine hours = 220000We can use the following formula to calculate the overhead rate per machine hour:Overhead rate per machine hour = Estimated annual overhead cost ÷ Estimated machine hours Overhead rate per machine hour = $1690000 ÷ 440000Overhead rate per machine hour = $3.84 per machine hour Using the overhead rate per machine hour, we can now calculate the overhead applied for the period as follows: Overhead applied = Overhead rate per machine hour × Actual machine hours Overhead applied = $3.84 × 220000Overhead applied = $844800The overhead applied for the period is $844800.
Now, let's calculate the under- or overapplication of overhead for the period as follows:Under- or overapplication of overhead = Actual overhead cost − Overhead appliedUnder- or overapplication of overhead = $1655000 − $844800Under- or overapplication of overhead = $810200Since the actual overhead cost is greater than the overhead applied, we can conclude that overhead is underapplied. Therefore, the overhead applied and the under- or overapplication of overhead for the period are $844800 applied and $810200 underapplied respectively.
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Which of the following statements about the board of directors is NOT true? a. Outside directors help perform the monitoring function of the board. b. Board members are elected by stockholders. c. All the directors are full-time employees of the company. d. The board can be held legally accountable for a company's actions. e. The board has the legal authority to hire, fire, and compensate the CEO.
The statement that is NOT true about the board of directors is that all the directors are full-time employees of the company.
The board of directors plays a crucial role in overseeing and governing a company. While each of the statements listed describes important aspects of the board's functions and responsibilities, the statement that is NOT true is that all the directors are full-time employees of the company.
In reality, board members are typically not full-time employees of the company. They are individuals who are elected or appointed to serve on the board based on their expertise, experience, and qualifications. Board members can be a mix of insiders (such as company executives) and outsiders (independent directors who are not employed by the company). The presence of independent outside directors helps to ensure objective decision-making and effective corporate governance.
Board members are elected by stockholders, and they have the legal authority to hire, fire, and compensate the CEO. They also perform the monitoring function of the board, ensuring that the company operates in the best interest of its stakeholders. Additionally, the board can be held legally accountable for the company's actions and is responsible for strategic decision-making and providing guidance to management.
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The costs and revenue projections for a new product are estimated. What is the estimated profit at a production rate of 20% above breakeven? Fixed cost = $689,000 per year Production cost per unit = $186 Revenue per unit = $332 The estimated profit is determined to be $ per year.
When costs and revenue projections are estimated for a new product, the estimated profit can be calculated using the Profit = (Revenue per unit - Production cost per unit) × Production rate - Fixed cost.
To determine the estimated profit at a production rate of 20% above breakeven, we need to first calculate the break even point. The breakeven point is the production rate at which the profit is zero.
we can set the profit formula equal to zero and solve for the production rate that satisfies this equation:0 = (Revenue per unit - Production cost per unit) × Production rate - Fixed cost(R + P) × Q - F = 0(R + P) × Q = FQ = F ÷ (R + P)Substituting the given values, we get:Q = $689,000 ÷ ($332 - $186)Q = 4,820 units/year.
we can calculate the profit at a production rate of 20% above breakeven by using the profit formula and substituting the relevant values :Profit = ($332 - $186) × 1.2 × 4,820 - $689,000Profit = $615,696Therefore, the estimated profit at a production rate of 20% above breakeven is $615,696 per year.
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CASE STUDY 2: Amplats dismissed 643 workers at Mototolo Mine following an unprotected strike
Anglo America Platinum [JSE:AMS] has dismissed 643 employees – half of its underground workforce – at Mototolo Mine near Burgersfort in Limpopo following an unprotected strike.
The mining group, in an update to shareholders on Monday, said the General Industrial Workers Union of South Africa (Giwusa) declared a strike on May 9 [2019] over medical benefits. The following day, Amplats said it was granted a court interdict against a strike.
Amplats said requests to return to work were ignored and the group was "left with no option but to dismiss about 50% of Mototolo Mine’s underground workforce".
Dismissed employees have until May 21 [2019] to appeal the decision.
"Anglo American Platinum is disappointed by the conduct of the union and its members at a time in which socio-economic pressures continue to detrimentally impact the sector and employment is so scare," it said in a statement.
Impact on production was "minimal" and the platinum mining group says it is exploring the option to ensure that the mine recommences full production.
Source: Jan Cronje, Fin 24. 20 May 2019.
QUESTION 5 (Total: 10 Marks)
Was the employer in the case study within their right to dismiss the employees who were engaging in the strike? Fully explain your answer by also referring to relevant labour legislation. (3 Marks)
In the case study, Anglo American Platinum (Amplats) dismissed 643 employees at Mototolo Mine following an unprotected strike. The strike was declared by the General Industrial Workers Union of South Africa (Giwusa) over medical benefits, despite Amplats obtaining a court interdict against the strike.
The company claimed that the requests to return to work were ignored, leading to the decision to dismiss approximately 50% of the underground workforce. The impact on production was described as minimal. The question is whether the employer was within their right to dismiss the employees engaging in the strike, considering relevant labor legislation.
The employer in the case study was likely within their right to dismiss the employees who engaged in the unprotected strike, given the circumstances and relevant labor legislation. South African labor law recognizes the right of employees to strike as a form of protected industrial action, as stated in the Labour Relations Act (LRA). However, certain requirements must be met for a strike to be protected under the law.
In this case, the strike was declared by the General Industrial Workers Union of South Africa (Giwusa) over medical benefits. However, Amplats obtained a court interdict against the strike, suggesting that it was deemed unprotected by the court. According to the LRA, a strike that does not comply with the requirements for protected industrial action can be considered unlawful.
Moreover, if the requests to return to work were ignored by the striking employees, the employer could argue that there was a breach of the duty to obey a lawful and reasonable instruction. Under the LRA, employees have an obligation to comply with lawful instructions from their employer, and failure to do so may have disciplinary consequences.
Ultimately, the specific details of the case and any further legal proceedings would need to be considered to fully assess the legality of the dismissals. However, based on the information provided, it appears that the employer had justifiable grounds for dismissing the employees who engaged in the unprotected strike.
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Apple Ltd reported the following assets in its statement of
financial position at 30 June 2021:
Land
50,000
Patent
200,000
Plant
500,000
Accumulated Deprecia
The accumulated depreciation is not an asset but is deducted from the cost of plant to determine its carrying value.
In the statement of financial position, which is also referred to as the balance sheet, Apple Ltd reported its assets at 30 June 2021 as follows: Land - $50,000Patent - $200,000 Plant - $500,000 Accumulated Depreciation
The balance sheet is one of the financial statements that provides information about a company's financial position. It shows a company's assets, liabilities, and equity as of a specific date.
Assets are classified as current or noncurrent depending on their liquidity. A company's assets are reported in descending order of liquidity on the balance sheet. In the above case, land is listed first because it is the most liquid asset, followed by patents and plant.
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AGL Ltd. has issued a bank-accepted bill to fund a short-term business project. The bill was issued for 180 days, with a face value of $1 800 000 and a yield of 9.87 per cent per annum.
PART A: Calculate the amount that AGL would raise to fund the project. [2 marks]
PART B: After 43 days, the bank bill is sold by the original discounter into the secondary market for $1 760 326.50. The purchaser holds the bill to maturity. Calculate the yield received by:
i. the original discounter of the bill. [2 marks]
ii. the holder of the bill at the date of maturity. [2 marks]
PART C (Not related to Parts (A) and (B):
A company needs short-term financing pending collection of its accounts receivables but does not want to exceed its debt-to-equity ratio. In the context of accounts receivable finance, briefly explain factoring to the CFO of the company. [1 mark]
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. TYPE YOUR ANSWER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED BELOW.
2. CLEARY LABEL EACH PART
Answer:
Explanation:
PART A:
To calculate the amount that AGL would raise to fund the project, we need to calculate the discount amount on the bank-accepted bill.
Face value of the bill = $1,800,000
Yield = 9.87% per annum
Time to maturity = 180 days
Discount amount = Face value * Yield * (Time to maturity / 365)
Discount amount = $1,800,000 * 9.87% * (180 / 365) = $89,241.37
Amount raised by AGL = Face value - Discount amount = $1,800,000 - $89,241.37 = $1,710,758.63
Therefore, AGL would raise $1,710,758.63 to fund the project.
PART B:
i. To calculate the yield received by the original discounter of the bill, we can use the formula for yield to maturity.
Purchase price = $1,760,326.50
Face value = $1,800,000
Time to maturity = 180 - 43 = 137 days
Yield to maturity = (Face value - Purchase price) / Purchase price * (365 / Time to maturity)
Yield to maturity = ($1,800,000 - $1,760,326.50) / $1,760,326.50 * (365 / 137) = 9.51%
Therefore, the original discounter of the bill received a yield of 9.51%.
ii. Since the holder of the bill holds it until maturity, the yield received by the holder will be the same as the yield to maturity calculated in part (i), which is 9.51%.
PART C:
Factoring is a form of accounts receivable finance where a company sells its accounts receivable (unpaid invoices) to a financial institution called a factor at a discount. The factor provides immediate cash to the company, typically a percentage of the face value of the accounts receivable. The factor then assumes the responsibility of collecting the payment from the customers.
This allows the company to convert its accounts receivable into immediate cash, improving its short-term liquidity position. Factoring helps the company avoid the need for additional debt financing, as the factor provides the necessary funds. Moreover, factoring does not impact the debt-to-equity ratio of the company, as it is considered a sale of assets rather than a borrowing arrangement.
By utilizing factoring, the company can accelerate its cash flow, reduce the risk of bad debts, and focus on its core operations without the burden of managing collections. However, the company will incur a cost in the form of the discount or fee charged by the factor for providing the financing and assuming the credit risk.
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Present Value = Face Value / (1 + (Yield/100) * (Number of Days / 365))
where:
Face Value = $1,800,000
Yield = 9.87%
Number of Days = 180
Plugging in the values:
Present Value = $1,800,000 / (1 + (9.87/100) * (180/365))
Simplifying the calculation:
Present Value = $1,800,000 / (1 + 0.0987 * 0.4932)
Present Value = $1,800,000 / 1.0481
Present Value ≈ $1,715,680.86
Therefore, AGL would raise approximately $1,715,680.86 to fund the project.
PART B:
i. To calculate the yield received by the original discounter of the bill, we can use the formula for yield:
Yield = (Face Value - Purchase Price) / (Purchase Price) * (365 / Number of Days)
where:
Face Value = $1,800,000
Purchase Price = $1,760,326.50
Number of Days = 43
Plugging in the values:
Yield = ($1,800,000 - $1,760,326.50) / ($1,760,326.50) * (365 / 43)
Simplifying the calculation:
Yield = $39,673.50 / $1,760,326.50 * 8.4884
Yield ≈ 0.1897 or 18.97%
Therefore, the original discounter of the bill received a yield of approximately 18.97%.
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