In the first edition of "The Origin of Species," Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" instead of the word "evolution." He described this phrase as a "better expression" of the process he was proposing.
a) Fossil Record
b) Comparative Anatomy:
c) Biogeography:
d) Comparative Embryology:
e) Molecular Biology:
As for the main mechanism, Darwin emphasized natural selection as the driving force behind the process of descent with modification. He argued that individuals within a population exhibit variations, and those with traits that are better adapted to their environment have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population, resulting in the appearance of new species.
Darwin's travels played a crucial role in shaping his understanding that species are not fixed. During his famous voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin visited various locations, including the Galapagos Islands. He observed that different islands in the archipelago had distinct but closely related species. For example, he noticed variations in the size and shape of finch beaks, which appeared to be adapted to different food sources on each island. This led him to consider the idea that these finches descended from a common ancestor but had diversified and adapted to their respective environments over time.
Five main lines of evidence for evolution are:
a) Fossil Record: The fossil record provides evidence of past life forms and their changes over time. Fossils show a progression of organisms, with simpler forms appearing in lower strata and more complex forms in higher strata. Transitional fossils, such as the famous Archaeopteryx, provide evidence of intermediate stages between major groups of organisms.
b) Comparative Anatomy: Comparing the anatomical structures of different species reveals similarities and patterns that suggest common ancestry. Homologous structures, such as the pentadactyl limb structure found in mammals, reptiles, and birds, indicate a shared evolutionary history. Vestigial structures, like the human appendix or tailbone, are remnants of once-functional features in ancestors.
c) Biogeography: The distribution of species across different geographical regions provides evidence of evolutionary relationships. Similar environments often harbor related species, even if they are geographically separated. For example, marsupials are predominantly found in Australia, indicating a historical separation from placental mammals in other continents.
d) Comparative Embryology: The study of embryonic development across different species reveals similarities in early stages, implying a shared ancestry. For instance, the presence of gill slits in the embryos of humans, fish, and reptiles suggests a common evolutionary origin.
e) Molecular Biology: Comparing DNA and protein sequences among different species provides strong evidence for common ancestry. Similarities in genetic material between closely related species are indicative of a recent common ancestor. Additionally, the presence of pseudogenes, which are non-functional remnants of genes, can be traced back to ancestral forms.
Building upon Darwin's observations and conclusions about natural selection, we can describe how the cheetah population evolved its incredible speed:
At the level of DNA, genetic variation exists within the cheetah population. Some cheetahs have genetic mutations that confer certain physical advantages, such as longer limbs, a more efficient respiratory system, and adaptations in their muscles and bones. These genetic differences contribute to increased speed and agility.
Through natural selection, cheetahs with these advantageous traits have a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction. Cheetahs with faster running speeds are more successful in hunting prey, securing food resources, and avoiding predators. As a result, the genes associated with speed are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.
Over time, this selective pressure leads to the accumulation and prevalence of the genes responsible for speed within the cheetah population. The genetic adaptations related to speed become more common, and cheetahs with slower running abilities
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Do white blood cells have dna
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
almost everyhting in our bodies have a part of our dna
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
white blood cells have DNA but red blood cells dont due to the lack of nuclei.
CHAPTER: Conservation of Plants and Animals
Fill in the blanks:
__________ species dont occur anymore
PĹŚ ĤĔĹP
Answer:
Extinct
Explanation:
Testing for Starch 1. Add IODINE (add 5-7 drops) to the sample. Negative result Positive result Orange/brown colour Blue/black colour Testing for Reducing sugars (eg glucose, maltose) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of blue BENEDICT's solution. 3. Shake gently to mix 4. Place in the water bath for 5 minutes. 5. Continually check for colour change Negative result Positive result Blue colour Green - orange - yellow - red Testing for Amino acids (proteins) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of blue BIURET solution. 3. Shake gently to mix. 4. Wait for colour change. Negative result Positive result Blue colour Purple/violet colour Testing for Lipids (Fats and Oils) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of ETHANOL solution. 3. Shake gently to mix. 4. Add approx 2cm of water. Negative result Positive result Clear/no colour milky/white emulsion (mixture)Food tests Testing for Starch 1. Add IODINE (add 5-7 drops) to the sample. Negative result Positive result Orange/brown colour Blue/black colour Testing for Reducing sugars (eg glucose, maltose) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of blue BENEDICT's solution. 3. Shake gently to mix 4. Place in the water bath for 5 minutes. 5. Continually check for colour change Negative result Positive result Blue colour Green - orange - yellow - red Testing for Amino acids (proteins) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of blue BIURET solution. 3. Shake gently to mix. 4. Wait for colour change. Negative result Positive result Blue colour Purple/violet colour Testing for Lipids (Fats and Oils) 1. Add approx 2cm' of the sample to a test tube. 2. Add approx. 2cm' of ETHANOL solution. 3. Shake gently to mix. 4. Add approx 2cm of water. Negative result Positive result Clear/no colour milky/white emulsion (mixture)
The tests involve adding specific reagents to the sample and observing color changes to determine the presence or absence of the tested substances.
The procedure outlines four different tests for different types of food components.
1. Starch Test: Iodine is added to the sample, and if starch is present, it will react with iodine to form a blue-black color. A negative result is indicated by an orange/brown color.
2. Reducing Sugars Test: Benedict's solution is added to the sample, followed by heating in a water bath. If reducing sugars such as glucose or maltose are present, they will react with Benedict's solution to form a color change ranging from blue to green, orange, yellow, or red, indicating a positive result. A blue color indicates a negative result.
3. Amino Acids (Proteins) Test: Biuret solution is added to the sample, and if proteins or amino acids are present, a color change from blue to purple or violet will occur, indicating a positive result. A blue color indicates a negative result.
4. Lipids (Fats and Oils) Test: Ethanol solution is added to the sample, and if lipids are present, they will form a milky or white emulsion when mixed with water. A clear or no color change indicates a negative result, while a milky or white appearance indicates a positive result.
These tests provide qualitative information about the presence or absence of specific food components, aiding in the identification and characterization of various biological molecules in the sample.
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In the lungs,the blood gives up_____ and picks up _______.
A: Carbon dioxide,nutrients
B: nutrients,oxegyn
C: oxegyn,carbon dioxide
D: carbon dioxide,oxegyn
PLEASE TELL ME FILL IN THE BLANKS
Answer:
carbon dioxide,oxegyn
Explanation:
in the lungs,the blood gives up__carbodioxide___ and picks up ____oxygen___.
Membrane proteins are among the most important proteins biologically because they allow the cells to communicate with their
environments. These membrane proteins are responsible for ALL BUT which process?
A)
triggering ion channels
B)
identifying foreign cells
regulating intake of oxygen
D)
activating growth hormone reactions
Explanation:
the jsjsjssjsjjsjsjsjsjdjdjdjdjdjdjdjdjdj
What is meant by the following statement about the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is said to be semipermeable.
A. It does not contain any enzymes.
B. It allows only certain molecules to pass through.
c. It will not allow small molecules to pass through.
D. It allows all nonpolar molecules into the cell.
Answer:
The cell membrane is semipermeable because allows only certain molecules to pass through.
Explanation:
Semipermeability is a common property of cell membranes, due to their predominantly lipid composition, which gives them a hydrophobic character.
The cytoplasmic membrane is constituted by a double layer of lipids, in addition to structural proteins and glucides, which prevent the entry of polar or charged molecules. This characteristic allows lipids and small molecules without charge to pass freely through it.
Regarding the other options:
A. Cell membranes are associated with lysosomes, structures that contain enzymes. However, this characteristic is not related to semipermeability.
C. They allow the passage of small molecules - devoid of charge - through them.
D. Not all non-polar molecules pass through, as some need a transporter.
Answer: B it only allows certain molecules to pass through
Explanation: permeability is the ability to let molecules pass through, and semipermeable only allow certain molecules through.
All of the following are benefits of establishing a territory except:
umm . this answer is not complete .
5. The cell membrane is also called the _ membrane.
Answer:plasma membrane
Explanation:
A chemical spill causes the offspring of ladybugs to have blue dots instead of black dots. what is the mechanism of evolution and the reasoning??
why is the world round? it would be much better flat...? lol
Answer:
round is better then flat.
Explanation:
Bc, if it was flat it would eather be day or night all day.
If it was round the world dose not does not go in a circle or it would be flat.
Thats why the core of the wrld spins us not in a circle.
20. Which of the following statements about binary fission is false?
a. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the outcome of cell reproduction is a pair of daughter
cells, which are genetically identical to the parent cell.
b. Karyokinesis is unnecessary in prokaryotes because there is no nucleus.
c. Replication of the prokaryotic chromosome begins at the origin of replication and continues in
both directions at once.
d. The mitotic spindle draws the duplicated chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell followed
by formation of a septum and two daughter cells.
Answer:
D. The mitotic spindle draws the duplicated chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell followed by the formation of a septum and two daughter cells.
Explanation:
I took the quiz I got a 100%
The statement about binary fission 'the mitotic spindle draws the duplicated chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell followed by the formation of a septum and two daughter cells' is FALSE.
Binary fission refers to an asexual mode of reproduction by which an organism separates a part of its body (usually a cell) to create two new bodies.
Binary fission represents the most common mode of asexual reproduction and occurs primarily in prokaryotes.
In binary fission, a parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
During binary fission, there is no mitotic spindle formation within a cell nucleus.
In conclusion, the statement about binary fission 'the mitotic spindle draws the duplicated chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell followed by the formation of a septum and two daughter cells' is FALSE.
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in species of fish where combat for females is prevalent, what type of sexual reproduction would you predict?
In species of fish where combat for females is prevalent, sexual selection is driven by male-male competition for access to females. These types of sexual selection are thought to be responsible for a variety of sexual dimorphisms in fish, such as differences in body size, shape, coloration, and ornamentation.
Male fish that win aggressive encounters with other males are often larger, stronger, and more aggressive than their rivals. These traits are thought to be advantageous in the context of sexual selection because they increase the likelihood of successfully competing for access to females.
In some species, males will also exhibit elaborate courtship behaviors or produce acoustic or visual signals to attract females or deter rivals.
These types of adaptations are thought to increase the likelihood of successful reproduction by attracting females to the male's territory or by deterring rivals from approaching.
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dural venous sinuses are specialized venous channels that run between the two layers of dura. they drain blood and cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. how do the dural venous sinuses differ from veins?
Dural venous sinuses differ from veins in various ways. Unlike veins, they lack the typical arrangement of three layers in their walls. This is due to the fact that they are covered by the meningeal layer of the dura mater, which provides them with an additional layer and increases the strength of their walls.
Additionally, they do not possess any valves like veins do, as their function is primarily passive. Because of their position, they do not need to return blood to the heart. They have thin walls, like veins, but are larger in diameter and can be tortuous in nature.
Furthermore, the flow of blood through dural venous sinuses is often slower than it is in veins because of their wide lumens. In contrast to veins, dural venous sinuses are also lined with endothelium, which is continuous with the meninges, and do not have smooth muscle or elastin fibers, which help to maintain venous blood pressure.
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match the tissue type to its function covers body surfaces forms many glands fills spaces between organs forms cartilage and bones forms blood cells forms tendons and ligaments forms the wall of the heart and moves the skeleton has dendrites and an axon that helps it send messages throughout the body. a. connective tissue b. nerve c. muscle d. epithelium
Epithelium: It covers body surfaces such as the skin. It also covers organs such as the lungs and stomach. Epithelium is also responsible for the production of glandular tissue. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are packed closely together. Connective tissue:
t provides structure and support for organs and other tissues. It fills in spaces between organs and helps to attach muscle to bone. Connective tissue is also responsible for protecting organs from damage. Muscle: It helps to move the skeleton and create heat through muscle contractions.
Muscle tissue can be divided into three categories: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Nerve: It contains dendrites and an axon, which helps it send messages throughout the body. The nervous system controls and regulates body functions. It is responsible for coordinating the body's response to external and internal stimuli.
Cartilage and bones: Cartilage provides a cushion between bones. It also provides support for the nose, ears, and other structures. Bone tissue provides support for the body and protects internal organs. Bone tissue also serves as a storage site for minerals like calcium, which is important for maintaining strong bones.
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phagocytosis is an example of multiple choice exocytosis. facilitated diffusion. passive transport. endocytosis. simple diffusion.
Phagocytosis is an example of endocytosis which occurs in cells during the intake of large particles or food. Endocytosis is a type of active transport, in which the cell membrane invaginates around the extracellular material, thus enclosing it within the cell.
The cell membrane then forms a vesicle, which is subsequently transported within the cell. Phagocytosis is a process in which specialized cells known as phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens or other particles in an organism. Phagocytes use their long projections to surround the particle, and then take it inside the cell. The particle is then enclosed within a vesicle, and is fused with lysosomes to be degraded and destroyed.
The other options mentioned in the question are incorrect. Exocytosis involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside. Facilitated diffusion is the transport of molecules across a cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins.
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5) You are studying phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. Answer the following questions:
a) You determine that bacterial heterotrophic production increases when primary production increases. Briefly describe why heterotrophic bacterial production increases when primary production increases.
b) You use PIT traps to quantify the amount of sinking organic matter over the course of a phytoplankton bloom. However, the amount of organic carbon in the sinking organic matter is much lower than the amount of organic carbon produced from photosynthesis. Briefly describe why the amount of organic carbon in the sinking organic matter is much lower than the amount of organic carbon produced from photosynthesis.
a) Heterotrophic bacterial production increases when primary production increases due to the availability of organic matter produced by phytoplankton through photosynthesis.
b) The lower amount of organic carbon in the sinking organic matter compared to the amount of organic carbon produced from photosynthesis can be attributed to several factors
How to explain the informationa) Heterotrophic bacterial production increases when primary production increases due to the availability of organic matter produced by phytoplankton through photosynthesis. Primary production refers to the synthesis of organic compounds by autotrophic organisms, such as phytoplankton, using sunlight and nutrients. .
b) The lower amount of organic carbon in the sinking organic matter compared to the amount of organic carbon produced from photosynthesis can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, during a phytoplankton bloom, the primary production by photosynthetic organisms, such as diatoms or dinoflagellates, can be exceptionally high. These organisms have efficient mechanisms to convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds through photosynthesis.
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which of the following processes is not common during the post-absorptive state?
-glucose catabolism
-ketogenesis
-protein catabolism
-glycogenolysis
The process that is not common during the post-absorptive state is glucose catabolism.
The post-absorptive state, which is also known as the fasting state, refers to the period after food consumption has ceased. During the post-absorptive state, energy must be derived from stored macronutrients in order to maintain blood glucose levels and support other physiological processes. Glucose catabolism is a process in which glucose is oxidized in order to produce energy, which is utilized to carry out cellular processes.
This process typically occurs in the presence of oxygen, and is known as aerobic respiration. In the post-absorptive state, glucose levels decrease and the body relies on alternative sources of energy, such as fatty acids and ketone bodies, which are produced via ketogenesis. Thus, glucose catabolism is not common during the post-absorptive state as glucose levels are low and the body must rely on other sources of energy.
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What do all of the organ systems in a human form?
the organism
the cells
the tissue
the organs
Answer:
A. The Organism.
Explanation:
A human is made up of all human organ systems. cells are made up of molecules, tissues are made up of cells, and organs are made up of tissues.
Based on your observations, which molecules can diffuse across the dialysis tubing? Circle all that apply: a. ∣K∣ b. Starch c. Glucose
Based on the options provided, glucose (c) and K+ (a) can diffuse across the dialysis tubing, while starch (b) cannot.
Glucose is a small molecule that can pass through the pores of the dialysis tubing, allowing it to diffuse across the membrane.
K+ is a small ion that is also able to diffuse through the membrane. On the other hand, starch is a large molecule that is unable to pass through the pores of the dialysis tubing and therefore cannot diffuse across the membrane.
The ability of molecules to diffuse across a membrane depends on factors such as size, charge, and the permeability of the membrane.
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1. What do plant cells have that animal cells do not have?
Answer:
Cell Walls.
Explanation:
Plant Cells maintain their rigidity with cell walls. They also provide extra "protection".
Animal cells usually only have a cell membrane, not a cell wall + cell membrane.
All cells are small in size. Which of the following is the smallest cell?
Answer:
Mycoplasma
Explanation:
Mycoplasma is the smallest cell
what are the parts that interact to form a whole ecosystem.
Describe what you know about enzymes that explains your evidence and your claim.
Use the words: temperature, energy, substrate, product, active site, 3D shape, denature, and hydrogen bonds
Claim: When the temperature increases, the rate of a catalase activity increases. When the temperature decreases, the rate of a catalase activity decreases.
Answer:
An enzyme is a protein molecule that can catalyze the chemical reaction in living organism or any system. It increases the rate of the chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation which is required to reach threshold to initiate the reaction.
Active site is the surface region of an enzyme which is specific to substrate and bind to its substrate to catalyse the reaction and remain unchanged after the product formation in the reaction.
When the temperature increase the rate of reaction and catalytic activity increases as well but after a limit it can denature the 3D structure of the protein as hydrogen bonds breaks in the process which leads to losing its biological properties. When the temeprature decreases the rate of catalyse activity decreases.
It should be noted that an enzyme refers to a protein molecule that can be used to catalyze the chemical reaction in a living organism.
An enzyme increases the rate of the chemical reaction as it lowers the energy of activation that is required to reach the threshold to initiate the reaction. The active site of an enzyme is specific to substrate and bind to its substrate to catalyze the reaction and remain unchanged after the product formation in the reaction.
It should be noted that when the temperature brings about an increase in the rate of reaction, it leads to an increase in the catalytic activity but after a limit, it can denature the 3D structure of the protein due to the fact that hydrogen bonds break in the process which then brings about the loss of its biological properties.
In conclusion, a decrease in temperature will lead to a reduction in the rate of catalyze activities.
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The atomic number usually allows us to determine the amount of which two subatomic particles
Answer:
protons and electrons
Answer:
protons and neutrons
Explanation:
if an iron block is 7.9g and is cut into 4 pieces how much grams is each piece
Answer:
1.975g
Explanation:
If you cut the block into 4 equal pieces, then: 7.9÷4 = 1.975g
what is the step of the scientific method that involves test of hypothesis
Answer:
1) Make an observation that describes a problem,
2) Create a hypothesis,
3) Test the hypothesis
4) Draw conclusions and refine the hypothesis.
The basic steps of the scientific method are: 1) make an observation that describes a problem, 2) create a hypothesis, 3) test the hypothesis, and 4) draw conclusions and refine the hypothesis.
Why is reproduction important to a species?
Answer:
Reproduction is vital to the success of a species.
explain:
For a species to survive it must be able to produce more offspring than it loses though old age, disease, and predication. Living things can reproduce in different ways, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Answer:reproduction is important for the survival of living things it is also vital for success of a species
Explanation:without a mechanism for reproduction life would come to and end
Perception Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?
A) Perception
B) Transduction
C) Bottom-up processing
D) Top-down processing
E) Psychophysics
Perception refers to the process of transforming stimulus energy into neural impulses. It is a complex process that involves a variety of steps.
Correct option is A.
This includes transduction, the process by which physical energy is converted into neural energy, and both bottom-up and top-down processing, the cognitive and perceptual processes by which information is input and used to interpret an environment. Bottom-up processing relies on sensory details taken from the environment, while top-down processing relies on past experiences and expectations to interpret sensory details.
This process is also underpinned by psychophysics, which is the study of how physical signals are perceived by an organism. Therefore, all of the steps involved in the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses are encompassed within the concept of perception.
Correct option is A.
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During photosynthesis, the reactants are changed into what?
Answer: oxygen+ glucose
Explanation:
The reactants are converted to oxygen (6Co2) + glucose ( C6H1206)
themes in science include
Answer:
cycles, equilibrium, change, models, scientific method
Explanation:
