The statement means that a specific gene that has been isolated, purified and has been studied using some specific techniques can be patented.
A patent is basically a type of intellectual property which provides its owner with the legal right to exclude other people from making, using, and selling a particular invention for a certain period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of that invention.
Anyone can get their novel invention patented, even genes. A specific gene that has been isolated, purified and has been studied using some specific techniques can be patented. Even techniques that allow the study of the genes can be patented.
For example, a lot of genes used in cancer study and treatment are patented.
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Select all of the following examples of how cancer can disrupt organ function.
O Brain cancer may place pressure on areas of the brain that regulate bodily functions and disrupt their regulation.
O With lung cancer, the tumor increases the number of airways and increases the amount of oxygen available to the body.
O Cancer in the bone marrow may prevent white blood cells from forming, reducing the ability of the immune system, and leaving the body open to infection.
O Blood is re-routed and nutrients are directed to the tumors in the breast, leaving fewer resources for normal cells.
All of the following examples of how cancer can disrupt organ function are correct except the statement "With lung cancer, the tumor increases the number of airways and increases the amount of oxygen available to the body" is incorrect.
Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. Tumors can disrupt the normal functioning of organs and systems in the body.
Brain cancer: If brain cancer places pressure on areas of the brain that regulate bodily functions such as movement, sensation, or speech, it can disrupt their regulation.
Bone marrow cancer: Bone marrow is where blood cells are made. If cancer affects the bone marrow, it may prevent white blood cells from forming, reducing the ability of the immune system to fight off infections.
Breast cancer: Blood flow and nutrients are re-routed to support the growth of the tumor, leaving fewer resources for normal cells. This can lead to decreased function of other organs in the body and may contribute to the spread of the cancer.
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5. This experiment lead to the development of what major medical advancement?
The experiment that the question is referring to, Alexander Fleming's, lead to the development of antibiotics used to treat disease.
Alexander Fleming was a British/Scottish scientist that discovered penicillin in 1928. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that were originally obtained from Penicillium molds. The discovery was almost by accident. It happened in Fleming's laboratory at St. Mary Hospital, when he discovered that that type of mold could attack certain types of bacteria.
Fleming's discovery led to the development of antibiotics. In fact, penicillin was one of the first medications that proves to be effective against various bacterial infections that are caused by staphylococci and streptococci.
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Blood travels through lymphatic vessels to and from which components of the human body?
Question 2 options:
lymph nodes and the lungs
bones and the spleen
the spleen and lymph nodes
bones and lymph nodes
Answer:
interstitial spaces throughout the body
Explanation:
Lymphatic vessels connect to the subclavian veins, which are part of the blood circulatory system and connect to the heart. Their key function is to transport excessive tissue fluid from interstitial spaces throughout the body back to the blood stream.
Keeping in mind your answer to the previous question, what do you believe caused
the corn plants to wilt and eventually die?
The plants lost all their water to the environment through osmosis
Too much rain water moved into the plants.through osmosis
The solutes in the fertilizer moved into the plant and the water followed by osmosis
The fertilizer contained sòlutes that inhibited water uptake through osmosis
Which option is correct please help^!!
Answer:1. too much rain water moved into the plants.
2. too much rain water moved into the plants.
3. The solutes in the fertilizer moved into the plant and the water followed by osmosis
4. The fertilizer contained sòlutes that inhibited water uptake through osmosis
Explanation:
1. too much rain water moved into the plants.
2. too much rain water moved into the plants.
3. The solutes in the fertilizer moved into the plant and the water followed by osmosis
4. The fertilizer contained sòlutes that inhibited water uptake through osmosis
A bacterial colony doubles every day: The equation relating population, P, and time in days, is given by P(t) 300(2)'. a) What is the initial population? Explain how you can tell: [Marks 5] b) Use the equation to find how many bacteria will be present after 3 days.
a) The initial population of the bacterial colony can be determined by finding the value of P(0).
b) To find the number of bacteria present after 3 days, we can substitute t = 3 into the equation P(t) = 300(2^t):
a) P(0) is defined as the population at time = 0, which is the starting point or initial value of the bacterial population.
From the equation P(t) = 300(2^t), we can see that when t = 0, the population is equal to 300(2^0), which simplifies to 300 * 1 = 300.
Therefore, the initial population of the bacterial colony is 300 bacteria.
b) P(3) = 300(2^3) = 300(8) = 2400
So, after 3 days, there will be 2400 bacteria present in the colony.
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How do plants multiply without the use of reproductive structures?
To create new plants, they frequently fragment asexual reproduction. To do this, they remove a leaf or stem from a plant, then submerge it in soil or water. This method is frequently referred to as cutting propagation.
Without reproductive organs, how can plants reproduce?Asexual reproduction produces new plants without the requirement for seed production. In this type of asexual reproduction, new plants are produced using the roots, branches, leaves, and buds. The phrase "vegetative propagation" refers to reproduction that takes place through a chemical's vegetative parts.
Do plants have asexual reproduction?Many plants both sexually and asexually reproduce. A portion of the original tree is utilized to create a new plant during asexual reproduction. Artificial asexual reproduction techniques include grafting, layering, and vitro propagation.
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a dose-response curve shows: group of answer choices the dose of a given chemical that is lethal to 50% of the population. the dose of a given chemical that causes 50% of a population to exhibit a response. the correct dose to use in the treatment of illness. the effect of different doses on a population of test organisms.
Answer: In cases like these usually we follow median effective dose .
The 50% that cause a response are considered highly reactive cases.
This number has common use as what a clinician or patient can expect for a drug effect.
Explanation:
Dose-response data are typically graphed with the dose or dose function (eg, log10 dose) on the x-axis and the measured effect (response) on the y-axis. Drug effects may be quantified at the level of molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism.
Dose-response, which involves the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, determines the required dose and frequency as well as the therapeutic index for a drug in a population. The dose-response curve is the graphical representation of the relationship between the dose of a drug versus the effects that the drug exerts on the system tested, depicting the magnitude of the response of the organism, either therapeutic or toxic.
The response is measured within a range of concentration and often not measured at different times after the biological system is treated with the drug.
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How do geologist determine the relative and absolute age of rocks?
Geologists determine the relative age of rocks by studying the layers of rock and the relationships between them.They can also use fossils found in the rocks.Absolute age can be determined through radiometric dating techniques, such as carbon dating or potassium-argon dating.
What is the relative age of rocks?The relative age determination of rocks, fossils or minerals is made by comparing whether the material is younger or older than other surrounding materials.
Geologists determine the relative age of rocks by studying the layers of rock and the relationships between them, such as which layers are on top of which others. They can also use fossils found in the rocks. They can also use fossils found in the rocks to determine the relative age, as certain species of fossils are known to only have existed during certain time periods.
What is the Absolute age of rocks?
This refers to the actual number of years that have passed since the rock formed, and can be determined through radiometric dating techniques, such as carbon dating or potassium-argon dating. These methods involve measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in the rock, which allows scientists to calculate how long it has been since the rock formed.
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Based on the food wed which of the following identifies the organisms in each level of the pyramid
The position of the organisms in the pyramid shows that;
1 - Producers
2 - Consumers
3 - Decomposers
What is an ecological pyramid?
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in an ecosystem.
The base of the pyramid represents the primary producers (plants) and each successive level represents higher trophic levels (herbivores, carnivores, etc.). The pyramid shape illustrates the decrease in available energy and matter at each higher trophic level.
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how is a green plants way of making food different from an animals way of feeding
Answer:
Green plants make their own food through a process called photosynthesis, in which they use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is then used as a source of energy and as a building material for growth and reproduction. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct.
Animals, on the other hand, cannot make their own food and must consume other organisms in order to obtain energy and nutrients. They obtain food through hunting and foraging, or by consuming other organisms such as plants or other animals.
In summary, green plants make their own food through photosynthesis while animals consume other organisms for food.
Explanation:
Answer:
Green plants use photosynthesis to make food, while animals consume other organisms or organic matter as a source of food. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil to produce glucose and oxygen.
Explanation:
Green plants use photosynthesis to make food, while animals consume other organisms or organic matter as a source of food. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil to produce glucose and oxygen. This glucose is used by the plant as a source of energy and as a building block for growth and reproduction. In contrast, animals are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own food and must consume it from other sources. They obtain food through hunting, grazing, or scavenging, and then use the energy and nutrients from that food for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of bodily functions.
5. the three dna base pairs that fit within the active site of dna polymerase have a conformation similar to that of a-dna rather than the usual b-dna. why is it important for dna polymerase to accommodate an a-type helix?
DNA polymerase needs to accommodate an A-type helix to correctly match and bond the incoming nucleotides during DNA replication. The A-type helix allows for proper positioning and orientation of the nucleotides within the active site, facilitating the formation of hydrogen bonds between the base pairs and ensuring accurate replication of the DNA sequence.
DNA polymerases are responsible for accurately replicating the DNA molecule during cell division. The active site of DNA polymerases is designed to recognize and accommodate specific base pairs that are present within the DNA double helix. During replication, the incoming nucleotides must be positioned correctly within the active site so that they can be incorporated into the growing strand. If the DNA in the active site is not in the correct conformation, the DNA polymerase may not be able to properly align the incoming nucleotide, leading to errors in replication. The A-type conformation of the DNA bases in the active site provides a better fit for the DNA polymerase, enabling it to maintain high fidelity in replication. This is why it is important for DNA polymerase to accommodate an A-type helix.
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2. How have marine iguanas adapted to life on the Galapagos Islands?
A. They have adapted to have shorter tails, making them better swimmers to find food in the water.
B. They have adapted to have longer tails, making them better runners to find food on the land.
C. They have adapted to have shorter tails, making them better runners to find food on the land.
D. They have adapted to have longer tails, making them better swimmers to find food in the water.
After their excursions into the chilly Galápagos waters, they are dark gray in color to better absorb sunlight. Additionally, they have unique glands that remove excess salt from their blood after it has been consumed while feeding.
What is blood's primary function?All body parts receive oxygen and nutrients through the blood so they can continue to function. The lungs, kidneys, and digestive system use the blood to transport waste products out of the body, including carbon dioxide. Blood also transports hormones throughout the body and fights infections.
The meaning of dark bloodCritically sick patients frequently exhibit darkened blood color, which is typically caused by a decline in oxygen saturation. However, little is known about the other causes of the color intensity.
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Which is the most likely reason for developing this type of transportation technology?
The most likely reason for developing this type of transportation technology is the need for a more efficient and sustainable form of transportation.
Solar cars use an inexhaustible energy source, making them an ideal choice for commuters who want to reduce their environmental impact. Additionally, solar cars are more efficient than traditional combustion engine vehicles and require less maintenance, making them a cost-effective option for daily commuters.
Finally, solar cars are available in a variety of sizes and styles, making them suitable for a wide range of uses.
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what activities can rna have in the cell other than the well-known roles of transmission of the genetic message?
RNA molecules can have several activities in the cell beyond the well-known role of transmitting the genetic message, including:
Enzyme activity: Some RNA molecules, such as ribozymes, have catalytic activity and can perform enzymatic reactions such as cleaving other RNA molecules or catalyzing chemical reactions.Regulating gene expression: RNA molecules, such as microRNAs, can regulate gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs and blocking their translation or promoting their degradation.Structural role: RNA molecules can also adopt specific structures that play a role in various cellular processes, such as the formation of ribosomal RNA that is essential for protein synthesis.Virus replication: RNA viruses, such as HIV, use RNA as their genetic material and RNA can play a role in the replication and spread of these viruses.Signaling: RNA molecules can also play a role in cellular signaling, such as the transfer of signals between cells or within a cell.You can learn more about genetic message at
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What is the difference between genetic engineering and genetic modification?
The difference is Genetic engineering refers to the manipulation of an organism's DNA and Genetic modification refers to any process that changes an organism's genetic material.
The difference is Genetic engineering refers to the manipulation of an organism's DNA and Genetic modification refers to any process that changes an organism's genetic material. Genetic engineering and Genetic modification are terms used to portray approaches to changing a life form's hereditary cosmetics. Genetic engineering explicitly alludes to the deliberate modification of a living being's DNA, for instance, to acquaint another attribute or with change a current one. This should be possible by adding, eliminating, or changing explicit qualities. Hereditary change, then again, incorporates a more extensive scope of cycles that modify a living being's hereditary material, including hereditary designing yet additionally including regular cycles like transformation. To lay it out plainly, Genetic engineering is a kind of hereditary change that includes deliberate changes to a creature's DNA, while Genetic modification can allude to any change to a living being's hereditary cosmetics, regardless of whether purposeful.
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the wide evolutionary gap between echinoderms and chordates could be filled by a small and infrequently seen group of worms known as .
The wide evolutionary gap between echinoderms and chordates could be filled by a small and infrequently seen group of worms known as acoelomates.
Acoelomates are a group of worms that are believed to fill the evolutionary gap between echinoderms and chordates. They are considered to be a missing link between the two groups, as they share certain characteristics with both echinoderms and chordates. Acoelomates are small, flat, and often have a simple body plan without a proper body cavity, making them distinct from both echinoderms and chordates. Despite their significance in understanding the evolutionary history of animals, they are not well-known or frequently studied due to their small size and elusive nature. Nevertheless, the discovery of new species and the advancement of molecular techniques are shedding new light on this enigmatic group of organisms.
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here are two criteria for life: all life forms contain dna. all life forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes. which two criteria for life are missing?
The two criteria for life that are missing are metabolism and growth and reproduction.
The detail of metabolism and growth and reproduction is given below:
Metabolism: All living organisms must be able to sustain themselves through processes such as respiration or photosynthesis, which involve the transformation of energy and matter.
Growth and reproduction: Living organisms must be able to grow and reproduce, either sexually or asexually, in order to maintain and propagate their species.
These criteria, along with DNA and the ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment, are considered to be some of the defining characteristics of life.
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How does the shape of the blood differ
in sickle cell versus beta thalassemia?
Answer: In sickle cell disease, the beta hemoglobin chain twists and changes the shape of the red blood cell. Normal red blood cells are round, like little frisbees. In sickle cell disease, the red blood cells are “sickled” in a croissant shape.
compare the maximum rate of heat transfer to the basal metabolic rate by converting a bmr of 88 kcal/hr into watts. what is the value? from this comparison you should see why the body can accommodate a modes amount of activity in hot weather but strenuous activity would increase the metabolic rate above the body's ability to remove heat [12]. please write your answer with one decimal place.
The value of BMR is 0.105 kW, due to strenuous activity can quickly increase the metabolic rate beyond the body's ability to remove heat.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 88 kcal/hr can be converted to watts by dividing it by the conversion factor between kcal and joules (4.184 kJ/kcal) and then dividing the result by the time in seconds:
=88 kcal/ hr * 4.184 kJ/kcal / (3600 sec/hr)
= 381.08 J/hr = 0.105 kW
The maximum rate of heat transfer from the body varies depending on factors such as the ambient temperature, humidity, and wind speed, but in general, the body can transfer heat at a rate of several hundred watts.
Therefore, the BMR is significantly lower than the maximum rate of heat transfer, which is why the body can accommodate moderate levels of activity in hot weather, but strenuous activity can quickly increase the metabolic rate beyond the body's ability to remove heat.
To summarize:
BMR = 0.105 kW
Therefore, the value of BMR is 0.105 kW, due to strenuous activity can quickly increase the metabolic rate beyond the body's ability to remove heat.
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In an experiment, Lucine injects mice with interleukin-2 (IL-2). After 4 days he examines the blood and lymph for changes. What would you expect to observe following this treatment?
Following the treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2), Lucine would expect to observe an increase in the number of immune cells in the blood and lymph.
IL-2 is a cytokine, a type of signaling molecule, that is produced by immune cells and plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system. It stimulates the growth and division of immune cells, including T cells and natural killer cells, and helps to coordinate the immune response to infections and other threats.
When mice are treated with IL-2, the increased levels of the cytokine in the blood and lymph can stimulate the growth and division of immune cells, leading to an increase in their numbers. This can enhance the ability of the immune system to respond to infections and other threats.
In conclusion, following the treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2), Lucine would expect to observe an increase in the number of immune cells in the blood and lymph as a result of the cytokine's ability to stimulate the growth and division of immune cells.
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define autotrophs and heterotrophs. which are the producers of the ecosystem? which are the consumers? give an example of each group.
Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic compounds, such as photosynthetic plants and algae. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms for energy.
In an ecosystem, the producers are the autotrophs, as they form the base of the food chain by producing their own food. The consumers are the heterotrophs, as they rely on the producers or other consumers for food.
Examples of autotrophs include plants and algae, which use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis. Examples of heterotrophs include animals such as deer and lions, which consume plants or other animals for energy.
which of the following structures separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear? a. eustachian tube b. tympanic membrane c. oval window d. stapedius muscles
The tympanic membrane separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear.
The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin layer of tissue located at the end of the external acoustic meatus, which is the external ear canal. Its main function is to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the bones of the middle ear. The middle ear is separated from the external ear canal by the tympanic membrane, forming a barrier that protects the delicate structures of the inner ear. The tympanic membrane is vital for hearing and any damage or perforation of this membrane can result in hearing loss or infections. Therefore, it is important to protect the tympanic membrane and seek prompt medical attention if one experiences symptoms such as pain, discharge, or hearing loss.
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20) What name is given to the following reaction?
glycerol + 3 fatty acids → triglyceride + 3 water molecules
A) denaturation
B) hydrolysis
C) hydrogenation
D) dehydration reaction
The name given to the reaction is Dehydration reaction.
A dehydration reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a smaller molecule such as water in the process. In this particular reaction, glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form a triglyceride, releasing three water molecules in the process. This reaction is an important step in the formation of fats and oils, which play critical roles in biological systems as energy storage molecules, structural components of cells, and components of signaling pathways.
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estimate how many different species of bacteria (or other life) grew on your plate. how can you tell these different colonies apart?
Without the use of scientific methods like DNA sequencing, it is impossible to determine the precise number of various species of bacteria that proliferated on the plate.
However, you may distinguish the various colonies by observing the variations in their size, shape, colour, texture, and other attributes.
Much emphasis is placed on how bacteria and fungi grow in or on media when identifying them.
This action will assist you in identifying the cultural traits of bacteria on an agar plate, which is known as colony morphology.
Although colony morphology may not appear to be relevant at first, it can be crucial when identifying the bacterium.
The characteristics of the colonies may aid in determining the identity of the bacterium.
Diverse bacteria species can generate vastly different colonies. There are nine clearly distinct colonies, and several colony types appear in multiple locations on the plate.
Not only are colour changes visible, but so are variances in size, edge, pattern, opacity, and sheen. Massive colonies to minuscule colonies less than 1mm in size = punctiform
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What is the effect of a neonicotinoid pesticide on the transmission of a nerve impulse between
neurons in an insect?
A. It prevents the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane.
B. It widens the synaptic cleft so diffusion of acetylcholine across the gap is slower.
C. It irreversibly binds with acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
D. It interferes with the enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.
(2018)
The effect of a neonicotinoid pesticide on the transmission of a nerve impulse between neurons in an insect is D. It interferes with the enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.
A nerve impulse is a wave of electrical activity that propagates along a nerve fiber (or axon) to its destination. It can be thought of as the movement or contraction of an axon, but it is more correctly described as being carried by the flow of charged ions down its length.
Nerve impulses are electrical signals that travel down individual nerve fibers from the brain to effector organs such as muscles and glands. Neurons communicate via electrical signals, called action potentials, which move down individual axons towards their target muscle or gland. Neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters secreted from vesicles, in which a protein called a receptor (e.g., catecholamine) binds with transmitter molecules (neurotransmitters).
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The most prominent generation is the ______ in bryophytes, while it is the ______ in vascular plants.
Answer:
Gametophyte; sporophyte.
Explanation:
Answer:
Gametophyte; sporophyte.
Explanation:
Throughout history, how has the harsh climate of the russian landscape been a benefit to the people?
Throughout history, The harsh climate of the Russian landscape has been a benefit to the people as it increased their tolerance for difficulty and hardship and protected them from invaders.
In the 2010 heatwave that swept through western Russia, Moscow saw temperatures of 38.2 °C, the highest since records began 130 years ago. Climate change in Russia has serious effects on Russia's climate, including average temperatures and precipitation, more frequent wildfires, flooding, and heat waves. Additionally, the heatwave lasted for 33 days in a row in the city.
The harsh climate in Russia has the main advantages of fewer winter deaths; lower costs for energy; increased agricultural profits; most likely, fewer droughts; perhaps greater biodiversity.
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how do stem and leaf plots have relative frequency distribution?
A stem and leaf plot is a type of graph that displays data by separating the digits in each data point into two parts: the stem and the leaf. The stems are grouped together and the leaves are listed next to the corresponding stem. The relative frequency distribution can be calculated by dividing the number of times each value occurs by the total number of values.
Stem and leaf plots are used to display data in a way that makes it easier to understand and interpret the distribution of the data. The data is separated into two parts: the stem and the leaf. The stem is the first part of each data point and the leaf is the second part.
For example, consider the data set {12, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27}. To create a stem and leaf plot, we first divide each data point into two parts. The stem is the first digit, and the leaf is the second digit. So, the stem and leaf parts of the data set are as follows:
1 | 2
1 | 5
1 | 7
2 | 0
2 | 2
2 | 5
2 | 7
In a stem and leaf plot, the stems are grouped together and the leaves are listed next to the corresponding stem. The final stem and leaf plot will look like this:
1 | 2 5 7
2 | 0 2 5 7
From a stem and leaf plot, we can calculate the relative frequency distribution of the data set. The relative frequency distribution is a measure of how often each value occurs in the data set. To calculate the relative frequency distribution, we divide the number of times each value occurs by the total number of values. For example, if the value 15 occurs 2 times, then its relative frequency is 2/7 = 0.2857.
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Which of the following pairs of amino acids can form an ionic-ionic (salt bridge) interaction?a. alanine and glutamic acidb. leucine and phenylalaninec. aspartic acid and lysined. serine and tyrosine
The pair of amino acids which can form an ionic-ionic (salt bridge) interaction is option c. aspartic acid and lysine.
An -amino acid involved in the production of proteins is aspartic acid. It has an amino group and a carboxylic acid, just like all other amino acids. An amino acid that is not necessary is aspartic acid. Proteins are composed of amino acids. The term "non-essential" refers to an amino acid that our systems can make on their own even if we do not consume it in diet.
An -amino acid called lysine is a building block of numerous proteins. It is a basic, charged, aliphatic amino acid because it has a -amino group, a -carboxylic acid group, and a side chain lysyl. The codons AAA and AAG encode it.
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A. The bodies of their captured prisoners
B. Shields made of gold
C. The hide of the buffalo
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What did the Mongols
use as shields during
battle?
Search
The Mongols used shields made of buffalo hide during battle, option C.
Who are the Mongols?The Mongols were Asian steppe pastoral nomads. Initially, sheep, goats, horses, camels, and yak herders (depending on the regions). What were the Mongols up to? During the 1200s, the Mongols conquered most of Asia, including China, Russia, and the eastern edge of Europe.
The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century and lasted until the late 14th century. The Mongol people have a distinct culture, language, and nomadic lifestyle, and have made significant contributions to world history. They use of buffalo hides for shields throughout their military conquests and battles.
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