define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic. is it possible for a solution to be both hypertonic and hypotonic? why or why not? explain what happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution? a plant? why is it different? what happens in a hypotonic solution? (create an illustrated representation of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions using any plant or animal cell to help distinguish between the three types of environments.)

In the expansion of the lagging strand during DNA replication, Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase. The right response in this case is option D.

The leading and lagging strands are two different types of DNA strands that are produced during DNA replication, which creates a new strand of DNA. Additionally, some chemicals are present to carry out particular tasks necessary for the synthesis of these new strands.

The lagging strands must devise strategies to make sure they produce the new strands in this direction because the production of the new strand runs from the 5' to 3' direction; as a result, the Okazaki fragments are produced.

The Okazaki fragments are then joined and sealed together by DNA ligase, creating a long strand that is complementary to its template.

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The section of the brain that is located below the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla is the cerebellum.

At the top of the spinal cord and the base of the brain, respectively, is the brain stem. The structure that joins the brain's cerebrum to the spinal cord. The fourth ventricle places the cerebellum in the posterior cerebral fossa, behind the pons and medulla oblongata. Therefore, cerebellum is the answer to the above question.

Three sets of cerebellar peduncles attach the brain stem to the cerebellum: the lower peduncle attaches to the medulla oblongata, the middle peduncle attaches to the pons, and the superior peduncle attaches to the midbrain. The cerebellar peduncles carry afferent and efferent connections between the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord.

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Rods are responsible for eyesight in . In addition to having poor spatial acuity, they do not mediate colour vision.

Rods are responsible for eyesight in . In addition to having poor spatial acuity, they do not mediate colour vision. Cones are involved in high spatial acuity, colour vision, and activity at higher light levels (photopic vision).

Without any indication of action potentials, rods and cones hyperpolarize in response to light. As it turns out, rod and cone synapses release neurotransmitters in a manner similar to that of any other cell.

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Answer:

It's wide use in consumable goods

Explanation:

Why there is little information is because Sugar is vastly use in most consumed goods, which if its dangers are being regularly announced may decline it's demand and cause a great downfall for those engaging in its trade

Drugs called parietal cells prevent the stomach juices from being secreted.

Acid activates proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are prodrugs. Gastric H+, K+-ATPase and activated PPI are bonded covalently by a disulfide bond. PPIs bind to Cys813, which is the main location that inhibits the acid pump enzyme.

Gastric H,K-ATPase is blocked by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduces the production of gastric acid. As part of combination regimens, this effect allows for the healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori eradication.

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Answer:

Commensal relationship

Explanation:

Spiders build their webs on trees. The spider gets to live in the tree, but the tree is unaffected.

np ;3

Glucose sugar, a large molecule, can ONLY pass through the cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein via the process of facilitated diffusion.

A large class of membrane proteins known as glucose transporters aid in the enhanced diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane.

Therefore, Large molecules make it challenging for glucose to diffuse across a membrane. As a result, it moves down the concentration gradient through enhanced diffusion across membranes. The glucose is bound by the carrier protein at the membrane, which changes its structure to make it easier to transfer.

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sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli found to be resistant to high levels of erythromycin

When pDH223 and pSA11 were introduced into F. Erythromycin resistance develops in Johnsoniae bacteria, but not in E. coli. The erythromycin resistance gene enables these altered cells to thrive when cultured on erythromycin-containing agar plates. On the erythromycin-containing nutritional medium in a petri plate, other cells that are not transformed by these two plasmids containing erythromycin resistance genes cannot grow. As a result, we are able to distinguish between transformed and untransformed cells. We will obtain erythromycin-resistant F-containing pure colonies of pDH223 and pSA11. cells from Johnsonia.

Both F. johnsoniae and E. coli may grow on nutritional medium containing erythromycin after receiving these two plasmids, pSA11 and pDH223, through the process ofof transformation. Both cells can grow and form colonies when sample one is placed on a petri dish with nutritional medium.

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Using theories of gene, we got that Immune response to viral vectors, Retroviruses activating oncogenes, Inserted genes disrupting off-target genes are the main complications of traditional gene therapy which can be overcome by the crispy-casp9 system.

A gene is  basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes may act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from the few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. An international research effort called  Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of  human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that the humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Hence, the  complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system are:

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Heat controls microbial growth is done by the process of conjugation. Heat is a popular and powerful tool for preventing the development of microorganisms. The correct option is conjugation.

What is Conjugation methods-

Conjugation methods are frequently utilized in laboratory aseptic techniques. However, because conjugation penetrates cells more effectively than dry heat, it is often the more successful treatment.

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Answer:

Translation

Explanation:

mRNA or messenger RNA connects to RNA to send messages with codons or what you described as information and makes the amino acid because 1 codon = 1 amino acid, tRNA or transfer RNA basically brings those amino acids to the ribosome, ribosome links em together and something called a "stop" codon on the mRNA makes it stop and then release the protein they made :D

Gastropods, bivalves. There are various distinctive traits that characterize the phylum Mollusk. A mantle with a mantle chamber, a shell (save where lost), visceral mass, foot, and radula are some of these distinguishing features.

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Answer:D (i think)

Explanation: its a trick question i think because the plasma does do all of these things but what allows the blood to flow is the heart valves. Plasma doesnt ensure blood flow, the valves do.

DNA is a polymer.

What is Polymer?

Any of group of organic or synthetic compounds known as polymers are made up of macromolecules, or very large molecules, which are just multiples of simpler chemical building blocks known as monomers. Numerous natural and man-made materials, as well as a large portion of the components in living things, are composed of polymers.

The polymer DNA. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA monomers, and the polymer is referred to as a "polynucleotide." Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a base with a nitrogen atom attached to it, and a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose.

Hence, DNA is a polymer.

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They consist of multicellular seaweed and single-celled diatoms. They produce food through photosynthesis and have chlorophyll like plants.

Protozoa, often known as protozoa, are single-celled creatures similar to bacteria. However, they resemble animals and plant cells more since they are larger than bacteria and have a nucleus or other cell features.

One-celled organisms known as protozoa are present in most ecosystems on earth. Although the majority of species are free-living, all higher mammals are contaminated including one or more protozoan species. Depending on the type and strain of a parasite and the host's resistance, infections can vary from asymptomatic to fatal.

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Bilateral symmetry is described as animals that can be split into two equal pieces that are mirror images of each other (option C).

Symmetry is the exact correspondence on either side of a dividing line, plane, center or axis.

Symmetry can either be radial or bilateral depending on the plane. Radial symmetry is the form of symmetry in which identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis.

Bilateral symmetry is the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane. It is when the body plan can be divided along a plane that splits the animal's body into right and left sides that are mirror images of each other.

Therefore, when an animal can be divided into two equal planes that are mirror images, this is known as bilateral symmetry.

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Answer:

I hope this helps.

Explanation:

Alfred Russel Wallace was a collector, an explorer, anthropologist and a political commentator. He was most famously known for his revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection, which was entirely independent of Charles Darwin.

What was his contribution to the theory of evolution?

Alfred Wallace had collected more than a hundred thousand insect, animal and bird species, which he handed over to the British museum.

He had come to a conclusion by 1855 that all living things evolve.  But what he couldn’t figure out was how. Three years later he figured it out when he was on an island, sick with fever: he concluded that animals evolve by adapting to their environments.

After his discovery, he wrote down his theory in an 8-9 page paper, and sent it to Charles Darwin. Darwin reached the same conclusion a couple of years later and the two men then published a paper together (1858), arguing about the theory of natural selection and evolution.

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(A) "Large body size" is the characteristic that was not advantageous for organisms in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact.

At first, having a large body was a disadvantage. Large animals have a high feeding need and a sluggish rate of reproduction. Larger animals eventually took control of the landscape, much as dinosaurs had done millions of years before. Large bodies are detrimental to organisms since they need less food and room to exist, which increases their viability.

Option B is false since living underground boosts survival odds and reduces predation. Option C is inaccurate since spores enable organisms to survive inclement weather. Option D is false since living near rivers and marshes offers access to shelter, food, and water.

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Question correction:

Which characteristic was NOT advantageous for organisms in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact?

A. Large body size

B. Dwelling underground

C. Self-contained spores

D. Dwelling in swamps or rivers

The fractions that contain mutagens are that of high peaks.

For the concentration or fractionation of mutagenic residue organics from small, >5OL, and large, to 12OOL, volumes of drinking water obtained from various sources, a general procedure has been developed. This process involves chromatographic concentration of the residual organics through water passage by UV absorbance. High peaks thus highlight the presence of mutagens.

Organic solvents are used to elute the residue organics from the resins, after which the solvent is removed and a bioassay for mutagenicity is conducted. The remaining residue organics are next fractionated using a combined bioassay/analytical fractionation technique that gradually narrows the emphasis to the bioactive components of the complex mixture of remaining residue organics.

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Both of the following events occur during prophase.

In both mitosis and meiosis, the prophase is the initial phase of cell division. When the cell reaches prophase, DNA replication has already started after interphase. The chromosomes condense, the centrosomes shift, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nucleoli begin to degrade. These are the key processes of prophase.

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Decomposers forms the final link in the food chain. They break down dead animals and plants and return vital nutrients to the soil.

Decomposers consume dead items, including wood and leaf litter from dead plants, animal corpses, and human waste. They are Earth's cleanup staff, and they do a great job. Dead leaves, dead insects, and dead animals would accumulate everywhere if decomposers weren't present. Just picture how the world might appear!

More importantly, decomposers enable the primary producers of an ecosystem, typically plants and algae, to access essential nutrients. Complex organic materials are broken down by decomposers into simpler compounds that contain calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as water and carbon dioxide. These are all things that plants require in order to grow.

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True, The evolution of more diverse prey phenotypes should increase potential niche diversity for predators.

Evolution is a change inside the heritable traits of organic populations over successive generations. These traits are the expressions of genes which are handed on from determine to offspring in the course of replica.

There are exquisite examples of this in the area of medicine. To live one step in advance of pathogenic sicknesses, researchers ought to recognize the evolutionary styles of disease-inflicting organisms.

The oldest recognised fossils are approximately 3.5 billion years antique, however a few scientists have located chemical evidence suggesting that life may additionally have started even in advance, nearly four billion years ago.

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Fertilizer runoff leads to excess nutrient and promotes algal blooms. The major nutrient responsible for algal bloom is nitrogen and phosphorus.

Nutrient pollution, or an excess of the vital plant nutrients phosphorous and nitrogen, is what can cause blooms. These substances enter rivers through a variety of pathways, including point sources (such as industrial and wastewater treatment plant discharges), nonpoint sources (such as septic tanks and stormwater runoff from cities, farms, and residential areas), and nutrient-rich rainfall. The ideal triad of temperature, sunlight, and low flow can cause an algal bloom when the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in a body of water rise. Although nitrogen and phosphorus are present in nature and are vital plant nutrients, an excess of these nutrients can lead to serious ecological imbalances in a water body, with blooms as one symptom.

Stormwater ponds in Florida frequently have large populations of algae during the warmer months. The purpose of stormwater facilities is to collect polluted runoff. The ponds aid in the removal of sediment and nutrients before these pollutants enter sensitive waterways.

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Ketogenic dieters occasionally use urine sample strips to determine whether they bodies are in ketosis.

People may consider refined carbohydrates to be bad since they offer less nutrients, such as refined rice and flour. beverages like juices and sodas that have been sugared. delicacies that have undergone a lot of processing, such cookies and pastries.

The choice between rice and bread will depend on your nutritional objectives because rice has much more minerals and vitamins while bread contains fewer calories as carbs. Whatever you choose, choose the whole-grain kind for the greatest results on your health.

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Even though there is no light at the bottom of the ocean but still marine animals are adapted to not being able to see and even if they had eyes, they would not be able to see.

Many sea creatures that occupy the lower benthic zones of the ocean are sightless.

Animals that live on the sea floor are called benthos and most of these animals lack backbone and are hence called invertebrates. Benthic invertebrates are sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea urchins, worms, crabs and others.

Because of the depths, benthic zone is characterized by low sunlight and low temperatures and this attributes to little life and biodiversity.

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Beginning to be understood are the genetic components that underlie the significance of inheritance in atherosclerosis.

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Meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and lowers the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Human body cells, also known as somatic cells, have two sets of chromosomes and are diploid (one from each parent).

Meiosis involves two cell divisions. During the initial division, homologous chromosome pairs align in the cell's center before being split into two daughter cells. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes break, reducing ploidy. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes exclusively. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids split.

Thus, meiosis involves two divisions that result in the production of four haploid daughter cells.

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Alleles may exhibit codominance or incomplete dominance instead of being fully dominant or recessive to one another.

The type of relationship between alleles, with a heterozygote phenotype intermediate between the two homozygote phenotypes, is called incomplete dominance. An example is a hybrid between a homozygous white-flowered plant , homozygous plant with red flowers , a plant with pink flowers would result in offspring.

Codominance, in which both alleles are concurrently expressed in the heterozygote, is closely connected

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Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:

Phagocytic cells are the type of immune cells that ingest the foreign pathogen and infected cells and therefore protect the body from infections. The example of phagocytic cells are: macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, etc.  Besides, they can also present foreign antigens on their surface for recognition by lymphocytes for adaptive immune responses.

Adaptive immunity is the specific type of immunity which is acquired by the individual after birth. This can occur either by getting infected by the pathogen or by administration of vaccine.

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