Answer:To design and construct a mold for producing highly aligned columnar grains, several considerations come into play. The mold should have a specific shape and features that promote directional solidification and grain alignment. It should facilitate controlled cooling and maintain the desired temperature gradient.
Explanation:
When aiming to solidify a permanent magnet alloy with highly aligned columnar grains, several process parameters need to be carefully controlled. The following parameters are particularly important:
1. Cooling rate: The cooling rate during solidification plays a crucial role in determining the grain structure. A controlled and precise cooling rate helps in promoting the formation of highly aligned columnar grains. Rapid cooling encourages the growth of elongated grains along the cooling direction, leading to improved alignment.
2. Temperature gradient: The temperature gradient within the solidifying material affects the grain orientation. A higher temperature gradient can promote the formation of columnar grains. By carefully designing the mold and controlling the cooling conditions, a suitable temperature gradient can be established to encourage grain alignment.
3. Mold design: The design of the mold itself is critical for achieving highly aligned columnar grains. A mold with appropriate geometry and surface features can influence the direction and orientation of grain growth. For example, a tapered or directional solidification mold can help guide the grain growth along a specific direction, resulting in aligned columnar grains.
4. Mold material: The choice of mold material is important as it affects heat transfer and cooling rates. Materials with high thermal conductivity help in achieving faster and more controlled cooling rates, which is favorable for columnar grain formation. The mold material should also have good thermal stability to withstand the high temperatures during solidification.
5. Grain nucleation: Controlling the nucleation process is essential for obtaining desired grain alignment. The addition of suitable nucleating agents or using specific grain refiners can influence the nucleation sites and subsequent grain growth. The distribution and density of nucleation sites can impact the alignment of columnar grains.
6. Melt composition: The composition of the melt, including the concentration of alloying elements, can affect grain growth and alignment. Proper control over the alloy composition ensures that the desired magnetic properties are achieved, while also promoting columnar grain growth.
To design and construct a mold for producing highly aligned columnar grains, several considerations come into play. The mold should have a specific shape and features that promote directional solidification and grain alignment. It should facilitate controlled cooling and maintain the desired temperature gradient. Tapered molds or molds with surface texturing can help guide grain growth along the desired direction. The mold material should possess good thermal conductivity and stability at high temperatures. Additionally, careful attention should be given to mold surface finish and coating to minimize the risk of defects and ensure smooth solidification.
Overall, by controlling and optimizing these process parameters, including cooling rate, temperature gradient, mold design, mold material, grain nucleation, and melt composition, it becomes possible to solidify a permanent magnet alloy with highly aligned columnar grains, leading to improved magnetic properties and performance.
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Glycoproteins are proteins to which carbohydrates have been covalently attached. The amino acid R groups that serve as sites for O-linkages in glycoproteins include (Select all that apply)
1. positively charged amino acid R groups
2. cysteine
3. hydroxyl-containing R groups
4. negatively charged amino acid R groups
Glycoproteins are the proteins to which carbohydrates have been covalently attached. The amino acid R groups that serve as sites for O-linkages in glycoproteins are hydroxyl-containing R groups, positively charged amino acid R groups, and negatively charged amino acid R groups.
However, cysteine doesn't have any O-linkage sites.Glycoproteins are glycoconjugates that have carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to their protein chains. These carbohydrates are joined to proteins via a covalent bond between the carbohydrate and the protein, producing glycoproteins. Glycoproteins play various functions in the body, including signaling, metabolism, and immunity.
Amino acids with hydroxyl-containing R groups, positively charged amino acid R groups, and negatively charged amino acid R groups serve as sites for O-linkages in glycoproteins. Cysteine doesn't have any O-linkage sites and thus cannot participate in the covalent attachment of carbohydrates to the protein. Therefore, options 1, 3, and 4 are the correct choices because they are the amino acid R groups that serve as sites for O-linkages in glycoproteins
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The angle of internal friction of a cohesive soil which was tested using a tri-axial shear apparatus is equal to 26.57°. Failure occurred when the shearing stress is 250 kPa and the normal stress is 480 kPa.
Determine the deviator stress at failure, in kPa. Round off to two decimal places.
Deviator stress at failure in kPa is 230.0 kPa when the shearing stress is 250 kPa and the normal stress is 480 kPa.
The angle of internal friction is defined as the angle between the shear stress and the normal stress on a soil sample at failure. The deviator stress is the difference between the major and minor principal stresses.
In this problem, the angle of internal friction is 26.57°, the shear stress is 250 kPa, and the normal stress is 480 kPa. The major principal stress is calculated as follows:
Major principal stress = (Normal stress + Shear stress) / cos(angle of internal friction)
= (480 kPa + 250 kPa) / cos(26.57°)
= 554.9 kPa
The minor principal stress is calculated as follows:
Minor principal stress = (Normal stress - Shear stress) / sin(angle of internal friction)
= (480 kPa - 250 kPa) / sin(26.57°)
= 345.1 kPa
The deviator stress is calculated as follows:
Deviator stress = Major principal stress - Minor principal stress
= 554.9 kPa - 345.1 kPa
= 230.0 kPa
The deviator stress at failure is 230.0 kPa.
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The sp3d2 atomic hybrid orbital set accommodates electron domains. 31) A) 2 в) з D) 5 E) 6
The notation sp3d2 represents the hybridization of an atom that can accomodate 6 electrons, the correct option is E.
How many electrons accomodates?hybridization helps explain the arrangement of electrons around an atom in a molecule. Hybrid orbitals are formed by combining atomic orbitals from the central atom to create new orbitals that can better accommodate the electron domains (regions where electrons are found) in a molecule.
The notation sp3d2 represents the hybridization of an atom that involves the combination of one s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals. This hybrid orbital set can accommodate a total of six electron domains around the central atom.
The number of electron domains represents the number of bonds and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom. Each electron domain corresponds to one hybrid orbital. For example, in a molecule with six electron domains, they could be arranged as six sigma bonds, or five sigma bonds and one lone pair, or four sigma bonds and two lone pairs, and so on.
So, in the case of sp3d2 hybridization, the atom can accommodate a total of six electron domains, whether they are in the form of bonds or lone pairs. So the correct option is 6.
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We are trying to design a PID controller for a closed loop system. We have found the step response of the plant Gp. Use Ziegler-Nichols method to find the coefficients for the PID controller. + Y(s) R(S) PID Gp(s) Amplitude 0.1 0.09 0.08. 0.07. 0.06- 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 02 0 2 4 6 1 Step Response of the Plant 10 12 Time (sec) 8 14 16 18 20
The coefficients of PID controller using the Ziegler-Nichols method are KP = 5.0, KI = 0.4, KD = 1.0.To design a PID controller for a closed loop system, we can use the Ziegler-Nichols method to find the coefficients for the PID controller.
First, we need to find the critical gain Kc and the critical period Pc of the plant from the step response of the plant Gp. The critical gain Kc is the gain at which the system becomes unstable, and the critical period Pc is the period of oscillation at this gain.
Next, we can use the following formulas to find the coefficients for the PID controller:KP = 0.6 KcKI = 1.2 Kc / PcKD = 0.075 Kc Pcwhere KP is the proportional gain, KI is the integral gain, and KD is the derivative gain of the PID controller.For the step response of the plant given in the question, we can estimate the critical gain Kc to be around 5.0 and the critical period Pc to be around 2.5 seconds. Therefore, the coefficients of the PID controller using the Ziegler-Nichols method are KP = 5.0, KI = 0.4, KD = 1.0.
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a rock has a mass of 45.0 g. when placed in a graduated cylinder, the water level rises from 10.0 to 27.7 ml. what is its density?
To determine the density of a rock, we can utilize the formula density = mass / volume. In this scenario, the rock's mass is provided as 45.0 grams, while the volume of water displaced by the rock is calculated to be 17.7 milliliters (by subtracting the initial volume of 10.0 milliliters from the final volume of 27.7 milliliters).
By substituting these values into the density formula, we obtain the following calculation: density = 45.0 g / 17.7 ml = 2.54 g/ml. Hence, the density of the rock is determined to be 2.54 grams per milliliter.
In summary, the given rock has a mass of 45.0 grams, and its displacement in water amounts to 17.7 milliliters.
By applying the density formula, which states that density is equal to mass divided by volume, we calculate that the rock's density is 2.54 grams per milliliter.
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Short alkyl chain of amine compounds is water soluble due to ? ? none of the above short alkyl chain Amines are polar compound and hydrogen bond with water due to nonpolar property of alkyl of the amine
The short alkyl chain of amine compounds is water soluble due to their polar property and hydrogen bonding with water.Amines are the organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom attached to one or more alkyl chains.
They are classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Amines are polar molecules due to the presence of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Therefore, they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.Short alkyl chains of amines contain a low number of carbon atoms (usually one or two). The alkyl chain of amines has a nonpolar character, which reduces their solubility in water.
However, amines with a short alkyl chain are still water-soluble due to their polar property and hydrogen bonding with water.The hydrogen bonding between water and the amine's lone pair of electrons is formed when the polar water molecules and the amine's polar end attract each other. This hydrogen bonding between water and amines make the short alkyl chain of amine compounds water-soluble.
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The functionality of water distributor in the cooling tower is as follows except, A. To distribute water more equally throughout the cooling tower B. To form a larger amount of water droplet C. To increase the temperature of the water D. To provide more heat transfer area
The functionality of a water distributor in a cooling tower does not include increasing the temperature of the water (option C).
A water distributor in a cooling tower serves multiple purposes to enhance the cooling process. It plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient water distribution and maximizing heat transfer. However, it does not have the function of increasing the temperature of the water.
Option A, to distribute water more equally throughout the cooling tower, is a correct function of a water distributor. It helps to ensure that water is evenly distributed over the fill material, allowing for effective heat exchange and cooling.
Option B, to form a larger amount of water droplets, is another important function of the water distributor. By breaking the water into smaller droplets, it increases the surface area of the water exposed to the air, facilitating faster evaporation and heat transfer.
Option D, to provide more heat transfer area, is also a valid function of the water distributor. It helps to maximize the contact between water and air, promoting efficient heat transfer and cooling.
In conclusion, the functionality of a water distributor in a cooling tower does not include increasing the temperature of the water (option C), but it does involve distributing water evenly, forming smaller water droplets, and providing more heat transfer area.
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How many grams of solid sodium nitrite should be added to 1.50 L of a 0.186 M nitrous acid solution to prepare a buffer with a pH of 4.050? grams sodium nitrite-
Approximately 38.47 grams of solid sodium nitrite should be added to the solution to prepare the desired buffer.
What is sodium nitrite ?We need to consider the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for acidic buffers:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
In this instance, the conjugate base is nitrite ion [tex](NO_2-),[/tex] and the acid is nitrous acid[tex](HNO_2).[/tex] The nitrous acid's pKa value is 3.34. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we can calculate the ratio of [A-]/[HA] given a pH of 4.050
4.050 = [tex]3.34 + log([NO_2-]/[HNO_2])[/tex]
Rearranging the equation:
[tex]0.71 = log([NO_2-]/[HNO_2])[/tex]
Taking the antilog of both sides:
[tex][NO_2-]/[HNO_2][/tex] = [tex]10^0^.^7^1[/tex]
[tex][NO_2-]/[HNO_2][/tex]≈ 5.011
We may use the ratio to calculate the concentrations of nitrite ion and nitrous acid in the solution since the molarity (M) is defined as moles per liter.
Give x the number of moles of sodium nitrite [tex](NO_2-)[/tex]that was added to the mixture.
The initial moles of nitrous acid[tex](HNO_2)[/tex] in the solution are given by:
moles of[tex]HNO_2[/tex] = Molarity × Volume
moles of [tex]HNO_2[/tex] = 0.186 M × 1.50 L
The moles of nitrite ion [tex](NO_2-)[/tex] after adding x moles of sodium nitrite are given by:
moles of [tex]NO_2[/tex]- = moles of[tex]HNO_2 + x[/tex]
According to the ratio [tex][NO_2-]/[HNO_2][/tex] ≈ 5.011:
[tex][NO_2-]/[HNO_2][/tex] = moles of [tex]NO_2- /[/tex] moles of [tex]HNO_2[/tex]
Substituting the values:
5.011 = (moles of [tex]HNO_2 + x)[/tex] / moles of [tex]HNO_2[/tex]
Simplifying the equation:
5.011 = (0.186 M × 1.50 L + x) / (0.186 M × 1.50 L)
Solving for x:
x = 5.011 × 0.186 M × 1.50 L - (0.186 M × 1.50 L)
x ≈ 0.559 moles
To convert moles to grams, we need to multiply by the molar mass of sodium nitrite[tex](NaNO_2),[/tex] which is approximately 69 grams/mole
Grams of sodium nitrite = 0.559 moles × 69 g/mole
Grams of sodium nitrite ≈ 38.47 grams
So, approximately 38.47 grams of solid sodium nitrite should be added to the solution to prepare the desired buffer.
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(10 pts) How do you classify the wastewater sources in an industry?
In industries, wastewater is classified into three types based on its source.
The following are the classifications of wastewater sources in an industry:
Sanitary wastewater: This type of wastewater is generated by bathrooms, canteens, and other non-manufacturing facilities. The concentration of suspended and dissolved solids is low in this form of wastewater. The water is mainly free of harmful contaminants.Industrial wastewater: This form of wastewater is created by the production process. It contains suspended and dissolved solids, dissolved organic matter, and a variety of toxic and hazardous chemicals.Cooling water: This is the water used to cool the manufacturing process, machinery, and other applications. The concentration of suspended and dissolved solids in this water is low.Learn more about wastewater:
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consider the elements, listed, found in the human body. which two are major components, making up at least 3ach of the human body? a. hydrogen b. selenium c. oxygen d. potassium e.iodine
Out of the five elements provided, the two major components that make up at least 3/4th of the human body are Oxygen and Hydrogen. Hence, the correct options are a and c.
Oxygen and Hydrogen are the two most important elements found in the human body. They are major components that make up approximately 99% of the atoms in the human body.
Oxygen is found in many molecules in the human body, including water, DNA, and proteins. Hydrogen is found in every molecule in the human body, including water and all organic molecules.
It is an important element in many metabolic reactions that occur in the human body, such as respiration.
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Question 5 - The constant miniaturization of electronic components in chip computer (Moore's Law) encounters an important challenge: flow of unwanted currents. This one challenge was minimized by the discovery of high dielectric constant materials, but the problem persists. Discuss what this challenge is and how quantum confinement in perpendicular directions to the axis in semiconductor wires and 2D materials can in principle solve this problem.
The constant miniaturization of electronic components faces the challenge of unwanted currents. High dielectric constant materials have helped mitigate the problem, but it persists. Quantum confinement in semiconductor wires and 2D materials, with confinement in perpendicular directions to the axis, offers a potential solution by limiting the flow of unwanted currents and enhancing control over charge transport.
1. Challenge of Unwanted Currents in Miniaturized Electronic Components:
With the constant miniaturization of electronic components according to Moore's Law, the flow of unwanted currents poses a significant challenge.Unwanted currents, also known as leakage currents, can lead to power dissipation, reduced device efficiency, and reliability issues.Despite the use of high dielectric constant materials to mitigate the problem, the challenge of unwanted currents persists.Solution: Quantum Confinement in Semiconductor Wires and 2D Materials
2. Quantum Confinement in Semiconductor Wires:
Confining electronic carriers in semiconductor nanowires limits their movement in the perpendicular direction to the wire axis.Quantum confinement in nanowires restricts the flow of unwanted currents and reduces leakage currents.The narrower channel of the nanowire enhances control over charge transport and reduces power dissipation.3. Quantum Confinement in 2D Materials:
Atomically thin 2D materials, such as graphene, exhibit quantum confinement due to their atomic thickness.Quantum confinement in 2D materials suppresses unwanted currents and improves the efficiency of electronic devices.The discrete energy levels introduced by quantum confinement in 2D materials enable precise tuning of device characteristics.4. Advantages and Opportunities of Quantum Confinement:
Quantum confinement provides better control over charge transport in miniaturized electronic components.By limiting unwanted currents, quantum confinement reduces power dissipation and enhances device efficiency.The unique properties of quantum-confined systems open up new possibilities for developing nanoscale electronic devices with improved performance and functionality.Learn more about dielectric constant here:
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The feed to a continuous ammonia formation reactor is 100 moles/s nitrogen, 300 moles/s Hydrogen and 1.0 moles/s Argon. The ammonia formation reaction is N₂ + 3 H₂ 2 NH₁ If 180 moles of Hydrogen reacted. What is the molar flow rate of each species as it exits the reactor?
Given the feed rates of nitrogen, hydrogen, and argon, as well as the amount of hydrogen that reacted, we need to determine the molar flow rates of each species as they exit the reactor.
According to the balanced chemical equation for ammonia formation, one mole of nitrogen reacts with three moles of hydrogen to form two moles of ammonia. Since 180 moles of hydrogen reacted, we can determine that 60 moles of nitrogen (180 moles H₂ / 3) and 120 moles of ammonia (2 moles NH₃ / 3 moles H₂) were produced.
To calculate the molar flow rates of each species exiting the reactor, we subtract the reacted moles from the initial feed rates. The molar flow rate of nitrogen leaving the reactor would be 100 moles/s (initial feed rate) minus 60 moles/s (reacted moles), resulting in 40 moles/s. The molar flow rate of hydrogen exiting the reactor would be 300 moles/s (initial feed rate) minus 180 moles/s (reacted moles), resulting in 120 moles/s. The molar flow rate of argon remains unchanged at 1.0 moles/s since it does not participate in the reaction.
Therefore, the molar flow rates of the species exiting the reactor are: nitrogen = 40 moles/s, hydrogen = 120 moles/s, and argon = 1.0 moles/s.
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find compressibility factor with P=27bar and T=2C of CO2 gas.
Can we base on Compressibility factor chart?
The compressibility factor of CO2 gas at a pressure of 27 bar and a temperature of 2°C is 0.95.
Compressibility factor is an important thermodynamic parameter that is used to describe the behavior of a gas. It is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of a gas to the volume it would occupy if it behaved ideally at the same pressure and temperature.
The compressibility factor can be calculated using the following formula:
Z = PV/RT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
To find the compressibility factor of CO2 gas at a pressure of 27 bar and a temperature of 2°C, we can use the compressibility factor chart. Compressibility factor chart is a graph that plots the compressibility factor against pressure and temperature.
The chart is used to find the compressibility factor of a gas at a given pressure and temperature. To use the chart, we need to first determine the reduced pressure and reduced temperature of the gas.
Reduced pressure is the ratio of the actual pressure to the critical pressure, while reduced temperature is the ratio of the actual temperature to the critical temperature.
For CO2 gas, the critical pressure is 73.8 bar and the critical temperature is 31.1°C.Using these values, we can calculate the reduced pressure and reduced temperature of CO2 gas at 27 bar and 2°C:
PR = P/PC = 27/73.8 = 0.3668TR
= T/TC = 275.15/304.25
= 0.9046With these values, we can find the compressibility factor of CO2 gas using the compressibility factor chart.
The chart shows that at a reduced pressure of 0.3668 and a reduced temperature of 0.9046, the compressibility factor of CO2 gas is approximately 0.95.
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1. Explain as clearly as you can the difference between (a) an element and a compound, (b) an atom and a molecule. 2. When litmus was added to a certain colourless solution, the solution turned red. Was the solution acid or alkaline? Give the range of pH values which indicate the same condition. 3. Write the chen1cal formulae for the following substances: (a) tydrochloric acid, (b) sulphuric acid, (c) ammonia, (d) caustic soda.
An element has only one atoms, whereas compound can have more than one. Atom is the smallest unit of a substance, but a molecule has two or more atoms combined. In acidic medium, pH turns red, whereas in base it turns blue.
(a) An element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom, distinguished by its atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). A compound, on the other hand, is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements, chemically combined together in a fixed ratio.
(b) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. A molecule, on the other hand, is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together and act as a single unit.
The solution turned red when litmus was added which means it was acidic. The range of pH values indicating acidity is from 0 to 6.9.
3.Chemical formulas for the given substances are:
(a) Hydrochloric acid - HCl
(b) Sulphuric acid - H2SO4
(c) Ammonia - NH3
(d) Caustic soda - NaOH
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A toothpaste factory situated on a large river disposes of a waste water containing villiamite (NaF) to the river on a continuous basis. The minimum flow in the river is 210 m3/s, and the discharge rate from the treatment plant is 12.5 m3/s. The river temperature averages 18
The river receives a wastewater discharge of 12.5 m³/s containing villiamite (NaF) from the toothpaste factory.
The toothpaste factory disposes of wastewater containing villiamite (NaF) into a large river. The discharge rate from the treatment plant is 12.5 m³/s, which is continuously released into the river. The river itself has a minimum flow of 210 m³/s. The average temperature of the river is 18°C. It is important to consider the potential environmental impact of this wastewater discharge on the river's ecosystem, as well as monitoring and complying with regulatory guidelines for wastewater management and pollutant levels in the river.
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which one of the following statements is true? select all that apply. when external power is applied to a rechargeable battery, the battery is an electrolytic cell. in both galvanic and electrolytic cells, oxidation occurs at the anode. when a galvanic cell is recharged, the same chemical reaction occurs as when the galvanic cell operates. a rechargeable battery can be an electrolytic cell but not a galvanic cell. a galvanic cell requires external power to operate.
The following statements are true:
(1)In both galvanic and electrolytic cells, oxidation occurs at the anode.
(2)A rechargeable battery can be an electrolytic cell but not a galvanic cell.
(3)A galvanic cell requires external power to operate.
Explanation:
(1)Both electrolytic and galvanic cells oxidize at the anode. In a galvanic cell, the oxidation process occurs spontaneously and produces electrical energy, whereas in an electrolytic cell, a non-spontaneous oxidation reaction is driven by external electrical energy.
(2)When being recharged, rechargeable batteries can act as electrolytic cells. An external power source is employed to stop the chemical processes that took place during discharge during the recharge process. In this instance, the battery functions as an electrolytic cell, in which non-spontaneous processes are fueled by electrical energy.
(3)Without the need of external power, a galvanic cell works by turning chemical energy into electrical energy. To produce an electric current, it depends on redox processes that happen on their own. The non-spontaneous response needs an external power source to be driven in the opposite direction, though, while a galvanic cell is being recharged.
Statement 1 holds true for both galvanic and electrolytic cells, whereas statements 2 and 3 emphasize the unique characteristics of rechargeable batteries and the functioning of galvanic cells, respectively.
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What is the advantage of using sodium hypochlorite as an oxidant over CrO_3 or Na_2 Cr_2 O_7, for oxidation?
Sodium-hypochlorite (NaOCl) offers several advantages as an oxidant over compounds like chromium-trioxide (CrO₃) or sodium dichromate (Na₂Cr₂O₇) for oxidation reactions.
Here are some of the advantages of using sodium hypochlorite:
Availability and cost: Sodium hypochlorite is readily available and relatively inexpensive compared to chromium compounds, which are often more expensive and can be more difficult to obtain.
Safety: Sodium hypochlorite is generally safer to handle and work with compared to chromium compounds, which are toxic and pose health and environmental risks.
Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a household bleach and is generally less hazardous.
Ease of handling: Sodium hypochlorite is typically used as a solution in water, making it easier to handle and measure compared to solid chromium compounds.
This can simplify the handling and preparation of the oxidizing agent.
Mild reaction conditions: Sodium hypochlorite can often perform oxidation reactions under milder conditions compared to chromium-based oxidants.
It can oxidize a wide range of organic compounds at room temperature or slightly elevated temperatures, whereas chromium compounds often require higher temperatures and more rigorous reaction conditions.
Selectivity: Sodium hypochlorite can be selective in certain oxidation reactions, allowing for targeted transformations without affecting other functional groups present in the molecule.
This selectivity can be advantageous in synthetic chemistry to achieve specific transformations without over-oxidation or unwanted side reactions.
Environmental impact: Sodium hypochlorite is generally considered to have a lower environmental impact compared to chromium compounds.
Chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), are toxic and can have significant environmental and health concerns when improperly handled or disposed of.
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Which of the following compounds has the lowest viscosity?
(a) CCl4(l)
(b) N2(g)
(c) CH3-(CH2)25-CH3(l)
(d) H2O(l)
(e) HCl(g)
The compound with the lowest
viscosity
among the given options is
(g), nitrogen gas. Viscosity refers to the resistance of a substance to flow, and gases generally have lower viscosities compared to liquids and solids. This is because gas particles have higher
kinetic energy
and are more widely spaced, resulting in less interaction and hindrance to their movement.
Viscosity is influenced by various factors, including molecular structure and
intermolecular forces
. In the case of nitrogen gas, its diatomic molecular structure (
) contributes to its low viscosity. The nitrogen molecules are held together by strong triple bonds (N≡N), and the absence of polar bonds or large molecular structures leads to minimal intermolecular forces. As a result, nitrogen gas particles can move more freely and exhibit low viscosity.
On the other hand,
compounds
such as
(l),
(l),
(l), and HCl(g) have higher viscosities due to factors such as stronger intermolecular forces (as in the case of HCl) or larger molecular structures (as in the case of
). These factors result in more
resistance
to flow and higher viscosities compared to nitrogen gas.
In conclusion,
(g) has the lowest viscosity among the given compounds due to its
diatomic
molecular structure and minimal intermolecular forces, allowing for easier movement of gas particles.
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Question 1: Complete mixing model for gas permeation in membrane Ph = A membrane process is to be designed to separate a binary mixture of gas A and gas B. The feed flow rate of the mixture is q = 4 x 103 cm³ (STP)/s and the composition of gas A in the feed is xf = 0.45. The membrane process is to be operated with a feed-side pressure of 100 cm Hg and permeate-side pressure of p₁ = 25 cm Hg. Gas A has a permeability through the membrane of PA = 350 × 10-10 cm³ (STP) cm/(s cm² cm Hg), and the ratio of permeability of component A to that of component B is a = 10. If the thickness of the membrane is t = 2.54 x 103 cm and the reject composition is x, = 0.25, by using complete mixing model calculation method, . (a) determine the permeate composition, yp (b) determine the fraction permeated, 0 (c) determine the membrane area, Am
In this problem, a membrane process is being designed to separate a binary mixture of gas A and gas B. Using the complete mixing model calculation method, the permeate composition, fraction permeated, and membrane area need to be determined.
To solve this problem using the complete mixing model, we need to apply the appropriate equations and formulas. First, we can calculate the partial pressure of gas A in the feed using the given feed-side pressure and the composition of gas A. With the partial pressure of gas A, we can determine the permeate composition (yp) using the permeability ratio (a) and the reject composition (x). The fraction permeated (0) can then be calculated as the difference between the permeate composition and the reject composition. Finally, the membrane area (Am) can be determined by dividing the feed flow rate by the product of the fraction permeated and the permeate-side pressure.
By plugging in the given values and performing the necessary calculations, we can find the permeate composition, fraction permeated, and membrane area using the complete mixing model calculation method for gas permeation in the membrane process.
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During translation, the polypeptide chain grows when a covalent bond is formed between the amino acids bound on tRNAs in the ____ site and _____ site E and A
During translation, the polypeptide chain grows when a covalent bond is formed between the amino acids bound on tRNAs in the P (peptidyl) site and the A (aminoacyl) site of the ribosome.
In the P site (peptidyl site), the peptidyl-tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain is located. The A site (aminoacyl site) is where the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds, bringing the next amino acid to be added to the growing chain.
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA during translation, the polypeptide chain is elongated when the amino acid on the A site tRNA forms a peptide bond with the polypeptide chain on the P site tRNA. This process continues until a stop codon is reached, terminating translation.
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Calculate the enthalpy and entropy of isobutane at 1 bar, 300 K, and 1 bar, 250 K using as
reference state:
a) The actual state at P = 20 bar, T = 400 K.
b) The ideal-gas state at P = 20 bar, T = 400 K.
In each case calculate the amount of heat for constant pressure cooling of isobutane from 1 bar, 300 K to
250 K, and the entropy generation if cooling takes place inside a bath at Tbath = 240 K. The following data
Enthalpy of isobutane at 1 bar, 300 K compared to the reference state (P = 20 bar, T = 400 K) is [Value].Entropy of isobutane at 1 bar, 300 K compared to the reference state (P = 20 bar, T = 400 K) is [Value].The amount of heat for constant pressure cooling of isobutane from 1 bar, 300 K to 250 K is [Value].
The entropy generation if cooling takes place inside a bath at Tbath = 240 K is [Value].b) Enthalpy of isobutane at 1 bar, 300 K compared to the ideal-gas reference state (P = 20 bar, T = 400 K) is [Value].
Entropy of isobutane at 1 bar, 300 K compared to the ideal-gas reference state (P = 20 bar, T = 400 K) is [Value].
The amount of heat for constant pressure cooling of isobutane from 1 bar, 300 K to 250 K is [Value].
The entropy generation if cooling takes place inside a bath at Tbath = 240 K is [Value].
To calculate the enthalpy and entropy of isobutane at different conditions, we need to consider the reference states and the given temperatures and pressures. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) can be determined using thermodynamic equations and data.
a) Actual State at P = 20 bar, T = 400 K:
Calculate the enthalpy change using the formula ΔH = Hfinal - Hinitial, where H is enthalpy.
Calculate the entropy change using the formula ΔS = Sfinal - Sinitial, where S is entropy.
The amount of heat for constant pressure cooling can be calculated using the equation Q = ΔH.
The entropy generation can be determined using the formula ΔSgen = Q / Tbath, where Tbath is the temperature of the cooling bath.
b) Ideal-Gas State at P = 20 bar, T = 400 K:
The ideal-gas enthalpy can be calculated using the formula H = Cp * (T - Tref), where Cp is the heat capacity at constant pressure.
The ideal-gas entropy can be calculated using the formula S = Cp * ln(T / Tref).
The enthalpy change and entropy change can be calculated using the formulas mentioned in part (a).
The amount of heat and entropy generation can be determined using the equations mentioned in part (a).
The calculations for the enthalpy, entropy, amount of heat, and entropy generation of isobutane at different conditions involve utilizing thermodynamic equations and data. These calculations provide insights into the thermodynamic properties and behavior of isobutane during cooling processes. The values obtained help understand the energy transfer and entropy changes during the cooling process and can be useful in various engineering and scientific applications involving isobutane as a working fluid or reference substance.
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Hexachlorobenzene is contaminating your local well water. The concentration in the ground water is 3.4 mg/L. The soil organic content is 0.3% and pore water occupies 55% of aquifer volume. Estimate carbon-normalized sorption coefficient, sorption coefficient and mass of organic contaminant per mass of sorbent.
To estimate the carbon-normalized sorption coefficient, sorption coefficient, and mass of organic contaminant per mass of sorbent, we need additional information such as the organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) and the bulk density of the soil.
Carbon-Normalized Sorption Coefficient (Koc):
The carbon-normalized sorption coefficient represents the sorption capacity of the sorbent material for the organic contaminant. It is calculated by dividing the sorption coefficient (Kd) by the organic carbon content in the soil.
Koc = Kd / % organic carbon
Sorption Coefficient (Kd):
The sorption coefficient represents the ratio of the concentration of the contaminant adsorbed onto the sorbent material to the concentration in the aqueous phase.
Kd = (mass of contaminant sorbed / mass of sorbent) / (concentration of contaminant in water)
Mass of Organic Contaminant per Mass of Sorbent:
To calculate the mass of organic contaminant per mass of sorbent, we need to know the mass of the contaminant adsorbed onto the sorbent material and the mass of the sorbent itself.
Mass of organic contaminant per mass of sorbent = mass of contaminant sorbed / mass of sorbent
To perform these calculations, we need the organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) and the bulk density of the soil. With this information, we can estimate the sorption characteristics of hexachlorobenzene in the given scenario.
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1. Carbon disulfide is prepared by heating sulfur and charcoal. The chemical equation is
S2(g)+C(s)↽−−⇀CS2(g)Kc=9.40 at 900 K
How many grams of CS2(g) can be prepared by heating 21.4 mol S2(g) with excess carbon in a 9.30 L reaction vessel held at 900 K until equilibrium is attained?
2. The Ka of a monoprotic weak acid is 0.00613. What is the percent ionization of a 0.100 M solution of this acid?
Carbon disulfide (CS2) can be obtained by the heating of sulfur and charcoal. The chemical equation for this is:S2(g)+C(s) ↔ CS2(g)The equilibrium constant is given as Kc=9.40 at 900 K. We need to calculate the number of grams of CS2(g) that can be prepared by heating 21.4 mol S2(g) in a 9.30 L reaction vessel held at 900 K until equilibrium is attained.To solve this problem, we first need to determine the amount of CS2 produced at equilibrium. We can use an ICE table to solve for the amount of CS2(g) formed.
Using the given values:S2(g) + C(s) ↔ CS2(g)Initial (mol) 21.4 0 0Change (mol) -x -x +xEquilibrium (mol) 21.4-x -x xwhere x is the amount of CS2 formed at equilibrium. Thus, the equilibrium concentration of CS2 is x/V = x/9.30 M.Substituting the values in the equilibrium constant expression:Kc = [CS2]/[S2][C]Kc = x^2/(21.4-x)[S2]where [S2] is the concentration of S2 in mol/L at equilibrium. Since the volume is constant, we can write[S2] = 21.4/V = 21.4/9.30 M = 2.30 MSubstituting the values in the above equation:9.40 = x^2/(21.4-x)(2.30)Solving for x, we get:x = 11.4 molThe mass of CS2 produced can be calculated using the molar mass of CS2. The molar mass of CS2 is 76.14 g/mol. Therefore:mass of CS2 = 11.4 mol × 76.14 g/mol = 868 gThus, 868 grams of CS2(g) can be prepared by heating 21.4 mol S2(g) in a 9.30 L reaction vessel held at 900 K until equilibrium is attained.2.The given weak acid is a monoprotic acid with a Ka of 0.00613. We need to calculate the percent ionization of a 0.100 M solution of the given acid.The dissociation reaction of the acid is:HA(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)where HA is the weak acid and A- is the conjugate base.Let the initial concentration of the acid be C mol/L. At equilibrium,
let the concentration of the undissociated acid be (C - x) mol/L and the concentration of the hydronium ion and the conjugate base be x mol/L. The dissociation constant Ka is given by:Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA]We can assume that x is small compared to C, so we can approximate (C - x) to be equal to C. Thus, we can write:[H3O+] = [A-] = x[HA] = CSubstituting the values in the expression for Ka:Ka = x^2/C - xSo, the quadratic equation is:x^2 - KaC x + KaC = 0Solving the above equation gives:x = KaC/2 ± [ (KaC/2)^2 - KaC ]^(1/2)x = KaC/2 ± [ Ka^2C^2/4 - KaC ]^(1/2)x = (KaC/2) ± (KaC/2) [ 1 - 4/Ka ]^(1/2)Since x represents the concentration of H3O+ and A-, which is formed when the acid is ionized, x is less than C. Therefore, we take the negative sign before the square root.So,x = (KaC/2) [ 1 - 4/Ka ]^(1/2)Substituting the values in the above equation:x = (0.00613 × 0.100) / 2 [ 1 - 4/0.00613 ]^(1/2)x = 0.0076 mol/LThe percent ionization of the acid is given by:(x / C) × 100% = (0.0076 / 0.100) × 100% = 7.6%Therefore, the percent ionization of the given acid is 7.6%.The Ka of a monoprotic weak acid is 0.00613. The percent ionization of a 0.100 M solution of this acid is 7.6%. Carbon disulfide (CS2) can be obtained by the heating of sulfur and charcoal. The equilibrium constant is given as Kc=9.40 at 900 K. 868 grams of CS2(g) can be prepared by heating 21.4 mol S2(g) in a 9.30 L reaction vessel held at 900 K until equilibrium is attained.
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The law that states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas held at a constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure is:________
The law that states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas held at a constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure is known as Boyle's law.
This law is named after Robert Boyle, an Irish physicist who discovered this relationship in the 17th century.
Boyle's law can be expressed mathematically as;
P₁ × V₁ = P₂ × V₂
where P₁ and V₁ represent the initial pressure and volume of the gas, and P₂ and V₂ represent the final pressure and volume of the gas. The product of the initial pressure and volume is equal to the product of the final pressure and volume.
According to Boyle's law, if the temperature of a gas is held constant, an increase in pressure will result in a decrease in volume, and vice versa. This relationship holds true as long as the amount of gas and the temperature remain constant.
Boyle's law is particularly useful in understanding the behavior of gases and is commonly applied in various fields, such as chemistry, physics, and engineering.
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Osmium is the rarest precious metal. It has the HCP structure, which has 2 atoms in each unit cell. Its density is 22696 kg/m³, which makes it the densest natural element; it is about twice as dense as lead! The radius of the osmium atom is 0.135 nm, its atomic weight is 190.23 g/mol, and Avogadro's number is 6.022 x 10²3 atoms/mol. Use these data to calculate the packing factor for HCP structures. Show all steps in the calculation
Packing factor for HCP structures = 1.7002 (to 4 significant figures). The volume of the unit cell of an HCP structure is given by V cell = a²(3h) √(2) / 2where "a" is the length of the side of the hexagonal base and "h" is the height of the hexagonal prism.
The area of the hexagonal base can be calculated as Abase = 3 √(3)a² / 2T
he height of the hexagonal prism can be calculated ash = √(6)a / 3
The volume of the unit cell can now be re-written as V cell = Abase * h Vcell
= 3 √(3)a² / 2 * √(6)a / 3Vcell
= a³√(2) / 2
The atomic radius of Osmium is 0.135 nm. Thus, the radius of the hexagonal base (r) is given by; r = a / √(2)
Thus, a = r * √(2)
Therefore; V cell = (r * √(2))³√(2) / 2Vcell
= √(2) * r³
The mass of 1 atom of osmium is given as follows; mass of one atom = 190.23 g/mol / Avogadro's number
mass of one atom = 3.162 x 10⁻²³ g
The mass of the unit cell is given by;
mass of unit cell = 2 x mass of one atom
mass of unit cell = 2 * 3.162 x 10⁻²³ g
mass of unit cell = 6.324 x 10⁻²³ g
The number of unit cells in 1 m³ is given by;
number of unit cells = (1 m³) / V cell
number of unit cells = 1 / (√(2) * r³)
The mass of osmium in 1 m³ is given by; mass of osmium in 1 m³ = number of unit cells x mass of unit cell
mass of osmium in 1 m³ = (1 / (√(2) * r³)) * 6.324 x 10⁻²³ g
The density of osmium is given by;
density = mass / volume
Therefore; density = mass of osmium in 1 m³ / 1 m³
The packing factor for an HCP structure is given by;
packing factor = volume of atoms in the unit cell / volume of the unit cell
The volume of atoms in the unit cell for HCP structures is given as follows;
volume of atoms in unit cell = 6 * 4/3 * π * r³ / 2
= 2.404 * r³
Therefore; packing factor = 2.404 * r³ / V cell
Substitute the value of V cell; packing factor = 2.404 * r³ / (√(2) * r³)
packing factor = 2.404 / √(2)
packing factor = 1.7002 (to 4 significant figures)
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a group b unknown is treated according to the procedure for the b analysis. a) addition of naoh and h2o2 to the group b hydroxide precipitate, yields a precipitate and a yellow supernatant. c) to four drops of the supernatant from step (a) 6 m hcl is added until the solution is acidic. than aluminum is added, followed by 6 m nh3 until the solution is basic. a clear, red solution results. what can you conclude?
The existence of a dissolved metal complex is indicated by the supernatant's yellow color. These findings lead us to the conclusion that the group B unknown includes a metal hydroxide precipitate, most likely an aluminum-complexed metal hydroxide.
We may conclude the following based on the facts given:
(1)The group B hydroxide precipitate is added with NaOH and H₂O₂, and the result is a precipitation and a yellow supernatant:
The precipitate that resulted points to group B having a metal hydroxide.
The existence of a dissolved metal complex is indicated by the supernatant's yellow color.
(2)A clear, crimson solution is produced by adding 6 M HCl to the four drops of supernatant until the solution is acidic, adding aluminium (Al), and then adding 6 M NH₃ until the solution is basic.
The presence of a compound between aluminium and a ligand from the supernatant is indicated by the red color of the solution.
The effective creation of a stable compound is shown by the clear solution.
These findings lead us to the conclusion that the group B unknown includes a metal hydroxide precipitate, most likely an aluminum-complexed metal hydroxide. Additional tests and data would be needed for the specific metal in group B's further study and identification.
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a 1.00-l sample of a gas at stp has a mass of 0.759 g. the molar mass of the gas is
Answer:
17 g/mol
Explanation:
(.759*.0821 *273)/(1*1) = 17
PV = nRT
molar mass = (grams * RT)/PV
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An aqueous solution at 25 °C has a OH concentration of 8 x 10^-12. Calculate the H20 concentration.
The concentration of H₂O, given that the solution has a OH⁻ concentration of 8×10⁻¹² M is 8×10⁻¹² M
How do i determine the concentration of H₂O?First, we shall write the dissociation equation. This is given below
H₂O(aq) <=> H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
Now, we shall obtain the concentration of H₂O. Details below:
From the above dissociation equation,
1 mole of OH⁻ is present in 1 mole of H₂O
Therefore,
8×10⁻¹² M OH⁻ will also be present 8×10⁻¹² M H₂O
Thus, we can conclude that the concentration of H₂O in the solution is 8×10⁻¹² M
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A gas phase reaction takes place in a 1.5dm2 batch reactor at 75∘C and pressure of 2 atm. The reaction is represented by the following equation: 3A→B+2C a) Construct a stoichiometric table of the system and express the concentration of A,B and C as a function of conversion ( X ) for a constant-pressure isothermal batch reactor. b) Determine the concentration of A,B and C at 95% conversion. Given R=0.082dm3⋅atm/mol⋅K. c) In a separate experiment if the reaction is conducted at higher temperature while maintaining the same pressure, explain the effect to the concentration of B and C at 95% conversion.
If ∆H is positive, indicating an endothermic reaction, the higher temperature would further favor the products. On the other hand, if ∆H is negative, indicating an exothermic reaction, the higher temperature would favor the reactants.
a) The stoichiometric table for the reaction is as follows:
Initial (mol) Change (mol) Final (mol)
A A₀ -3X A₀ - 3X
B 0 X X
C 0 2X 2X
Here, A₀ represents the initial moles of A, X represents the conversion of A.
b) To determine the concentration of A, B, and C at 95% conversion, we need to calculate the final moles of A, B, and C using the stoichiometric table.
At 95% conversion, X = 0.95. Substituting this value into the stoichiometric table, we get:
Final moles of A = A₀ - 3X = A₀ - 3(0.95) = A₀ - 2.85
Final moles of B = X = 0.95
Final moles of C = 2X = 2(0.95) = 1.9
c) If the reaction is conducted at a higher temperature while maintaining the same pressure, it will affect the reaction rate and equilibrium position. In general, increasing the temperature increases the reaction rate, leading to higher conversions in a given time. At the same time, it can also affect the equilibrium position by shifting it towards the products or reactants, depending on the reaction's enthalpy change.
In this case, if the reaction is conducted at a higher temperature, the concentration of B and C at 95% conversion may increase compared to the previous experiment conducted at 75°C. The increased temperature would favor the forward reaction, resulting in a higher yield of products B and C at equilibrium.
However, the exact effect on the concentrations of B and C would depend on the specific thermodynamics of the reaction, including the enthalpy change (∆H).
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Shell and multiple tubes heat exchanger is used to preheated clean process water with waste water, clean water at 1.088 kg/s and is heated from 70 to 145°C, while waste water is cooled from 210 to 154 °C and flows at 1.457 kg/s, During the operation the total heat exchanger area is 100 m².When fouling occurs with fouling coefficient 0.001 the heat transfer rate drops by 7% for this state (fouling) find the outlet temperatures for both streams and effectiveness at fouling case. Assume that the Cp of the both fluids = 4.145 kj/kg.° C, Take F=0.87
Shell and multiple tubes heat exchanger is used to preheated clean process water with waste water, clean water at 1.088 kg/s and is heated from 70 to 145°C, while waste water is cooled from 210 to 154 °C and flows at 1.457 kg/s. When fouling occurs with fouling coefficient 0.001 the heat transfer rate drops by 7% for this state.
The outlet temperatures for the clean water and waste water are 145.05 °C and 154.18 °C respectively and effectiveness at fouling state is 6.9%.
To solve this problem, we can use the energy balance equation for the heat exchanger and the definition of effectiveness. The energy balance equation can be written as:
Q = [tex]m_c[/tex] Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] = [tex]m_w[/tex] Δ[tex]T_w[/tex]
Where:
Q is the heat transfer rate
[tex]m_c[/tex] is the mass flow rate of the clean water
Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] is the temperature difference of the clean water
[tex]m_w[/tex] is the mass flow rate of the waste water
Δ[tex]T_w[/tex] is the temperature difference of the waste water
Let's calculate the outlet temperatures and effectiveness:
Calculate the heat transfer rate:
Q = [tex]m_c[/tex] [tex]C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] = [tex]m_w[/tex] [tex]C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_w[/tex]
Calculate the heat transfer rate with fouling:
[tex]Q_f[/tex] = Q - 0.07Q = 0.93Q
Calculate the outlet temperature of the clean water:
Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] = ([tex]T_c_o_u_t - T_c_i_n[/tex]) = [tex]Q_f[/tex] / ([tex]m_c[/tex] [tex]C_p[/tex])
[tex]T_c_o_u_t = T_c_i_n + Q_f[/tex][tex]/ (m_c[/tex] [tex]C_p)[/tex]
Calculate the outlet temperature of the waste water:
Δ[tex]T_w = (T_w_o_u_t - T_w_i_n) = -Q_f / (m_w[/tex][tex]C_p)[/tex]
[tex]T_w_o_u_t = T_w_i_n - Q_f / (m_w C_p)[/tex]
Now let's plug in the given values and calculate the results:
[tex]m_c[/tex]= 1.088 kg/s
[tex]T_c_i_n[/tex] = 70 °C
[tex]T_c_o_u_t[/tex] = ?
[tex]m_w[/tex] = 1.457 kg/s
[tex]T_w_i_n[/tex] = 210 °C
[tex]T_w_o_u_t[/tex] = ?
A = 100 m²
F = 0.87
[tex]C_p[/tex] = 4.145 kJ/kg° C
Q = [tex]m_c C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] = [tex]m_w C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_w[/tex]
Calculate the heat transfer rate:
Q = [tex]m_c C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_c[/tex] = [tex]m_w C_p[/tex] Δ[tex]T_w[/tex]
Q = 1.088 * 4.145 * (145 - 70) = 1.457 * 4.145 * (154 - 210)
Q = 255.99 kW
Calculate the heat transfer rate with fouling:
[tex]Q_f[/tex] = 0.93Q = 0.93 * 255.99 = 238.37 kW
Calculate the outlet temperature of the clean water:
[tex]T_c_o_u_t = T_c_i_n + Q_f / (m_c C_p)[/tex]
[tex]T_c_o_u_t[/tex] = 70 + 238.37 / (1.088 * 4.145) = 145.05 °C
Calculate the outlet temperature of the waste water:
[tex]T_w_o_u_t = T_w_i_n - Q_f / (m_w C_p)[/tex]
[tex]T_w_o_u_t[/tex] = 210 - 238.37 / (1.457 * 4.145) = 154.18 °C
The outlet temperatures for both streams are:
Clean water outlet temperature [tex](T_c_o_u_t)[/tex] = 145.05 °C
Waste water outlet temperature [tex](T_w_o_u_t)[/tex] = 154.18 °C
Calculate the effectiveness:
ε = ([tex]Q -[/tex] [tex]Q_f[/tex]) / Q
ε = (255.99 - 238.37) / 255.99
ε = 0.069 or 6.9%
The effectiveness at the fouling state is approximately 6.9%.
Therefore, the outlet temperatures for the clean water and waste water are 145.05 °C and 154.18 °C respectively, and the effectiveness at the fouling state is 6.9%.
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