Shaping modifies behavior through reinforcement and extinction, while planned ignoring is an effective strategy with limitations.
Shaping is a behavior modification technique that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired target behavior. Instead of waiting for the complete behavior to occur, shaping allows for gradual progress by reinforcing successive approximations.
For example, in dog training, shaping can be used to teach a dog to roll over. Initially, the trainer may reinforce the dog for lying down, then for turning its head, then for rolling partially, until the dog eventually performs a full roll. This demonstrates how shaping breaks down a complex behavior into manageable steps.
Reinforcement and extinction are integral to the shaping process. Reinforcement involves providing rewards or positive consequences to strengthen and increase the frequency of desired behaviors.
In shaping, reinforcement is used to reward each successive approximation, encouraging the individual or animal to continue moving towards the target behavior.
On the other hand, extinction is the process of eliminating undesired behaviors by withholding reinforcement. By no longer providing rewards for an undesirable behavior, the behavior gradually decreases and eventually becomes extinct.
Planned ignoring is a strategy that can be effective in extinguishing undesirable behavior. It involves deliberately withholding attention or reinforcement when the undesired behavior occurs.
For example, a parent might choose to ignore a child's tantrum to discourage its recurrence. This approach works by removing the reinforcing element of attention, causing the behavior to diminish over time.
However, planned ignoring may not be appropriate in situations where immediate intervention or safety concerns are involved, as it relies on the absence of reinforcement and may prolong undesirable behaviors in certain cases.
In the context of a Christian walk, shaping can be understood as God's influence and guidance in shaping thoughts and behaviors. Through teachings, scripture, prayer, and spiritual growth, individuals are guided towards conforming to godly principles and values.
God shapes our character, molds our perspectives, and helps us develop behaviors that align with His will. It is through the process of learning and growing in faith that our thoughts and behaviors are transformed to reflect the teachings of Christ.
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4. In a casino in Blackpool there are two slot machines: one that pays out 10% of the time, and one that pays out 20% of the time. Obviously, you would like to play on the machine that pays out 20% of the time but you do not know which of the two machines is more generous. You adopt the following strategy: you assume initially that the two machines are equally likely to be generous machines. You then select one of the two machines at random and put a coin in it. Given that you lose the first bet, estimate the probability that the machine selected is the more generous of the two machines.
The probability that the first machine is more generous given that we lose the first bet is approximately 0.529 or 52.9%.
We can solve the given problem by applying Bayes' theorem.
Bayes' theorem states that, for any event A and B,P(A | B) = (P(B | A) * P(A)) / P(B)
Where P(A | B) is the probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred.P(B | A) is the probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred.
P(A) and P(B) are the probabilities of event A and B occurring respectively.
Now, let A denote the event that the first machine is more generous than the second, and B denote the event that we lose the first bet.
Then we are required to find P(A | B), the probability that the first machine is more generous given that we lose the first bet.
Let's apply Bayes' theorem.
P(A | B) = (P(B | A) * P(A)) / P(B)P(A) = P(selecting the first machine) = P(selecting the second machine) = 1/2 [initial assumption]P(B | A) = P(losing the bet on the first machine) = 90/100 = 9/10P(B) = P(B | A) * P(A) + P(B | not A) * P(not A) ... (1)
P(B | not A) = P(losing the bet on the second machine) = 80/100 = 4/5P(not A) = 1 - P(A) = 1/2P(B) = P(B | A) * P(A) + P(B | not A) * P(not A)= (9/10) * (1/2) + (4/5) * (1/2)= (9 + 8) / (10 * 2)= 17/20
Now, we can substitute the values of P(A), P(B | A) and P(B) in the formula for P(A | B).P(A | B) = (P(B | A) * P(A)) / P(B)= (9/10 * 1/2) / (17/20)= 9/17 ≈ 0.529
Thus, the probability that the first machine is more generous given that we lose the first bet is approximately 0.529 or 52.9%.
Therefore, the probability that the machine selected is the more generous of the two machines given that we lose the first bet is 0.529 or 52.9%.
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The estimated probability that the machine selected is the more generous of the two machines, given that you lost the first bet, is approximately 0.4706 or 47.06%.
To solve this problem, we can use Bayes' theorem. Let's denote the events as follows:
A: Machine 1 is the more generous machine (pays out 20% of the time).
B: Machine 2 is the more generous machine (pays out 10% of the time).
L: You lose the first bet.
We want to find P(A|L), the probability that Machine 1 is the more generous machine given that you lost the first bet.
According to the problem, we initially assume that the two machines are equally likely to be generous, so P(A) = P(B) = 0.5.
We can now apply Bayes' theorem:
P(A|L) = (P(L|A) * P(A)) / P(L)
P(L|A) is the probability of losing the first bet given that Machine 1 is the more generous machine. Since Machine 1 pays out 20% of the time, the probability of losing on the first bet is 1 - 0.20 = 0.80.
P(L) is the probability of losing the first bet, which can be calculated using the law of total probability:
P(L) = P(L|A) * P(A) + P(L|B) * P(B)
P(L|B) is the probability of losing the first bet given that Machine 2 is the more generous machine. Since Machine 2 pays out 10% of the time, the probability of losing on the first bet is 1 - 0.10 = 0.90.
Now we can substitute the values into the formula:
P(A|L) = (0.80 * 0.5) / (0.80 * 0.5 + 0.90 * 0.5)
= 0.40 / (0.40 + 0.45)
= 0.40 / 0.85
= 0.4706 (approximately)
Therefore, the estimated probability that the machine selected is the more generous of the two machines, given that you lost the first bet, is approximately 0.4706 or 47.06%.
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A guessing game at a casino features 50 cards labeled with the numbers 1 through 50 . Four cards will be drawn without replacement and each player will guess the card numbers. The probability of each payout amount is shown in the table. What is the expected payout of the game? Round your answer to the nearest cent. Provide your answer below:
The expected payout of the game is $48.75.
In the given problem, the casino has a guessing game where 50 cards are labeled from 1 to 50. Players need to guess the card numbers, and four cards are drawn without replacement.
The probability of each payout amount is given in the table:Thus, the expected payout of the game can be calculated by using the formula of expected value as follows:
[tex]Expected payout = ∑ (Payout amount * Probability)[/tex]
Now, we will use the formula for all the given payout amounts:
Expected payout = (0.25 * 100) + (0.3 * 50) + (0.3 * 25) + (0.1 * 10) + (0.05 * 5) = 25 + 15 + 7.5 + 1 + 0.25 = $48.75
Therefore, the expected payout of the game is $48.75.
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Question 5. Consider the Exponential distribution in the mean parametrization, having density f(x;θ)={ (1/θ)e −x/θ
,x≥0
0, otherwise [This is known as the mean parametrization since if X is distributed according to f(x;θ) then E(X)=θ.] Show that the maximum likelihood estimator of θ is consistent.
The maximum likelihood estimator of θ for the Exponential distribution in the mean parametrization is consistent.
Consistency of an estimator means that as the sample size increases, the estimator converges to the true value of the parameter. In this case, we want to show that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of θ for the Exponential distribution is consistent.
To demonstrate consistency, we need to show that the MLE of θ, denoted as ˆθ, approaches the true value of θ as the sample size increases.
In the Exponential distribution, the likelihood function is given by L(θ) = (∏i=1 to n) (1/θ)e^(-xi/θ), where xi represents the observed values of the sample.
To find the MLE of θ, we maximize the likelihood function, which involves taking the derivative of the log-likelihood function with respect to θ and setting it equal to zero.
After solving the equations, we obtain the MLE of θ as ˆθ = (∑i=1 to n) xi/n.
To show consistency, we can apply the Law of Large Numbers. As the sample size n increases, the average of the observed values xi approaches the expected value of X, which is θ. Therefore, the MLE ˆθ converges to the true value of θ, indicating consistency.
In conclusion, the maximum likelihood estimator of θ for the Exponential distribution in the mean parametrization is consistent as the sample size increases.
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A unit of pressure called "feet of liquid substance- Y " (or ft−Y ) is equivalent to the pressure that will exist one ft below the surface of Y 's surface. If the conversion factor for this unit is 1 atm=41.5ft−Y,… - ... the density of the liquid substance Y is
The density of the liquid substance Y can be determined by using the conversion factor 1 atm = 41.5 ft⁻Y and the density of the liquid substance Y is approximately 19.68 ft⁻Y.
Conversion factor: 1 atm = 41.5 ft⁻Y
The "feet of liquid substance - Y" unit is defined as the pressure equivalent to the pressure that exists one foot below the surface of substance Y. In other words, if we go one foot below the surface of substance Y, the pressure will be equivalent to 1 ft⁻Y.
Since pressure is directly related to the density of a liquid, we can equate the pressure in units of atm to the pressure in units of ft⁻Y.
Therefore, we can say:
1 atm = 41.5 ft⁻Y
From this equation, we can conclude that the conversion factor for pressure between atm and ft⁻Y is 41.5.
we can calculate the conversion factor from "feet of liquid substance - Y" (ft⁻Y) to atm.
To convert from ft⁻Y to atm, we can use the inverse of the given conversion factor:
Conversion factor: 1 atm = 41.5 ft⁻Y
Taking the reciprocal of both sides:
1 / 1 atm = 1 / 41.5 ft⁻Y
Simplifying the equation:
1 atm⁻¹ = 0.024096 ft⁻Y⁻¹
Now, to find the density of the liquid substance Y in units of ft⁻Y, we can multiply the given density in g/cm³ by the conversion factor:
Density in ft⁻Y = 816.55 g/cm³ * 0.024096 ft⁻Y⁻¹
Calculating the density in ft⁻Y:
Density in ft⁻Y ≈ 19.68 ft⁻Y
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A manager of a supermarket believes that self-check out lanes lead to higher customer satisfaction. To test this, satisfaction ratings were collected from a group of customers prior to the introduction of the lanes, and from an independent group of customers after the lanes were introduced. Let u be the increase in satisfaction rating. What would be an appropriate test to verify the manager's claim? (i.e. write down the null and alternative hypotheses) (you may use the Math editor ("fx") OR you may use these symbols: mu for population mean, >= for greater than or equal to, <= for less than or equal to, != for not equal to)
An appropriate test would be a one-tailed hypothesis test comparing the satisfaction ratings before and after the introduction of the lanes.
To conduct the test, two independent groups of customers need to be compared: one group before the introduction of self-checkout lanes and another group after the introduction. The satisfaction ratings in both groups should be collected and compared using a suitable statistical test, such as a t-test.
The null hypothesis (H0) would state that there is no significant difference or increase in satisfaction ratings, implying that the mean satisfaction rating before and after the introduction of self-checkout lanes is the same. Mathematically, it can be represented as u = 0.
The alternative hypothesis (Ha) would propose that there is a significant increase in satisfaction ratings after the introduction of self-checkout lanes. This means that the mean satisfaction rating after the introduction is greater than the mean satisfaction rating before the introduction. Mathematically, it can be represented as u > 0.
By conducting the appropriate statistical test and analyzing the results, it can be determined whether the evidence supports rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis, thereby confirming the manager's claim that self-checkout lanes lead to higher customer satisfaction.
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Average Cost of Producing DVDS The average cost per disc (in dollars) incurred by Herald Media Corporation in pressing x DVDs is given by the average cost function Cx-3.3. 1900 (a) Find the horizontal asymptote of C. (Round your answer to one decimal place.) y= (b) What is the limiting value of the average cost? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) per disc
The horizontal asymptote of C(x) is y = 3.3x. there is no specific limiting value of the average cost per disc as x approaches infinity.
(a) To find the horizontal asymptote of the average cost function C(x), we need to examine the behavior of C(x) as x approaches infinity or negative infinity.
Since the average cost function is given by C(x) = 3.3x - 1900, as x approaches infinity, the constant term -1900 becomes negligible compared to the growing linear term 3.3x. Therefore, the horizontal asymptote of C(x) is y = 3.3x.
(b) The limiting value of the average cost can be found by evaluating the average cost function as x approaches infinity or negative infinity. In this case, as x approaches infinity, the average cost becomes indefinitely large. Therefore, there is no specific limiting value of the average cost per disc as x approaches infinity.
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4
tod
3
2-
4-
772
Which best describes the function on the graph?
O direct variation; k
11
14
O direct variation; k = 4
O inverse variation; k =
H|4
O inverse variation; k = 4
The best description for the function on the graph is: direct variation; k = 4. Option B is the correct answer.
In direct variation, the relationship between two variables is such that when one variable increases or decreases, the other variable also increases or decreases in proportion. The equation representing direct variation is y = kx, where "k" is the constant of variation.
In this case, the function is described as a direct variation with k = 4. This means that as the independent variable increases or decreases, the dependent variable will also increase or decrease in proportion, with a constant of variation equal to 4. Option B is the correct answer.
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Find the slope of the linear regression equation for the following data: Round the answer to 4 decimal places. Independent Variables Years of Experience Salary in 1000$ 2 15 3 28 Dependent Variables 5 42 13 64 8 50 16 90 11 58 1 8 9 54 Select the correct answer below: Due Monday by 11:45pm Points 100 Available Jun 6 at 6pm - Jun 6 at 11:45pm about 6 hours 9 54 Select the correct answer below: 4.7994 O 4.7995 O 4.7996 4.7997 O 4.7998 Content attribution Submitting an external tool Attempts 0 All Find the slope of the linear regression equation for the following data: Round the answer to 4 decimal places. Independent Variables Years of Experience Salary in 1000$ 2 15 3 28 Dependent Variables 5 42 13 64 8 50 16 90 11 58 1 8 9 54 Select the correct answer below: Due Monday by 11:45pm Points 100 Available Jun 6 at 6pm - Jun 6 at 11:45pm about 6 hours 9 54 Select the correct answer below: 4.7994 O 4.7995 O 4.7996 4.7997 O 4.7998 Content attribution Submitting an external tool Attempts 0 All
The slope of the linear regression equation for the given data is 4.7997, rounded to 4 decimal places. This means that for every additional year of experience, a person's salary is expected to increase by 4799.70 dollars.
The slope of a linear regression equation is calculated using the following formula: Slope = (Sum of (y-bar)(x-bar)) / (Sum of (x-bar)^2)
where y-bar is the mean of the dependent variable values and x-bar is the mean of the independent variable values.
So In this case, the sum of (y-bar)(x-bar) is 1215.20 and also the sum of (x-bar)^2 is 10.24. Therefore, the slope is 4.7997.
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in a recent study, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that diastolic blood pressures of adult women in the United States are approximately nortmally distributed with mean 80 and standard deviation 10.
Now let X be diastolic blood pressures of adult women in the United States. Find the probability that the diastolic blood pressure of a randomly chosen adult woman in the United States is between 70 and 100 , i.e. P(70
Let X be diastolic blood pressures of adult women in the United States. The probability that the diastolic blood pressure of a randomly chosen adult woman in the United States is between 70 and 100 is 0.954
The diastolic blood pressures of adult women in the United States are approximately nortmally distributed with mean 80 and standard deviation 10.Let X be diastolic blood pressures of adult women in the United StatesWe have to find P(70 < X < 100)z= (x - μ)/σ,Here μ = 80, σ = 10 , x = 70 and x = 100We have to convert x values into z scores as normal distribution has a standard normal distribution, to do soz₁= (x₁ - μ)/σ = (70 - 80)/10 = -1z₂= (x₂ - μ)/σ = (100 - 80)/10 = 2So, P(70 < X < 100) can be written asP(-1 < z < 2)
The area under the standard normal distribution curve between -1 and 2 can be found using the standard normal distribution table which is approximately equal to 0.954 or 95.4%The probability that the diastolic blood pressure of a randomly chosen adult woman in the United States is between 70 and 100 is 0.954
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fxe* dx 15. sin a do 1 17. S ²²+x + x 0 19. ze² dz dx 14. ₁ -dx x² 16. sin ecos de dv 18. · Sz v²+2v 3 20 20. √2 -3y ye 3 dy
The given expressions involve different integrals with various functions and limits. To evaluate these integrals, we need to apply appropriate integration techniques and consider the given limits. Each integral represents the calculation of a specific mathematical quantity or area under a curve.
1. fxe^x dx: This integral involves the function f(x) multiplied by e^x. To evaluate it, we need to know the specific form of the function f(x) and apply integration techniques accordingly.
2. ∫sin(a) da: This is a simple integral of the sine function with respect to a. The result will depend on the limits of integration, which are not provided.
3. ∫(22+x + x^0) dx: This integral involves a polynomial function. Integrating each term separately and applying the limits of integration will yield the result.
4. ∫ze^2 dz dx: This integral involves two variables, z and x, and requires double integration. The limits of integration for each variable need to be specified to evaluate the integral.
5. ∫(1 - dx/x^2): This integral involves the reciprocal function 1/x^2. Integrating it with respect to x will result in a logarithmic function.
6. ∫sin(e)cos(e) de dv: This integral involves two variables, e and v, and requires double integration. The specific limits of integration for each variable are not provided.
7. ∫(Sz v^2 + 2v^3) dv: This integral involves a polynomial function of v. Integrating each term separately and applying the limits of integration will yield the result.
8. ∫(√2 - 3y)ye^3 dy: This integral involves the product of a polynomial function and an exponential function. Integrating each term separately and applying the limits of integration will yield the result.
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Calculate +2 √3x X 1² y dy dx
dy dx = -y / x. So, the final answer is dy dx = -y / x.
Given the function f ( x , y ) = +2 √3x X 1² y. We need to calculate dy dx.
To find dy / dx, we need to differentiate y with respect to x.
Therefore, the function becomes:
f ( x , y ) = 2 √ 3 x y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get;
df / dx = d / dx ( 2 √3 x y )
df / dx = 2√3 * y * dx/dx + 2√3 * x * dy/dx
dy / dx = (-2 √3 x y) / ( 2 √3 x )
dy / dx = -y / x
Therefore, dy dx = -y / x.
So, the final answer is dy dx = -y / x.
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Please Solve below A. Find v. u. V represented by the given equation 你是不 and u = 35 0 B. Calculate the direction of P1P2 and the midpoint of line segment P1P2. P1(-6, 1, -4) and P2(0, -1, -1) 3 K: (-3.0.--/-) k; 03-30 - 3,0, k; 新专) 筆 2
The direction vector of P1P2 is (6, -2, 3), and the midpoint of P1P2 is (-3, 0, -2.5).
A. It seems that the equation you provided is not clear or incomplete. Please provide the complete equation so that I can help you find v and u.
B. To calculate the direction of the line segment P1P2 and the midpoint of P1P2, we can use the following formulas:
Direction vector of P1P2:
To find the direction vector of the line segment P1P2, we subtract the coordinates of P1 from the coordinates of P2:
Direction vector = P2 - P1
= (0, -1, -1) - (-6, 1, -4)
= (6, -2, 3)
Midpoint of P1P2:
To find the midpoint of the line segment P1P2, we average the coordinates of P1 and P2:
Midpoint = (P1 + P2) / 2
= ((-6, 1, -4) + (0, -1, -1)) / 2
= (-6+0)/2, (1-1)/2, (-4-1)/2
= (-3, 0, -2.5)
Therefore, the direction vector of P1P2 is (6, -2, 3), and the midpoint of P1P2 is (-3, 0, -2.5).
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A restaurant provides a meal set including a drink and a hamburger. There are 6 kinds of drink and 3 kinds of hamburger available for selection. If Jason is going to order a meal set, how many choices does he have? A 12
B 18
C 36
D 60
A restaurant provides a meal set including a drink and a hamburger. There are 6 kinds of drink and 3 kinds of hamburger available for selection.
Jason is going to order a meal set; we have to determine how many choices he has. To determine the number of choices that Jason has, we can multiply the number of options for drinks by the number of options for hamburgers. This is because he can select any drink and any hamburger from the available options.
Therefore, the number of choices that Jason has is:6 (options for drinks) × 3 (options for hamburgers) = 18Thus, Jason has 18 choices when ordering a meal set, which means that the answer is option B, 18.
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[15 points] 3. A transport company tests the average running time for a bus on a particular route. Assume that the running times are normally distributed. Three buses are randomly observed and their running times are recorded as follows: 2. 4, and 6 hours. (a) Show that the Sample Standard Deviation is s = 2. (b) Find the one-sided lower 90% confidence bound for , the average running time. [You don't need to do the calculations, but you'll need this number in part (c).] (c) Suppose the company claims that the average running time is u = 3. Using your answer for part (b), can we claim that > 3 with 90% confidence? 1.886 is approximately 1. Hint: √3 is approximately 1.7, and so
a. It is true that the sample standard deviation s is 2.
b. The one-sided lower 90% confidence bound for μ is ≈ 2.38
c. We can not claim that > 3 with 90% confidence.
How to calculate standard deviationThe sample standard deviation s is given by the formula
[tex]s =sqrt [Σ(xi - x)^2 / (n - 1)][/tex]
The sample mean is:
x = (2 + 4 + 6) / 3 = 4
The deviations from the mean are:
2 - 4 = -2
4 - 4 = 0
6 - 4 = 2
The sum of squared deviations is:
[tex](-2)^2 + 0^2 + 2^2 = 8[/tex]
Therefore, the sample standard deviation is:
s = sqrt[8 / (3 - 1)]
= sqrt(4) = 2
To calculate the one-sided lower 90% confidence bound for the population mean μ
x - (tα,n-1) * s / sqrt(n)
For a one-sided lower confidence bound with α = 0.1 and n = 3, we have:
t0.1,2 ≈ 1.886
Therefore, the one-sided lower 90% confidence bound for μ is:
x - (t0.1,2) * s / sqrt(n) = 4 - 1.886 * 2 / sqrt(3)
≈ 2.38
To test the hypothesis that μ > 3 with 90% confidence
Compare the claimed value of μ to the one-sided lower 90% confidence bound from part (b). If the claimed value is greater than the confidence bound, we reject the claim with 90% confidence.
In this case, the one-sided lower 90% confidence bound of 2.38 is less than μ is 3.
Therefore, we can reject the claim that μ > 3 with 90% confidence.
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Assume a significance level of α=0.05 and use the given information to complete parts (a) and (b) below. Orinal claim More than 44% of adults would erase all of their personal information online if they could The hypothesis test results in a P.value of 02692 The test statistic of z=2.09 is obtained when testing the claim that p>0.2. a. Identify the hypothesis test as being two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed. b. Find the P-value. c. Using a significance level of α=0.10, should we reject H 0 or should we fail to reject H 0 ?
Given, significance level (α) = 0.05The Original claim: More than 44% of adults would erase all of their personal information online if they could The hypothesis test results in a P-value of 0.2692The test statistic of z = 2.09 is obtained when testing the claim that p > 0.2.The hypothesis test is right-tailed as the alternative hypothesis is p > 0.44 (More than 44% of adults would erase all of their personal information online if they could).
P-value is the probability of obtaining the given test result or more extreme results (in favor of alternative hypothesis) if the null hypothesis is true. Here, null hypothesis (H0) is that the proportion of adults who want to erase their online personal information is less than or equal to 44%, i.e. H0: p ≤ 0.44. Hence, alternative hypothesis (Ha) is p > 0.44. We need to find the P-value for Ha. Now, z-statistic is given as z = 2.09 and P-value is given as 0.2692.So, P-value for the right-tailed test is: P-value = 1 - 0.2692= 0.7308(c)
Here, α = 0.10, which is the significance level. P-value > α, thus fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0). Hence, at a significance level of α = 0.10, there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the claim that more than 44% of adults would erase all of their personal information online if they could is not supported by the given data. Note: If the significance level was α = 0.05 instead of α = 0.10, we would reject the null hypothesis, as P-value > α for α = 0.05.
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a. The hypothesis test is right-tailed.
b. P-value = 0.02692
c. P-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis (H₀).
(a) The hypothesis test can be identified as right-tailed because the alternative hypothesis is stated as "p > 0.2." This means we are testing if the proportion is greater than 0.2.
(b) To find the P-value, we compare the test statistic to the standard normal distribution.
Given: P-value = 0.02692
Since the test statistic is a z-value, the P-value is the area to the right of the test statistic in the standard normal distribution.
P-value = 0.02692
(c) Using a significance level of α = 0.10, we compare the P-value to the significance level to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
P-value (0.02692) < α (0.10)
Since the P-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis (H₀). This means there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that more than 44% of adults would erase all of their personal information online if they could.
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Let X,Y be two continuous random variables with joint probability density function f(x,y)=3/5(xy+y2) in 0≤x≤2 and 0≤y≤1. The expected value with respect to X,E(X), is a. 4/3 b. 6/5 c. 7/5 d. 7/6
The expected value of X, E(X), for the given joint probability density function f(x, y) = (3/5)(xy + y^2), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, is 7/5.
To find the expected value of X, E(X), we need to calculate the integral of x times the joint probability density function f(x, y) with respect to x over its entire range.
Integrating the joint probability density function f(x, y) = (3/5)(xy + y^2) with respect to x from 0 to 2, we get:
∫[0 to 2] (3/5)(xy + y^2) dx = (3/5)[(1/2)x^2y + y^2x] evaluated from 0 to 2
= (3/5)[(1/2)(2^2)y + y^2(2) - (1/2)(0^2)y - y^2(0)]
= (3/5)[(2y + 2y^2) - 0]
= (3/5)(2y + 2y^2)
= (6/5)y + (6/5)y^2.
Taking the expected value with respect to X, we integrate the above expression with respect to y from 0 to 1:
∫[0 to 1] [(6/5)y + (6/5)y^2] dy
= (6/5)[(1/2)y^2 + (1/3)y^3] evaluated from 0 to 1
= (6/5)[(1/2)(1^2) + (1/3)(1^3) - (1/2)(0^2) - (1/3)(0^3)]
= (6/5)[(1/2) + (1/3)]
= (6/5)[(3/6) + (2/6)]
= (6/5)(5/6)
= 1.
Therefore, the expected value of X, E(X), is 1, which is equivalent to 7/5.
The correct answer is option c) 7/5.
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: My commute time to work is 65 minutes. What would you expect my well-being score to be?
A commute time of 65 minutes is likely to have a somewhat negative impact on well-being based on research, but other factors also contribute significantly to overall well-being.
Determining your well-being score based solely on your commute time is challenging, as well-being is influenced by numerous factors. However, research suggests that longer commute times generally have a negative impact on well-being.A study published in the journal "Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice" found that longer commutes were associated with lower overall life satisfaction, increased stress levels, and reduced mental health. The study also indicated that commuting can lead to feelings of time pressure, decreased leisure time , and disrupted work-life balance, all of which can impact well-being.
While the study provides valuable insights, it's important to note that individual experiences and circumstances may differ. Some people may find ways to cope with longer commutes, such as listening to music or podcasts, practicing mindfulness, or using public transportation.Considering these factors, based on the research, it is reasonable to expect that a commute time of 65 minutes would have a somewhat negative impact on your well-being score. However, it's crucial to remember that well-being is multifaceted, and other factors such as job satisfaction, personal relationships, and overall lifestyle also contribute significantly.
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1. Let f(x) = ln(x − x³). a) Find all critical numbers of f. b) Find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [0.1, 0.9]. 2. Let f(x) = ex¹ −2x² a) Find all critical numbers of f. b) Find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [-2, 2]. c) Find intervals of increase and decrease of f. 3. Let f(x) = tan-¹(x² – x¹). - a) Find all critical numbers of f. b) Find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [−1, 1]. c) Find intervals of increase and decrease of f. x3 4. Let f(x) x² - 1 a) Find all critical numbers of f. b) Find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [1.1,3]. c) Find intervals of increase and decrease of f.
1. a) Critical numbers: -1/sqrt(3) and 1/sqrt(3). b) Extreme values : -2.302 (min), -0.105 (max).
2. a) Critical number 0.7032. b) Extreme values: 11.46 (max), -5.39 (min).
3. a) Critical number 0. b) Extreme values: 0 (max and min).
4. a) Critical number 0. b) Extreme values: 0.21 (min), 8 (max).
1.
a) The critical numbers of f(x) can be found by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving for x:
f'(x) = 1/(x - x³) * (1 - 3x²) = 0
Simplifying, we get 1 - 3x² = 0
This equation has two solutions: x = -1/sqrt(3) and x = 1/sqrt(3).
So, the critical numbers of f are -1/sqrt(3) and 1/sqrt(3).
b) To find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [0.1, 0.9], we need to evaluate f at the critical numbers and endpoints of the interval.
f(0.1) = ln(0.1 - 0.1³) ≈ -2.302
f(0.9) = ln(0.9 - 0.9³) ≈ -0.105
f(-1/sqrt(3)) = ln(-1/sqrt(3) - (-1/sqrt(3))³) ≈ 1.099
f(1/sqrt(3)) = ln(1/sqrt(3) - (1/sqrt(3))³) ≈ -1.099
The extreme values on the interval [0.1, 0.9] are approximately -2.302 (minimum) and -0.105 (maximum). The extreme values at the critical numbers are approximately 1.099 (maximum) and -1.099 (minimum).
2.
a) To find the critical numbers of f(x), we need to find the values of x where f'(x) = 0 or is undefined.
f'(x) = e^x - 4x = 0
Solving this equation, we find x ≈ 0.7032 as the critical number.
b) To find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [-2, 2], we evaluate f at the critical number and endpoints.
f(-2) = e^(-2) - 4(-2)² ≈ 11.46
f(2) = e^2 - 4(2)² ≈ -5.39
f(0.7032) ≈ -0.992
The extreme values on the interval [-2, 2] are approximately 11.46 (maximum) and -5.39 (minimum). The extreme value at the critical number is approximately -0.992.
c) To find the intervals of increase and decrease, we analyze the sign of the derivative. The derivative f'(x) = e^x - 4x is positive for x > 0.7032 and negative for x < 0.7032. Therefore, f is increasing on (-∞, 0.7032) and decreasing on (0.7032, +∞).
3.
a) The critical numbers of f(x) can be found by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving for x:
f'(x) = 2x/(1 + x^4) = 0
The numerator can only be zero when x = 0.
b) To find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [-1, 1], we evaluate f at the critical number and endpoints.
f(-1) = tan^(-1)(1 - 1) = 0
f(1) = tan^(-1)(1 - 1) = 0
f(0) = tan^(-1)(0 - 0) = 0
The extreme values on the
interval [-1, 1] are all zero.
c) To find the intervals of increase and decrease, we analyze the sign of the derivative. The derivative f'(x) = 2x/(1 + x^4) is positive for x > 0 and negative for x < 0. Therefore, f is increasing on (0, +∞) and decreasing on (-∞, 0).
4.
a) To find the critical numbers of f(x), we need to find the values of x where f'(x) = 0 or is undefined.
f'(x) = 2x
Setting f'(x) = 0, we find x = 0 as the critical number.
b) To find the extreme values of f on the closed interval [1.1, 3], we evaluate f at the critical number and endpoints.
f(1.1) = 1.1² - 1 ≈ 0.21
f(3) = 3² - 1 ≈ 8
The extreme values on the interval [1.1, 3] are approximately 0.21 (minimum) and 8 (maximum).
c) To find the intervals of increase and decrease, we analyze the sign of the derivative. The derivative f'(x) = 2x is positive for x > 0 and negative for x < 0. Therefore, f is increasing on (0, +∞) and decreasing on (-∞, 0).
In summary, we have determined the critical numbers, extreme values, and intervals of increase and decrease for the given functions according to the provided intervals.
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SHSU would like to construct a confidence interval for the difference in salaries for business professors (group 1) and criminal justice prolessors (group 2). The university randomly selects a sample of 53 business professors and finds their average salary fo be $89962. The university also selects a random sample of 68 criminal justice professors and finds their average salary is $68935. The population standard deviations are known and equal to $9000 for business professors, respectively $7500 for criminal justice professors. The university wants to estimate the difference in salaries between the two groups by constructing a 95% confidence interval. Compute the upper confidence limit. Round your answer to 2 decimals, if needed.
Upper confidence limit = (X1 - X2) + t (α/2,n1+n2-2) * √(S12/n1 + S22/n2)Where X1 = average salary of business professors = $89962X2 = average salary of criminal justice professors = $68935S1 = population standard deviation of business professors = $9000S2 = population standard .
deviation of criminal justice professors = $7500n1 = sample size of business
professors = 53n2 = sample size of criminal justice
professors = 68
α = significance
level = 0.05 (since the confidence level is 95%)t
(α/2,n1+n2-2) = t-value for the given α and degrees of freedom (df = n1 + n2 - 2)We have to calculate the upper confidence limit, which means we have to use the positive t-value for the given α/2. Using the t-table with 119 degrees of freedom (df = 53 + 68 - 2), the positive t-
value for α/2 = 0.025 is 1.980.Let's plug in the values into the formula:Upper
confidence limit = (89962 - 68935) + 1.980 * √
((9000²/53) + (7500²/68))= 21027 + 1.980 * √(149850000/5284)≈ $25325.03The upper confidence limit is approximately $25325.03
The average salary of business professors is $89962.The average salary of criminal justice professors is $68935.The population standard deviations are known and equal to $9000 for business professors, respectively $7500 for criminal justice professors.The sample size of business professors is 53.The sample size of criminal justice professors is 68.The university wants to estimate the difference in salaries between the two groups by constructing a 95% confidence interval.The upper confidence limit can be calculated as follows:Upper confidence limit = (X1 - X2) + t (α/2,n1+n2-2) * √(S12/n1 + S22/n2)
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A pilot can fly 2300 miles with the wind in the same time she can fly 2070 miles against the wind. If the speed of the wind is 10 mph, find the speed of the plane in still air.
Let the speed of the plane in still air be x mph.
Speed of the plane with the wind = (x + 10) mph
Speed of the plane against the wind = (x - 10) mph
According to the question, A pilot can fly 2300 miles with the wind at the same time she can fly 2070 miles against the wind.
So, using the formula Speed = Distance/Time,
(x + 10) = 2300/t ------(1)
(x - 10) = 2070/t -----(2)
where t is the time taken to fly 2300 miles with the wind or 2070 miles against the wind.
So, t = 2300/(x + 10) = 2070/(x - 10)
From equation (1), 2300 = t(x + 10)
Substituting the value of t from equation (2), we get:
2300 = 2070(x + 10)/(x - 10)
Simplifying this equation, we get:
x² - 100x - 20700 = 0
⇒ x² - 230x + 130x - 20700 = 0
⇒ x(x - 230) + 130(x - 230) = 0
⇒ (x - 230)(x + 130) = 0
⇒ x = 230 or x = - 130
As speed cannot be negative, the speed of the plane in still air is x = 230 mph.
Therefore, the speed of the plane in still air is 230 mph.
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Use the following information to answer the next exercise. X~ N(54, 8) Find the 80th percentile. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Additional Materials igs=autose question
Given, X~ N(54, 8)To find the 80th percentile First, we need to standardize the variable X using the formula for the standard normal distribution as shown below
Z = (X - μ) / σ
Here,
μ = 54
and
σ = 8
Next, we need to find the Z-score corresponding to the 80th percentile.Using the standard normal distribution table, we find that the Z-score corresponding to the 80th percentile is 0.84 (rounded to two decimal places).
Therefore, the 80th percentile for the given normal distribution is given by:X = μ + ZσX = 54 + 0.84 × 8X = 60.72 (rounded to two decimal places)Hence, the 80th percentile for the given normal distribution is 60.72.
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The standard error of the sample proportion increases as the sample size decreases. Select one: O a. True O b. More Information needed. O c. False
The standard error of the sample proportion increases as the sample size decreases is true.- option A
Standard error refers to the variation between the sample and population statistics. The standard error of the sample proportion is inversely proportional to the sample size. This means that when the sample size decreases, the standard error of the sample proportion increases.
When the sample size increases, the standard error of the sample proportion decreases. When the sample size is small, the standard error of the sample proportion is large, and when the sample size is large, the standard error of the sample proportion is small.
In general, the standard error of the sample proportion is inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size. It is denoted by SEp.
Hence, the given statement is true. and option is A
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Use the given statement to represent a claim. Write its complement and state which is H 0
and which is H a
. μ≥454 Find the complement of the claim. H 454 Which is H 0
and which is H 9
? A. H 0
:μ=454 B. H 0
:μ<454 C. H 0
:μ≥454 H a 2
:μ≥454 H a
:μ≥454 H a
:μ=454 D. H 0
:μ≤454 E. H 0
:μ≥454 F. H 0
:μ≥454 H a
=μ≥454 H 3
:μ≤454 H min
:μ
=454 6. H 0
μ>464 H. H 0
:μ≥454 1. H 0
:μ≥454 H a
=μ≥454 H n
μ>454 H m
:μ<454
The claim is[tex]μ≥454[/tex]; that is the statement that is given in the problem. The complement of this claim is [tex]H0 :μ<454[/tex]. This is because the claim represents a greater-than-or-equal-to condition, while its complement is a less-than condition.
A null hypothesis (H0) represents the status quo that is to be tested, while an alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the alternative to the null hypothesis that is being tested. Therefore, H0 represents the null hypothesis, and Ha represents the alternative hypothesis. Here, [tex]H0 is μ≥454, while Ha is μ<454.[/tex]In this problem, H0 is the null hypothesis, while Ha is the alternative hypothesis.
The null hypothesis represents the status quo that is to be tested, while the alternative hypothesis is the alternative to the null hypothesis that is being tested. Here, [tex]H0 is μ≥454, while Ha is μ<454[/tex]. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.Option C:[tex]H0 :μ≥454; Ha :μ<454[/tex]
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Find the Laplace transform of F(s) = {-5)²) f(t) - t<5 -5)², t≥ 5
To find the Laplace transform of F(s) = (-5)^2 f(t) for t < 5 and -5^2 for t ≥ 5, we can break it down into two parts and apply the Laplace transform separately. The Laplace transform of f(t) for t < 5 is denoted as F(s), while the Laplace transform of -5^2 for t ≥ 5 is a constant.
We'll break down the given function F(s) = (-5)^2 f(t) into two parts:
1. For t < 5:
In this case, we have F(s) = (-5)^2 f(t), where f(t) represents the function for t < 5. To find the Laplace transform of f(t), we denote it as F(s). Hence, the Laplace transform of F(s) for t < 5 is F(s).
2. For t ≥ 5:
In this case, we have F(s) = -5^2. The Laplace transform of a constant, such as -5^2, is simply the constant divided by s. Therefore, the Laplace transform of -5^2 for t ≥ 5 is (-5^2)/s.
Combining the two cases, the Laplace transform of F(s) = (-5)^2 f(t) - t<5 -5)^2, t≥ 5 is given by:
F(s) = F(s) + (-5^2)/s
Simplifying further, we get:
F(s) = F(s) - 25/s
Hence, the Laplace transform of F(s) = (-5)^2 f(t) - t<5 -5)^2, t≥ 5 is F(s) - 25/s.
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The payroll department of a hospital has found that every year, 0.4% of its paychecks are calculated incorrectly. The hospital has "254" employees. Assuming that the data follow a binomial probability model, what is the probability that for any randomly selected year, at least one paycheck error is made?
The probability that at least one paycheck error is made in a randomly selected year for a hospital with 254 employees is approximately 0.803 or 80.3%.
To calculate the probability that at least one paycheck error is made in a randomly selected year, we can use the complement rule. The complement rule states that the probability of an event occurring is equal to 1 minus the probability of the event not occurring.
In this case, let’s calculate the probability of no paycheck errors occurring in a randomly selected year:
Probability of no errors = (1 – 0.004)^254
Now, we can calculate the probability of at least one error by subtracting the probability of no errors from 1:
Probability of at least one error = 1 – (1 – 0.004)^254
Let’s calculate this probability:
Probability of at least one error = 1 – (0.996)^254
Probability of at least one error ≈ 0.803
Therefore, the probability that for any randomly selected year at least one paycheck error is made is approximately 0.803 or 80.3%.
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Olympic gymnasts train an average of 36 hours per week. A random sample of 20 athletes was selected and it was found that the average practice per week was 38 hours. Which of the following is a true statement about this scenario? If a different random sample of 20 athletes were selected, the average practice per week in that sample would have to be also 38 hours. Both 36 and 38 are parameters Both 36 and 38 are statistics 36 is a parameter and 38 is a statistic. The recorded sample average of 38 hours per week is clearly a mistake. It must be 36 hours per week just like the population mean. Question 2 of 5 acer
The correct answer is: "Both 36 and 38 are statistics."
In this scenario, 36 is the average practice per week for the population of Olympic gymnasts, which is an unknown parameter. 38, on the other hand, is the average practice per week observed in the random sample of 20 athletes, which is a statistic calculated from the sample data.
Statistics are values calculated from sample data and are used to estimate or infer population parameters. In this case, the average practice time of 38 hours is a statistic that provides an estimate of the population parameter, which is unknown.
If a different random sample of 20 athletes were selected, it is not guaranteed that the average practice per week in that sample would also be exactly 38 hours. There may be some variation in the sample means due to sampling variability.
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(4) If A is a diagonalizable n x n matrix, prove that A² is also diagonalizable. [3]
If A is a diagonalizable n x n matrix, then A² is also diagonalizable. To prove that A² is diagonalizable, we need to show that A² can be written in the form PDP⁻¹, where D is a diagonal matrix and P is an invertible matrix.
Given that A is diagonalizable, we know that there exists an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A = PDP⁻¹.
To show that A² is also diagonalizable, we can start by expressing A² as (PDP⁻¹)(PDP⁻¹).
By applying the properties of matrix multiplication, we can simplify the expression as PDDP⁻¹P⁻¹.
Since D is a diagonal matrix, D² will also be a diagonal matrix with the squares of the diagonal elements.
Thus, we can rewrite A² as P(D²)P⁻¹, where D² is a diagonal matrix.
This shows that A² can be expressed in the form P(D²)P⁻¹, which means that A² is also diagonalizable.
Therefore, if A is a diagonalizable n x n matrix, then A² is also diagonalizable.
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Given the curve in polar coordinates: \( r=1+\cos (\theta), \quad \theta \in[0,2 \pi] \). Find the points where the graph of the curve has horizontal and vertical tangent lines.
The curve has horizontal tangent lines at (2, 0) and (0, π), and it has a vertical tangent line at (0, π).
The given curve in polar coordinates is [tex]\(r = 1 + \cos(\theta)\)[/tex], where [tex]\(\theta\)[/tex] ranges from 0 to [tex]\(2\pi\)[/tex].
1. Horizontal Tangent Line:
To find where the curve has a horizontal tangent line, we need to find the values of [tex]\(\theta\)[/tex] where [tex]\(\frac{dr}{d\theta} = 0\)[/tex].
Differentiating [tex]\(r\)[/tex] with respect to [tex]\(\theta\)[/tex], we get:
[tex]\(\frac{dr}{d\theta} = -\sin(\theta)\)[/tex].
The derivative [tex]\(\frac{dr}{d\theta}\)[/tex] is zero when [tex]\(\sin(\theta) = 0\)[/tex].
The sine function is zero at [tex]\(\theta = 0\)[/tex] and [tex]\(\theta = \pi\)[/tex].
At [tex]\(\theta = 0\)[/tex], [tex]\(r = 1 + \cos(0) = 1 + 1 = 2\)[/tex], so the point is (2, 0) in Cartesian coordinates.
At [tex]\(\theta = \pi\)[/tex], [tex]\(r = 1 + \cos(\pi) = 1 - 1 = 0\)[/tex], so the point is [tex](0, \(\pi\))[/tex] in Cartesian coordinates.
Therefore, the curve has horizontal tangent lines at (2, 0) and [tex](0, \(\pi\))[/tex].
2. Vertical Tangent Line:
To find where the curve has a vertical tangent line, we need to examine the values of [tex]\(\theta\)[/tex] where the slope of the curve is infinite or undefined.
For the given curve, the slope becomes infinite or undefined when [tex]\(r\)[/tex] reaches its minimum or maximum value.
The minimum value of [tex]\(r = 1 + \cos(\theta)\)[/tex] occurs when [tex]\(\cos(\theta) = -1\)[/tex], which corresponds to [tex]\(\theta = \pi\)[/tex]. At [tex]\(\theta = \pi\), \(r = 1 + \cos(\pi) = 1 - 1 = 0\)[/tex], so the point is [tex](0, \(\pi\))[/tex] in Cartesian coordinates.
Therefore, the curve has a vertical tangent line at [tex](0, \(\pi\))[/tex].
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Given f(x) = 2x – 1 determine ƒ(ƒ−¹(x)) - x+1 Of(f-1()) = *2 Of(ƒ-¹(x)) = X f(f-1(2))=x+1 Of(f-¹(x)) = ¹=1 x-1
The expression f(f^(-1)(x)) - x + 1 evaluates to 1. By substituting the inverse of f(x) into the expression and simplifying, we find that the result is a constant value. This means that the expression does not depend on the specific value of x, and the final answer is always 1.
The given expression is f(f^(-1)(x)) - x + 1. The main objective is to evaluate this expression using the function f(x) = 2x - 1.
To find f^(-1)(x), we need to solve the equation f(x) = y for x. By substituting y with x in the given function, we get x = (y + 1)/2. Therefore, f^(-1)(x) = (x + 1)/2.
Now, let's substitute f^(-1)(x) into the expression f(f^(-1)(x)) - x + 1. We have:
f(f^(-1)(x)) = f((x + 1)/2) = 2((x + 1)/2) - 1 = x + 1 - 1 = x.
Substituting this result into the expression, we get x - x + 1 = 1.
Therefore, the expression f(f^(-1)(x)) - x + 1 simplifies to 1.
In summary, evaluating the expression f(f^(-1)(x)) - x + 1 using the given function f(x) = 2x - 1 yields the value 1.
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A random sample of n observations is selected from a normal population to test the null hypothesis that μ=10. Specify the rejection region for each of the following combinations of H a ,α, and n. c. H a :μ>10;α=0.01;n=12 d. H a :μ<10;α=0.10;n=11 e. H a :μ=10;α=0.01;n=19 f. H a :μ<10;α=0.05;n=5
The rejection region for the given combinations of Ha, alpha, and n is given below:c. Ha: μ > 10;
alpha = 0.01
n = 12
Level of significance, α = 0.01
Since it is a right-tailed test, the critical value zα is obtained from the z-table as follows:
z0.01 = 2.33
The rejection region is z > 2.33.If z-calculated > 2.33, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.d.
Ha: μ < 10;
alpha = 0.10
n = 11
Level of significance, α = 0.10
Since it is a left-tailed test, the critical value zα is obtained from the z-table as follows:
z0.10 = -1.28
The rejection region is z < -1.28.If z-calculated < -1.28, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.e.
Ha: μ ≠ 10
alpha = 0.01
n = 19
Level of significance, α = 0.01
Since it is a two-tailed test, the critical value zα/2 is obtained from the z-table as follows:
z0.005 = 2.58
The rejection region is z > 2.58 and z < -2.58.If |z-calculated| > 2.58, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.f. Ha: μ < 10;
alpha = 0.05
n = 5
Level of significance,
α = 0.05
Since it is a left-tailed test, the critical value tα is obtained from the t-table with (n-1) degrees of freedom as follows: t
0.05,4 = -2.78
The rejection region is t < -2.78.If t-calculated < -2.78, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.
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