Primary consolidation occurs when water is squeezed out from the pores of the soil particles under constant load. This creates a transfer of water from the compacted layers to the less compacted ones, making the soil more compact.
There are a variety of factors that influence the time it takes for primary consolidation to occur. The four factors that influence the time taken for primary consolidation settlement to occur are explained below.
1. Soil Type The type of soil is an important factor that influences the time taken for primary consolidation settlement to occur.
2. Overburden Pressure The overburden pressure, or the weight of the soil above the soil layer, has an effect on the time it takes for primary consolidation settlement to occur.
3. Initial Void Ratio The initial void ratio, which is the volume of voids to the volume of solids, is another important factor that affects the time taken for primary consolidation settlement to occur.
4. Drainage Conditions The drainage conditions of the soil layer can also have an impact on the time it takes for primary consolidation settlement to occur.
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Vibration assessment and risk control:
In the insurance company’s newsletter, it states
‘Using a common tool like an orbital sander for an hour and a half a day could contravene legislation.’
Using numerical information from supporting documents 1, 3 and 5
(i) evaluate this statement. (ii) comment on the relevance of this statement to Hapford Garage. explain why using a contract laundry service for overalls,instead of home laundering ,reduces the exposure to a hazardous substances
(i) The statement from the insurance company’s newsletter stating that using an orbital sander for an hour and a half a day could contravene legislation can be evaluated by examining the data from the supporting documents. Document 1 shows that the daily exposure limit value (ELV) for hand-arm vibration is 5 m/s² A(8), while document 3 reveals that an orbital sander can produce a vibration acceleration of 3.5 m/s².
The vibration acceleration of a power tool, on the other hand, is determined by the tool's manufacturer and model. The daily exposure time can be calculated using equation (1) in document 5. Using these values, we may determine whether the statement in the insurance company's newsletter is accurate.
ii. Hapford Garage should take note of the statement made by the insurance company's newsletter because it uses power tools such as the orbital sander frequently. This exposes its workers to hand-arm vibration, which can lead to hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).
HAVS is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to vibrating tools that causes numbness, pain, and a loss of dexterity in the hands and arms. To avoid exposure to hazardous substances, the Hapford Garage should use a contract laundry service for overalls rather than having workers launder them at home.
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Approximate the shape of the deflected curve for the beam using the Rayleigh-Ritz Method. From the approximated deflections determine the shear and moment diagrams
a.) u(x)=-c0 sin (πx/L)
b.) u(x)= c4x4 c3x3+ c2x2+c1x+c0
The Rayleigh-Ritz Method is a powerful tool for calculating the shape of the deflected curve for the beam. This method uses a series of trial functions to approximate the shape of the beam's deflection. Once the shape of the deflected curve has been approximated, the shear and moment diagrams can be determined.
Let's see how the Rayleigh-Ritz Method can be applied to the two functions given in the question. a.) u(x)=-c0 sin (πx/L)We can use the following trial function: u(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x² + a3x³ + a4x⁴Using this trial function, we can find the coefficients a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 that will approximate the deflection function. The coefficients can be found by minimizing the following energy functional:
E = ∫₀^L [M(x)u'(x)² - V(x)u(x)²] dx where M(x) is the bending moment and V(x) is the shear force. We will assume that M(x) = EIu''(x) and V(x) = -EIu'''(x). The Rayleigh-Ritz Method requires us to choose trial functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. For this problem, we have u(0) = u(L) = 0. Plugging the trial function into the boundary conditions, we get:
a0 = 0 and a0 + a1L + a2L² + a3L³ + a4L⁴ = 0Using these boundary conditions, we can find the coefficients for the trial function. The deflection function can be approximated as follows: u(x) = -c0 [2(1-4/pi²) sin (πx/L) + 2/3 sin (3πx/L) - 4/pi² sin (5πx/L) + ...]Using this approximated deflection, we can calculate the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
b.) u(x)= c4x4 c3x3+ c2x2+c1x+c0We can use the following trial function: u(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x² + a3x³ + a4x⁴Using this trial function, we can find the coefficients a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 that will approximate the deflection function. The coefficients can be found by minimizing the energy functional:
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Your team of consultants has been hired by the city of Laramie to help them design an effective bus system. The city has given you their planning map as a starting point, containing major streets (see Figure 1). There are six zones, shaded in gray in the figure (North Taramie, South Laramie, East Laramie, West Laramie, UW, and Downtown). They also give you files containing node coordinates and link information but they have left the OD matrix blank because their model is out of date. You are also given zone information from the census (Table 1), results from a recent travel survey (Table 2) and a table of friction factors (Table 3).
The city's budget allows them to operate three buses, and they want to know how to do so in the way which is the most helpful to Laramie citizens, measured according to the total ridership. To satisfy your contract with the city, your team has to accomplish the following tasks:
1. Run the four-step model to identify the travel time on each roadway link during the AM peak, off-peak, and PM peak. For this base case, there is no bus system, so you should skip mode choice and assume everyone will drive.
2. Identify the routes each bus will take during the AM peak, off-peak, and PM peak periods. Each route must be a loop, and you can describe it by the node numbers it passes. More than one bus can use the same route.
3. Calculate the total bus ridership for your route choices (described below). You might need the following information as well for the first task:
• As described in class, we only consider work and shopping trips. (For this assignment you might think of "work" trips to LW including students going to class) Each work production results in one trip from home to work in the AM peak, and one from work to home in the PM peak. Each shopping production results in one trip from home to shopping and a return trip from shopping to home during the off-peak period.
The equation for work attractions to a zone is Aw-125w, where w' is the number of workplaces or schools in that Zone.
. The equation for shopping attractions to a zone is As 10-T/100 where I is the average income in that zone, and T is the sales tax receipts from that zone (in thousands of dollars).
• Assume that the travel times will not change after the bus system is in place (that is, you do not have to redo route choice after.
• Separate network files are provided for the AM/PM peak periods and the off-peak because the latter is longer (and therefore roadway "capacity" is higher).
For the third task, you calculate ridership using the following procedure:
1. Identify the OD pairs which might possibly use the bus - assume that if there is no bus route directly connecting an origin to a destination, nobody from that OD pair will travel by bus. That is to say, we assume nobody will transfer buses, take a bus to UW and walk downtown, etc
2. For these OD pairs, calculate the travel time by driving (shortest path from origin to destination using the travel times found in the first task) and the travel time on the bus (take the travel time on the bus links from that origin to that destination and increase it by 20% to account for the bus stopping and driving more slowly)
3. Calculate the "frequency" of each bus as the reciprocal of the total travel time on its route. (e.g., if the bus takes 50 minutes to complete its loop, its frequency is 1/50)
4. For each OD pair using the bus:
(a) Calculate the "total frequency as the sum of the frequencies of each bus connecting that OD pair. (e.g., if there two buses connecting that origin and destination, one of which comes every
50 minutes and one of which comes every 20 minutes, the total frequency is 1/50+ 1/20) (b) Calculate the utility of the driving as Udr-Tar where Tar is the travel time driving.
(c) Calculate the utility of taking the bus as Ubus-1.25Tbus+ Fbus where Tous is the travel time by bus and Fbus is the total frequency.
(d) Find the bus ridership from this OD pair using these utilities.
5. Add the ridership from each OD pair to get the total ridership
Tum in your answers to the above tasks, along with any supporting documents
In order to design an effective bus system, the consultants have to perform the following tasks :Run the four-step model to identify the travel time on each roadway link during the AM peak, off-peak, and PM peak.
Calculate the total bus ridership for the chosen routes.1. Running the four-step model The first step is to use the four-step model to find the travel time on each roadway link during the AM peak, off-peak, and PM peak. Since there is no bus system in place, the consultants should assume that everyone will drive. 2. Identifying routes for busesThe second step is to identify the routes each bus will take during the AM peak, off-peak, and PM peak periods. It is important to note that each route must be a loop, and more than one bus can use the same route.3. Calculating total bus ridership The third step is to calculate the total bus ridership for the chosen routes.
For these OD pairs, calculate the travel time by driving and the travel time on the bus. Calculate the frequency of each bus as the reciprocal of the total travel time on its route. For each OD pair using the bus, calculate the total frequency as the sum of the frequencies of each bus connecting that OD pair. Calculate the utility of the driving and the utility of taking the bus. Find the bus ridership from this OD pair using these utilities. Add the ridership from each OD pair to get the total ridership.
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Discuss the concept of leadership and also illustrate the styles of leadership with practical examples, being a leader what kind of style should be properly implemenetd at work place to satisfy your subordinates that is directly influence on your organisation objective
Leadership is the act of directing and guiding people or an organization towards a particular goal or objective. It involves creating a vision, inspiring others, and enabling them to achieve their full potential. In order to achieve this, a leader must have a variety of skills and qualities that enable him or her to lead effectively.
There are different styles of leadership that can be used by leaders to achieve their goals and objectives. These styles include:
1. Autocratic Leadership: This is a leadership style in which the leader has complete control over the decisions and actions of his or her subordinates. The leader makes all the decisions and does not consult or seek input from his or her subordinates. This style is often used in situations where quick decisions need to be made or in situations where the leader has more expertise than his or her subordinates. An example of autocratic leadership is a military general.
2. Democratic Leadership: This is a leadership style in which the leader involves his or her subordinates in decision-making. The leader consults with his or her subordinates and seeks their input before making a decision. This style is often used in situations where the leader does not have all the information or expertise required to make a decision on his or her own. An example of democratic leadership is a group leader in a project team.
3. Laissez-Faire Leadership: This is a leadership style in which the leader provides minimal guidance or direction to his or her subordinates. The leader gives his or her subordinates the freedom to make their own decisions and to work independently. This style is often used in situations where the subordinates are highly skilled and have a high degree of expertise in their area of work. An example of laissez-faire leadership is a manager of a research team.
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Problem 1 An animal farm generates 35 tonnes of organic waste (animal manure) on a daily basis. The transportation of this waste costs approximately JD 0.55/tonne/km. There are three alternatives available for the management and disposal of this waste: • Option (1): Disposal in an open dumpsite which is nearly 18 km far from the farm. The average tipping fee at the disposal site's gate is JD 6/tonne. • Option (2): Giving away to farmers (as a fertilizer). This requires transporting the waste to another nearby town (95 km away). • Option (3): Onsite composting, which requires the construction and operation of a small onsite composting plant. The average cost (capital and operating) of composting is roughly JD 54/tonne while the final product (compost) can be sold for JD 25/tonne. The average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors are as follows: Open disposal = 0.25 g CO2 per g waste, direct fertilizer application = 0.13 g CO2 per g waste; composting = 0.09 g CO2 per g waste; and transportation = 56 g CO₂/ton waste/km. Answer the following questions: a. Rank the three alternatives in terms of their environmental-friendliness and explain your answer. b. From a pure economic perspective, which option should be selected and why? Show your calculations if any. c. From a multi-criteria standpoint (economic, environmental, societal), which option should be selected? Explain the impact of the selected option on all three criteria.
Option 3, Onsite composting should be ranked first because the average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor is lowest at 0.09 g CO2 per g waste compared to the other alternatives.
Option 2, Giving away to farmers should be ranked second because direct fertilizer application has an average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor of 0.13 g CO2 per g waste.
Option 1, Disposal in an open dumpsite which is ranked third as it has the highest average greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor of 0.25 g CO2 per g waste.
b. From a pure economic perspective, .Option 2, Giving away to farmers (as a fertilizer) should be selected from a pure economic perspective because it has the lowest total cost of [tex]JD 0.55 * 95 = JD 52.25 per tonne[/tex].
Thus, the pure economic perspective option should be option 2.
c. From a multi-criteria standpoint (economic, environmental, societal), Option 3, Onsite composting should be selected based on a multi-criteria standpoint (economic, environmental, societal) because it has a low GHG emission factor of 0.09 g CO2 per g waste, reduces the cost and environmental effects of transportation, and creates jobs.
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Advances in architectural achievements thrived during the Aegean and Greek eras, creating visual inspirations still used today. Investigate the progress of architecture and describe the development of architecture in this time period.
Paragraph 1: Aegean Architecture (Mycenean and/or Minoan).
Paragraph 2: Greek Architecture (Archaic, Classical, and/or Hellenistic)
Can you please answer these two parts by what the type of architecture is known for, in all aspects, and using a photo from each topic to analyze them?
Advances in architectural achievements thrived during the Aegean and Greek eras, creating visual inspirations still used today. Let's investigate the progress of architecture and describe the development of architecture in this time period.
Aegean Architecture: The Aegean era, which includes the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures, thrived between 2500 BC and 1200 BC, significantly before the Greek era, and is believed to have laid the foundation for Greek culture. In general, the Aegean architecture is characterized by a preference for curved lines, rounded corners, and bright colors, with a strong emphasis on nature and its surroundings.
Minoan palaces, like the one depicted below, were the most impressive structures of the time. The Knossos palace in Crete is an example of one such palace, which boasted a labyrinthine layout that was intended to be both practical and aesthetically pleasing, with various colors and patterns. It had a number of fortified walls and towers, as well as a large central space, the megaron, which was the palace's focal point.
Greek Architecture: Greek architecture is often split into three categories: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. This time period lasted from approximately 700 BC to 30 BC, and it was marked by significant technological advances and the development of complex designs. The Altar of Pergamon, an ancient Greek structure from the Hellenistic era, is depicted below. The structure had a unique design and was made of white marble.
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a-A rectangular channel, B = 3.0 m and n = 0.015 and length of 1000 meter, connects two reservoir. The channel slope is 0.02. At the intake the bed of the channel is at an elevation of 100.00 m. If the upstream reservoir water surface changes between 102.00 m to 105.00 m, calculate the depth-discharge curve in the channel. The entrance losses can be neglected. b- if the channel slope changes to 0.002 and downstream water surface is constant and equal to 102.00 m how much is the maximum discharge between two reservoirs by changes water surface level in upstream reservoir while downstream water surface is constant and equal to 102.00 m?
a)To find the depth-discharge curve in the channel, we need to use Manning's equation. Manning's equation for flow through a channel is given by; $$ [tex]Q=\frac {1}{n}A R^{2/3} S^{1/2}$$.[/tex]
Where Q is discharge, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, R is the hydraulic radius, S is the slope, and n is the Manning roughness coefficient.
Thus the depth-discharge curve in the channel is the same as that between the two reservoirs. The discharge can be calculated by substituting the respective values into the Manning's equation;
$$[tex]Q=\ frac {1}{n}A R^{2/3} S^{1/2}$$[/tex] Here, the slope S = 0.02, and n = 0.015Thus, discharge between the two reservoirs is Given, width of channel,
Thus, the depth-discharge curve for the downstream water surface elevation of 102 m will be the same as the depth-discharge curve calculated earlier.
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Jane is in a position to specify several purchases that will benefit a firm in which she has a substantial financial investment.
This case does not describe a conflict of interest situation.
She can escape the conflict of interest situation as long as she makes the right decision from a professional standpoint.
She can escape the conflict of interest situation if she "recuses" (or dismiss) herself from the decision-making
She can escape the conflict of interest situation if she discloses her private interest in the bolt-manufacturing firm.
Conflict of interest is a situation where an individual has competing interests or loyalties. The individual must balance the competing interests, and choosing one over the other may result in harm or damage to either interest.
Jane is in a position to specify several purchases that will benefit a firm in which she has a substantial financial investment. Though this case does not describe a conflict of interest situation, it is essential to know how to handle one if the situation arises.
She can escape the conflict of interest situation as long as she makes the right decision from a professional standpoint. In other words, Jane should put her professional duties above her financial interest to avoid a conflict of interest situation.
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Design a tied column with DL = 500 KN, LL = 650 KN. fc' = 20.7 MPa, fy = 276 MPa. Use pg= 0.03, 25 mm Ø main bars, and 10 mm Ø ties.
Tied columns are used when there is a lack of space, limited headroom, or heavy lateral loads on the structure. They can be designed to withstand any amount of compressive stress, and the ties help keep them from buckling.
Given DL = 500 KN, LL = 650 KN, fc' = 20.7 MPa, fy = 276 MPa, pg = 0.03, 25 mm Ø main bars, and 10 mm Ø ties, here's how to design a tied column:
Step 1: Find out the factored load. The total factored load on the column is calculated as follows: Pu = 1.2DL + 1.5LLPu = 1.2 × 500 + 1.5 × 650Pu = 1460 KN
Step 2: The radius of gyration, r, is determined by: r = (0.5 × diameter)/square root of area We have to take the larger value for L in this case since it is greater than the smaller value. Therefore: Effective length, Le = 3 meters Radius of gyration, r = 7.07 cmK = (3m / 7.07cm)K = 42.43
Step 3: Calculate the effective length. The effective length of a column is found using the following formula :L = (K * r)The effective length is found by substituting the values into the equation: L = 42.43 * 7.07L = 300 cm.
Step 4: Determine the minimum and maximum steel ratios. The minimum steel ratio for a tied column is 0.008. The maximum steel ratio is 0.4.
Step 5: Check for minimum steel percentage. The minimum steel percentage is calculated using the following formula:ρmin = 0.008 * (fc' / fy)ρmin = 0.008 * (20.7 / 276)ρmin = 0.0006The calculated steel percentage of 0.01 is greater than the minimum requirement, thus, it is okay. So the column design is okay.
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D2. An office building for multiple tenants with 20 floors (above the main terminal) of 600m² per floor to be built. The estimated population per floor is 60 persons and the estimated up peak demand is 14%. The floor-to-floor height of the building is 3m and the design intervals is 50 seconds, the passenger transfer time is 1.4 second, door opening and closing time are 1 second and 3 second respectively, interfloor jump time is 3 second and the rated speed of the lift is 4 m/s, determine the following details of the lift system with the lift car capacity factor of 80%.
(i) Round Trip Time (RTT);
(ii) Number of lift car required;
(iii) Contract capacity (CC) of each lift car;
(iv) Actual Up peak Interval (UPPINT);
(v) Actual Up peak Handling capacity (UPPHC);
(vi) Actual Percentage of population (%POP)
D2. An office building for multiple tenants with 20 floors (above the main terminal) of 600m² per floor to be built. The estimated population per floor is 60 persons and the estimated up peak demand is 14%.
The floor-to-floor height of the building is 3m and the design intervals are 50 seconds, the passenger transfer time is 1.4 seconds, door opening and closing time are 1 second and 3 seconds respectively, inter floor jump time is 3 seconds and the rated speed of the lift is 4 m/s, determine the following details of the lift system with the lift car capacity factor of 80%.
(i) Round Trip Time (RTT); The round trip time is the time taken by a lift to travel from the ground floor to the highest floor of the building and return to the ground floor. The RTT can be calculated using the formula: RTT = 2 × Single Distance/Speed where Single Distance = (Number of floors – 1) × Floor-to-Floor height Single Distance = (20 - 1) × 3 = 57m Speed = 4m/s RTT = 2 × 57/4 = 28.5 seconds(ii) Number of lift car required.
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Under a standard owner-controlled insurance program (OCIP), the CM: a. Has no role in construction site safety b. Has less authority than the safety contractor c. Has authority for all construction site safety d. Directs the work of the safety contractor
A standard Owner-Controlled Insurance Program (OCIP) covers various construction risks and liabilities, including worker's compensation, third-party liability, and site liability.
This type of policy benefits the owner of the project, the general contractor, and other stakeholders involved in the project. A. The CM has no role in construction site safety This statement is incorrect because the Construction Manager (CM) plays a critical role in ensuring safety on construction sites.
The CM is responsible for monitoring and ensuring that all activities are carried out in compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines. B. The CM has less authority than the safety contractor This statement is incorrect because the CM has more authority than the safety contractor.
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1) Which of the following provisions would you expect to see in virtually all confidentiality agreements obtained by privately held target companies?
a. Employee non-solicitation provision and drag-along provision
b. Use restriction and disclosure restriction
c. Standstill provision and residuals clause
d. All of the above
2)
In an antitrust-sensitive acquisition, the target company may allocate some of the antitrust risk to the buyer by insisting that the definitive acquisition agreement include:
a. A hell or high water (HOHW) antitrust covenant
b. A reverse break-up fee payable by the buyer upon termination of the acquisition agreement because of an antitrust challenge
c. A covenant on the part of the buyer to litigate any antitrust challenge by the antitrust authorities
d. All of the above
Use restriction and disclosure restriction are the two provisions that would be expected to be seen in almost all confidentiality agreements obtained by privately held target companies. A confidentiality agreement is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties in which at least one of the parties agrees not to disclose certain confidential information to outsiders or the public.1) The correct option is b.
2) The correct option is d. A hell or high water (HOHW) antitrust covenant, a reverse break-up fee payable by the buyer upon termination of the acquisition agreement because of an antitrust challenge, and a covenant on the part of the buyer to litigate any antitrust challenge by the antitrust authorities are all included in the definitive acquisition agreement in an antitrust-sensitive acquisition.
When purchasing a company, a buyer takes on a variety of risks, including antitrust risk. As a result, the target company may shift some of the antitrust risk to the buyer by insisting that the definitive acquisition agreement include antitrust provisions.
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Determine the qualitative and quantitative impact of the pandemic situation to road, rail, air, and water transportation
The pandemic situation has had a major impact on the transportation sector. The transportation sector, which includes road, rail, air, and water transport, has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This essay will discuss the qualitative and quantitative impact of the pandemic on transportation.
Qualitative Impact
The pandemic has had a qualitative impact on transportation. The most noticeable effect of the pandemic is the decrease in the number of passengers using public transport. The fear of contracting the virus has resulted in a significant decline in the use of public transport services.
This decrease has resulted in lower revenues for public transport operators. Additionally, people have started to prefer private cars over public transport. This has led to increased traffic congestion, particularly in urban areas. Increased congestion has had a negative impact on the environment, particularly air quality.
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Between the Standard Form of Building Contract and New Engineering Contract,
(a)Outline the differences in project controls on -
i. Time;
ii. Cost;
iii. Quality; and
iv. Parties' interests.
(b) Discuss the principal differences in approaches on contract control such as substantive and procedural entitlements.
The Standard Form of Building Contract (SBC) and the New Engineering Contract (NEC) are the two most widely used building contracts in the UK.
Time: In the SBC, project controls in terms of time may be tracked using progress reports or programmed, and time is often referred to as the contract period.
Cost: In the SBC, project controls in terms of cost are often administered via periodic payments made to the contractor based on a pre-determined schedule of payments or stage payments.
Quality: In terms of quality, the SBC necessitates compliance with specifications and tolerances specified in the contract, whereas the NEC emphasizes the contractor's obligation to provide work of the requisite standard to accomplish the works' outcomes.
Parties' interests: The SBC's project controls are often weighted in the employer's favor, with little power given to the contractor, while the NEC provides greater flexibility in decision-making and negotiation between the parties.
Substantive Entitlements: These are the rights given to the parties under the contract and will be related to a party's entitlement to payment or the ability to terminate the contract. This is to ensure that both parties receive a fair deal.
Procedural Entitlements: These are procedures that need to be followed in the event of a dispute or disagreement over the contract's substantive terms.
SBC and NEC have their differences in terms of project control, and they are both commonly used building contracts in the UK.
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Determine the production based on the number of hauling units used. The loader will control the production because of the one extra truck added to the formula. Therefore, there is always a truck waiting at the loader
To determine the production based on the number of hauling units used, it is essential to understand the concept of hauling units in a production system.
The hauling units refer to the trucks that transport materials from one location to another in the production process. They are vital in ensuring that the materials are moved efficiently from one point to the next to keep the production process running smoothly.In a production process where the loader controls the production, the number of hauling units used can have a significant impact on the overall production levels. This is because the loader can only load a certain amount of material onto a truck at a time. If there are not enough hauling units available to transport the material, it will cause a bottleneck in the production process and slow down production levels.
With the loader controlling the production and an extra truck added to the formula, there is always a truck waiting at the loader. This means that there is no downtime in the production process, and materials are continually being transported from one point to another to keep production levels at maximum capacity. In this case, the production levels will be dependent on the efficiency of the loader and the number of hauling units available to transport the material efficiently.
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In a direct shear test using a shear box of 75 x 75 mm in plan. The shear machine is designed to operate with the lever arm assembly arranged to multiply a hangar load by 8. Compute a normal stress (kPa) on the sample when when the shear force is 384 N ( 1 dp). Use gravitational acceleration of 9.81 m/s2.
The shear box of 75 × 75 mm in plan and the lever arm assembly is arranged to multiply a hangar load by 8.The shear force is 384 N (1 dp) and the gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s².
To calculate the normal stress, we can use the below formula, Normal stress, σn = P/A Here, P = Force acting on the sample A = Area of the sample In the given problem, Area of the sample = 75 × 75 mm² = 5.625 × 10⁴ mm²Force acting on the sample = 384 N (given) = 384 × 10⁶ N/m².
Now we will find the hangar load by dividing the force acting on the sample by the lever arm arrangement .So,Hangar load = (384 × 10⁶) / 8Hangar load = 48 × 10⁶ N/m²Now,Normal stress, σn = P/A Normal stress, σn = (48 × 10⁶) / 5.625 × 10⁴Normal stress, σn = 853.33 kPa (approx.)Therefore, the normal stress on the sample is 853.33 kPa (approx.) when the shear force is 384 N.
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NB 1: This assignment is designed to (a) develop your appreciation of the principles relating to ground stress distribution and immediate settlement, and (b) improve your skills in the areas of conceptual modelling of practical engineering problems, use of manual computations and software simulations for problem solving, working as part of a team, and effectively communicating the results.
N.B. 2: This assignment is to be completed by students working in teams of three (students should organize their groups).
A 5 m radius and 12 m height water storage tank is to be constructed close to one of the team members' residence. Complete the tasks below related to this planned construction.
Task A:
(i) Determine the factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure
(ii) Plot the ground stress distribution beneath the foundation of the tank by calculating the stress increase using two different empirical methods
(iii) Calculate immediate settlement beneath the foundation of the tank
Task A:(i) The factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure can be determined as follows:Nγ Df + 0.4γ BNq ≤ qf σV = 1.5γBNγfNq+ 0.4γDNγq ≤ σallwhere,
Nγ = Bearing capacity factor = 34.9
Nq = Bearing capacity factor = 28.1
γf = Factor of safety = 2.5
γB = Soil density = 19.2 kN/m3
γD = Density of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Df = Foundation depth = 1.5 m
B = Foundation width = 3 m
qf = Applied load per unit area = 1.5 × 20 × 1.5 = 45 kN/m2σall = Allowable soil pressure = 400 kN/m2By substituting the values of the different factors in the formula, we get:
Nγ Df + 0.4γ BNq ≤ qf34.9 × 1.5 + 0.4 × 19.2 × 28.1 ≤ 45Hence the factor of safety against a bearing capacity failure is greater than 1.5, which is the recommended value.(ii) The ground stress distribution beneath the foundation of the tank can be determined using two empirical methods as follows:
(a) Boussinesq’s TheoryAccording to Boussinesq’s theory, the vertical stress at a point directly beneath a point load on the surface of a half-space can be calculated asσz = Q / [(1 + v) π r2 (z2 + r2)]3/2where,
Q = Point load = 45 kN/m2
v = Poisson’s ratio = 0.3
r = Radius of the foundation = 5 m
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1.Usually an asphalt with 20mm aggregate is thicker than the one with only 10mm aggregate. a. False b. True 2. Stone mastic asphalt is different from fine gap graded asphalt because it has more coarse aggregate. a. False b. True 3. In decreasing relative noise levels of new bituminous surfacings, which one of the following is correct? a. Spray seal (7mm), fine gap graded asphalt, stone mastic asphalt b. Open graded asphalt, Stone asphalt, fine gap graded asphalt c. Fine gap graded asphalt, open graded asphalt, stone mastic asphalt d. Spray seals (10mm), stone mastic asphalt, dense graded asphalt 4 .One of the advantages of Dense garded asphalt is that most contractors and producers are familiar with its production and placement. a. False b. True 5.One of the advantages of Dense garded asphalt is that most contractors and producers are familiar with its production and placement. a. False b. True 6. Why is Stone mastic asphalt an expensive mix? a. It uses more binder b. It uses a lot of large aggregate C. It has more filler d. It has high resistance to shear force 7. Which one the following asphalt is best for good texture and high resistance to shear force? a. Dense graded asphalt b. Stone mastic asphalt c. Gap graded asphalt . d. Open graded asphalt 8. Which one the following is true about Dense Graded asphalt? a. It can accommodate high binder contents without becoming unstable and susceptible to rutting b. It has a low design air void content of about 3 to 7% C. It cannot be used for heavily trafficked road because it has a low shear resistance d. It has about 8 – 12 % of filler
1. False. Usually, asphalt with 10mm aggregate is thicker than the one with only 20mm aggregate.2. True. Stone mastic asphalt is different from fine gap graded asphalt because it has more coarse aggregate.3. c. Fine gap graded asphalt, open graded asphalt, stone mastic asphalt.
In decreasing relative noise levels of new bituminous surfacings, this is the correct order.4. True. One of the advantages of Dense graded asphalt is that most contractors and producers are familiar with its production and placement.5.
True. One of the advantages of Dense graded asphalt is that most contractors and producers are familiar with its production and placement.6. a. It uses more binder. Stone mastic asphalt is an expensive mix as it uses more binder.
7. b. Stone mastic asphalt is the best for good texture and high resistance to shear force.
8. a. It can accommodate high binder contents without becoming unstable and susceptible to rutting. Dense graded asphalt can accommodate high binder contents without becoming unstable and susceptible to rutting.
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a) i) Briefly explain what is meant by the terms ‘grain’ and
‘grain structure’ for a metal. (2 marks)
ii) Describe why reducing grain size can increase the strength
of a pure metal. Include an
Reducing the grain size in a metal increases its strength by inhibiting the dislocation of grains and enhancing grain boundary strengthening. This is achieved through a larger surface area and increased number of grain boundaries. Consequently, smaller grain sizes contribute to improved mechanical properties and increased strength in pure metals.
i) What is meant by the terms 'grain' and 'grain structure' for a metal?
Grain: A grain refers to the crystalline lattice that represents the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a metal. It is formed when atoms combine and create a distinct crystal structure. The average size of grains is typically a few microns, but it can vary based on the manufacturing process. Metals cooled slowly exhibit well-defined crystal structures, while rapid cooling or cold working produces a finer grain structure.
Grain structure: Grain structure refers to the size, orientation, and arrangement of grains in a metal. The boundaries between grains are called grain boundaries, which play a crucial role in the mechanical properties of the metal. The sizes, shapes, and orientations of grains can significantly impact the metal's properties and performance.
ii) Why does reducing grain size increase the strength of a pure metal?
Reducing the grain size in a metal results in an increased total number of grains. This, in turn, leads to a larger surface area in contact with neighboring grains and an increased presence of defects at the grain boundaries. These defects, known as grain boundary strengthening, enhance the metal's strength by impeding the dislocation of grains when subjected to stress.
The dislocation of grains occurs when atoms slide and slip over one another. Having more grains inhibits these dislocations, thereby increasing the metal's strength and hardness. Consequently, reducing the grain size is effective in enhancing the strength of a pure metal.
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6. a. Take care of any injured parties b. Secure the site c. investigates the cause. d. All of the above 7. 8 Sufficient working space of A step in an accident investigation includes: M.C. An employer must report ALL company accidents resulting in a death to OSHA. T/F ft needs to be maintained around electrical equipment. FILL IN
Step in an accident investigation: Accident investigations are important to determine the cause of an accident. It can help to determine why and how the accident occurred.
A step in an accident investigation includes taking care of any injured parties, securing the site, investigating the cause, and reporting the accident. All of the above are steps that should be taken in an accident investigation. Sufficient working space: An adequate working space needs to be maintained around electrical equipment.
This helps to prevent electrical hazards and can help to prevent accidents. Employer's reporting of company accidents:An employer must report ALL company accidents resulting in a death to OSHA. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide a safe working environment for their employees. OSHA is responsible for ensuring that employers provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees. OSHA has regulations and standards that employers must follow to ensure the safety of their employees.
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An electrical utility is experiencing a sharp power demand that continues to grow at a high rate in a certain local area. Two alternatives are under consideration. Each is designed to provide enough capacity during the next 25 years, and both will consume the same amount of fuel, so fuel cost is not considered in the analysis.
Alternative A. Increase the generating capacity now so that the ultimate demand can be met without additional expenditures later. An investment of $29 million would be required, and it is estimated that this plant facility would be in service for 25 years and have a salvage value of $0.8 million. The annual operating and maintenance costs (including income taxes) would be $0.6 million. Alternative B. Spend $13 million now and follow this expenditure with future additions during the 10th year and the 15th year. These additions would cost $17 million and $10 million, respectively. The facility would be sold 25 years from now with a salvage value of $1.2 million. The annual operating and maintenance costs (including income taxes) will be $250,000 initially and will increase to $0.35 million after the second addition (from the 11th year to the 15th year) and to $0.45 million during the final 10 years. (Assume that these costs begin one year subsequent to the actual addition.) On the basis of the present-worth criterion, if the firm uses 14% as a MARR, which alternative should be undertaken? Note:Adopt incremental cost approach.
Based on the present-worth criterion and a 14% MARR, Alternative A should be undertaken as it has a lower present worth compared to Alternative B.
Incremental To determine which alternative should be undertaken based on the present-worth criterion and a 14% MARR, we need to calculate the present worth of each alternative's costs.
For Alternative A:
Initial investment: -$29 million
Annual operating and maintenance costs: -$0.6 million per year for 25 years
Salvage value: +$0.8 million
For Alternative B:
Initial investment: -$13 million
Additional investments: -$17 million in the 10th year, -$10 million in the 15th year
Annual operating and maintenance costs: -$0.25 million for the first 10 years, -$0.35 million from the 11th to the 15th year, -$0.45 million for the final 10 years
Salvage value: +$1.2 million
Using the incremental cost approach, we calculate the present worth of costs for each alternative. We consider the difference in costs between the alternatives over their respective lifetimes.
For Alternative A:
Present worth = -29 + (0.6 * (1 - (1 + 0.14)^-25) / 0.14) + 0.8 / (1 + 0.14)^25
For Alternative B:
Present worth = -13 + (0.25 * (1 - (1 + 0.14)^-10) / 0.14) + (0.35 * (1 - (1 + 0.14)^-5) / 0.14) + (0.45 * (1 - (1 + 0.14)^-10) / 0.14) + 1.2 / (1 + 0.14)^25
Comparing the present worth values of the two alternatives, the alternative with the lower present worth should be undertaken.
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How does the compressive strength, impact resistance and plastic shrinkage resistance of concretes are effected by increased volüme % of fibers?
What advantages can we have from macro-polymer fibers in terms of earthquake resistant structures?
Compressive strength, impact resistance, and plastic shrinkage resistance are the most important properties of concrete. These properties are important for the durability of concrete structures. The properties of concrete can be improved by adding fibers to the mix.
Increasing the volume % of fibers can significantly improve the compressive strength, impact resistance, and plastic shrinkage resistance of concretes. The increase in volume % of fibers can result in an increase in the compressive strength of up to 30%. The impact resistance of concrete can also be improved by increasing the volume % of fibers.
The addition of fibers can increase the energy absorption of concrete and reduce the severity of impact loads. Moreover, the plastic shrinkage resistance of concrete can also be improved by increasing the volume % of fibers. This can prevent the formation of cracks due to plastic shrinkage and reduce the risk of early age cracking.
Macro-polymer fibers are useful for earthquake-resistant structures. They can help reduce the damage caused by earthquakes. The addition of macro-polymer fibers can increase the ductility of concrete, which allows the structure to deform without collapsing during an earthquake.
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Why should a Sanitary Engineer be knowledgeable about construction methods and operations of sanitary engineering systems/facilities? Explain your answer.
A sanitary engineer should be knowledgeable about construction methods and operations of sanitary engineering systems/facilities because sanitation engineering is an interdisciplinary.
Area that combines engineering and scientific principles to design and maintain healthy living environments. Engineers have to design, construct, operate, and maintain various systems that protect public health, including sewage treatment plants, water supply systems, waste management facilities, and stormwater management systems.
A Sanitary Engineer's expertise is critical to ensuring that these systems are designed, constructed, and maintained in a way that minimizes the risk of disease outbreaks and promotes public health. Furthermore, Sanitary engineers are responsible for ensuring that these systems operate efficiently and effectively.
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The contractor planned to use several techniques of construction for the cantilever retaining wall. Make a recommendation for the optimum building approach to replace the conventional pile and cantilever retaining wall.
Cantilever retaining walls are a prevalent type of retaining wall that is commonly used in civil engineering for a variety of applications. The walls are often used to retain soil on sloping terrain, support large structures on steep hills, and even to create terraces on steep terrain. However, the conventional pile and cantilever retaining wall design may not be the best approach to use in certain circumstances.
Here are a few techniques that can be used to construct a cantilever retaining wall.1. Soil nailing - This is a technique that is commonly used to reinforce soil and rock formations.
The process involves drilling holes into the soil, inserting a steel reinforcing bar, and then injecting grout into the hole to bond the bar to the surrounding soil.
Soil nailing is an excellent technique for retaining walls because it is relatively simple to install and is cost-effective.2. Reinforced concrete - This is another popular method for constructing cantilever retaining walls. It involves pouring a concrete wall that is reinforced with steel bars.
The concrete is poured into a form that is placed on the ground, and then the steel reinforcing bars are placed in the form before the concrete is poured. The concrete is then allowed to set, and the form is removed.
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h= 300mm b =190mm t = 4mm L/h = 12.5
Question: Consider self weight only. Draw the stress and strain distributions at midspan.
[tex]Given data:h = 300 mGivenm b = 190 mm t = 4 mm L/h = 12.5[/tex]Consider self-weight onlyThe maximum stress in a beam will occur either at the supports or at the center of the beam if it's a simply supported beam.
Since it is a simply supported beam, therefore, the maximum stress will occur at midspan.The distribution of stress and strain in a beam under bending depends on the bending moment distribution and the distribution of the cross-section area from the neutral axis. The neutral axis is that imaginary.
Line within the cross-section of the beam which undergoes no change in length or volume during the deformation of the beam. The stress is maximum on the top and minimum at the bottom, and the strain is maximum at the outermost fibers and minimum at the neutral axis.Now,Let's calculate the values of various quantities.
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(Discontinuous chips)
i. Experimental/component setup. (*include figure)
ii. Result of experiment/Analysis. (*include figure)
iii. Design/Numerical/Experimental Analysis. (*include figure)
I'm sorry, but your question seems to be incomplete. Can you please provide more context or information about what you are asking specifically related to "Discontinuous chips"? Once you provide more details, I'll do my best to help you with your question.
I. Experimental/Component Setup: Begin by selecting a reasonable fabric for the chips, such as silicon or a semiconductor fabric. Make the chips with intentional discontinuities or defects, which can be achieved through various methods like etching, laser ablation, or controlled material deposition.
What is the experiment?Mounting: Safely mount the chips onto a test holder or substrate employing a reasonable cement or clamping instrument. Guarantee appropriate arrangement and situating of the chips for exact estimations and examination.
Utilize suitable estimation based on the particular examination objectives. This may incorporate optical magnifying lens, checking electron magnifying instruments (SEM), nuclear constrain magnifying instruments (AFM), etc.
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A cylindrical specimen of a brass alloy having a length of 92 mm (3.622 in.) must elongate only 4.60 mm (0.1811 in.) when a tensile load of 92000 N(20680lb f ) is applied. Under these circumstances what must be the radius of the specimen? Consider this brass alloy to have the stress-strain behavior shown in the Animated Figure 6.12. mm
The radius of the brass alloy specimen is determined to be 6.890 mm.
Let's begin by applying the formula:
Stress = Force / Area
and
Strain = Extension / Original Length
The given data:
Original length of cylindrical specimen of brass alloy = 92 mm (3.622 in.)
Force applied (F) = 92000 N
Extension (e) = 4.60 mm (0.1811 in.)
Stress-strain curve is given in the figure below:
Animated Figure 6.12 [Credit: T. Ahrens, Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd edition (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2008)]
To determine the radius of the specimen, we need to find the cross-sectional area of the cylindrical specimen of brass alloy. Since the material is isotropic (properties in all directions are same), the stress will be the same in the radial direction as it is in the longitudinal direction. So, the stress-strain curve remains the same for the radial and longitudinal directions.
Hence, stress in the radial direction,
σ = Force / Area = F / [πr²]
Where, r is the radius of the cylindrical specimen.
The elongation is given by,
Strain = Extension / Original Length = e / l
Substituting values in the above formula, we get;
σ/E = (ln(ε+1))
(σ/E) = ln (1+ε)
So,
σ = E * ln (1+ε)
Where,
E is the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of the brass alloy. From the given figure;
Young's modulus (E) = 103 GPa = 103 x 109 N/m² = 103 x 103 N/mm²
When strain is 0.006, ln (1+ε) is 0.005987.
So,
σ = 103 x 103 x 0.005987 = 618.361 N/mm²
Area of cross-section,
A = F / σ = 92000 / 618.361 = 148.70 mm²
Area of cross-section of cylindrical specimen,
A = πr²
πr² = 148.70 mm²
r² = 148.70 / π
r² = 47.35mm²
r = 6.890 mm
The radius of the specimen is 6.890 mm.
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which type of regenerative braking system uses an electrohydraulic system?
The hydraulic hybrid system is the type of regenerative braking system that uses an electrohydraulic system.
The electrohydraulic braking system is the type of regenerative braking system that uses an electrohydraulic system.What is Regenerative Braking System?Regenerative braking is a mechanism that enables the braking system to recover the kinetic energy produced by the wheels' motion during deceleration. Regenerative braking is used in vehicles such as cars, trucks, trains, and so on, to boost fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions. Regenerative braking recovers kinetic energy that is typically wasted when brakes are applied. This captured energy can then be used to recharge a vehicle's battery or power an electrical accessory or system.
How does the Regenerative Braking System work?Regenerative braking systems recover energy from the wheels during braking and store it in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor. The stored energy can then be used to power electrical systems such as headlights, air conditioning, or sound systems. It can also be used to assist the engine during acceleration, reducing the workload and boosting fuel economy.
There are three types of regenerative braking systems. They are:KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery System)Hydraulic Hybrid SystemFlywheel-based Regenerative Braking System. The hydraulic hybrid system is the type of regenerative braking system that uses an electrohydraulic system.
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"The more professionals use ESs, the less expertise they accumulate because of the less actual hands-on experience they gain. This is akin to a pilot who spends most of his flying time watching an autopilot system rather than flying the airplane with his own hands." Do you think that ESs can decrease real expertise for its users? Why or why not?
Yes, ESs (Expert Systems) can decrease real expertise for its users. Expert Systems are computer systems designed to imitate the decision-making abilities of a human expert in their respective fields. They use artificial intelligence, rule-based programming, and fuzzy logic to solve problems and offer advice.
When ESs are used, professionals are likely to experience less hands-on experience that can contribute to their expertise. This is due to the fact that ESs automate the decision-making process by providing answers and solutions to problems for the users. As a result, users of expert systems rely on the system to make decisions and solve problems, rather than developing their own skills and expertise. As a result, the more professionals rely on ESs, the less actual hands-on experience they gain. This is similar to a pilot who spends most of his flying time watching an autopilot system rather than flying the airplane with his own hands. Therefore, while ESs can be an excellent tool for solving problems and providing advice, they can also be a hindrance to the development of real expertise for their users.
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TRUE OR FALSE
16. Combination load factor for permanent load could be less than 1.0.
17. AS1170.0 covers earthquake actions.
18. Loads due to non-structural components shall be transferred to the foundation.
19. Value of uplift force for designing anchors between wall and roof for a house in Darwin could be zero.
20. Maximum slope of an escarpment for calculating wind pressure is the steepest average slope within the top H/2 (half of height) in any direction of escarpment.
21. Pressure on area of elevation for a single-story building in wind class N2 with hip roof, width of 10 m and roof pitch of 20 degrees is 0.61 kPa.
22. Maximum slope of an escarpment for calculating wind pressure is the steepest average slope within the top H/2 (half of height) in the wind direction.
23. Ultimate strength pressure for wind class N1 used for designing a wall stud is 0.62.
16. True. Combination load factor for permanent load could be less than 1.0 because the dead load is always present and it contributes to the gravity forces.
17. True. AS1170.0 covers earthquake actions as it is the basic of the Loading Code of Australia.
18. True. Loads due to non-structural components shall be transferred to the foundation because non-structural components can come off or overturn under strong winds or earthquake forces.
19. True. The value of uplift force for designing anchors between wall and roof for a house in Darwin could be zero because Darwin is located in a wind region that is not prone to cyclones
.20. True. The maximum slope of an escarpment for calculating wind pressure is the steepest average slope within the top H/2 (half of the height) in any direction of the escarpment.
21. True. The pressure on the area of elevation for a single-story building in wind class N2 with hip roof, width of 10 m and roof pitch of 20 degrees is 0.61 kP.
22. True. The maximum slope of an escarpment for calculating wind pressure is the steepest average slope within the top H/2 (half of height) in the wind direction.
23. False. Ultimate strength pressure for wind class N1 used for designing a wall stud is not 0.62 as the ultimate strength pressure varies with the wind class.
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