The statement "Deadlines and action information should be included in the body of an email message or memo" is True because it provides clear and actionable instructions to the recipients.
Why is Including deadlines and action information importamt?
Including deadlines and action information in the body of an email or memo is crucial for effective communication and ensuring that the intended recipients understand what needs to be done and by when.
By explicitly stating deadlines, individuals are aware of the time frame within which they need to complete a task or respond to a request. This helps in prioritizing work and managing time effectively.
Action information provides specific instructions or steps that need to be taken. By including this information in the body of the message, it eliminates confusion or ambiguity and guides the recipients on the necessary actions they need to take. This can include tasks to be completed, forms to be filled, documents to be reviewed, or any other action required.
By including deadlines and action information in the body of an email or memo, it ensures that recipients have all the necessary information readily available, facilitating prompt and efficient execution of tasks or actions.
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Explain the following schedule development tools and concepts:
Gantt charts, critical path method, and PERT.
Gantt charts provide a visual overview of project tasks and timelines, critical path method identifies the longest sequence of dependent activities, and PERT incorporates probability and uncertainty to estimate project durations.
Gantt charts, critical path method, and PERT are all tools and concepts used in schedule development for project management. Gantt charts provide a visual representation of a project's tasks and their corresponding timelines. They display task dependencies and allow project managers to track progress and identify potential scheduling conflicts. On the other hand, the critical path method (CPM) is a technique that identifies the longest sequence of dependent activities in a project, known as the critical path. The critical path determines the minimum time required to complete the project, as any delay in activities along this path would directly impact the project's overall duration. CPM helps project managers prioritize activities, allocate resources efficiently, and identify tasks that can be delayed without affecting the project's completion date. Lastly, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a probabilistic scheduling method used to estimate project durations. PERT incorporates uncertainty by considering three time estimates for each activity: optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely. By analyzing these estimates, PERT calculates expected activity durations and the overall project duration. PERT helps project managers assess the risks associated with time estimates, identify critical activities, and determine the probability of meeting project deadlines. In summary, these tools and concepts are valuable in schedule development as they assist in planning, tracking progress, identifying critical activities, and ensuring projects are completed efficiently and on time.
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Assume a company's cost of equity exceeds its pretax cost of debt. Given this assumption and assuming all else is held constant, the company's WACC must increase if the A.) tax rate increases. B.) company's beta increases. C.) pretax cost of debt decreases. D.) debt-to-equity ratio increases. E.) market risk premium decreases.
If a company's cost of equity exceeds its pretax cost of debt, this means that the company is relying more on equity financing than debt financing (option b).
In this scenario, if all else is held constant, the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) must increase if the debt-to-equity ratio increases. This is because increasing the debt-to-equity ratio would mean the company is relying more on debt financing, which would lower the cost of capital (due to the tax benefits of debt) and therefore decrease the WACC.
However, if the cost of equity is already higher than the pretax cost of debt, increasing the debt-to-equity ratio would increase the cost of equity, thus increasing the overall WACC. The other options (tax rate increases, company's beta increases, pretax cost of debt decreases, market risk premium decreases) would not necessarily have a direct impact on the relationship between the cost of equity and pretax cost of debt, and therefore would not necessarily impact the WACC. The correct option is b.
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On January 2, Michigan Mining declared a $2 per share quarterly dividend payable on March to stockholders of record on Friday Fatmary. What is the latest date by which you could purchase the stock and still get the recently declared vidend? Select one O February On February 6 February od February 7
The latest date by which you could purchase the stock and still get the recently declared dividend is February 8. So first option is the correct answer.
To be eligible to receive the recently declared dividend, an investor needs to purchase the stock before the ex-dividend date. The ex-dividend date is typically set by the stock exchange and is usually one business day before the record date.
In this case, the dividend is payable on March 9th to stockholders of record on February 9th. Since February 9th is the record date, the latest date by which you could purchase the stock and still get the recently declared dividend would be one business day before the record date, which is February 8th.
Therefore, the correct answer is first option February 8.
The question should be:
On January 2, Michigan Mining declared a $2 per share quarterly dividend payable on March 9th to stockholders of record on Friday February 9. What is the latest date by which you could purchase the stock and still get the recently declared dividend? Select one
February 8
February 6
February 5
February 7
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If a mature company pays an annual Dividend of $5.00, has an expected return of 14%, its stock is currently trading at a price of $80/share, what does this indicate the market is expecting to be the company’s long term dividend growth rate?
7.75%
0.0%
6.25%
1.5%
35.71%
The market expects the company's long-term dividend growth rate to be 7.75%.
To determine the market's expectation for the company's long term dividend growth rate, we can use the dividend discount model. This model assumes that the stock price is equal to the present value of all future expected dividends.
The given information is as follows: annual dividend = $5.00, expected return = 14% (0.14), and current stock price = $80/share. We can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the Dividend Discount Model, to determine the market's expectation for the company's long-term dividend growth rate. The model is represented by the formula:
P = D / (r - g)
where P = stock price, D = annual dividend, r = expected return, and g = dividend growth rate. We need to solve for g.
Rearrange the formula to solve for g:
g = r - (D / P)
Plug in the values:
g = 0.14 - (5 / 80)
g = 0.14 - 0.0625
g = 0.0775
Multiply by 100 to convert g into a percentage:
g = 7.75%
Therefore, the market expects the company's long-term dividend growth rate to be 7.75%.
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What is an "acceptance" according to the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 and explain TWO (2) main elements of a valid acceptance. Support your answer with relevant statutory provision(s)
According to the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950, "acceptance" refers to the unconditional agreement by a person to the terms of a proposal or offer, thereby creating a binding contract between the parties involved. Acceptance is crucial in forming a valid contract, and it must fulfill certain elements to be considered valid.
Two main elements of a valid acceptance under the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 are:
1. Communication of Acceptance:
Section 4(2) of the Contracts Act states that acceptance must be communicated to the proposer. This means that the acceptance must be clearly expressed and brought to the knowledge of the offeror. It can be done through various means, such as verbal communication, written correspondence, or any other mode of communication specified in the offer.
2. Absolute and Unqualified Acceptance:
Section 7(b) of the Contracts Act stipulates that acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. This means that the acceptance must be in response to the exact terms of the offer, without any modifications or conditions. Any attempt to introduce new terms or vary the existing terms of the offer would be considered a counter-offer, and it requires the acceptance of the original offeror to become binding.
These elements ensure that the acceptance is clear, unambiguous, and mirrors the offer, leading to a meeting of minds between the parties involved, thus forming a valid contract.
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A car rental company purchases cars from an East London vehicle manufacturer and immediately rents them to corporate clients on 5-year contracts. At the end of each 5-year contract the car rental company sells the used car to a second-hand car dealership. The current purchase price of each car is R350 000, and the company expects that the sale price of each car at the end of the 5-year contract will be R165 000. If the annual rental income is R93 080 payable monthly in advance, calculate the effective annual rate of return that the company expects to earn from each complete 'rental and sale' transaction. You must make use of linear interpolation and express your answer as a percentage correct to 3 decimal places. [14 Marks)
Where the above is given, the Effective Annual Rate of Return = 0.22899 x 100 = 278%
How is this so?
Purchase price (P) = R350,000
Sale price (S) = R165,000
Annual rental income (R) = R93,080 payable monthly in advance
Step 1
calculate the net cash flow from the rental income -
Net Cash Flow = Rental Income - Purchase Price
Net Cash Flow = R93,080 * 12 - R350,000
= 766, 960
Step 2
Calculate the rate of return using the formula -
Rate of Return = (Net Cash Flow / Purchase Price)^(1 / n) - 1
Rate of Return = ( R766, 960/ R350,000)^(1 / 5) - 1
= 2.78
= 278%
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The basic form of the efficient markets hypothesis (suggested by Nobel Laureate Eugene Fama) is that all available information is factored into the current price and hence the current price provides no information of the direction of the future price. An implication of the efficient markets hypothesis is that rt is serially uncorrelated. Does rt violate this efficient markets hypothesis? Why?
The statement that "rt is serially uncorrelated" suggests that the future price changes, represented by rt, are not predictable and do not exhibit a pattern or correlation.
This aligns with the basic form of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) proposed by Eugene Fama, which states that all available information is already reflected in the current price. If rt is serially uncorrelated, it means that past price changes or other information do not provide any useful insight or signal about future price movements. This implies that the EMH holds, as the current price fully incorporates all available information, making it impossible to consistently predict future price changes based on historical data or other factors.
However, if rt violates the assumption of being serially uncorrelated, it suggests the presence of patterns or correlations in price changes. This would challenge the EMH, indicating that there is some information that is not fully reflected in the current price, allowing for potential predictability of future price movements.
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In what areas of an organization/company can project control be implemented?
From the highest management down to the operational level, control is exercised. This guarantees that operations and plans are in sync, and that resources are used effectively.
For instance, operational-level controls would make sure these objectives are accomplished if top-level managers set strategic goals that need to be cascaded down. Risk management is meticulously handled via project controls. It is feasible to lessen the impact on budget and schedule by anticipatorily identifying risks, monitoring risks constantly, and building contingency plans to handle and mitigate concerns.
Additionally, it assists in reducing some future hazards. The term "Project Controls" refers to a process that includes the methods, techniques, and equipment used in capital project planning, monitoring, and control.
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Consumer loans differ from commercial loans in all
of the following ways except:
a. consumer loans are generally larger than
commercial loans.
b. consumer loans in some states are sul covered by consumer loans are generally more expensive to
administer on a unit basis than commercial loans.
C. individuals are more likely to default than
businesses. D. consumer loans are generally for longer terms than
commercial loans.
The correct answer is A. Consumer loans are generally smaller than commercial loans. Consumer loans are typically used for personal needs such as buying a car or a house, while commercial loans are used by businesses to finance operations, purchase equipment, or expand.
Consumer loans are generally shorter in duration than commercial loans, and they often have higher interest rates due to the higher risk associated with individual borrowers. However, they are not typically larger than commercial loans.
Consumer loans are financial products provided by banks, credit unions, or other financial institutions to individuals for personal use. These loans are intended to help consumers meet their immediate financial needs, such as purchasing a car, funding home improvements, paying for education, or covering unexpected expenses.
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A group of customers at a fast food restaurant bought 8 hamburgers, 6 large orders of fries, and 6 large sodas for $26.10. A second group ordered 10 hamburgers, 6 orders of large fries, and 8 large sodas and paid $31.60. A third group bought 3 hamburgers, 2 large fries, and 4 large sodas for $10.95. Determine the price of each food item (hamburger, large fries, and large soda).
the approximate prices of each food item are:
Hamburger: $1.24
Large fries: $2.34
Large soda: $0.66
Let's assume the price of a hamburger is "h," the price of a large order of fries is "f," and the price of a large soda is "s."
From the given information, we can set up a system of equations:
8h + 6f + 6s = 26.10
10h + 6f + 8s = 31.60
3h + 2f + 4s = 10.95
To solve this system, we can use a variety of methods such as substitution or elimination. Here, we'll use the elimination method to find the values of h, f, and s.
Multiplying the first equation by 3, the second equation by 2, and the third equation by 8, we can eliminate the "f" term:
24h + 18f + 18s = 78.30
20h + 12f + 16s = 63.20
24h + 16f + 32s = 87.60
Subtracting the second equation from the first equation:
4f + 2s = 15.10
Subtracting the second equation from the third equation:
4f + 16s = 24.40
Now, subtracting these two equations, we can eliminate the "f" term:
14s = 9.30
Dividing both sides by 14:
s ≈ 0.6643
Substituting this value back into the second equation:
10h + 6f + 8(0.6643) = 31.60
10h + 6f + 5.3144 = 31.60
10h + 6f = 26.2856
Subtracting the third equation from the second equation:
10h + 6f - (3h + 2f) = 26.2856 - 10.95
7h + 4f = 15.3356
Now, we have a system of two equations:
10h + 6f = 26.2856
7h + 4f = 15.3356
Solving this system, we find:
h ≈ 1.2364
f ≈ 2.3437
Therefore, the approximate prices of each food item are:
Hamburger: $1.24
Large fries: $2.34
Large soda: $0.66
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You have established the following position:~ Short 100 ABCD 150 Calls~ Short 100 ABCD 150 Puts~If the price of ABCD is $150 at expiration, what is the resulting ABCD position in the customer's account on the business day following expiration? A. Flat or no position in ABCD B. Long 100,000 shares of ABCD C. Short 100,000 shares of ABCD D. Both ( b ) and ( c ) Unable to determine If you write a call, hoping to benefit from the time decay of the options premium, which one of the following measures would you use? A. Theta, expressed in percentage B. Theta, expressed in dollars C. Delta, expressed in percentage D. Delta, expressed in dollars E. Gamma, expressed in percentage
The resulting ABCD position in the customer's account on the business day following expiration is flat or no position in ABCD.
If you write a call, hoping to benefit from the time decay of the options premium, the measure you would use is: A. Theta, expressed in dollars.
The resulting ABCD position in the customer's account on the business day following expiration:
The customer has shorted 100 ABCD 150 calls and shorted 100 ABCD 150 puts.
If the price of ABCD is $150 at expiration, both the call and put options would expire worthless, as the price is exactly at the strike price.
In this case, the customer's options positions would be closed out, resulting in a flat or no position in ABCD in the customer's account.
If you write a call, hoping to benefit from the time decay of the options premium:
When you write or sell a call option, you receive the premium from the buyer of the option.
As time passes and the expiration date approaches, the value of the call option may decline due to time decay.
The measure used to gauge the impact of time decay on the option premium is called Theta.
Theta represents the change in an option's value with respect to time, and when expressed in dollars, it indicates the daily decrease in the option's premium due to time decay.
Therefore, to assess the benefit from time decay when writing a call, you would use Theta, expressed in dollars.
The resulting ABCD position in the customer's account on the business day following expiration is flat or no position in ABCD. When writing a call to benefit from time decay, the appropriate measure to use is Theta, expressed in dollars.
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Which one is not correct?
Option
A. Any security with an estimated return that plots below the SML is overpriced
B. In equilibrium, all assets and all portfolios of assets should plot on the SML
C. Any security with an estimated return that plots above the SML is underpriced
D. A superior investor must derive value estimate for assets that are consistently superior to the consensus market evalulation to earn better rate return than average investor
Option A is not correct.
The correct statement is: "Any security with an estimated return that plots below the SML is underpriced." According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Security Market Line (SML) represents the expected return of an asset based on its systematic risk (beta). Assets that plot below the SML have a lower expected return compared to their risk level, indicating that they are undervalued or underpriced. Investors seeking higher returns would look for such undervalued assets. Conversely, assets that plot above the SML are overpriced, as their expected return is higher than what is justified by their risk level.
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Annual demand is 7,334 units/year. Ordering Cost is $97/order.
Holding cost is $3/unit/year.
Calculate EOQ. (Note: enter your answer number with no decimal
place).
If annual demand is 7,334 units/year, ordering Cost is $97/order and
holding cost is $3/unit/year then the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) would be 689 units.
To calculate the EOQ, we use the formula:
EOQ = √[(2 * Annual Demand * Ordering Cost) / Holding Cost]
Given the following information:
Annual Demand = 7,334 units/year
Ordering Cost = $97/order
Holding Cost = $3/unit/year
Substituting the values into the formula:
EOQ = √[(2 * 7,334 * $97) / $3]
EOQ = √[(2 * 7,334 * 97) / 3]
EOQ = √[(2 * 710,498) / 3]
EOQ = √[1,420,996 / 3]
EOQ ≈ √473,665.33
EOQ ≈ 688.55
Rounding the EOQ to the nearest whole number, we get an EOQ of 689 units.
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Payments to a partner for services provided to the partnership:
a. Are recorded directly in the partner's capital account.
b. Are not recorded.
c. Are recorded in the partner's drawing account.
d. Are recorded as salaries expense.
Payments to a partner for services provided to the partnership are recorded as: a. Are recorded directly in the partner's capital account.
When payments are made to a partner for services provided to the partnership, it is considered as a form of compensation. Therefore, the amount is recorded as a credit to the partner's capital account, which reflects their ownership in the partnership. This also helps to keep track of the partner's contributions to the partnership, including any additional services they may provide. It is important to note that this is different from content loaded payments, which may be recorded as a separate expense account in the partnership's records.
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In addition to describing the securities being offered for sale, a registration statement must meet which of the following requirements? Choose 3 answers.
a. It must be filed with the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) online.
b. It must contain specific information about the company’s management, assets, liabilities, and risk factors.
c. It must be mailed to all investors.
d. It must state how the corporation intends to use the proceeds from the sale of its securities.
The correct answers are b, d, and a. A registration statement must not only describe the securities being offered for sale, but it must also contain specific information about the company's management.
Assets, liabilities, and risk factors. Additionally, it must state how the corporation intends to use the proceeds from the sale of its securities. Finally, the registration statement must be filed with the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) online. It is not required to be mailed to all investors. It must contain specific information about the company’s management, assets, liabilities, and risk factors. d. It must state how the corporation intends to use the proceeds from the sale of its securities.
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The market for Blu-ray movies is perfectly competitive, with
the market supply curve given by Q = 15P and the market demand
curve given by Q = 400 – 10P.
(a) Show the supply curve and demand curve i
The market supply and demand curves are given by:
Q = 15P (market supply curve)
Q = 400 – 10P (market demand curve)
(a) To show the supply curve and demand curve:
i. To show the supply curve,
let's take the market supply equation, Q = 15P Substituting different values of P to find corresponding values of Q yields: P Q (15P)0 015 15(0) = 0 (P, Q) = (0,0)1 15(1) = 15 (P, Q) = (1,15)2 15(2) = 30 (P, Q) = (2,30)3 15(3) = 45 (P, Q) = (3,45)4 15(4) = 60 (P, Q) = (4,60)5 15(5) = 75 (P, Q) = (5,75)
Thus, we have the following points for the supply curve: (0,0), (1,15), (2,30), (3,45), (4,60), (5,75)We can plot these points on a graph and connect them with a line to obtain the supply curve:
ii. To show the demand curve,
let's take the market demand equation, Q = 400 – 10PSubstituting different values of P to find corresponding values of Q yields: P Q (400 – 10P)0 400 (400 – 10(0)) = 400 (P, Q) = (0,400)40 400 – 10(40) = 0 (P, Q) = (40,0)80 400 – 10(80) = -400 (P, Q) = (80,-400)
Thus, we have the following points for the demand curve: (0,400), (40,0), (80,-400)We can plot these points on a graph and connect them with a line to obtain the demand curve:
Therefore, the supply curve and demand curve are given by: Supply curve: Q = 15P Demand curve: Q = 400 – 10P
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Your sister wants to open a store that sells antique-style jewelry and accessories. She has $14,100 of savings to invest, but opening the store will require an initial investment of $21,600. Net cash inflows will be −$2,400, −$1,300, and $0 in the first three months. As the store becomes better known, net cash inflows will become +$450 in the fourth month and grow at a constant rate of 5 percent in the following months. You want to help your sister by providing the additional money that she needs. How much money do you have to invest each month to start and to keep the store operating with a minimum cash balance of $1,300?
You will have to invest $enter a dollar amount each month to start and to keep the store operating with a minimum cash balance of $1,300.
You will then need to invest an additional $enter a dollar amount during the first month to cover the cash flow.
To help your sister open the antique-style jewelry store, you need to determine the amount of money you should invest each month.
First, calculate the initial investment gap: $21,600 - $14,100 = $7,500. This is the amount needed to start the store. Next, evaluate the store's cash flow during the first three months: 1. Month 1: -$2,400 (negative cash inflow) + $1,300 (minimum balance) = -$1,100 2. Month 2: -$1,300 (negative cash inflow) + $1,300 (minimum balance) = $0 3. Month 3: $0 (no cash inflow) + $1,300 (minimum balance) = $1,300 From the fourth month onwards, the net cash inflow becomes positive and grows at a constant rate of 5%.
Your answer: You will have to invest $7,500 initially and an additional $1,100 during the first month to start and keep the store operating with a minimum cash balance of $1,300.
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You have been asked to estimate the value of synergy in the merger of StraightCom, a movie
streaming firm, and Movie Sorcery, an entertainment company and have been provided with
the following information on the two companies:
StraightCom
Movie Sorcery
Revenues
$760.00
$260.00
After-tax Operating Income next year
$70.00
$40.00
Cost of capital
12.00%
9.00%
Return on capital
10.00%
12.00%
Net Debt
$100.00
$50.00
Number of shares (millions)
125
50
Both firms are in stable growth, growing 3% a year in perpetuity.
a. Estimate the value per share of StraightCom, prior to the merger.
b. Estimate the value per share of Movie Sorcery, prior to the merger.
c. Now assume that combining the two firms will be able to cut annual operating
expenses by $22 million (on an after-tax basis), though it will take three years for these
costs savings to show up. Estimate the value of synergy in this merger.
d. Assume that both companies were fairly priced before the acquisition and that
StraightCom pays a 25% premium over market price to buy Movie Sorcery. Estimate the
value per share for StraightCom after the acquisition.
Excel with formulas shown would be appreciated, guaranteed great rating!
a. The value of each share of StraightCom is $46.67.
b. The value of each share of Movie Socery is $88.9.
c. The cost saving present value evaluates to $16.23 million.
d. The estimated value per share for StraightCom after the acquisition is $68.89.
a. The value per share of StraightCom prior to the merger can be estimated using the discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The formula for the value per share is:
Value per share = (After-tax Operating Income / Cost of capital) / Number of shares
Using the given information:
After-tax Operating Income = $70 million
Cost of capital = 12%
Number of shares = 125 million
Value per share of StraightCom = ($70 million / 0.12) / 125 million = $46.67
b. Similarly, the value per share of Movie Sorcery prior to the merger can be estimated using the DCF method:
After-tax Operating Income = $40 million
Cost of capital = 9%
Number of shares = 50 million
Value per share of Movie Sorcery = ($40 million / 0.09) / 50 million = $88.89
c. To estimate the value of synergy in the merger, we need to calculate the present value of the cost savings generated by the merger. The formula for the present value of the cost savings is:
Present value of cost savings = Cost savings / (1 + Cost of capital)^t
Using the given information:
Cost savings = $22 million
Cost of capital = 12%
Time period = 3 years
Present value of cost savings = $22 million / (1 + 0.12)³ = $16.23 million
d. Since StraightCom pays a 25% premium over the market price to acquire Movie Sorcery, the value per share for StraightCom after the acquisition can be calculated as:
Value per share of StraightCom after acquisition = Value per share of StraightCom + (0.25 * Value per share of Movie Sorcery)
Value per share of StraightCom after acquisition = $46.67 + (0.25 * $88.89) = $68.89
Please note that the calculations provided above are simplified examples, and actual valuation methods may involve more complex factors and considerations.
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CG just paid a dividend of $1.60 per share. The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6% a year. The required rate of return on the stock = 12.5%. Estimate the stock's value per share one year from today. - (a)$27.66 (b)$28.71 (c)$29.34 (d)$26.53 (e)$30.15
The answer is (b) $28.71. We can use the dividend discount model to estimate the stock's value per share one year from today.
First, we need to calculate the expected dividend per share one year from today.
Expected dividend per share = Dividend per share * (1 + growth rate)
Expected dividend per share = $1.60 * (1 + 0.06)
Expected dividend per share = $1.696
Next, we can use the expected dividend per share and the required rate of return to calculate the stock's value per share one year from today.
Value per share = Expected dividend per share / (Required rate of return - Growth rate)
Value per share = $1.696 / (0.125 - 0.06)
Value per share = $28.71
Therefore, the answer is (b) $28.71.
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There are 4 external market forces known as PEST. Explain what is meant by Political and Regulatory, Economic, Social and Demographic and Technological and how each forces can impact business.
PEST analysis is a framework for understanding the macro-environment in which a business operates. It stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors.
Political and Regulatory factors refer to the laws and regulations that govern businesses. These factors can have a significant impact on businesses, such as by affecting their costs, their ability to operate, and their access to markets.Economic factors refer to the overall state of the economy, such as the level of growth, inflation, and interest rates. These factors can affect businesses in a number of ways, such as by affecting their sales, their costs, and their ability to borrow money.Social and Demographic factors refer to the social and demographic trends that are taking place, such as the aging population, the growth of the middle class, and the increasing diversity of the population. These factors can affect businesses in a number of ways, such as by changing their target markets, their product offerings, and their marketing strategies.Technological factors refer to the development of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and 3D printing. These technologies can have a significant impact on businesses, such as by changing the way they operate, the way they produce their products, and the way they market their products.By understanding the PEST factors that are relevant to their business, businesses can better position themselves to succeed in the marketplace.
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Please describe the messy and the difficult problems. What are
the most important differences among messy and difficult
problems?
On the other hand, messes are poorly defined and contain significant amounts of both hard and soft complexity. A messy problem is one that doesn't have a good solution.
Which distinguishes it from other problems. Messy situations are frequently complex issues that call for extensive judgement and include numerous players with competing objectives. Messy issues are collections of issues that are connected, reliant, or systems of issues. are puzzles, but we resolve their complexity rather than solving them.
Wicked problems lack a clear problem statement and instead consist of a constantly changing mix of interrelated challenges and restrictions. Horst W. J. Rittel, a design theorist, and Melvin M. Webber, a professor of city planning.
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Assume that SALItrade Co.,
a multinational company based in the U.S., e
xpects to receive S$1,000,000 in one year. The existing spot rate of the Singapore dollar (SS) is $.61. The one-year forward rate of the Singapore dollar is $.63. The company expects the future spot
rate to be $.62 with 70 percent probability or $.68 with 30 percent probability. Assume that one-year put options on Singapore dollars are available, with an exercise price of $.64 and a premium of $.03 per unit. One-year call options on Singapore dollars are available with an
exercise price of $.62 and a premium of $.03 per unit. Assume the following money market rates:
U.S.
Singapore
Deposit rate
7%
4%
Borrowing rate
8%
5%
Given this information, determine whether a forward hedge, money market hedge, or a currency options hedge would be most appropriate.
the forward hedge is the most appropriate choice as it allows SALItrade Co. to lock in a specific exchange rate and mitigate the uncertainty associated with future spot rate fluctuations.
A forward hedge would be most appropriate in this scenario.
To determine the most appropriate hedge, we need to compare the potential costs and benefits of a forward hedge, money market hedge, and currency options hedge.
1. Forward Hedge: The one-year forward rate of the Singapore dollar is $.63, which is lower than the expected future spot rate of $.62 (70% probability) and $.68 (30% probability). By entering into a forward contract, SALItrade Co. can lock in a specific exchange rate of $.63 for the future receipt of S$1,000,000. This provides certainty and eliminates the risk of adverse exchange rate movements.
2. Money Market Hedge: The money market hedge involves borrowing or lending in different currencies to offset the exchange rate risk. In this case, the borrowing rate in the U.S. is 8%, higher than the deposit rate in Singapore of 4%. Implementing a money market hedge may result in higher borrowing costs, making it less attractive compared to other hedging methods.
3. Currency Options Hedge: Currency options provide the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a currency at a predetermined rate (exercise price). The premiums for both put and call options are $.03 per unit. However, the exercise prices do not align with the expected future spot rates of $.62 and $.68. Therefore, the currency options hedge may not be the most suitable choice in this situation.
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what are the two major types of knowledge management systems?
The two major types of knowledge management systems are structured knowledge management systems and unstructured knowledge management systems.
Structured knowledge management systems are designed to organize and store explicit knowledge in a structured manner. These systems typically include databases, document management systems, and knowledge repositories. They allow for the categorization, storage, and retrieval of information in a systematic way, making it easier for users to access and utilize explicit knowledge.
On the other hand, unstructured knowledge management systems focus on capturing and managing tacit knowledge, which is often embedded in people's experiences, expertise, and interactions. These systems employ collaborative tools, social networking platforms, and expertise locators to facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and informal learning among individuals within an organization.
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You are the top permanent official within the permanent bureaucracy of the Finance Ministry of your country. The new government has advocated for a tax reform that clashes with the
established policy doctrines of your organization. How will you react to the government's initiative? Please justify your answer.
As a top permanent official within the permanent bureaucracy of the Finance Ministry, my role is to provide objective analysis, expertise, and advice to the government based on established policy doctrines and sound economic principles. In this situation, where the new government's tax reform clashes with the established policy doctrines of my organization, I would approach the government's initiative in the following manner:
Understanding the government's perspective: It is crucial to carefully study and understand the rationale behind the government's proposed tax reform. This includes examining their objectives, motivations, and the potential benefits they aim to achieve through this reform. By doing so, I can gain a comprehensive understanding of their viewpoint and the potential implications of the proposed changes.
Assessing the economic impact: Using my expertise and the resources available within the Finance Ministry, I would conduct a thorough analysis of the proposed tax reform's potential economic impact. This analysis would include evaluating its implications on government revenue, economic growth, investment, job creation, income distribution, and any potential unintended consequences. The goal is to provide the government with a comprehensive assessment of the likely outcomes of their proposed reform.
Engaging in constructive dialogue: I would engage in open and constructive dialogue with the government officials responsible for the tax reform proposal. This involves presenting the findings of the economic analysis, sharing concerns based on established policy doctrines, and providing alternative approaches or modifications that align better with the organization's principles. The objective is to foster a dialogue that promotes informed decision-making and considers a range of perspectives.
Providing policy alternatives: As a top official with expertise in fiscal matters, it is my responsibility to provide policy alternatives that are consistent with the organization's policy doctrines while addressing the government's objectives. By offering well-reasoned alternatives, I can contribute to the policy-making process and help bridge any gaps between the proposed reform and established principles.
Upholding professionalism and integrity: Throughout this process, it is essential to maintain professionalism and integrity, ensuring that the analysis and advice provided are based on sound economic principles and rigorous analysis. Upholding the highest standards of objectivity and professionalism will strengthen the credibility of the Finance Ministry and its ability to provide evidence-based recommendations.
Ultimately, my reaction to the government's tax reform initiative would be one of informed analysis, constructive engagement, and providing alternatives that align with established policy doctrines. By approaching the situation in this manner, I aim to contribute to sound policy-making, considering both the government's objectives and the long-term economic well-being of the country.
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To promote competition and consumer welfare, the government requires firms to advertise truthfully.
a.) How does truth in advertising promote competition? b.) Why would a market be less competitive if firms advertised deceptively?
a)Truth in advertising promotes competition by ensuring that firms provide accurate and reliable information to consumers. When firms are required to advertise truthfully, it enables consumers to make informed choices based on accurate and reliable information about products or services. b) If firms advertise deceptively, it creates a less competitive market environment. Deceptive advertising can mislead consumers by providing false or exaggerated information about a product or service.
Market Distortion: Deceptive advertising can create an unfair advantage for certain firms by misrepresenting their products or services. This distorts the competitive landscape and undermines fair competition based on genuine qualities and attributes.
Consumer Exploitation: Deceptive advertising can mislead consumers into making purchasing decisions based on false information. Consumers may end up buying products or services that do not meet their expectations or provide the promised benefits. This leads to consumer dissatisfaction and undermines consumer welfare.
Barriers to Entry: Deceptive advertising can create barriers to entry for new or smaller firms. If established firms engage in deceptive practices, it becomes difficult for new entrants to compete on a level playing field. Deceptive advertising can discourage competition and hinder market entry by potential competitors.
Loss of Trust: Deceptive advertising erodes consumer trust in the marketplace. When consumers encounter deceptive practices, it undermines their confidence in the information provided by firms. This loss of trust can have a long-term negative impact on consumer behavior, market dynamics, and overall market efficiency.
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In the Cashless ZU Project, what were instances of tangible and intangible benefits (give one example for each)? [5 marks] What would be significant examples of a fixed and marginal cost (give one exa
Instances of tangible benefits in the Cashless ZU Project could include the reduction in cash handling costs, such as the cost of printing and distributing physical currency.
An example of an intangible benefit could be the improved customer experience and convenience of using digital payment methods, leading to increased customer satisfaction. The Cashless ZU Project refers to the implementation of a cashless payment system at ZU (a hypothetical organization). Tangible benefits are those that can be measured in monetary terms or quantifiable metrics. In this case, one instance of a tangible benefit would be the reduction in cash handling costs. By shifting to digital payments, the organization can save on expenses related to printing and distributing physical currency, as well as the associated administrative costs.
On the other hand, intangible benefits are those that are not easily quantifiable or measurable in monetary terms. An example of an intangible benefit of the Cashless ZU Project would be the improved customer experience and convenience. By offering digital payment options, customers can enjoy a faster and more convenient checkout process, eliminating the need for carrying cash or waiting for change. This enhanced customer experience can lead to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Moving on to significant examples of fixed and marginal costs, a fixed cost is one that remains constant regardless of the level of production or sales. In the context of the Cashless ZU Project, a fixed cost could be the initial investment in implementing the cashless payment system, such as the cost of purchasing and installing payment terminals or upgrading the existing infrastructure.
On the other hand, a marginal cost is the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit or serving one more customer. In the case of the Cashless ZU Project, a marginal cost example would be the transaction fees associated with each digital payment made. As more customers choose to use digital payment methods, the organization incurs incremental costs in the form of transaction fees for processing those payments. By identifying both tangible and intangible benefits and understanding fixed and marginal costs, organizations can evaluate the overall impact and financial implications of implementing a cashless payment system like the Cashless ZU Project.
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Use the following two equations: Qs = 972 + 103.5P Qo = 1722 - 141.5P A- Calculate the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity. Show all your work. B- Using the above two equations to find the values of Qd, Qs, the market situation (Shortage/Surplus/Equilibrium), and the Value of shortage or surplus if any, at the following prices: 3.044, 3.65, 3.88, and 3.95. C- If the consumer income increases by 40%, what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity
A) Equilibrium is reached when Qd equals Qs. Setting Qd equal to Qs, we have: Qd = Qs ≈ 1308.52. B) By substituting the given prices into the equations for Qd and Qs, we can determine the values of Qd and Qs at each price point and compare them to determine the market situation (shortage, surplus, or equilibrium) and the value of any shortage or surplus.C) To determine the effect of a 40% increase in consumer income on the equilibrium price and quantity, we need to understand the impact of income on demand and how it affects the equilibrium position.
A) Equilibrium is reached when Qd equals Qs. Setting Qd equal to Qs, we have:
Qd = Qs
972 + 103.5P = 1722 - 141.5P
Adding 141.5P to both sides and simplifying:
245.0P = 750
Solving for P:
P = 750/245.0 ≈ 3.061
Substituting P back into either Qd or Qs equation, we find:
Q = Qd = Qs = 972 + 103.5P = 972 + 103.5(3.061) ≈ 1308.52
B) By substituting the given prices into the equations Qd and Qs, we can determine the values of Qd and Qs:
For P = 3.044:
Qd = 972 + 103.5(3.044) ≈ 1317.678
Qs = 1722 - 141.5(3.044) ≈ 1304.764
Qd > Qs, indicating a surplus in the market.
For P = 3.65:
Qd = 972 + 103.5(3.65) ≈ 1376.525
Qs = 1722 - 141.5(3.65) ≈ 1247.275
Qd > Qs, indicating a surplus in the market.
For P = 3.88:
Qd = 972 + 103.5(3.88) ≈ 1415.68
Qs = 1722 - 141.5(3.88) ≈ 1218.52
Qd > Qs, indicating a surplus in the market.
For P = 3.95:
Qd = 972 + 103.5(3.95) ≈ 1436.925
Qs = 1722 - 141.5(3.95) ≈ 1200.075
Qd > Qs, indicating a surplus in the market.
C) If consumer income increases by 40%, it will likely lead to an increase in demand. The higher income will shift the demand curve to the right, resulting in a new equilibrium price and quantity. However, without specific information on the income elasticity of demand, it is challenging to determine the exact impact on the equilibrium price and quantity.
Generally, an increase in consumer income will lead to a higher equilibrium price and quantity as consumers have more purchasing power, but the magnitude of the change depends on the income elasticity of demand for the product.
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According to reports, in addition to fraudulent information on loan applications, what can the subprime crisis of 2008 be traced to?
The subprime crisis of 2008 can be traced to a variety of factors in addition to fraudulent information on loan applications. One major contributor was the widespread practice of lending to borrowers who did not have the financial means to make the required payments.
This was often done through subprime mortgages, which carried higher interest rates and fees than traditional mortgages. Additionally, many of these mortgages were adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), which meant that their interest rates could rise over time. As interest rates increased and borrowers struggled to make their payments, foreclosures rose, which in turn led to a decline in housing prices. This created a cycle of declining home values, rising foreclosures, and further declines in home values, which ultimately contributed to the wider economic crisis.
Another factor was the widespread use of complex financial instruments such as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which made it difficult for investors to assess the risks of the underlying mortgages. When the housing market began to decline, many of these securities became worthless, causing significant losses for investors and exacerbating the crisis.
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Gogo Co. is selling bonds to the market with a face value of
$2000 and the quoted offer price is 98.735, what is the price of
the bond
The price of the bond is $1,974.70. The price of the bond can be calculated by multiplying the quoted offer price by the face value and dividing by 100.
In this case, Gogo Co. is selling bonds with a face value of $2000 and the quoted offer price is 98.735. To find the bond price, we multiply 98.735 by $2000 and divide by 100, resulting in a bond price of $1,974.70.
The quoted offer price represents a percentage of the face value, so multiplying it by the face value gives the actual price of the bond. This calculation allows potential buyers to determine the cost of purchasing the bond in the market.
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Calculate for the secondary price.
Bank A accepts a spot/3-mo. deposit for Php 1,000,000.00 at 6.50% for 92 days from a multinational company. (Use 360 days per year). With 61 days to maturity, it is being sold to Bank B at 9.75% interest rate.
The secondary price of the spot/3-month deposit being sold by Bank A to Bank B can be calculated using the formula for the present value of the deposit. The secondary price is approximately Php 1,010,228.88.
To calculate the secondary price, we need to determine the present value of the deposit considering the remaining days to maturity and the interest rate offered by Bank B.
The present value can be calculated using the formula:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n,
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value (original deposit amount), r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.
In this case, the future value is Php 1,000,000.00, the remaining days to maturity is 61, and the interest rate offered by Bank B is 9.75%.
First, we need to convert the interest rates to their appropriate per period rates. Since the original deposit has a 92-day term, and the interest rate is 6.50% for 92 days, the per period rate is 6.50% / 360 * 92.
Next, we can calculate the present value using the formula mentioned earlier. The present value is approximately Php 1,010,228.88.
Therefore, the secondary price of the deposit being sold to Bank B is approximately Php 1,010,228.88.
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